Article(id=1149780467446149959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404067, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=1736956800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752058625327, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744041600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752058625327, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752058625327, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752058625327, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149780466032669506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='10', pageStart='3969', pageEnd='4395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752058624990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456644259, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558743898411554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149780466032669506, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4156, endPage=4167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149780467760722764, articleId=1149780467446149959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal Correlation Scenario Generation of Wind-Solar Complementary System Based on SGMM-MCopula, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of large-scale integration of wind and solar power into the grid, power system dispatch strategies faced unprecedented challenges. The volatility and randomness of wind and photovoltaic power generation significantly impacted system stability and controllability. To accurately characterize the spatiotemporal correlation of wind-solar power output and construct a practically valuable scenario set, a method for generating spatiotemporal correlated scenarios for wind-solar complementary systems was proposed, based on a coupled SGMM (seasonal Gaussian mixture model) and MCopula (mixed Copula function). Initially, the SGMM was constructed to capture the temporal correlation among wind-solar output variables. Then, the mixed Copula function was employed to describe the spatial correlation among variables. Based on the comprehensive modeling of spatiotemporal correlations, a series of uncertainty scenario sets reflecting these characteristics was generated using the Copula conditional distribution function and inverse transform sampling technique. The simulation results confirmed the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method. The generated scenario sets not only reflected the spatiotemporal correlation characteristics and annual variation trends of wind-solar output but also better matched the historical actual sequences in terms of distance, providing strong decision-making support for power system dispatch. New perspectives and tools were offered for quantifying uncertainties in wind-solar complementary systems, which had profound theoretical and practical significance for optimizing power system dispatch strategies, reducing uncertainty risks, promoting the efficient utilization of renewable energy, and advancing the sustainable development of power systems.

, correspAuthors=Li MO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi YU, Zi-xuan LIU, Guo-han ZHAO, Wan LIU, You-han DENG, Dong WEN, Li MO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780501440983397, articleId=1149780467446149959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于SGMM-MCopula的风光互补系统时空相关场景生成, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在风能和太阳能大规模并入电网的背景下,电力系统调度策略遭遇了前所未有的挑战。特别是风电和光伏发电的波动性和随机性特征,对系统的稳定性和可控性构成了重大影响。为了精确表征风光电站出力的时空相关特性,并构建具有实际应用价值的场景集,提出了一种基于耦合季节性高斯混合模型(SGMM)与混合Copula函数(MCopula)的风光互补系统时空相关场景生成方法。该方法首先通过构建SGMM捕捉风光出力变量时间序列间的相关特性;其次,采用混合Copula函数来描述变量之间的空间相关特性。在综合时空相关性建模的基础上,结合Copula条件分布函数与逆变换抽样技术,生成了一系列反映时空相关特征的不确定性场景集。仿真实验的结果证实了所提方法的有效性和可靠性,生成的场景集不仅能够较好地反映风光出力的时空相关特征及年内变化趋势,而且与历史实际序列在距离上更为吻合,为电力系统调度提供了强有力的决策支持。研究结果为风光互补系统的不确定性量化提供了新的视角与工具,对于优化电力系统调度策略、降低不确定性风险、促进新能源的高效利用以及推动电力系统的可持续发展,均具有深远的理论和实践意义。

, correspAuthors=莫莉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 莫莉(1980—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水电能源系统优化运行、电力市场。E-mail:
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余意(1989—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,工程师。研究方向:水风光多能互补系统联合调度与控制技术及相关电碳市场理论方法。E-mail:

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余意(1989—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,工程师。研究方向:水风光多能互补系统联合调度与控制技术及相关电碳市场理论方法。E-mail:

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余意(1989—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,工程师。研究方向:水风光多能互补系统联合调度与控制技术及相关电碳市场理论方法。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=8+WrM7pDBVMnNQUd3uXq1Q==, figureFileBig=q4Fez2tMjp8ykPCAXHJHig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233839091649925807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=CN, label=图9, caption=基于单一SGMM方法生成的风光出力场景自相关系数, figureFileSmall=8+WrM7pDBVMnNQUd3uXq1Q==, figureFileBig=q4Fez2tMjp8ykPCAXHJHig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233839091738006193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Autocorrelation coefficients of wind-solar power output scenario set generated based on Gumbel Copula method, figureFileSmall=TAFTX1rSbKkumE/Nz3SjHA==, figureFileBig=AkIKrexayVTMSfzOW6eX2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233839091826086579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=CN, label=图10, caption=基于单一Copula方法生成的风光出力场景自相关系数, figureFileSmall=TAFTX1rSbKkumE/Nz3SjHA==, figureFileBig=AkIKrexayVTMSfzOW6eX2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233839091893195445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The function characteristics of commonly used Copula

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Copula函数 函数特性
Gaussian Copula 对称性,无厚尾特性
t-Copula 对称性,对称厚尾性
Gumbel Copula 非对称性,上厚尾性,仅能描述变量间的非负相关性
Clayton Copula 非对称性,下厚尾性,仅能描述变量间的非负相关性
Frank Copula 对称性,对称厚尾性,能够描述随机变量间的负相关性
), ArticleFig(id=1233839092002247351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用Copula的函数特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Copula函数 函数特性
Gaussian Copula 对称性,无厚尾特性
t-Copula 对称性,对称厚尾性
Gumbel Copula 非对称性,上厚尾性,仅能描述变量间的非负相关性
Clayton Copula 非对称性,下厚尾性,仅能描述变量间的非负相关性
Frank Copula 对称性,对称厚尾性,能够描述随机变量间的负相关性
), ArticleFig(id=1233839092115493561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of parameter situation and square euclidean distance between mixed copula function and single Copula function

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单一Copula Gumbel Copula Clayton Copula Frank Copula Gaussian Copula t-Copula
相依参数 1.299 0.551 2.304 0.357 0.394(16.362)
平方欧氏距离 1.712 4.137 2.874 2.360 2.039
混合Copula Gumbel Copula Clayton Copula Frank Copula Gaussian Copula t-Copula
权重参数 0.347 9.281×10-5 0.048 0.293 0.313
相依参数 1.276 2.002 5.000 0.500 0.295(18.034)
平方欧氏距离 1.271
), ArticleFig(id=1233839092249711291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混合Copula函数与单一Copula函数的参数情况及平方欧氏距离对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单一Copula Gumbel Copula Clayton Copula Frank Copula Gaussian Copula t-Copula
相依参数 1.299 0.551 2.304 0.357 0.394(16.362)
平方欧氏距离 1.712 4.137 2.874 2.360 2.039
混合Copula Gumbel Copula Clayton Copula Frank Copula Gaussian Copula t-Copula
权重参数 0.347 9.281×10-5 0.048 0.293 0.313
相依参数 1.276 2.002 5.000 0.500 0.295(18.034)
平方欧氏距离 1.271
), ArticleFig(id=1233839092367151806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison results of indicators

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模型 能源类型 平均Kendall相关
系数绝对误差
欧氏距离
平均值
单一SGMM 风电 0.164 3.291
光伏 0.958
单一Gumbel Copula 风电 0.112 3.781
光伏 1.172
SGMM-MCopula 风电 0.079 2.881
光伏 0.958
), ArticleFig(id=1233839092463620798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149780467446149959, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

指标对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 能源类型 平均Kendall相关
系数绝对误差
欧氏距离
平均值
单一SGMM 风电 0.164 3.291
光伏 0.958
单一Gumbel Copula 风电 0.112 3.781
光伏 1.172
SGMM-MCopula 风电 0.079 2.881
光伏 0.958
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基于SGMM-MCopula的风光互补系统时空相关场景生成
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余意 1, 2 , 刘梓轩 3 , 赵国汉 4, 5 , 刘万 3 , 邓友汉 1, 2 , 温栋 2 , 莫莉 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(10): 4156-4167
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基于SGMM-MCopula的风光互补系统时空相关场景生成
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余意1, 2 , 刘梓轩3, 赵国汉4, 5, 刘万3, 邓友汉1, 2, 温栋2, 莫莉3, *
作者信息
  • 1 水风光多能互补联合实验室, 武汉 430010
  • 2 中国长江三峡集团有限公司科学技术研究院, 北京 101100
  • 3 华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院, 武汉 430074
  • 4 中国长江电力股份有限公司, 武汉 430010
  • 5 三峡金沙江云川水电开发有限公司, 昆明 650204
  • 余意(1989—),男,汉族,湖北黄冈人,博士,工程师。研究方向:水风光多能互补系统联合调度与控制技术及相关电碳市场理论方法。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 莫莉(1980—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水电能源系统优化运行、电力市场。E-mail:
Spatiotemporal Correlation Scenario Generation of Wind-Solar Complementary System Based on SGMM-MCopula
Yi YU1, 2 , Zi-xuan LIU3, Guo-han ZHAO4, 5, Wan LIU3, You-han DENG1, 2, Dong WEN2, Li MO3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Laboratory of Hydro-Wind-Solar Multi-energy Control Coordination, Wuhan 430010, China
  • 2 China Three Gorges Corporation Science and Technology Research Institute, Beijing 101100, China
  • 3 School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 4 China Yangtze Power Co.,Ltd., Wuhan 430010, China
  • 5 Three Gorges Jinsha Yunchuan Hydropower Development Co., Ltd., Kunming 650204, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404067
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在风能和太阳能大规模并入电网的背景下,电力系统调度策略遭遇了前所未有的挑战。特别是风电和光伏发电的波动性和随机性特征,对系统的稳定性和可控性构成了重大影响。为了精确表征风光电站出力的时空相关特性,并构建具有实际应用价值的场景集,提出了一种基于耦合季节性高斯混合模型(SGMM)与混合Copula函数(MCopula)的风光互补系统时空相关场景生成方法。该方法首先通过构建SGMM捕捉风光出力变量时间序列间的相关特性;其次,采用混合Copula函数来描述变量之间的空间相关特性。在综合时空相关性建模的基础上,结合Copula条件分布函数与逆变换抽样技术,生成了一系列反映时空相关特征的不确定性场景集。仿真实验的结果证实了所提方法的有效性和可靠性,生成的场景集不仅能够较好地反映风光出力的时空相关特征及年内变化趋势,而且与历史实际序列在距离上更为吻合,为电力系统调度提供了强有力的决策支持。研究结果为风光互补系统的不确定性量化提供了新的视角与工具,对于优化电力系统调度策略、降低不确定性风险、促进新能源的高效利用以及推动电力系统的可持续发展,均具有深远的理论和实践意义。

风光出力  /  时空相关  /  场景生成  /  高斯混合模型  /  Copula函数

In the context of large-scale integration of wind and solar power into the grid, power system dispatch strategies faced unprecedented challenges. The volatility and randomness of wind and photovoltaic power generation significantly impacted system stability and controllability. To accurately characterize the spatiotemporal correlation of wind-solar power output and construct a practically valuable scenario set, a method for generating spatiotemporal correlated scenarios for wind-solar complementary systems was proposed, based on a coupled SGMM (seasonal Gaussian mixture model) and MCopula (mixed Copula function). Initially, the SGMM was constructed to capture the temporal correlation among wind-solar output variables. Then, the mixed Copula function was employed to describe the spatial correlation among variables. Based on the comprehensive modeling of spatiotemporal correlations, a series of uncertainty scenario sets reflecting these characteristics was generated using the Copula conditional distribution function and inverse transform sampling technique. The simulation results confirmed the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method. The generated scenario sets not only reflected the spatiotemporal correlation characteristics and annual variation trends of wind-solar output but also better matched the historical actual sequences in terms of distance, providing strong decision-making support for power system dispatch. New perspectives and tools were offered for quantifying uncertainties in wind-solar complementary systems, which had profound theoretical and practical significance for optimizing power system dispatch strategies, reducing uncertainty risks, promoting the efficient utilization of renewable energy, and advancing the sustainable development of power systems.

wind-solar output  /  spatiotemporal correlation  /  sceneario generation  /  Gaussian mixture model  /  Copula function
余意, 刘梓轩, 赵国汉, 刘万, 邓友汉, 温栋, 莫莉. 基于SGMM-MCopula的风光互补系统时空相关场景生成. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4156 -4167 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404067
Yi YU, Zi-xuan LIU, Guo-han ZHAO, Wan LIU, You-han DENG, Dong WEN, Li MO. Spatiotemporal Correlation Scenario Generation of Wind-Solar Complementary System Based on SGMM-MCopula[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4156 -4167 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404067
随着风、光新能源的大规模发展、高比例渗透,新型电力系统面临着系统电源出力不确定性增强、可控性降低等问题[1]。新型电力系统下的电力调度需要综合考虑源-网双侧的出力、负荷不确定性等多重因素[2],且随着不确定性的不断增强,电力调度风险将呈现出来源多样化、表现形式复杂化和指标提取困难化的特征,给电力系统的稳定运行带来了严峻的挑战。然而,受认知不充分的影响,人们无法对研究对象以及数据中包含的特征进行完全解读,导致了一类认知不确定性(epistemic uncertainty,EU)的产生[3]。场景分析法是一类应用多个确定性场景来描述变量不确定性的方法,通过深入挖掘数据集所包含的时序特征来降低EU所产生的不良影响,在随机优化调度领域应用广泛[4]
在新型电力系统的规划与运行调度中,风光资源的开发利用与风光基地的建设正呈现快速发展的态势[5]。然而,由于风光资源在时序特征上呈现出较强的季节性、波动性与随机性特点,导致风、光电站的发电能力存在出力波动频繁的问题[6];且受不同地区地形地貌的影响,其风速、光照强度等气象因素也存在着较大差异。因此,如何充分挖掘风光资源的时空特征,准确刻画风光电站出力的时空相关特性,生成具有实际指导意义的时空相关场景集,是当前研究的热点和难点之一。
近年来,中外相关研究人员针对电力系统场景生成方法已开展了大量研究,产生了较为丰富的研究成果。场景生成的关键在于构建能够准确描述时序数据统计特性的随机模拟模型,其基本要求在于所模拟出的场景应在最大程度上保留实测序列的主要统计特性,如n阶矩、自互相关特性[7]等。现有的场景生成方法包括时间序列模型[8]、场景树模型[9]、Copula模型[10]、深度学习方法[11]、场景抽样方法[12]等几类。李鹏等[13]为分析风荷载作用下的海上风机结构动力响应特性,提出采用数值仿真的方法模拟其空间域内的随机风场,利用ARMA模型(autoregressive moving average model)对脉动风速进行时程模拟,计算结果表明:ARMA模型最优阶数可兼顾模型模拟精度和计算成本。梁凯迪等[14]基于Copula函数抽样生成表征风电不确定性的典型出力场景,将不确定变量转化为确定性场景,进而研究考虑风电不确定性的主动配电网阻塞管理策略,结果表明:所提策略能保证线路功率和节点电压满足安全约束,有效解决主动配电网的阻塞问题。刘玉奇等[15]考虑风电不确定性以及系统动态过程中的经济性,提出了一种基于情景树结构的随机经济模型预测控制策略,结果表明该策略能够在保证鲁棒性的同时降低优化过程中风电随机性的干扰。赵书强等[16]以多元正态分布函数和Copula函数为基础,针对多风电场提出一种出力场景生成方法,用以综合分析多风电场出力的时空相关性,结果表明所提方法生成场景与实际出力相符,具备可行性与有效性。然而,上述时间序列类、场景树等模型或仅能考虑时间序列线性相依结构,或无法生成已有样本以外的新的场景分配情势,或计算所涉及的时间复杂度较高,或需要对数据集的边际分布进行假定,或高维模型构建及参数估计困难,在各方面均存在一定的局限性。
针对于此,为解决现有模型在场景生成研究中存在的局限问题,现引入高斯混合模型(gaussian mixture model,GMM)。GMM由若干简单的多维高斯分布组成,它不需要任何关于时序数据边缘分布的假设,能够以任意精度逼近任何连续分布,从而可以较为准确地描述数据的非线性结构,且具有成熟的参数确定方法[17]。本文研究综合考虑风光资源的季节性特征,并结合流域范围内风光发电能力的空间相关性,提出一种耦合季节性高斯混合模型与混合Copula函数(SGMM-MCopula)的风光互补系统时空相关场景生成方法。
首先,基于考虑季节特性的高斯混合模型刻画风光出力各自的时序特征,从而完成时间相关性建模,并构造混合Copula函数分析风光互补系统变量间的空间相关性。其次,根据上述SGMM-MCopula方法的建模结果,结合Copula条件分布函数及逆变换抽样,生成大量考虑了风光出力时间相关特征和空间相关特征的不确定性场景集。最后,以金沙江下游流域白鹤滩水电站70 km以内的风光互补系统为例进行仿真实验,并引入时间相关性指标、空间相关性指标及随机性指标[1,18]进行检验,验证本文方法的有效性与可靠性。为今后开展水风光多能互补系统的时空相关场景生成及场景缩减研究提供参考。
风电、光伏出力具有明显的季节特性,即在同一年的不同月份内,风电、光伏出力的大小存在一定的差异。鉴于高斯混合模型能够以任意精度逼近任何连续分布的优点,将高斯混合模型引入风光随机模拟领域,通过考虑季节特性的高斯混合模型(season Gaussian mixture model,SGMM)建立风光互补系统的时间相关性模型。
GMM是一种由K个成分构成的复合概率模型,每个成分均以高斯分布的形式表现。在构建混合模型时,理论上可以选择任意形式的概率密度函数作为模型的组成成分,但为了确保模型的计算可行性与应用效率,通常倾向于采用具有优异数学特性的高斯分布作为各个子模型的基函数。通过这种设计,高斯混合模型不仅能够灵活地捕捉数据的复杂分布特性,同时也便于在实际应用中进行参数估计和模型推断。GMM的数学表达式为
p ( x | θ ) = k = 1 K π k N ( x | μ k , Σ k ) N ( x | μ k , Σ k ) = 1 ( 2 π ) D 2 Σ k 1 2 ×     e x p [ - ( x - μ k ) T Σ k - 1 ( x - μ k ) 2 ] k = 1 K π k = 1 ,   0 π k 1
式(1)中:x为由时段平均数据构成的多维向量,维度为D;p(x|θ)为多维向量x的概率密度函数;N(x|μk,Σk)为多维高斯概率密度函数,是GMM的第k个分量;θ={πk,μk,Σk}为GMM的待优化参数集,其中πk为GMM的第k个成分的权重,μk为第k个分量的均值向量,Σk为第k个分量的协方差矩阵;本文研究中采用K-Means初始化和EM算法对参数集θ进行估计;K为GMM的分量个数,本文研究中采用AIC信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)来确定适宜的超参数,使得GMM能够以较高精度逼近数据集本身的概率密度函数。
基于SGMM的时间相关场景生成方法的基本假设是:影响风光出力过程的诸多因素在年内表现为季节性变化,而在年际间相对稳定。具体而言,风速和光照强度的测量值在各年份的逐时段(如旬、月、季等)均源自同一随机过程,即它们属于同一总体分布[7]。该方法的总体思路涉及对风光出力序列非平稳性的识别,在此基础上构建风光出力序列的SGMM,并利用模型随机生成一系列连续的、年际间首尾相接的模拟风光出力场景。本文方法的具体步骤(以光伏出力为例)如下。
步骤1 构建光伏出力序列的SGMM模型。对M年实测光照强度数据集进行出力计算,获取光伏出力数据集X= { { x i , j } i = 1 M } j = 1 N,后文表述为实测光伏出力;构建xi,j的高斯混合分布模型Fj(xi,j)。
F(x)=∬p(x',x″)dx'dx″
式(2)中:x为数据集X的样本,由x'x″两部分组成。
进而获得x″i,j的条件高斯混合分布模型Fj(x″i,j|x'i,j)。
F(x″|x')=∫p(x″|x')dx″
式(3)中:xi,jx'i,jx″i,j两部分组成,是一个D维向量(D≥2),表示第j组中第i年的模型训练数据;x'i,j为季节性值,由向量xi,j的第1~D-1个元素组成;x″i,j为当前值,为D维向量xi,j的最后一个元素 Q j i
x i , j = [ Q ( j + 1 ) - D i , Q ( j + 2 ) - D i , ··· , Q j i ] T , j D x i , j = [ Q N - D + j + 1 i - 1 , ··· , Q N i - 1 , Q 1 i , ··· , Q j i ] T , j < D
式(4)中: Q j i为单站第i年第j时段的实测光伏出力,当时间尺度为日时,j的最大值N=365,时间尺度为月时,N=12。
步骤2 随机生成第1年第j时段的平均光伏出力。令m = 1,j = j + 1(j的初始值为0),并对 x ˙'m,j赋值,即
x ˙ ' m , j = [ Q ^ ( j + 1 ) - D m , ··· , Q ^ j - 1 m ] T , j D x ˙ ' m , j = [ Q ^ ( j + 1 ) - D m , ··· , Q ^ D - D m , Q ^ 1 m , ··· , Q ^ j - 1 m ] T , j < D
[ Q ^ 2 - D m , ··· , Q ^ D - D m ] T是开始随机模拟前的初始输入,被假设为 [ 1 M i = 1 M Q N - D + 2 i , ··· , 1 M i = 1 M Q N i ] T。进一步,随机生成一个服从均匀分布的随机数εm,j∈[0,1],并将εm,j赋值给条件高斯混合分布模型Fj( x ˙m,j| x ˙'m,j),即Fj( x ˙m,j| x ˙'m,j)=εm,j,进而随机生成单站第1年第j时段的光伏出力 x ˙m,j= Q ^ j m= F j - 1(εm,j| x ˙'m,j)。重复步骤2,直到j等于N为止。
步骤3m=m+1,即进入下一年。
步骤4 随机生成单站第m年第j时段的光伏出力。令j= j+1(j的初始值为0),并对 x ˙'m,j赋值,即
x ˙ ' m , j = [ Q ^ ( j + 1 ) - D m , ··· , Q ^ j - 1 m ] T , j D x ˙ ' m , j = [ Q ^ ( j + 1 ) - D m , ··· , Q ^ D - D m , Q ^ 1 m , ··· , Q ^ j - 1 m ] T , j < D
进一步,随机生成一个服从均匀分布的随机数εm,j∈[0,1],并将εm,j赋值给条件高斯混合分布模型Fj( x ˙m,j| x ˙'m,j),即Fj( x ˙m,j| x ˙'m,j)=εm,j,进而随机生成单站第m年第j时段的光伏出力 x ˙m,j= Q ^ j m= F j - 1(εm,j| x ˙'m,j)。重复步骤4,直到j=N为止。
步骤5 重复步骤3和步骤4,直到m等于目标年数 M ^为止。
通过执行SGMM方法的5 个步骤,可以获得一系列连续的、年际间首尾相接的 M ^年模拟光伏出力序列,可用矩阵 Q ^表示,一行表示一年。
Q ^= Q ^ 1 1 Q ^ 2 1 ··· Q ^ N 1 Q ^ 1 2 Q ^ 2 2 ··· Q ^ N 2 Q ^ 1 M ^ Q ^ 2 M ^ ··· Q ^ N M ^
从SGMM方法的5 个步骤可以看出,该方法有以下特征:①考虑了时段光伏出力序列的1~D-1 阶自相关特性及序列的非平稳性;②考虑了时段光伏出力序列的年际间自相关性,即模拟序列矩阵 Q ^的相邻行之间是首尾相关的;③不易产生维数灾难问题,对各种时间尺度的序列模拟都较为适用。
时间相关场景生成方法的核心是序列的随机模型,随机模型是时间序列的数学概括。在利用SGMM模拟风光出力序列之前,需对模型的合理性进行检验。本文研究以样本数据集的经验联合概率与理论联合概率之间的均方根误差为评价指标,对随机模型的合理性进行检验。
R M S E j P = 1 M i = 1 M ( P j , i e m p - P j , i t h e ) 2 ,   j = 1,2 , ··· , N
式(8)中: RMSE j P表示样本数据集X={{xj,i } i = 1 M } j = 1 Nj个子集所有样本点的经验联合概率与理论联合概率之间的均方根误差;当被检验模型为SGMM时,N等于年内时段数(如365 日、12 月等);M为样本个数,等于实测时间序列的年数; P j , i e m p为数据集j的第i个样本点的经验联合分布概率,根据式(9)计算; P j , i t h e为数据集j的第i个样本点的理论联合分布概率,可由风光出力序列的随机模型[式(2)]计算。
P j , i e m p=P(X1 x j , i 1,X2 x j , i 2,···,XD x j , i D)= M q - 0.44 M + 0.12
式(9)中: x j , i 1为数据集j的第i个样本向量xj,i的第1 个元素;Mq为数据集 x j , i i = 1 M中同时满足X1 x j , i 1,X2 x j , i 2,···,XD x j , i D的样本个数;M为样本总量。
当知道两个变量的分布时,很难确定两个变量的二元联合分布函数形式,Copula理论的提出解决了这一难题。Sklar定理规定一个N维变量联合分布函数可以由这N个变量的边缘分布和一个Copula函数描述,其在描述变量间的相关性上有其独有的优势[19]。根据不同的特性可将Copula函数分为椭圆Copula和阿基米德Copula两类。
椭圆Copula函数图像上呈现椭圆分布,根据其构造过程中使用分布函数的不同,常见的两种形式及其特性[20]是:Gaussian Copula表现为对称分布的形式,不具备厚尾特性;t-Copula亦为对称分布的形式,上下尾部对称,且呈现出一定的厚尾特性。阿基米德Copula函数以单调递减的凸函数为生成元唯一确定,常见的三张种形式及其特性是:Gumbel Copula为非对称分布,有明显的上厚尾性,仅能描述变量间的非负相关性;Clayton Copula为非对称分布,有明显的下厚尾性,仅能描述变量间的非负相关性;Frank Copula是对称分布,不具备明显的厚尾特性,在中心和上下尾部分布都比较均匀,能够描述随机变量间的负相关性。常见的几种函数及其相应的特点如表1所示。
表1可以看出,不同类型的Copula函数对于相关性的刻画是不同的。尽管单一的Copula函数能够描述变量间的某些特定类型的相关性,但在实际应用中,变量间的相关性往往更为复杂,可能同时包含对称性、非对称性、厚尾性以及正负相关性等多种特征。因此,单一的Copula函数可能无法充分捕捉这些复杂的相关性。
为了解决这一问题,混合Copula函数的概念应运而生。混合Copula函数通过结合多个不同特性的Copula函数,能够提供更为灵活和全面的描述能力。通过调整各组成部分的权重,混合Copula函数可以模拟出更为丰富和多样的相关性结构,从而更好地适应实际数据的统计特性[21]。二元混合Copula函数模型为
C ( u , v ) = k = 1 s λ k C k ( u , v ; θ k ) k = 1 s λ k = 1 ,   0 λ k 1
式(10)中:Ck为已知的Copula函数;uv为随机变量边缘分布;θk为其相依参数;λk为其权重参数。混合Copula函数仍然是一种Copula函数。
在生成时空相关风光出力场景集之前,首先需要生成时间相关风光出力场景集,本文研究采用SGMM对历史风光出力数据进行随机模拟并生成具有时间相关性的风光互补系统场景集。
由于不同的Copula函数其描述数据的能力、对相关性的刻画是不同的。为实现对风光出力数据的全面刻画,本文研究在考虑时间相关性的风光场景集的基础上,基于混合Copula函数对风光互补系统的空间相关性进行建模,步骤如下。
步骤1 以风电出力、光伏出力为随机变量,采用非参数核密度估计法拟合每一维变量的边缘分布。
步骤2 考虑5种常用的Copula函数,分别为Gaussian Copula、t-Copula、Gumbel Copula、Clayton Copula以及Frank Copula,构造混合Copula函数;本文研究采用EM算法、最优化方法中的BFGS算法对混合Copula函数的相依参数、权重参数进行估计,采用平方欧氏距离指标对Copula函数的优劣进行评价。
步骤3U1U2为两组待求变量;令均匀变量Z1等于已求得的光伏出力(或风电出力)考虑时间相关性的场景对应的累积概率,即Z1∈[0,1]。
步骤4 令第1组待求变量U1等于步骤3中的均匀变量Z1,即 U 1 = Z1,Z1为变量U1的采样点。
步骤5 对于二元变量U1U2,令U1=F1(x1), U 2 = F2(x2),可将二者的联合累积分布进行转换,即
P(U1x1,U2x2)=F12[F-1(x1),F-1(x2)]=C(x1,x2)
本质上,Copula函数可以被视为一种特殊的联合累积概率分布,其取值范围严格限定在[0,1]区间内,且服从均匀分布。Copula理论的核心优势在于其能够将多维变量的联合累积分布函数进行有效的分解。
根据Copula函数的性质,利用条件累积分布对多维变量的联合累积分布进行分解,能够将原始的多维问题转化为一系列一维问题,从而显著简化了问题的复杂性[4],Copula函数的条件分布函数F(x|v)为
Z 1 = F ( x 1 ) Z 2 = F ( x 2 | x 1 )       Z n = F ( x n | x 1 , x 2 , ··· , x n - 1 )
F(x|ν)= C [ F ( x | ν - j ) , F ( ν j | ν - j ) ] F ( ν j | ν - j )
式中:Znxn的条件分布函数值;vj为向量v中的第j个变量;v-j为向量v除去vj后的向量。
由式(13)可得,第2 组待求变量U2可利用Z2=F(x2|x1)=∂C(U1,U2)/U1计算,Z2为随机生成的均匀变量,Z2U1均为已知量,由此可以将一元非线性问题转化为一元线性方程进行求解。本文中采用常用MATLAB中的fzero函数对该问题进行求解,所得结果即为变量U2的抽样数据。
步骤6 在考虑时间相关性的风光出力场景集的累积分布中对U1U2进行逆变换抽样,以此将所得的随机数样本U1U2转化为考虑时空相关的风光出力场景集。
本文研究构建包含时间相关性、空间相关性、随机性的场景评价指标体系,以此评估所生成的考虑时空相关的风光出力场景集的有效性。本文研究采用自相关系数、平均Kendall系数绝对误差、欧氏距离平均值三种指标进行评价。同时。为探究所提场景生成方法的优越性,选用单一SGMM、单一Gumbel Copula生成的场景集作为对比方案。
自相关系数表征的是同一事件在两个不同时期之间的相关程度,具体而言即过去事件对现在事件的影响度量。自相关系数反映的是变量在时间上的关联程度,随着滞时增加,自相关系数应逐渐减小。本文研究采用自相关系数来评估所生成的风光出力场景集在时间相关性上的模拟性能,以此衡量场景生成方法在捕捉时序特征上的优劣,其公式为
ρk= t = 1 n - k ( r t - r - ) ( r t + k - r - ) t = 1 n ( r t - r - ) 2
式(14)中:rt为第t月份的值;k为时间间隔数; r -为均值;ρk为时间延迟为k的自相关系数。
Kendall相关系数通过对数据间的同序对和异序对数量进行统计来度量两个随机变量之间相关性。风光出力的空间分布可能受到多种因素的影响,Kendall相关系数是一种非参数统计方法,它不依赖于数据的分布形态,能够较好地适应数据复杂性。本文研究采用平均Kendall相关系数绝对误差来衡量场景生成方法对空间相关性的表征质量,其值越小表明所生成场景在描述空间相关性上效果越优,其公式为
e= 1 W w = 1 W τ w - τ w r e a l
式(15)中:τw为生成的第w组风光出力场景间的Kendall相关系数; τ w r e a l为历史风光出力时序数据间的Kendall相关系数,W为生成场景的数量。
采用欧氏距离平均值度量所生成场景与历史场景之间的距离偏差,以此表征模拟数据在时间断面上的随机性,其值越小表明模拟生成的场景序列越接近历史场景序列,其公式为
E= 1 W w = 1 W = R w - R = 2
式(16)中:Rw为第w个模拟生成的场景序列;R为历史场景序列; $\|\cdot\|_{2}$为两个序列差的L2范数;E为两者间的欧氏距离平均值。
所采用的风光资源时间序列来源于欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECWMF),以白鹤滩水电站为中心70 km内2000—2023 年的风速、光照强度序列为例,样本数据的采样间隔为1 d,采用式(17)~式(19)[22-23]对风速、光照强度进行出力换算。
(1)风电出力计算。
N w t= 0 , ν t < ν i n , ν t > ν o u t ν t - ν i n ν r a t e d - ν i n 3 P w , ν i n < ν t < ν r a t e d P w , ν r a t e d ν t ν o u t
式(17)中: N w tt时段的风电出力,MW;Pw为风电场装机容量(额定功率),MW;νtt时段风轮机处风速,m/s;νinνoutνrated分别为风轮机切入、切出和额定风速。
查询目前国内主流风力发电机相关技术参数,本文研究中νinνoutνrated参数分别设定为3、25、12 m/s。
(2)光伏出力计算。
N p t R t R s t c[1+αp(Tt-Tstc)]
式(18)中: N p tt时段的光伏出力,MW;χ为光伏电站的额定功率,MW;Rtt时段的太阳辐射强度,W/m2;RstcTstc分别为标准测试条件下太阳辐射强度和温度,通常分别取1 000 W/m2和25 ℃;αp为温度-功率转换系数,通常取-0.35%/℃(即表明太阳能电池板的温度在高于25 ℃时,每升高1 ℃其效率损失0.35%);Tt为太阳能电池板温度, ℃。
太阳能电池板的温度不仅与气温相关,还与太阳能电池的性能和辐照度有关。
Tt=Tair+ T N O C - 20 800G
式(19)中:TNOC为光伏电池额定工作温度;G为太阳能电池板上的辐照强度,W/m2;(TNOC-20)/800可近似看做由于太阳辐照引起的光热转换而产生的板温升高,本文取TNOC为48 ℃。
以白鹤滩水电站70 km以内的24 a的日尺度风光出力序列为基础,考虑时间序列的年内及年际间1 阶自相关特性,采用1.1.2节所述方法,构建日尺度风光出力序列的SGMM,并采用式(8)计算经验联合概率和理论联合概率之间的均方根误差RMSE,结果如图1所示。
图1可以看出,在一年中任意一个时段t, W t - 1Wt之间边缘概率分布的RMSE均为较小水平,除少数情况外,风电出力SGMM的RMSE基本都在0.04左右且均值水平为0.04;光伏出力SGMM的RMSE基本都在0.03左右且均值水平为0.03。基于以往学者的研究成果[24],此结果被认为是较优的,直接表明, P t - 1Pt之间边缘概率分布的拟合优度较好;间接表明,本文构建的SGMM在描述日尺度风光出力序列的1阶自相关特性上是准确可靠的。
采用SGMM的风光随机模拟方法随机生成1 000 a的日风光出力序列,所述随机模拟方法的核心模型均是1 阶随机模型,即模型仅考虑了时间序列的1 阶自相关特性。
令风光出力变量分别为xwxp,通过MATLAB中的ecdf函数构造变量的经验分布函数,并采用非参数核密度估计变量的累积概率分布UwUp,核函数选用高斯核。风光出力的直方图和非参数核密度估计曲线如图2图3所示,风光出力的经验分布函数图和非参数核密度估计的分布函数图如图4图5所示。可以看出,核密度所估计的边缘分布与风光出力直方图及经验概率密度曲线基本重合,表明核密度估计精度较高,能够较好地描述风光出力的规律。
针对单一Copula函数在描述变量间相关性能力有限的问题,本文研究中采用混合Copula函数对风光出力的空间相关性进行刻画,采用EM算法对混合Copula函数的权重参数及相依参数进行计算,并通常平方欧氏距离对其拟合效果进行评估。混合Copula函数的参数情况及平方欧氏距离如表2所示。由表2可看出,混合Copula函数相对其他几种Copula函数的平方欧氏距离值最小,拟合效果最好,进一步说明混合Copula函数可以更准确地刻画风光出力数据之间的相关性。
结合上述结果,依据1.3节所述的基于混合Copula函数对风光互补系统的空间相关性建模步骤,本文研究选用光伏出力场景对应的累积概率U1作为已知量,生成兼顾时间相关性及空间相关性的风光互补系统不确定性场景集,如图6图7所示。观察图6图7可以发现,本文所提的基于SGMM-MCopula方法的场景生成结果较好地捕捉了风光互补系统变量的年内变化趋势,生成的风光出力场景距离各自多年平均值较为紧密,且整体存在一定连续性,不存在明显的随机波动,证明本文方法能够准确地对风光互补系统的不确定性进行量化。
对采用基于SGMM-MCopula的场景生成方法所得结果进行了综合评估,分别计算了自相关系数分布、平均Kendall相关系数绝对误差及欧氏距离平均值情况,为了全面评价所提方法的性能,将上述指标与单独应用SGMM及Gumbel Copula生成的场景集进行了对比分析。
图8~图10所示,本文研究所提出的基于SGMM-MCopula的方法与两种对比方法生成的场景集自相关系数的箱型图与历史数据进行了对比分析。SGMM在其原理上深入考虑了时段数据间的时间相关性,但由于高斯分布本身是平滑的,其概率密度函数在无限远处趋近于零但不会完全为零。这意味着尽管在训练数据集中并没有观察到极端值,高斯分布仍然会在其概率密度函数对应的不为零的区域给出非零的概率,因此SGMM能够模拟超出训练数据范围的值,这导致了其自相关系数在各滞时情况下的分布波动范围相对较广,波动性较大。混合Copula函数关注的是变量之间的相关结构,通过将边缘分布统一转换为[0,1]区间上的均匀分布,并在此基础上独立构建变量之间的相关性,在模拟数据时保证了不同时间点之间的相关性是平滑且稳定的,具体表现为较小的自相关系数波动。
分析结果表明,本文研究所提出的SGMM-MCopula方法能够有效地整合SGMM与混合Copula函数的相关性建模能力,所生成的风光出力场景集的自相关系数分布与历史数据的自相关系数变化趋势保持了较高的一致性。通过选取光伏出力场景的累积概率U1作为已知量,所提方法在继承SGMM模型时间相关性表征优势的同时,相较于单一Copula函数生成的光伏出力场景,展现出了显著的性能提升。对于风电出力场景集,各滞时情况下的自相关系数分布波动范围相较于对比方案均有所收窄,这表明本文方法在保持自相关系数的稳定性方面继承了Copula函数的固有特性,具有一定的优势。整体而言,本文方法在捕捉风光互补系统变量的时间相关性上具备较强的能力。
表3的分析结果揭示了本文方法在模拟风光互补系统场景集时的显著优势。具体来说,该方法生成的风光出力场景集在平均Kendall相关系数绝对误差这一关键指标上展现出较低的数值,明显低于对比方案的相应计算结果。这一发现明确指出,本文方法在捕捉和刻画风光互补系统内部变量之间复杂空间相关性方面,具有较为出色的表现。
进一步地,考虑到风光互补系统的时空相关场景是基于已融入时间相关性考量的光伏出力场景累积概率进行生成的,因而单一SGMM方法与本文方法在欧氏距离平均值指标上的表现呈现出一致性。然而,值得注意的是,本文方法在欧氏距离平均值指标上相较于其他对比方案显示出了更加明显的优势。这意味着,通过本文方法所生成的风光出力场景集,在模拟实际场景的精确度上更为接近,因而在实际应用中具有更高的现实意义和应用价值。总体而言,这些结果强调了本文方法在模拟风光互补系统时空相关场景时的综合性能和潜在的实用性。
鉴于传统场景生成方法在处理风光互补系统的不确定性量化方面存在固有的缺陷和局限性,这些不足限制了它们作为可靠工具的直接应用。因此,本文研究提出了一种基于SGMM-MCopula的时空相关场景生成方法。本文方法通过深入分析和挖掘历史数据集,充分捕捉了其中蕴含的时间序列特性和空间分布特征,进而能够生成丰富的时空相关风光出力场景集。这些场景集精确地表征了风、光发电过程中的不确定性,为风光互补系统的优化调度和风险评估提供了更为准确和实用的决策支持工具。得出如下结论。
(1)通过构建SGMM,深入考虑了风光互补系统内部变量的时间相关性,并结合混合Copula函数捕捉了变量间的空间相关性,生成一系列时空相关的风光出力场景集,将风、光发电过程中的不确定性特征转化为一系列确定性的场景。这一方法有效地解决了电力调度中因表现形式多样化而带来的风险管理问题,能够为电力系统的调度策略和风险评估提供参考。
(2)本文中引入的混合Copula函数显著提升了对风光互补系统中各变量关联程度的描述能力,为系统提供了更为精细和真实的模拟手段。
(3)通过对比分析三种不同的评价指标,证实了所提出场景生成方法相较于传统方法的明显优势。本文方法不仅有效地捕捉了风光多能互补系统的时空相关性特征,且生成的场景与历史实际序列在距离上更为吻合,在指导多能互补系统的调度和规划方面,具有更高的适用性和实践价值。
(4)在深入分析历史数据的基础上,揭示了风光出力数据固有的显著随机性和波动性。这些复杂的数据特性在模型构建和参数优化阶段往往难以被全面捕捉,导致了在追求低波动范围与高自相关系数的平衡过程中仍存在一定的挑战。尽管本文方法在模拟方面取得了一定进展,但在精确映射历史数据的自相关特性方面仍需优化。
(5)未来研究将扩展至流域内水风光一体化多能互补系统,结合流域内的径流序列数据,进一步探索系统在时空维度上的复杂相关性,并通过场景缩减技术优化生成的典型场景集,确保生成的典型场景集在准确反映时空相关性的同时,也具备高度的代表性和实用性。
  • 中国长江电力股份有限公司资助项目(Z532302054)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404067
  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
  • 修回日期:2025-01-16
基金
中国长江电力股份有限公司资助项目(Z532302054)
作者信息
    1 水风光多能互补联合实验室, 武汉 430010
    2 中国长江三峡集团有限公司科学技术研究院, 北京 101100
    3 华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院, 武汉 430074
    4 中国长江电力股份有限公司, 武汉 430010
    5 三峡金沙江云川水电开发有限公司, 昆明 650204

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* 莫莉(1980—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水电能源系统优化运行、电力市场。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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