Article(id=1149780467932689230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402397, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712073600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-03, revisedDate=1735488000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058625442, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058625442, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058625442, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058625442, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4192, endPage=4198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780468222096211, articleId=1149780467932689230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Flexible Control of Bolt Assembly Robot for Tunnel Pipelines, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to meet the automatic safety needs of the assembly of fixed threaded hole bolts for underground coal mine roadway pipelines, a flexible operation control algorithm for bolt tightening based on admittance method was studied for the six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm equipped with six-dimensional force/torque sensor. The main contents include the theoretical research of gravity compensation algorithm based on six-point positioning method and admittance-based bolt tightening compliance control algorithm. A bolt fastening experimental system based on the robotic arm was set up, and the assembly experiment of fixed threaded hole bolts was carried out. The results indicate a decreasing trend in the forces and torques experienced during assembly, demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of the compliant operation control algorithm based on the admittance method.

, correspAuthors=Yan-jie LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiang CUI, Yan-jie LI, Zhi-ming LANG, Chun-guang BU, Nuo MEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780505446543974, articleId=1149780467932689230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=巷道管道螺栓装配机器人的柔顺控制, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为针对煤矿井下巷道管道固定式螺纹孔螺栓装配的自动化安全需要,针对配置有六维力/力矩传感器的六自由度机械臂,研究了基于导纳方法的螺栓紧固柔顺操作控制算法。主要内容包括基于六点定位法的重力补偿算法和基于导纳的螺栓紧固柔顺控制算法的理论研究;搭建基于机械臂的螺栓紧固实验系统,开展固定式螺纹孔螺栓装配实验。结果表明:在进行装配时所受力和力矩会有减小的趋势,基于导纳方法的柔顺操作控制算法具有有效性和安全性。

, correspAuthors=李艳杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李艳杰(1969—),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:复杂环境移动操作技术,智能机器人控制。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gL5lLE2upxL4g9dKfwO5eQ==, magXml=wBVjp8uSvQrhqNLG0Duc5Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4UWS+PtlrzOHUH3r0JRwyw==, pdfFileSize=5634330, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uOFhWFm4ZBsvY3un0ng0Wg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GSlqZpeWQ7L4gK9PQ4TiJA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

崔强(1999—),男,汉族,吉林白山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人学,智能机器人控制。E-mail:

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崔强(1999—),男,汉族,吉林白山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人学,智能机器人控制。E-mail:

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崔强(1999—),男,汉族,吉林白山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人学,智能机器人控制。E-mail:

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X X · X ¨为编码器得到的关节位置计算出的末端执行器实际位置;Xr X · r X ¨ r为参考位置;KdBdMd为用户自己设定的阻抗参数;FeFr分别为接触力与抵消力;q为关节角度;q为关节速度;q为关节加速度;J为雅可比矩阵; J ·为雅可比矩阵的时间导数

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e为误差信号;XdXrX分别为期望位置、参考位置和实际位置;FeFd分别为接触力与跟踪期望力

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F为机械臂末端与外界环境的接触力

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dt为时间步长

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巷道管道螺栓装配机器人的柔顺控制
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崔强 1, 2 , 李艳杰 1, * , 郎智明 2, 3 , 卜春光 2, 3 , 梅诺 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(10): 4192-4198
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(10): 4192-4198
巷道管道螺栓装配机器人的柔顺控制
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崔强1, 2 , 李艳杰1, * , 郎智明2, 3, 卜春光2, 3, 梅诺1
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳理工大学机械工程学院, 沈阳 110159
  • 2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所机器人学国家重点实验室, 沈阳 110016
  • 3 中国科学院机器人与智能制造创新研究院, 沈阳 110169
  • 崔强(1999—),男,汉族,吉林白山人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人学,智能机器人控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李艳杰(1969—),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:复杂环境移动操作技术,智能机器人控制。E-mail:
Flexible Control of Bolt Assembly Robot for Tunnel Pipelines
Qiang CUI1, 2 , Yan-jie LI1, * , Zhi-ming LANG2, 3, Chun-guang BU2, 3, Nuo MEI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 3 Innovation Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402397
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为针对煤矿井下巷道管道固定式螺纹孔螺栓装配的自动化安全需要,针对配置有六维力/力矩传感器的六自由度机械臂,研究了基于导纳方法的螺栓紧固柔顺操作控制算法。主要内容包括基于六点定位法的重力补偿算法和基于导纳的螺栓紧固柔顺控制算法的理论研究;搭建基于机械臂的螺栓紧固实验系统,开展固定式螺纹孔螺栓装配实验。结果表明:在进行装配时所受力和力矩会有减小的趋势,基于导纳方法的柔顺操作控制算法具有有效性和安全性。

机械臂  /  柔顺控制  /  螺栓装配  /  导纳控制算法

In order to meet the automatic safety needs of the assembly of fixed threaded hole bolts for underground coal mine roadway pipelines, a flexible operation control algorithm for bolt tightening based on admittance method was studied for the six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm equipped with six-dimensional force/torque sensor. The main contents include the theoretical research of gravity compensation algorithm based on six-point positioning method and admittance-based bolt tightening compliance control algorithm. A bolt fastening experimental system based on the robotic arm was set up, and the assembly experiment of fixed threaded hole bolts was carried out. The results indicate a decreasing trend in the forces and torques experienced during assembly, demonstrating the effectiveness and safety of the compliant operation control algorithm based on the admittance method.

mechanical arm  /  compliance control  /  bolt assembly  /  admittance control algorithm
崔强, 李艳杰, 郎智明, 卜春光, 梅诺. 巷道管道螺栓装配机器人的柔顺控制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4192 -4198 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402397
Qiang CUI, Yan-jie LI, Zhi-ming LANG, Chun-guang BU, Nuo MEI. Flexible Control of Bolt Assembly Robot for Tunnel Pipelines[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4192 -4198 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402397
随着机器人技术的不断发展,机器人越来越多地代替人类来完成一些危险作业任务[1]。其中机器人作业是煤矿作业的发展趋势,管道安装则是煤矿井下的重要作业任务[2],为此开展管道机器人的控制研究非常必要。
在应用机械臂在巷道管道中对螺栓进行拧紧操作时,无论是对孔还是旋紧的过程中,都需要机械臂与刚性物体进行接触,若在受力时不能及时调整位置,将会使机械臂末端工件与物体产生较大的接触力,从而导致工件或者传感器的损坏。因而需要引入柔顺控制算法,依据受力和位置情况及时对机械臂末端的位姿进行调整。才能保证工作安全可靠的进行。
对于柔顺控制是指通过某些技术手段,使机械臂与外界环境接触时产生顺从运动的能力。其中主动柔顺控制算法有阻抗控制和力位混合控制[3]。阻抗控制又分为基于力的阻抗控制和基于位置的阻抗控制(导纳控制)。Rhee等[4]提出了一种阻抗和导纳混合的控制策略,控制过程中可以灵活实现两种控制方法的切换,有效提高了控制系统的性能。卢承华等[5]针对机械臂末端执行器与未知曲面进行接触时位置跟踪困难的问题,提出了一种基于梯度迭代的阻抗控制算法,在建立执行器与曲面间的阻抗模型之后,利用梯度上升迭代的方法优化阻尼系数,缩小了跟踪过程中的位置和力误差,提高了跟踪精度。李国琪等[6]针对手术机器人在作业时环境变化导致的跟踪精度问题,设计了一种基于干扰观测器的自适应阻抗控制方法,可以在可变环境下自适应调整阻抗模型,使机械臂的轨迹快速收敛于期望轨迹。基于以上分析,发现基于力的阻抗控制计算量很大,而导纳控制可以自行定义参数,只需要调参就可以完成控制,并且相比于基于力的阻抗控制,在求解结果上并不会产生很大差异,故针对管道安装机器人,选择导纳控制来实现螺栓紧固。
现将围绕机械臂柔顺控制算法,首先进行接触力的获取和基于六维力/力矩传感器的重力补偿算法,其次设计一种导纳控制模型,依据获取到的机械臂受力信息和位置信息,实时地对机械臂的位置进行调整,来达到柔顺控制的目的[7],最后搭建机械臂实验系统,完成螺栓柔顺装配实验,来验证算法的有效性。
基于末端六维力/力矩传感器的机械臂导纳控制被广泛应用于喷涂、焊接等场所,是目前比较流行的力控制方法[8]。在机械臂的末端加装六维力/力矩传感器(图1),虽然传感器在机械臂的末端,故其不能得到传感器之前机械臂本体的受力信息,有一定的局限性,但是可以精确地获取到传感器末端工具所受的力和力矩情况,即便是在巷道管道中,也能较为简单直接的获取信息,而且获取的结果经过处理后可以直接地应用在导纳控制算法中。
机械臂末端的六维力传感器在工作时,其自身的重力和末端安装工具的重力都会对传感器的示数造成影响,这就需要对传感器进行重力补偿。重力补偿算法主要包括两部分,分别是末端工具的重力辨识和重力补偿。
一般情况下,螺栓难以直接确定其确切的质心位置,即使可以确定质心位置,工具在装配过程中的位置精度也会使其相对于传感器的质心位置产生偏差,再加上传感器本身的重力也会对传感器的示数有影响。基于以上问题,本文研究中提出基于六点定位的工具质心求解方法,将传感器和工具看作一个整体,求解其质心位置,再对其进行重力补偿,从而获得相对准确的补偿结果[9]
为了进行重力辨识,需要对传感器的受力情况进行分析,首先,工具的重力在世界坐标系下的表示始终都是{0,0,-G},设工具的质心位置在传感器坐标系下的坐标为{Lx,Ly,Lz},质心所产生的重力在传感器坐标系3个坐标轴下的分量是 {Gx,Gy,Gz},而相对于3个坐标轴的力矩分量为{Tx,Ty,Tz},根据分析,可以得出重力和力矩两者的关系为
T x = G z L y - G y L z T y = G x L z - G z L x T z = G y L x - G x L y
为了解算出质心重力以及质心m相对于传感器坐标系的坐标向量,需要使机械臂变换6个姿态,获取到传感器的读数,如图2所示。
根据获取到的传感器结果,进行重力G及坐标(Lx,Ly,Lz)求解。
G= F z 2 - F z 1 + F x 4 - F x 3 + F y 6 - F y 5 6
L x = T y 1 - T y 2 + T z 6 - T z 5 4 G L y = T x 2 - T x 1 + T z 3 - T z 4 4 G L z = T y 4 - T y 3 + T x 5 - T x 6 4 G
式中:FxiFyiFziTxiTyiTzi分别为传感器在3个方向上所受的力和所受的力矩,其中i=1,2,3,4,5,6。
这种质心求解方法的基本原理就是从多个姿态下获取的几组数据中提取出各个方向上的力或力矩分量,做均值处理后除以重力最终得出沿对应方向的质心位置分量。
姜静等[10]研究了基于重力补偿的机械臂PD与PID的控制方法,发现这两种算法都能满足机械臂的位置控制要求。机器人在进行力控制时,需要实时变换位置和姿态去适应末端感受到的接触力,以免由于在进行螺栓装配时接触力过大而对工件及传感器造成损伤。这就要求机械臂能实时获取准确的接触力或力矩,但在每个姿态下工具对于传感器的作用力都不同,故须实时解算出这个作用力,并使传感器的示数与其做差,得出准确的接触力结果。由此可以得出,重力补偿算法的核心要点,即通过数学公式建立起姿态与工具在传感器坐标系力和力矩分量的映射关系。
首先,设传感器坐标系{S}、机械臂末端坐标系{6}、质心坐标系{T}。因为传感器和六轴的姿态相同,只是在六轴Z方向的延伸,假设传感器坐标系的原点相对于末端坐标系的投影为{0,0,h},则可以建立起传感器到末端坐标系的变换矩阵,公式为
S 6T= 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 h 0 0 0 1
前面已经求出质心位置相对于传感器坐标系的位置为{Lx,Ly,Lz},则质心坐标系在传感器坐标系下的变换矩阵为
T ST= 1 0 0 L x 0 1 0 L y 0 0 1 L z 0 0 0 1
若已知机械臂运动学正解 6 0T,则通过坐标系的复合变换即可求解出质心坐标系在世界坐标系下的变换矩阵为
T 0T = 6 0T S 6 T T ST= T 0 R T 0 P 0 1
式(6)中 : T 0R= n x o x a x n y o y a y n z o z a z,其中noa为机械臂末端姿态 ; T 0P为机械臂末端位置。
机械臂在作业时,其位置和姿态都在不断发生变化,质心产生的力和力矩都会随之变化,那么就需要根据当前的质心相对于世界坐标系的变换矩阵求解出力和力矩的分量。首先,可以得到重力在工具坐标系下的分量,公式为
Tf = T 0RT0f= n x o x a x n y o y a y n z o z a z T 0 0 G=G n z o z a z
式(7)中:0f为工具的重力。
质心即是质心坐标系的原点,故其重力相对于质心坐标系的3个力矩分量都为0,则质心在质心坐标系下的六维力分量为
T f T m= T f x T f y T f z T m x T m y T m z=G n z o z a z 0 0 0
式(8)中:TfTm分别为质心的重力在质心坐标系下的六维力的力和力矩。
下一步需要将质心在质心坐标系下的六维力分量转移到传感器坐标系上,则力和力矩在不同坐标系下的变换关系为
S f S m= T S R 0 S ( S P T 0 ) T S R T S R T f T m
式(9)中:SfSm分别为质心的重力在传感器坐标系下的六维力的力和力矩。
通过求解可以得出
T S R = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 S ( S P T 0 ) = 0 - L x L y L x 0 - L x - L y L x 0
经过整合、求解之后可以得出质心的重力在传感器坐标系下的六维力分量,也就是重力补偿值,公式为
S f S m= 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 - L z L y 1 0 0 L z 0 - L x 0 1 0 - L y L x 0 0 0 1 T f x T f y T f z T m x T m y T m z=G n z o z a z a z L y - o z L z n z L z - a z L x o z L x - n z L y
从六维力传感器中所获取到的6个参数是由传感器自身重力、工具重力、末端接触力三者共同作用的结果,而前两者都由重力补偿算法求解得到,故只需要将传感器的示数 [ S f e   S m e ] T与补偿的结果做差,就能得到当前姿态下传感器所受外力的实际值FS,公式为
FS= f m= S f e - S f S m e - S m
常见的主动柔顺控制算法有阻抗控制和力位混合控制,阻抗控制分为基于力的阻抗控制和基于位置的阻抗控制(导纳控制)[11],两个控制方法的流程图如图3图4所示。两者的控制方法类似,都是将接触力误差和位置误差作为外环的控制量,基于力的阻抗是通过计算得出机械臂的各个关节所需要施加的力矩,并将期望力矩直接下发给机械臂进行控制[12];基于位置的阻抗控制是计算出机械臂的期望加速度,并通过逐步积分,将关节速度或者关节位置下发给机械臂,促使其进行下一步运动。力位混合控制则是将位置控制和力控制进行拆分,即为在中间六自由度之中,某几项采用位置控制,而其余几项采用力控制,再将控制结果进行整合,同步下发给机械臂,这种方法较为简单,只是将计算独立分成两部分。基于力的阻抗控制需要获取机械臂整体的动力学参数,为了求解动力学参数还需要对机械臂进行参数辨识[13],计算量很大,而导纳控制可以自行定义参数,故只需要调参就可以完成控制。导纳控制的计算量较小,而且相比基于力的阻抗控制,在求解结果上并不会产生很大差异,故本文研究采用导纳控制。
导纳控制的基本思想就是,将机械臂的末端与外界环境的接触力与位置信息等效成一个二阶弹簧-阻尼的物理模型,使用末端六维力传感器,形成基于位置闭环的机械臂力控制系统,如图5所示。
通过动力学分析,这个二阶弹簧-阻尼系统模型可以表示成式(13)所示的微分方程。
M x ¨+B( x ˙- x ˙ d)+K(x-xd)=F
通过对比,可以得到机械臂的导纳控制模型, 即
M x ¨ e+B( x ˙- x ˙ d)+K(x-xd)=Fe
式中:MBK都是对角矩阵,分别为惯性系数矩阵、阻尼系数矩阵、刚度系数矩阵; x ¨ e为期望加速度; x ˙为实际速度; x ˙ d为期望速度;x为实际位置;xd为期望位置;Fe为接触力误差。
导纳控制算法的外环输入量分别为笛卡尔空间下的位置误差、速度误差与力/力矩误差,经过求解式(14)之后可以得到机械臂末端执行器的期望加速度,即
x ¨ e=M-1[Fe-B( x ˙- x ˙ d)-K(x-xd)]
因为导纳控制是在笛卡尔空间上对机械臂进行的位置控制,故需要将获取到的关节角度通过机械臂的正运动学转化为在笛卡尔空间上的位置向量,再与设定的期望位置做差,从而求解出机械臂当前的位置误差。在三维空间中,机械臂末端不只有位置,还有姿态,位置误差只需将两者相减,而姿态误差需要进行额外计算。想求出姿态误差,可以通过旋转矩阵的形式,公式为
Re=R R T d
求解出的姿态偏差旋转矩阵需要换成三维向量的形式从而参与导纳控制的公式计算,可以把旋转矩阵换成RPY、欧拉角、等效转轴的形式。等效轴角计算过程相对复杂,需要借由四元数过渡,故这里选用欧拉角。
为了求解出机械臂末端执行器在笛卡尔空间下的实际速度,首先需要实时获取到的关节角度,并对其进行微分,微分具体可通过当前关节角度qt与上一个关节角度qtt做差再除以时间步长Δt得到,公式为
q ˙= q - q t - Δ t Δ t
之后需要先求解出机械臂的雅可比矩阵J,再通过雅可比矩阵将关节空间的速度转换到笛卡尔空间上,公式为
x ˙=J q ˙
若想计算接触力误差,期望力Fd是已经确定的,所以需求出机械臂末端执行器在笛卡尔空间上所受的力,前文已经对末端六维力/力矩传感器在其自身坐标系上所受的力/力矩分量Fs,现将力和力矩分开进行讨论。首先,力分量F可直接由传感器坐标系相对于基坐标系的旋转矩阵 S 0R与传感器力分量f做矩阵相乘求得,公式为
F = S 0Rf
想对机械臂进行精确的姿态导纳控制,在传感器坐标系上解算的效果最为理想,因为传感器首先接收到的就是在传感器坐标系上的三维力矩,而进行姿态导纳控制也可以直接将当前的旋转矩阵与修正后的姿态旋转矩阵做乘得到,公式为
Rt+1=RΔR
导纳控制的本质是位置控制,故需要将求解出的期望加速度逐步积分,变成位置修正量,并对当前位置进行修正,公式为
x ˙ e t + 1 = x ˙ e t + x ¨ e Δ t x e t + 1 = x e t + x ˙ e t + 1 Δ t
式(21)中: x ˙ e t + 1为速度的修正量; x e t + 1为位置的修正量。
之后便可通过式(21)求出最后的位置控制量xu,公式为
xu= x e t + 1+x
最后再对位置控制量进行逆解运算,将求得的关节角度控制量qu直接作用在机械臂的位置控制器上,就形成了完整的导纳控制算法,针对本文设计的导纳控制器模型图如图6所示。
针对实验要求及对应项目需求,首先应完成机械臂实验平台硬件系统的搭建,硬件系统主要包括操作设备、控制介质和被控对象。软件系统需要完善的硬件系统作为支撑,故硬件系统是实验的基本框架,该导纳控制系统流程图如图7所示。
其中计算机选择搭载Windows、Linux双系统的计算机作为工控机的上位机,执行数据传输、程序编写等任务,其次选用Moxa AWK-1131A 工业级无线 AP/Client作为本次实验的数据传输介质,另外工控机选用研华(ADVANTECH)UNO-2484G 系列嵌入式工业电脑。
基于导纳控制的机械臂控制系统需要实时获取机械臂各个关节位置和传感器受力,并实时对机械臂的驱动器下发上下电、位置控制等指令,过程中要求通信的实时性和稳定性,故本次实验采用的是基于EtherCAT总线的以太网通信架构。
在确定使用EtherCAT现场作为机械臂系统的核心架构,确定采用研华UNO-2484G系列嵌入式工业电脑作为硬件控制平台后,又选用EC-Master协议栈作为EtherCAT主站协议栈,EC-Master协议栈可以移植到任何其他的嵌入式操作系统中,而Ubuntu系统是基于Linux开源系统的一个发行版本,它支持多用户、多任务、具有丰富的网络功能,便于代码的移植,故本文研究选用Ubuntu14.04作为机械臂控制系统工控机的操作系统。
对于本次实验采用的机械臂是科尔摩根的RGM机器人关节模组。同时机械臂在实验过程中需要对末端工具的接触力进行识别,因此本次实验需要在末端加装六维力/力矩传感器,力控实验要求力传感器的响应速度快、稳定性好、精度高,故本次实验采用的是ATI 9108-ECAT-AXIA80 六维力/力矩传感器。另外,在机械臂末端安装一螺栓,并准备一个可以进行螺栓装配的孔,实验环境如图8所示。
螺栓的装配过程分为对孔阶段和装配阶段,在对孔阶段,机械臂确定孔位时总会存在一定的位置误差,为了顺利将螺栓送进孔中,本次实验采用螺旋寻孔的方式以增大对孔的成功率。螺旋寻孔的基本思想就是在对孔阶段,一直保持Z轴方向与接触面存在5 N接触力,通过Z轴的高度判断螺栓是否已进入孔中,若未进入,则机械臂的末端执行器将沿着由内而外的螺旋轨迹进行寻孔,直到螺栓顺利进入。螺旋线的规划公式为
X = r ( t ) s i n ( ω t ) = v t s i n ( ω t ) Y = r ( t ) c o s ( ω t ) = v t c o s ( ω t )
式(23)中:t为寻孔时间;ω为寻孔角频率;r为螺旋线的半径;v为寻孔速度。
根据式(23)生成的螺旋线轨迹如图9所示。
机械臂收到对孔阶段结束的指令后,开启装配模式,此时给定机械臂Z方向5 N的虚拟力,当螺栓接触到孔时六维力传感器会接收到外力,此时通过机械臂Z方向给定0.1 N·m的期望力矩使螺栓旋转,然而螺栓与孔的姿态并不是完全吻合的,在装配过程中可能会感受到来自X方向和Y方向的力和力矩,通过导纳控制可使得机械臂的末端姿态进行顺应,这使得螺栓可以紧贴下方螺纹进行旋转进给运动,机械臂顺利带动螺栓旋转一圈,最后螺栓退出装配孔,装配的过程如图10所示。
在装配的过程中,通过采集传感器数据可以分别得到X轴、Y轴和Z轴方向上的力和力矩,将这些数据通过一阶低通滤波器对其进行平滑处理后通过MATLAB绘制,得到力和力矩实时受力如图11所示。
通过分析实验数据可知,0~18 s为螺栓寻孔阶段,各方向受力及力矩均没有变化。在18 s时,从图11中可以看出螺栓已经和孔接触,并且姿态有一定的误差,这是由于机械臂各关节在进行置零时会有误差导致的。又经过4 s螺栓接触到螺纹,开始保持5 N的接触力,同时,对螺栓Z方向施加0.1 N·m的虚拟力矩使螺栓开始转动。
18~45 s为拧进阶段,此时六维力传感器感受到XY方向上的力和力矩,获取到的外力数据经过导纳控制算法对机械臂末端位置进行实时调整,由图11中的X方向和Y方向所受力和力矩随时间的变化图像可知XY方向的力和力矩有明显向0减小的趋势,由于机械臂的关节限位,螺栓在机械臂的作用下旋拧一圈进入孔中。
45~66 s为螺栓拧出阶段,在45 s时刻,机械臂六轴达到最大限位,开始进行反转退出,由图11中的Z方向受力得知,螺栓Z方向的力由+5 N变为-5 N,在拧出过程中,导纳控制算法同样会对机械臂末端位置进行实时调整。
实验结果也验证了导纳控制算法在基于机械臂的螺栓装配中的可行性。
针对煤矿井下巷道管道安装固定式螺纹孔螺栓紧固装配中的自动化和安全问题,针对配置有六维力/力矩传感器的六自由度管道安装机械臂,开发了基于导纳方法的柔顺操作控制算法。主要包括基于六点定位法实现了重力补偿算法;基于导纳力控方法设计了螺栓紧固柔顺控制算法;通过螺栓装配实验,验证了基于导纳方法的机械臂柔顺操作控制算法在固定式螺栓孔螺栓自动化紧固装配中的安全性和有效性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4703600)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402397
  • 接收时间:2024-04-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-03
  • 修回日期:2024-12-30
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4703600)
作者信息
    1 沈阳理工大学机械工程学院, 沈阳 110159
    2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所机器人学国家重点实验室, 沈阳 110016
    3 中国科学院机器人与智能制造创新研究院, 沈阳 110169

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* 李艳杰(1969—),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:复杂环境移动操作技术,智能机器人控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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