Article(id=1149780468888985953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=1735660800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058625670, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058625670, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058625670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058625670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4183, endPage=4191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780469107089763, articleId=1149780468888985953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Bot Detection by Variational Inference and Graph Neural Network, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With the rapid development of the Internet and social platforms, the problem of spammer detection has become a major technical challenge in building a harmonious Internet environment. However, user data collected from social platforms are often subject to issues such as missing information and data noise. Therefore, in graph-based learning models for bot army detection, methods that use point estimation as weights fail to express uncertainty in regions with sparse or missing data. A graph neural network model for bot army detection, VRGAT, integrating variational inference, was proposed. It introduces a probability distribution for the weights and derives a variational approximation of the true posterior. By applying different convolution operations to the mean and variance, the model more accurately captures the variability in the data. Simulations based on the Twibot-20 dataset show that, compared to the best existing benchmark for bot army detection (F1 = 88.12), VRGAT achieved an improved performance with an F1 score of 89.64.In robustness experiments, when random noise was added at varying levels, the accuracy drop for VRGAT is significantly slower than for other baseline models, demonstrating its superior noise resistance. The experimental results demonstrate that the introduction of variational inference can enhance the effectiveness of spammer detection and improve the model's robustness against noise.
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随着互联网和社交平台的飞速发展,机器水军检测问题已成为构建和谐互联网环境的一大技术挑战。然而,从社交平台收集的用户数据存在信息缺失、数据噪声等问题。因此,针对图学习检测机器水军模型中,使用点估计作为权重的方法在数据单一或缺失数据的区域无法表达不确定性的问题。提出了一种融合变分推理的图神经网络机器水军检测模型VRGAT,它引入了权值的概率分布,导出了真实后验的变分近似,通过为均值和方差分别使用不同的卷积运算,更准确地捕捉数据的变异性。基于Twibot-20数据集开展了仿真验证,相较于已有的最佳机器水军检测基准(F1=88.12),VRGAT模型实现了性能提升,达到F1 = 89.64。在鲁棒性实验中加入不同比例的随机噪声,VRGAT模型的准确率下降相比其他基线模型明显减缓,表明其抗噪声能力优于已有基线方法。实验结果表明,引入变分推理能够提高机器水军检测效果及模型抗噪声能力。
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王宇哲(2000—),男,汉族,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:图神经网络。E-mail:infinite_zhe@sina.com。
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Effect of random noise on different models, figureFileSmall=8iITnsN+pueQ/O0ErCdB/g==, figureFileBig=KqcKGzUl+660ZZsT2Q8GCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525110886126212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
随机噪声对不同模型效果的影响, figureFileSmall=8iITnsN+pueQ/O0ErCdB/g==, figureFileBig=KqcKGzUl+660ZZsT2Q8GCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525110990983822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Effect of training set size on VRGAT, figureFileSmall=soyRCJsZ/g91E7QcPHTwTw==, figureFileBig=0vJspyhg8/4cXlIU+hzTdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525111112618647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
训练集大小对VRGAT效果的影响, figureFileSmall=soyRCJsZ/g91E7QcPHTwTw==, figureFileBig=0vJspyhg8/4cXlIU+hzTdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525111213281952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=EN, label=, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法1:VRGAT |
| 输入:社交网络机器水军检测图数据集G |
| 输出:优化后的模型参数θ |
| 1.定义超参数θ |
| 2.用户热度特征f 、发文语义特征f |
| 3.使用指定的超参数初始化VRGAT |
| 4.使用PyTorch Lightning设置模型训练,并为模型检查点添加回调函数 |
| 5.while θ尚未收敛 do |
| 6. for i∈I do |
| 7. for每个节点i邻接关系 do |
| 8. RGT得到节点异质关系 |
| 9. ←节点关系特征 |
| 10. end |
| 11. Average |
| 12. f +f = |
| 13. for c←1 to C |
| 14. for j∈ do |
| 15. , , |
| 16. |
| 17. end |
| 18. end |
| 19. ←关系、语义、热度融合特征 |
| 20. VAE变分编码器 |
| 21. μi,σi |
| 22. 重参化技巧 |
| 23. ←节点隐藏特征 |
| 24. end |
| 25. ←节点潜在表示 |
| 26. Loss |
| 27. θ→BackPropagate |
| 28.end |
| 29.return θ |
), ArticleFig(id=1218525111330722475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=CN, label=, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法1:VRGAT |
| 输入:社交网络机器水军检测图数据集G |
| 输出:优化后的模型参数θ |
| 1.定义超参数θ |
| 2.用户热度特征f 、发文语义特征f |
| 3.使用指定的超参数初始化VRGAT |
| 4.使用PyTorch Lightning设置模型训练,并为模型检查点添加回调函数 |
| 5.while θ尚未收敛 do |
| 6. for i∈I do |
| 7. for每个节点i邻接关系 do |
| 8. RGT得到节点异质关系 |
| 9. ←节点关系特征 |
| 10. end |
| 11. Average |
| 12. f +f = |
| 13. for c←1 to C |
| 14. for j∈ do |
| 15. , , |
| 16. |
| 17. end |
| 18. end |
| 19. ←关系、语义、热度融合特征 |
| 20. VAE变分编码器 |
| 21. μi,σi |
| 22. 重参化技巧 |
| 23. ←节点隐藏特征 |
| 24. end |
| 25. ←节点潜在表示 |
| 26. Loss |
| 27. θ→BackPropagate |
| 28.end |
| 29.return θ |
), ArticleFig(id=1218525111448162999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Hyperparameter settings of VRGAT
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 超参数 | 值 |
| 优化器 | AdamW |
| 学习率 | 10-3 |
| L2正则化λ | 3×10-5 |
| batch size | 256 |
| 层数L | 2 |
| dropout | 0.5 |
| KL散度权重β | 1.2 |
| 隐藏层大小 | 128 |
| 最大epochs | 40 |
| 特征融合注意力头C数量 | 4 |
| RGT注意力头D数量 | 8 |
| 关系边集合R | {follower,following} |
), ArticleFig(id=1218525111636906695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
VRGAT超参数设置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 超参数 | 值 |
| 优化器 | AdamW |
| 学习率 | 10-3 |
| L2正则化λ | 3×10-5 |
| batch size | 256 |
| 层数L | 2 |
| dropout | 0.5 |
| KL散度权重β | 1.2 |
| 隐藏层大小 | 128 |
| 最大epochs | 40 |
| 特征融合注意力头C数量 | 4 |
| RGT注意力头D数量 | 8 |
| 关系边集合R | {follower,following} |
), ArticleFig(id=1218525111775318745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Benchmarking on the Twibot20 dataset
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| 方法 | Accuracy | F1-score | Recall |
| SVM[28] | 0.728 9 | 0.764 6 | 0.804 0 |
| RF[29] | 0.819 1 | 0.854 6 | 0.801 7 |
| Adaboost[30] | 0.698 4 | 0.716 6 | 0.735 8 |
| RoBERTa[25] | 0.712 6 | 0.753 3 | 0.808 6 |
| GCN[31] | 0.749 2 | 0.750 4 | 0.751 6 |
| GAT[32] | 0.842 2 | 0.868 7 | 0.875 9 |
| Botometer[33] | 0.558 4 | 0.489 2 | 0.555 8 |
| SATAR[23] | 0.841 2 | 0.864 2 | 0.886 3 |
| BotRGCN[34] | 0.846 2 | 0.870 7 | 0.872 1 |
| RGT[24] | 0.866 4 | 0.881 2 | 0.889 1 |
| VRGAT | 0.880 2 | 0.896 4 | 0.892 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1218525111943090913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
基于Twibot20数据集的基准测试
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 方法 | Accuracy | F1-score | Recall |
| SVM[28] | 0.728 9 | 0.764 6 | 0.804 0 |
| RF[29] | 0.819 1 | 0.854 6 | 0.801 7 |
| Adaboost[30] | 0.698 4 | 0.716 6 | 0.735 8 |
| RoBERTa[25] | 0.712 6 | 0.753 3 | 0.808 6 |
| GCN[31] | 0.749 2 | 0.750 4 | 0.751 6 |
| GAT[32] | 0.842 2 | 0.868 7 | 0.875 9 |
| Botometer[33] | 0.558 4 | 0.489 2 | 0.555 8 |
| SATAR[23] | 0.841 2 | 0.864 2 | 0.886 3 |
| BotRGCN[34] | 0.846 2 | 0.870 7 | 0.872 1 |
| RGT[24] | 0.866 4 | 0.881 2 | 0.889 1 |
| VRGAT | 0.880 2 | 0.896 4 | 0.892 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1218525112060531437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Ablation experiments of the model on Twibot-20 dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | hot | text | 同质 关系 | 同质 关系 | Accuracy | F1 |
| w/o hot | û | ü | ü | û | 0.861 4 | 0.874 0 |
| w/o text | ü | û | ü | û | 0.836 8 | 0.851 1 |
| w/o r | ü | ü | û | û | 0.652 9 | 0.662 5 |
| 同质 r | û | û | û | ü | 0.848 1 | 0.861 3 |
| w/max | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.861 7 | 0.871 9 |
| w/min | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.870 6 | 0.886 3 |
| w/sum | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.875 2 | 0.878 7 |
| w/mean | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.866 3 | 0.875 2 |
| w/RGCN | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.848 4 | 0.852 6 |
| w/SAGE | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.837 1 | 0.839 5 |
| VRGAT(default) | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.880 2 | 0.896 4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1218525112169583354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468888985953, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
VRGAT模型在Twibot-20数据集上的消融实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类别 | hot | text | 同质 关系 | 同质 关系 | Accuracy | F1 |
| w/o hot | û | ü | ü | û | 0.861 4 | 0.874 0 |
| w/o text | ü | û | ü | û | 0.836 8 | 0.851 1 |
| w/o r | ü | ü | û | û | 0.652 9 | 0.662 5 |
| 同质 r | û | û | û | ü | 0.848 1 | 0.861 3 |
| w/max | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.861 7 | 0.871 9 |
| w/min | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.870 6 | 0.886 3 |
| w/sum | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.875 2 | 0.878 7 |
| w/mean | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.866 3 | 0.875 2 |
| w/RGCN | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.848 4 | 0.852 6 |
| w/SAGE | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.837 1 | 0.839 5 |
| VRGAT(default) | ü | ü | ü | û | 0.880 2 | 0.896 4 |
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