Article(id=1149780468465361246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403524, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715529600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-13, revisedDate=1736438400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058625569, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058625569, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058625569, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058625569, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4017, endPage=4026, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780468750573919, articleId=1149780468465361246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Quantitative Analysis of the Optimal Extraction Area of Relief Amplitude and Geomorphological Classification Research: A Case Study of Wu'an City, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to analyze the effect of maximum window area and multi-resolution DEM (digital elevation model) on the extraction of optimal area for relief amplitude, explore feasible solutions to quantitatively analyze the optimal area, and classify landforms based on the best results of various types data. Based on three DEM data obtained, including ALOS (advanced land observing satellite), ASTER GDEM.V2 (Version 2 of the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model) and SRTM3 (3 arc-seconds shuttle radar topography mission), the influence mechanism was statistically analyzed by calling the Arcpy module and using the mean variation point method, respectively, with the maximum window area and the resolution of the DEM as a single variable. In order to determine the appropriate maximum window area, the traversal method to correlate the relief amplitude classification results with the DEM data were proposed, to determine the optimal area for different data according to the maximum correlation coefficient, and to arbitrate the elevation classification data to obtain the geomorphic distribution map. The results show as follows. The optimal area increases in a stepwise manner with the increase of the maximum window area. There is a negative correlation between the DEM resolution and the optimal area in the same area range, that is, the corresponding area decreases sequentially with the increase of resolution. Based on the correlation analysis, the maximum correlation coefficient of ALOS DEM is 0.785 0, which corresponds to the optimal area of 0.21 km2. ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM is 0.764, with an area of 0.32 km2, and SRTM3 DEM is 0.782, with an area of 0.40 km2. The geomorphological classification maps corresponding to the optimal areas of the three data were obtained, and by comparing them with the spatial distribution of China's 1∶1 million geomorphological types, it is concluded that the distribution of geomorphological features of the experimental data is more reasonable, and the boundaries are more clear. It is concluded that the maximum window area has a greater influence on the optimal area compared to the DEM resolution, and in order to solve the influence of the maximum window area, the correlation analysis can provide a theoretical basis for quantitatively determining the optimal area of relief amplitude.

, correspAuthors=Shuo LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-qing CHI, Xiao-di PENG, Xian-zhen HU, Shuo LIU, Shao-jie FU, Min DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780511704441609, articleId=1149780468465361246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=地形起伏度最佳面积定量分析与地貌分类研究: 以武安市为例, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为分析最大窗口面积和多种分辨率数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)对地形起伏度提取最佳面积的影响,探究定量分析最佳面积的可行方案,并依据多种类型数据最佳结果进行地貌划分。以获取的先进对地观测卫星(advanced land observing satellite,ALOS)、先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型(advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model,ASTER GDEM)的第2版本和航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务(shuttle radar topography mission,SRTM)的3角秒精度共3种DEM数据为基础,通过调用Arcpy模块,利用均值变点法,分别以最大窗口面积和DEM分辨率作为单一变量,统计分析影响机理。为确定适合的最大窗口面积,提出了使用遍历方式对起伏度分类结果与DEM数据进行相关性分析,根据最大相关系数,确定不同数据的最佳面积,并套合海拔分类数据得到地貌分布图。结果表明:最佳面积随着最大窗口面积的增大而呈阶梯式增加;在同一面积范围内,DEM分辨率与最佳面积存在负相关关系,即随着分辨率增大,对应面积按序减小;依据相关分析,得到ALOS DEM的最大相关系数为0.785,对应的最佳面积为0.21 km2;ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM为0.764,面积为0.32 km2;SRTM3 DEM为0.782,面积为0.40 km2;得到3种数据最佳面积相应的地貌分类图,通过与中国1∶100万地貌类型空间分布数据图比较,发现实验数据地貌分布较为合理,层次较为丰富,边界较为清晰。可见最大窗口面积相比于DEM分辨率对最佳面积影响更为显著,为解决最大窗口面积影响,相关分析可以为定量确定地形起伏度最佳面积提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=刘硕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘硕(1982—),男,汉族,河北邢台人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:矿区生态修复与重建。E-mail:
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迟宏庆(1993—),男,汉族,河北沧州人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:矿山地质环境调查与监测。E-mail:

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迟宏庆(1993—),男,汉族,河北沧州人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:矿山地质环境调查与监测。E-mail:

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迟宏庆(1993—),男,汉族,河北沧州人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:矿山地质环境调查与监测。E-mail:

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Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2012, 28(4): 8-12., articleTitle=Studyon the optimal scale for calculating the relief amplitude in China based on DEM, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218525110743515888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, awardId=C20231154, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省“三三三人才工程”项目(C20231154), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218525102593983332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218525102614954854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, companyId=1218525102593983332, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 The Institute of Geo-environment Monitoring of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218525102677869421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, companyId=1218525102593983332, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河北省地质环境监测院, 石家庄 050021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1218525102820475767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218525102833058682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, companyId=1218525102820475767, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Hebei Key Laboratory Geological Resources Environment Monitoring and Protection, Shijiazhuang 050021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218525102854030207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, companyId=1218525102820475767, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河北省地质资源环境监测与保护重点实验室, 石家庄 050021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1218525107098665338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Geographical location map of the study area, figureFileSmall=YQt7paopyaYDyOBZhkvA4A==, figureFileBig=igdzu1VIkyhbw3WxSI+ZPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525107262243212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区地理位置图, figureFileSmall=YQt7paopyaYDyOBZhkvA4A==, figureFileBig=igdzu1VIkyhbw3WxSI+ZPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525107383878043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Example of block statistical analysis, figureFileSmall=E1D0frjrKQN9nYzlMtHSIg==, figureFileBig=/n7vIH/2hImgrcmQNZsOiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525107513901491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=CN, label=图2, caption=块统计分析实例, figureFileSmall=E1D0frjrKQN9nYzlMtHSIg==, figureFileBig=/n7vIH/2hImgrcmQNZsOiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525107681673661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Algorithmic technical route, figureFileSmall=HOyP7QsVNrNfo8dzH05d1g==, figureFileBig=3XmrjhpAn28WwWiA/SI02g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525107799114186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=CN, label=图3, caption=算法技术路线

res为DEM分辨率;N为最大窗口尺寸; s i为第 i个窗口面积; R A i为对应的地形起伏度; M R A i为算数平均值; r a i为单位面积的平均起伏度值; R为有序数列; R - X - 1 X - 2为算数平均值; S S 1 S 2为离差平方和; S i为第i个窗口对应的整个数列离差平方和与部分离差平方和的差值; i b e s t为统计数列中最大差值对应的最佳窗口尺寸; s b e s t为最佳窗口面积

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Spatial distribution map of various types geomorphological data in Wu'an City, figureFileSmall=DCsEW2zbkpWhTsf2S196Ug==, figureFileBig=my2MGR6FDTqaq9aam9+D+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525109967569585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=CN, label=图12, caption=武安市多种类型地貌数据空间分布图, figureFileSmall=DCsEW2zbkpWhTsf2S196Ug==, figureFileBig=my2MGR6FDTqaq9aam9+D+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218525110089204411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780468465361246, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geomorphological types and coding schemes of Wu'an City

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起伏度分类及编码 海拔分类及编码
低海拔1 中海拔2
平原(0~30 m)1 低海拔平原11 中海拔平原12
台地(30~70 m)2 低海拔台地21 中海拔台地22
丘陵(70~200 m)3 低海拔丘陵31 中海拔丘陵32
小起伏山地(200~500 m)4 小起伏低山41 小起伏中山42
中起伏山地(500~1 000 m)5 中起伏低山51 中起伏中山52
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武安市地貌形态类型及编码方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
起伏度分类及编码 海拔分类及编码
低海拔1 中海拔2
平原(0~30 m)1 低海拔平原11 中海拔平原12
台地(30~70 m)2 低海拔台地21 中海拔台地22
丘陵(70~200 m)3 低海拔丘陵31 中海拔丘陵32
小起伏山地(200~500 m)4 小起伏低山41 小起伏中山42
中起伏山地(500~1 000 m)5 中起伏低山51 中起伏中山52
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Statistical table of various data geomorphological area and proportion of Wu'an City

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编码 地貌形态 面积/km2 占比/%
1∶100万 ALOS ASTER
GDEM.V2
SRTM3 1∶100万 ALOS ASTER
GDEM.V2
SRTM3
11 低海拔平原 506.32 540.34 278.20 525.59 27.85 29.72 15.30 28.91
21 低海拔台地 201.00 413.45 605.13 403.49 11.06 22.74 33.29 22.19
31 低海拔丘陵 82.79 582.08 572.31 569.27 4.55 32.02 31.48 31.31
32 中海拔丘陵 0.00 4.66 1.70 1.71 0.00 0.26 0.09 0.09
41 小起伏低山 423.91 129.87 197.15 162.40 23.32 7.14 10.84 8.93
42 小起伏中山 6.44 147.46 163.51 155.54 0.35 8.11 8.99 8.56
51 中起伏低山 187.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.30 0.00 0.00 0.00
52 中起伏中山 410.35 0.15 0.00 0.00 22.57 0.01 0.00 0.00
合计 1 818.00 1 818.00 1 818.00 1 818.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
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武安市多种数据地貌形态分区面积及占比统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编码 地貌形态 面积/km2 占比/%
1∶100万 ALOS ASTER
GDEM.V2
SRTM3 1∶100万 ALOS ASTER
GDEM.V2
SRTM3
11 低海拔平原 506.32 540.34 278.20 525.59 27.85 29.72 15.30 28.91
21 低海拔台地 201.00 413.45 605.13 403.49 11.06 22.74 33.29 22.19
31 低海拔丘陵 82.79 582.08 572.31 569.27 4.55 32.02 31.48 31.31
32 中海拔丘陵 0.00 4.66 1.70 1.71 0.00 0.26 0.09 0.09
41 小起伏低山 423.91 129.87 197.15 162.40 23.32 7.14 10.84 8.93
42 小起伏中山 6.44 147.46 163.51 155.54 0.35 8.11 8.99 8.56
51 中起伏低山 187.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.30 0.00 0.00 0.00
52 中起伏中山 410.35 0.15 0.00 0.00 22.57 0.01 0.00 0.00
合计 1 818.00 1 818.00 1 818.00 1 818.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
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地形起伏度最佳面积定量分析与地貌分类研究: 以武安市为例
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迟宏庆 1, 2 , 彭晓迪 1, 2 , 胡现振 1, 2 , 刘硕 1, 2, * , 付少杰 1, 2 , 杜敏 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(10): 4017-4026
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(10): 4017-4026
地形起伏度最佳面积定量分析与地貌分类研究: 以武安市为例
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迟宏庆1, 2 , 彭晓迪1, 2, 胡现振1, 2, 刘硕1, 2, * , 付少杰1, 2, 杜敏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 河北省地质环境监测院, 石家庄 050021
  • 2 河北省地质资源环境监测与保护重点实验室, 石家庄 050021
  • 迟宏庆(1993—),男,汉族,河北沧州人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:矿山地质环境调查与监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘硕(1982—),男,汉族,河北邢台人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:矿区生态修复与重建。E-mail:
Quantitative Analysis of the Optimal Extraction Area of Relief Amplitude and Geomorphological Classification Research: A Case Study of Wu'an City
Hong-qing CHI1, 2 , Xiao-di PENG1, 2, Xian-zhen HU1, 2, Shuo LIU1, 2, * , Shao-jie FU1, 2, Min DU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 The Institute of Geo-environment Monitoring of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
  • 2 Hebei Key Laboratory Geological Resources Environment Monitoring and Protection, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403524
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为分析最大窗口面积和多种分辨率数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)对地形起伏度提取最佳面积的影响,探究定量分析最佳面积的可行方案,并依据多种类型数据最佳结果进行地貌划分。以获取的先进对地观测卫星(advanced land observing satellite,ALOS)、先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型(advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model,ASTER GDEM)的第2版本和航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务(shuttle radar topography mission,SRTM)的3角秒精度共3种DEM数据为基础,通过调用Arcpy模块,利用均值变点法,分别以最大窗口面积和DEM分辨率作为单一变量,统计分析影响机理。为确定适合的最大窗口面积,提出了使用遍历方式对起伏度分类结果与DEM数据进行相关性分析,根据最大相关系数,确定不同数据的最佳面积,并套合海拔分类数据得到地貌分布图。结果表明:最佳面积随着最大窗口面积的增大而呈阶梯式增加;在同一面积范围内,DEM分辨率与最佳面积存在负相关关系,即随着分辨率增大,对应面积按序减小;依据相关分析,得到ALOS DEM的最大相关系数为0.785,对应的最佳面积为0.21 km2;ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM为0.764,面积为0.32 km2;SRTM3 DEM为0.782,面积为0.40 km2;得到3种数据最佳面积相应的地貌分类图,通过与中国1∶100万地貌类型空间分布数据图比较,发现实验数据地貌分布较为合理,层次较为丰富,边界较为清晰。可见最大窗口面积相比于DEM分辨率对最佳面积影响更为显著,为解决最大窗口面积影响,相关分析可以为定量确定地形起伏度最佳面积提供理论依据。

地形起伏度  /  均值变点法  /  最大窗口面积  /  DEM分辨率  /  相关性分析

In order to analyze the effect of maximum window area and multi-resolution DEM (digital elevation model) on the extraction of optimal area for relief amplitude, explore feasible solutions to quantitatively analyze the optimal area, and classify landforms based on the best results of various types data. Based on three DEM data obtained, including ALOS (advanced land observing satellite), ASTER GDEM.V2 (Version 2 of the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global digital elevation model) and SRTM3 (3 arc-seconds shuttle radar topography mission), the influence mechanism was statistically analyzed by calling the Arcpy module and using the mean variation point method, respectively, with the maximum window area and the resolution of the DEM as a single variable. In order to determine the appropriate maximum window area, the traversal method to correlate the relief amplitude classification results with the DEM data were proposed, to determine the optimal area for different data according to the maximum correlation coefficient, and to arbitrate the elevation classification data to obtain the geomorphic distribution map. The results show as follows. The optimal area increases in a stepwise manner with the increase of the maximum window area. There is a negative correlation between the DEM resolution and the optimal area in the same area range, that is, the corresponding area decreases sequentially with the increase of resolution. Based on the correlation analysis, the maximum correlation coefficient of ALOS DEM is 0.785 0, which corresponds to the optimal area of 0.21 km2. ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM is 0.764, with an area of 0.32 km2, and SRTM3 DEM is 0.782, with an area of 0.40 km2. The geomorphological classification maps corresponding to the optimal areas of the three data were obtained, and by comparing them with the spatial distribution of China's 1∶1 million geomorphological types, it is concluded that the distribution of geomorphological features of the experimental data is more reasonable, and the boundaries are more clear. It is concluded that the maximum window area has a greater influence on the optimal area compared to the DEM resolution, and in order to solve the influence of the maximum window area, the correlation analysis can provide a theoretical basis for quantitatively determining the optimal area of relief amplitude.

relief amplitude  /  mean variation point method  /  maximum window area  /  DEM resolution  /  correlation analysis
迟宏庆, 彭晓迪, 胡现振, 刘硕, 付少杰, 杜敏. 地形起伏度最佳面积定量分析与地貌分类研究: 以武安市为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4017 -4026 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403524
Hong-qing CHI, Xiao-di PENG, Xian-zhen HU, Shuo LIU, Shao-jie FU, Min DU. Quantitative Analysis of the Optimal Extraction Area of Relief Amplitude and Geomorphological Classification Research: A Case Study of Wu'an City[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4017 -4026 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403524
地形起伏度(relief amplitude,RA)是指一定面积内最高点和最低点的高度差[1-2],其是受地质构造与地表剥蚀作用相互而成[3],能够定量描述区域的地势起伏形态,是划分地貌类型和表征地貌特征的重要指标[4-5]。它作为一种评价资源环境承载能力和国土生态修复的关键指标,已经被广泛地应用到水土流失定量评价[6-7]、人口和经济发展相关研究[8]、土壤侵蚀敏感性与景观分析[9-10]、区域构造地貌分析[11]、地质灾害易发性和风险性评价[12-13]、矿区废弃地生态重建[14]。因此,探索一种定量高效提取地形起伏度的方法具有重要的理论和实践意义。
研究表明,确定一个适宜的分析窗口是提取地形起伏度的关键所在[5,15-16],即该范围能够较好满足山体完整性和区域普适性原则[17]。近年来,利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据提取分析地形起伏度被广泛地研究和应用[18],其中,均值变点法已成为确定窗口最佳面积的常用方法,它是一种对非线性数据进行处理的数理统计方法,并且对恰有一个拐点的检验最为有效[19]。目前均值变点法的应用主要可分为以单数据源为基础的区域地形起伏度提取和地貌分类研究[15,20-21],以双数据源为基础的地形起伏度最佳尺度影响因素影响研究[22-23]
以往学者探究了最大窗口面积、DEM分辨率等因素对地形起伏度的影响,但数据源种类偏少,规律性总结需进一步加强。同时对于最大窗口面积的确定多为定性角度,故难以根据具体区域定量确定最佳窗口面积,进而影响地形起伏度计算的精准性。
为此,本文研究基于ArcGIS软件和Python语言,通过增加DEM数据源,进一步论证最大窗口面积和DEM分辨率对窗口最佳面积的影响机理。同时,为度量最大窗口面积对最佳窗口面积的影响,提出以最大相关系数为依据,定量确定最佳窗口面积,最终的地貌分类结果可为研究区地质灾害评价、矿山生态修复效果评价等提供基础数据支持。
武安市位于河北省西南部、邯郸市西部,地理坐标:113°43'33″E~114°24'00″E,36°27'25N″~37°02'14″N(图1)。
武安市地处太行山东麓,大地构造属于太行隆起与华北沉降带的过渡带,四面环山,丘陵起伏,地势西北高东部低[13],海拔介于59~1 874 m。地形地貌复杂多变,中部及西部形成局部小盆地,即武安盆地与阳邑盆地。全区有中山、低山、丘陵、台地及河谷平原地貌,全区总面积约1 818 km2。境内水系均属海河流域,主要有南洺河、北洺河和洺河。
使用12.5 m分辨率的DEM数据是基于ALOS相控阵型L波段合成孔径雷达(phased array l-band synthetic aperture radar, PALSAR)采集的,数据来源为美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)地球科学数据网站。使用的30 m分辨率DEM是ASTER GDEM第2版数据,使用的90 m分辨率DEM是SRTM精度3角秒的公开数据,这两种数据来源均为地理空间数据云网站。DEM数据格式为TIF,基准面为WGS_1984,投影坐标系为UTM横轴墨卡托。中国1∶100万地貌类型空间分布数据来自中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心,数据格式为TIF。
通过安装可使用Python语言处理地理数据的Arcpy模块接口,调用Spatial Analyst Tools下Neighborhood里的BlockStatistics工具函数,编译程序代码,实现了自定义方形窗口大小自动提取地形起伏度,提高了分析速度。计算过程为通过定义窗口尺寸大小,分区进行邻域计算。将输入栅格分成多个等尺寸的区域,分区之间不出现重叠,然后统计各个分区中数值的数据,在输出栅格中,根据统计数据值,重新定义每个分区中的像元值。
以3×3像元大小的窗口为例,输入栅格(IntRaster)尺寸为9×9像元,根据窗口尺寸,将IntRaster分为3×3个分区,如图2(b)所示,根据设定的统计参数RANGE函数,计算每个块中的像元数值的范围(即最大值和最小值之差),最后得到输出栅格(OutRaster)。具体过程如图2所示,定义函数为
OutRaster=BlockStatistics(IntRaster, NbrRectangle(3,3,CELL),″RANGE″,″″)
式(1)中:函数中,BlockStatistics为块统计函数;IntRaster为执行块统计所输入的栅格;NbrRectangle(3,3,CELL)为邻域窗口参数,这里表示高和宽为3个像元的正方形;参数CELL表示单位类型是像元;RANGE将计算邻域内像元的范围;OutRaster为输出块统计栅格。
单个块的地形起伏度值为块中最大值与最小值之差,公式为
R A = E m a x - E m i n
式(2)中:RA为地形起伏度值; E m a x为高程的最大值; E m i n为高程的最小值。
均值变点法的分析思路是首先确定最大窗口尺寸N,然后获取单位面积下的平均地形起伏度(mean relief amplitude,MRA)值的对数序列,依据最小二乘法原理,计算样本总算术平均值和离差平方和,接着依次将数据分为两个部分,分别计算各组的均值和离差平方和,最后计算总离差平方和与分组离差平方和的差值,绘制差值与各个窗口面积的函数曲线,得到的最大差值所对应的面积即为最佳面积。计算流程如图3所示,计算过程主要分为3步。
(1)获取单位面积MRA的对数序列 R 根据获取的DEM分辨率 r e s,设定最大值窗口尺寸 N,计算第 i个窗口的面积 s i,如式(3)所示。调用ArcGIS Pro软件Arcpy模块中的块统计BlockStatistics函数计算地形起伏度值RAi,再使用mean函数求取算术平均值 M R A i,如式(4)所示。依据式(5),计算平均地形起伏度rai,并对其取对数,如式(6)所示,最后得到一组有序数列 R,如式(7)所示。
s i = i i r e s r e s
式(3)中: i为第 i个窗口大小, i = 2,3 , ··· , N
M R A i=mean(RAi)
r a i = M R A i s i
R i = l n ( r a i )
R = { R 2 , ··· , R i , ··· , R N }
(2)计算各个统计量。计算序列 R的算数平均值 R -和离差平方和 S,公式为
R - = m e a n ( R )
S = i = 2 N ( R i - R - ) 2
遍历序列 R,对每个 i,将样本分为两个部分 X 1 X 2,公式为
X 1 = { R 2 , R 3 , ··· , R i - 2 , R i - 1 } X 2 = { R i , R i + 1 , ··· , R N - 1 , R N }
分别计算两部分的算术平均值 X 1 ¯ X 2 ¯,以及离差平方和 S 1 S 2,公式为
X 1 ¯ = m e a n ( X 1 ) X 2 ¯ = m e a n ( X 2 )
S 1 = t = 2 i - 1 ( R t - X 1 ¯ ) 2 S 2 = t = i N ( R t - X 2 ¯ ) 2
(3)获取最佳面积。分别计算总样本 S与分样本 S 1 S 2的差值,如式(13)所示,统计最大差值对应的窗口尺寸 i b e s t,如式(14)所示,所对应的最佳面积为 s b e s t,如式(15)所示。
S i = S - S 1 - S 2
i b e s t = m a x ( { S 2 , ··· , S i , ··· , S N } )
s b e s t = i b e s t i b e s t r e s r e s
基于ALOS DEM,分析最大窗口面积对最佳面积的影响。涂汉明等[17]认为适合在大于1∶25万比例尺地形图上的最佳窗口尺度为2 km2,同时考虑到4.2节DEM分辨率的影响,为此统一3种DEM的窗口面积,设置窗口最大面积为12.96 km2
因此,最大窗口尺寸N从3像元增至288像元,面积s从0.001 406 25 km2增至12.96 km2,窗口像元尺寸依次为(2×2,3×3),···,(2×2,···,288×288),共需独立计算286次,分别计算对应的 S i = S - S 1 - S 2 , 3 i 288,绘制 S i与分析窗口面积s的关系曲线,为显示更好的效果,对结果进行抽稀处理,具体如图4所示。
可以发现,每个最大面积s S i的关系都会存在一条曲线,且曲线均存在唯一拐点,拐点对应的横坐标即为最佳面积。经统计,最佳窗口与最大窗口面积呈线性关系,拟合方程 y = 0.073 x + 0.033 ,拟合系数 R 2 = 0.997 ,同时,随着最大窗口面积s的增加,也发现最佳窗口面积存在保持不变的阶段性现象,如图5所示。
因此,确定一个合适的最大窗口面积s,对于提取地形起伏度是至关重要的。
为探讨DEM分辨率对最佳面积的影响,参考4.1节,统一窗口面积0.000 625~12.96 km2,其中ALOS DEM窗口尺寸范围为(2×2,···,280×280),ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM为(2×2,···,120×120),SRTM3 DEM为(2×2,···,40×40)。经计算,得到3条MRA与s的关系曲线,如图6所示。发现,3条拟合曲线均为罗吉斯蒂克(Logarithmic)型变化曲线[5],ALOS DEM方程为 y = 41.187 l n x + 174.81 ,拟合系数 R 2 = 0.933,ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM 方程为 y = 44.374 l n x + 174.22,拟合系数 R 2 = 0.953,SRTM3 DEM方程为 y = 48.672 l n x + 149.42,拟合系数 R 2 = 0.973
接着统计3种离差平方和差值 S i与窗口面积s关系,如图7所示。ALOS DEM最佳面积为0.95 km2,ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM最佳面积为1.17 km2,SRTM3 DEM最佳面积为1.82 km2。可见,当其他条件相同时,分辨率与最佳面积存在负相关关系,即随着DEM分辨率增大,对应最佳面积依次减小。
因此,相比于DEM分辨率,最大窗口面积对最佳面积起着重要的影响作用,以上结论也补充说明了相关研究结果[22-23]。此外,通过3种数据,需进一步探究定量确定最大窗口面积的有效方法。
为更有效表征区域地形,定量分析最大窗口面积对最佳窗口面积的影响,提出了可通过建立地形起伏度分类结果和DEM的相关性模型,以最大相关系数作为判别依据,遍历找出各自DEM数据的窗口最佳面积,进而反推出最大窗口面积。参考4.1节,3种数据的最大窗口面积统一设置为12.96 km2。基于ALOS DEM,生成65组数据,通过绘制散点图,发现随着最佳窗口面积的增加, R 2先快速增长,之后趋于稳定,具体如图8所示。经统计, R 2最大为0.785,对应最佳面积为0.21 km2。由图5可知,对应最大窗口面积分别是:2.29、2.33、2.36 km2
基于ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM,生成34组数据,发现随着最佳窗口面积的增加, R 2先快速增长,在趋于小范围浮动后呈下降趋势,如图9所示。经统计, R 2最大为0.764,对应最佳面积为0.32 km2。由图10可知,最大窗口面积分别是:2.62、2.72、2.82 km2
基于SRTM3 DEM,生成13组数据,发现随着最佳窗口面积的增加, R 2先增长,之后有所下降,如图11所示。经统计, R 2最大为0.782,对应最佳面积为0.40 km2。由图10可知,最大窗口面积分别是:1.17、1.37、1.59 km2
中国1∶100万数字地貌分类方案采用地形起伏度和海拔高度作为第一层划分指标,首先依据地形起伏度,将地表形态划分为平原(0~30 m)、台地(30~70 m)、丘陵(70~200 m)、小起伏山地(200~500 m)、中起伏山地(500~1 000 m)、大起伏山地(1 000~2 500 m)和极大起伏山地(>2 500 m)共7个大类基本形态地貌。再根据海拔高度,按照低海拔(<1 000 m)、中海拔(1 000~3 500 m)、高海拔(3 500~5 000 m)和极高海拔(>5 000 m),将基本形态地貌进一步细分,共划分为25种基本地貌形态类型[18]。依据此种划分,将武安市基本地貌类型划分为10种。
参考《中华人民共和国地貌图集(1∶100万)》编码分类方式,将武安市地形起伏度由高到低分为5类,由数字1~5来编码,将海拔由高到低分为2类,由数字1、2来编码。具体如表1所示。
运用矩阵分析法,调用Arcpy模块里栅格计算器(Raster Calculator)的条件函数(Con),编写函数语句,对起伏度分析结果和海拔分类数据进行套合,得到武安市地貌分区结果,条件语句如下:Con(“海拔.png”==1,Con(“起伏度.png”==1,11,Con(“起伏度.png”==2,21,Con(“起伏度.png”==3,31,Con(“起伏度.png”==4,41,Con(“起伏度.png”==5,51))))),Con(“起伏度.png”==1,12,Con(“起伏度.png”==2,22,Con(“起伏度.png”==3,32,Con(“起伏度.png”==4,42,52)))))。
裁剪中国1∶100万地貌类型空间分布数据,得到武安市地貌参考图,如图12(a)所示。同时结合高分二号遥感影像,对3种分辨率的结果进行校正,按最近邻原则合并处理小碎图斑,对地貌有显著变化的图斑不予处理,修改不准确的分类界限。得到ALOS DEM的地形起伏度范围在0~503 m,MRA为92.82 m,如图12(b)所示。ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM的范围在0~492 m,MRA为108.70 m,如图12(c)所示。SRTM3 DEM的范围在0~476 m,MRA为96.48 m,如图12(d)所示。
图12可得,总体上3种数据结果和1∶100万数据图相比,较为明显的不同之处在于,3种数据西北部、中西部、南部及东南部地貌均为1∶100万数据的次一级类型;3种数据均能较好地反映出武安盆地和阳邑盆地位置,山体边界较为清晰准确,地貌类别层次较为丰富。
具体来说,图12中圈注部位①,图12(a)为中起伏中山,而图12(c)图12(d)上无此类型,只有图12(b)存在很小面积。3种数据小起伏中山与海拔超过1 000 m的边界相吻合,周围分布有小起伏低山。沿河谷分布3种数据有所差异,图12(b)北洺河源头分布有低海拔台地(以下称为台地),零星分布中海拔丘陵,其余为低海拔丘陵(以下称为丘陵);图12(c)北洺河分布丘陵,南洺河源头分布有小起伏低山,水库及其下游为丘陵;图12(d)北洺河分布与图12(b)相似,南洺河分布与图12(c)相近。图12中圈注部位②,位于阳邑盆地附近,图12(a)整体为低海拔平原(以下称为平原),中西部是小起伏低山。图12(b)图12(d)分布相似,河谷两侧为平原,向两侧延伸分布台地和丘陵。图12(c)平原零星分布,主要是台地。图12中圈注部位③,图12(a)为中起伏低山,3种数据分布类似,中部被北洺河平原分割,西南分布有丘陵和台地,分布位置相近;东北部主要分布台地,零星分布丘陵,图12(b)图12(d)还分布有平原。图12中圈注部位④,图12(a)中部及东部主要为台地,北部及南部为平原,3种结果主要为平原,局部有台地。图12中圈注部位⑤为紫山,图12(a)为小起伏低山,3种数据分布相似,中部及两侧分布有丘陵,中间夹有台地,其中图12(c)图12(d)中部分布有小起伏低山。图12中圈注⑥部位,图12(a)为小起伏中山,3种数据分布相近,整体分布位置均向西侧扩展,符合山体边界,西南部分布有小起伏低山,中间分布丘陵,外围是台地。图12中圈注部位⑦,图12(a)西部及东部为小起伏中山,中部及西部为中起伏低山,3种数据分布相似,河谷分布台地和平原,零星分布低海拔低山,其余为丘陵。
基于1∶100万数据和3种DEM,统计出了武安市地貌类型形态分区面积及占比情况,结果如表2所示。
表2得出,1∶100万数据和ALOS划分出7种类型,ASTER GDEM.V2和SRTM3划分出6种类型。从不同类型来看,①平原,1∶100万数据、ALOS和SRTM3面积占比相近,ARSER GDEM.V2数据约占比15%,大约是上述三者一半;②台地,1∶100万数据面积占比约是ALOS和SRTM3一半,ARSER GDEM.V2数据大致是上述两种分辨率的1.5倍,3种数据的平原和台地均约占总体面积的50%;③低海拔丘陵与中海拔丘陵,1∶100万数据面积占比不足5%,3种数据面积占比接近;④小起伏低山,1∶100万数据占比约23%,ALOS占比约7%,ARSER GDEM.V2占比11%,SRTM3占比9%;⑤小起伏中山,1∶100万数据占比不足0.5%,ALOS、ARSER GDEM.V2和SRTM3占比相近;⑥中起伏低山和中起伏中山,1∶100万数据占比约33%,ALOS占比0.01%,ARSER GDEM.V2和SRTM3占比均为0。
综上所述,结合3种数据,平原和台地主要分布在武安市西部和中东部地区,占比约为50%;丘陵主要分布在中西部、西南部、南部及河谷地区,占比约为30%;小起伏低山与中山主要分布在西北部,西南部和南部零星分布,占比约20%,总体比1∶100万数据,地貌特点更加符合实际。
(1)基于ALOS DEM数据,进一步验证了最大窗口面积对最佳窗口面积的影响,即总体上最佳面积随着最大面积的增加存在增大的趋势。同时也发现,通过最大窗口面积的依次递增,最佳窗口面积是呈现阶梯式增长的。基于3种分辨率数据,分析了DEM分辨率对最佳面积的影响,得出在同一窗口面积范围内,DEM分辨率与最佳面积存在负相关关系,即随着DEM分辨率增大,对应最佳面积依次减小。相比于DEM分辨率,最大窗口面积对最佳面积影响更为显著。
(2)为定量解决最大窗口面积的影响,提出了通过遍历的方式对地形起伏度分类结果与相应DEM作相关性分析,根据最大相关系数,定量确定最佳面积,得出12.5 m ALOS DEM的最大相关系数为0.785,最佳面积为0.21 km2,30 m ASTER GDEM.V2 DEM的最大相关系数为0.764,最佳面积为0.32 km2,90 m SRTM3 DEM 的最大相关系数为0.782,最佳面积为0.40 km2
(3)依据3种数据最佳面积,套合海拔分类数据,得出了各自对应的地貌分布结果,相比较于1∶100万数据,可以更真实地反映武安市地貌分布规律,分类更加合理,层次更加丰富,类别边界更加清晰。
今后会将定量分析结果应用于地质灾害易发性、危险性评价及矿山生态修复效果评价等研究,进一步验证其可靠性,也使评价结果更为精准。
  • 河北省“三三三人才工程”项目(C20231154)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403524
  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
  • 修回日期:2025-01-10
基金
河北省“三三三人才工程”项目(C20231154)
作者信息
    1 河北省地质环境监测院, 石家庄 050021
    2 河北省地质资源环境监测与保护重点实验室, 石家庄 050021

通讯作者:

* 刘硕(1982—),男,汉族,河北邢台人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:矿区生态修复与重建。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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