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In the manufacturing process of wind turbine blades, gluing is an important part of ensuring the structural strength and tightness of the blades. In view of the low efficiency, uneven gluing, low quality of glue line and glue overflow on the surface of parts caused by the manual sealing and gluing operations commonly used in the gluing process of wind turbine blades, a kind of intelligent rubber shoe for wind turbine blade gluing with servo motor and reducer as driving components was developed, and the gluing process was introduced in detail. ANSYS analysis was carried out on the key components, and after simulation analysis, it was found that the structure of the intelligent rubber shoe could meet expectations. After experiments, it is verified that the shape of the rubber road is full, the two sides are smooth and flat, and the width and thickness of the rubber road meet expectations. The use of rubber shoes can not only reduce the work intensity of workers, but also reduce the use of 10% of the glue amount when gluing, and improve the efficiency and quality of gluing.

, correspAuthors=Chun-yan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wei-ming ZHANG, Chun-yan HE, He-zong LI, Hai-bo SHI, Jing-jing CAO, Li-xin ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149780508818760301, articleId=1149780467064463702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=风电叶片涂胶智能胶靴的设计及应用, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在风电叶片的制造过程中,涂胶作业是确保叶片结构强度和密封性的重要环节。针对目前风电叶片涂胶工艺中普遍采用的人工密封涂胶作业造成的效率低下、涂胶不均匀、胶线质量低以及零件表面溢胶问题,研制了一种伺服电机和减速器作为驱动部件的风电叶片涂胶智能胶靴,并对涂胶工艺进行详细介绍。对其中关键部件进行ANSYS分析,经过仿真分析得知智能胶靴结构能够符合预期。经过实验验证该胶靴涂胶胶路形状饱满、两侧光滑平整,胶路宽度和厚度满足预期。胶靴的使用不仅能降低工人工作强度,而且能够减少10%涂胶时胶量的使用,提高涂胶效率与质量。

, correspAuthors=何春燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 何春燕(1979—),女,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机器人及自动化。E-mail:
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张伟明(1998—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人及自动化、智能控制。E-mail:

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张伟明(1998—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人及自动化、智能控制。E-mail:

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张伟明(1998—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人及自动化、智能控制。E-mail:

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Intelligent rubber shoe component selection

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项目 内容
PLC控制器 西门子S7-1200
伺服电机 ECM-B3L-C20401RS1
减速器 PLF042-L1-10-S2-P2
胶仓材料选择 聚四氟乙烯
工作电压/V 24
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智能胶靴部件选型

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项目 内容
PLC控制器 西门子S7-1200
伺服电机 ECM-B3L-C20401RS1
减速器 PLF042-L1-10-S2-P2
胶仓材料选择 聚四氟乙烯
工作电压/V 24
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Changes in the amount of glue applied before and after improvement

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项目名称 改进前涂胶量/kg 改进后涂胶/kg
一次粘接 163.152 142.150
二次粘接 687.537 615.403
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改进前后涂胶量变化

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项目名称 改进前涂胶量/kg 改进后涂胶/kg
一次粘接 163.152 142.150
二次粘接 687.537 615.403
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风电叶片涂胶智能胶靴的设计及应用
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张伟明 1, 2 , 何春燕 1, 2, * , 李河宗 1, 2 , 时海波 3 , 曹晶晶 1 , 赵立新 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(10): 4129-4135
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(10): 4129-4135
风电叶片涂胶智能胶靴的设计及应用
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张伟明1, 2 , 何春燕1, 2, * , 李河宗1, 2, 时海波3, 曹晶晶1, 赵立新1
作者信息
  • 1 河北工程大学机械与装备工程学院, 邯郸 056038
  • 2 河北省智能工业装备技术重点实验室, 邯郸 056038
  • 3 中材科技(邯郸)风电叶片有限公司, 邯郸 056038
  • 张伟明(1998—),男,汉族,河北张家口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器人及自动化、智能控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 何春燕(1979—),女,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机器人及自动化。E-mail:
Design and Application of Intelligent Rubber Boots for Wind Turbine Blade Gluing
Wei-ming ZHANG1, 2 , Chun-yan HE1, 2, * , He-zong LI1, 2, Hai-bo SHI3, Jing-jing CAO1, Li-xin ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Equipment Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Intelligent Industrial Equipment Technology of Hebei Province, Handan 056038, China
  • 3 Sinoma (Handan) Wind Power Blade Co., Ltd., Handan 056038, China
出版时间: 2025-04-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403710
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在风电叶片的制造过程中,涂胶作业是确保叶片结构强度和密封性的重要环节。针对目前风电叶片涂胶工艺中普遍采用的人工密封涂胶作业造成的效率低下、涂胶不均匀、胶线质量低以及零件表面溢胶问题,研制了一种伺服电机和减速器作为驱动部件的风电叶片涂胶智能胶靴,并对涂胶工艺进行详细介绍。对其中关键部件进行ANSYS分析,经过仿真分析得知智能胶靴结构能够符合预期。经过实验验证该胶靴涂胶胶路形状饱满、两侧光滑平整,胶路宽度和厚度满足预期。胶靴的使用不仅能降低工人工作强度,而且能够减少10%涂胶时胶量的使用,提高涂胶效率与质量。

风电叶片  /  涂胶工艺  /  ANSYS  /  胶靴机构设计

In the manufacturing process of wind turbine blades, gluing is an important part of ensuring the structural strength and tightness of the blades. In view of the low efficiency, uneven gluing, low quality of glue line and glue overflow on the surface of parts caused by the manual sealing and gluing operations commonly used in the gluing process of wind turbine blades, a kind of intelligent rubber shoe for wind turbine blade gluing with servo motor and reducer as driving components was developed, and the gluing process was introduced in detail. ANSYS analysis was carried out on the key components, and after simulation analysis, it was found that the structure of the intelligent rubber shoe could meet expectations. After experiments, it is verified that the shape of the rubber road is full, the two sides are smooth and flat, and the width and thickness of the rubber road meet expectations. The use of rubber shoes can not only reduce the work intensity of workers, but also reduce the use of 10% of the glue amount when gluing, and improve the efficiency and quality of gluing.

wind turbine blade  /  gluing process  /  ANSYS  /  mechanism design of rubber boots
张伟明, 何春燕, 李河宗, 时海波, 曹晶晶, 赵立新. 风电叶片涂胶智能胶靴的设计及应用. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4129 -4135 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403710
Wei-ming ZHANG, Chun-yan HE, He-zong LI, Hai-bo SHI, Jing-jing CAO, Li-xin ZHAO. Design and Application of Intelligent Rubber Boots for Wind Turbine Blade Gluing[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (10) : 4129 -4135 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403710
风能资源分布广泛,取之不竭,是一种永久性的可再生资源,可提供长期稳定的能源供应。目前,风力发电在中外越来越受到重视,已经成为能源领域发展最快的方向之一。风力发电的发展依赖于大量风力发电机的生产制造,而风力发电机的关键组件之一是其叶片。风电叶片通常由蒙皮、梁、腹板三部分构成,其成型工艺需要将这些部件可靠地粘接在一起,因此黏接质量尤为关键。在传统工艺中,黏接步骤通常由人工操作,工人配合黏接胶输出设备将黏接胶施加到需要粘接的区域。然而,由于人工操作具有随机性和不可控性,常常会导致黏接带上的黏接胶分布不均匀,并且存在偏移的风险。基于此,研发一款风电叶片涂胶机器人去替代人工涂胶变得刻不容缓。
徐凯等[1]提供了一种涂胶装置。该装置可以根据叶片的不同位置自动调整出胶口的形状,同时与工业机器人连接,配合供胶机,完成涂胶作业,但是需要对盛胶盒进行更换,影响效率。洛阳双瑞风电叶片有限公司的张伟等[2]发明了一款可自动定位的风电叶片涂胶装置。该装置虽然能够实现准确定位涂胶,但是涂胶前安装定位导轨,涂胶之前需要准备的时间较长,并且还需要根据不同尺寸的风电叶片更换不同的定位导轨。中材科技(邯郸)风电叶片有限公司颜晨等[3]公开了一种用于叶片粘接的智能胶靴,该胶靴能够针对风电叶片涂胶路径不同位置上不同的涂胶需求,通过刮板组件控制装置、横移控制装置的设计,使得胶靴出胶截面的宽度、高度、截面形状变得可调可控,可以实现自适应调节的效果。但是需要操作人员频繁切换,容易混淆出错以及需要多次清理清理胶盒和刮板的残余粘接胶的问题。综上所述,国内在半自动化和自动化涂胶工艺方面的应用仍然较少,相关机械设备尚处于不成熟阶段。引入风电叶片自动化技术将促进机械化取代人工操作,全面升级生产线,从而提升叶片制造的精度和质量。
针对以上问题,现以国内生产的大型风电叶片作为研究对象,自主研制叶片涂胶非标装备,研究节省涂胶关键技术,实现风电叶片自动化涂胶的新方法和新工艺,使涂胶效率与质量的提升。通过对胶靴关键部件丝杠螺母伺服进给系统进行数学建模以及在ANSYSWorkbench中进行仿真,确定胶靴的机械结构和传递函数。设计开发风电叶片胶靴,通过可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)[4]实现风电叶片涂胶自动化,完成叶片预涂胶区域的涂胶。最终,该涂胶设备不需要多人干预,既保证人身安全,又提高涂胶质量与效率,同时节省涂胶量。
以三一张家口风电技术有限公司[5]为例,针对人工推胶出现的胶黏剂分布不均匀、打胶位置发生偏移等问题,影响合模黏接效果等问题,设计了一种在线涂胶胶盒及注胶机。风电叶片包括迎(背)风面壳体以及腹板,风电叶片组装过程中需要对迎(背)风面壳体以及腹板进行粘接,粘接完成后进行固化,固化后将叶片进行脱模。使用传统的胶盒施胶时,需要根据胶宽的不同选择不同的胶盒,施胶过程需要很多胶盒,在胶盒更换过程中,会造成较多的物料及人工浪费。但其不能控制胶量大小,导致胶量过度浪费。结合目前市面上的风电叶片胶靴情况,对胶靴技术要求如下:①胶体形状饱满,两侧平整光滑;②胶仓开口大小能够根据设定程序进行改变,以便得到需要的胶体形状;③风电叶片涂胶区域的表面要求达到平整、均匀,合模后黏接区边缘没有明显溢胶现象;④胶靴涂胶量要小于人工刮板涂胶;⑤胶靴装置易清洁,以便下一次更好地使用。
根据风电叶片胶靴的需求,确定胶靴的核心技术参数,如表1所示。
风电叶片智能胶靴结构主要包括伺服电机、减速器、导轨滑块机构立架、蜗轮蜗杆结构、基板、丝杠、注胶管以及控制胶仓。结构如图1所示。
伺服电机和减速器的配合使用能提高工作机的驱动力和适应性,降低负载的惯量,保证工业传动系统的稳定和高速运行。蜗轮蜗杆的结构用来传递两交错轴之间的运动和动力,配合丝杠螺母把所需要力传到指定位置。
风电叶片智能胶靴的工作空间如图2所示。
首先,供胶设备[6]按照预先设置好的速度出胶。这一步骤是整个涂胶过程的起点,确保了胶体的供应稳定且连续。胶体经过注胶管,精确地流向下方的胶仓。注胶管的设计和材料选择对于确保胶体流动的顺畅性至关重要。接下来,两侧板移动是伺服驱动器给予伺服电机信号,伺服电机开始转动,经减速器把力传给蜗杆,蜗杆把竖直方向上的力转为蜗轮水平方向,最后通过横丝杠把力传到两侧板,其中滑块导轨机构在其中起到精确指导侧板移动的作用。刮板移动是伺服电机通过立丝杠螺母结构直接带动刮板移动。侧板和刮板的移动共同配合,限制胶仓的开口大小。其中侧板的左右移动可以调整胶仓的宽度,而刮板的上下移动则可以控制胶仓的深度。工人通过把手推动胶靴滑动,使其紧贴风力机叶片表面。这一步骤不仅保证了胶靴运动的稳定性,也确保了出胶形状的精准性。这种联合控制方式使得涂胶过程更加灵活和可控,能够适应不同涂胶需求。最后,胶靴的移动速度和胶机的出胶速度共同控制黏接胶的用量。通过精确调整这两个参数,可以确保在涂胶过程中达到最佳的涂胶效果。
风电叶片[7]横截面图3所示,风电叶片的涂胶流程如图4所示。在风电叶片的制造过程中,涂胶工序处于合模阶段。涂胶工序主要为一次黏接处和二次黏接处的涂胶。一次黏接主要为在PS面(迎风面)涂胶,黏接腹板与PS面主梁位置;二次黏接主要为对前缘侧、后缘侧及腹板涂胶。前缘腹板的黏接区域为:叶片轴向L2 m—L89.3 m,后缘腹板的黏接区域为:叶片轴向L12.5 m—L60 m, 前缘的黏接区域为:叶片轴向L13 m—L91 m,后缘的黏接区域为:叶片轴向L14 m—L91 m。首先安置好两半叶片壳体,之后工人利用混胶机、胶靴等涂胶设备在壳体前后缘、主梁以及腹板处涂黏接胶,涂胶完成后进行合模,利用黏接胶粘合两壳体及支撑结构。
在工业实际应用中,一般忽略丝杠的弯曲变形,两侧轴承的弹塑性变形以及丝杠与轴承和螺母间的摩擦等因素。伺服电机驱动减速器转矩经过蜗轮蜗杆最后转化为丝杠的旋转运动,建立智能胶靴结构图如图5所示,这里忽略电机轴输出 θ 1与丝杠之间的输出转角 θ的偏差,由此可得智能胶靴的转矩平衡方程为
T - T L = J A θ ¨ ( t ) + B A · θ · ( t )
式(1)中: T为丝杠转矩; T L为负载转矩; J A = J c + J s + J z + J l为机械系统等效总惯量; B A = B s + B z为机械系统总的等效阻尼; J c为蜗轮蜗杆的旋转惯量; θ ·为转角 θ的一阶导数,转角速度、 θ ¨为转角 θ的二阶导数,转角加速度;t为时间变量; J s = π ρ 32 g d s 2 L s B s分别为丝杠转动惯量与阻尼,其中 d s为丝杠直径, L s为丝杠长度; J z = π ρ 32 g d z 2 L z B z分别为轴承组的转动惯量与阻尼; d z为轴承组直径; L z为轴承组长度; J l = m p l 2 π 2为螺母上负载等效的旋转惯量; m p为螺母上负载的质量; l为丝杠的导程。
对式(1)进行拉氏变换可得
T ( s ) - T L ( s ) = ( J A s 2 + B A s ) θ ( s )
有上述分析可得出输入转矩T和负载位移之间的传递函数为
G ( s ) = x T = l 2 π 1 J A s 2 + B A s
结合电机具体模型,可得单自由度的智能胶靴控制框图如图6所示。
ANSYS由于其仿真功能强大,在工程领域有着广泛的应用,其强大的模拟功能被许多企业在产品开发阶段所利用,以进行产品的机械性能测试。
有限元分析详细过程如下。①创建算例:算例表示对模型的分析,一个模型可包含多个算例;②应用材料:向模型添加包含物理信息的材料属性,如屈服强度等;③添加约束:模拟实际的装夹方式,向模型添加夹具(约束);④施加载荷:载荷反映了作用在模型上的力;⑤划分网格:模型被细化为有限个单元;⑥运行分析:求解并计算模型中的挠度、应力应变等;⑦分析结果:对计算结果进行解释分析。
在Workbench[8]静力学区块进行模拟,并获取相关的静态物理参数。包括构建有限元模型,加入约束,如设定负荷和边界约束条件并进行求解。最后,对计算出的数据结果(如位移、应力、等效应变等)进行深入分析。
丝杠材料为结构钢,密度为7 850 kg/m3,泊松比为0.3。螺母选用铜合金,密度为8 300 kg/m3,泊松比为0.34。在有限元分析前,需要对分析的对象进行网格划分及单元定义处理。网格质量的好坏直接影响分析结果,因为丝杠螺母螺纹配合的复杂性需采用四面体网格划分,四面体网格可以适用任意形状的几何体,还能够适用曲度和近似尺寸功能自动细化网格,网格划分如图7所示。这里单元尺寸选取2 mm,划分后单元数量38 025,节点数63 671。
对丝杠螺母座进行静力学分析[9-10],是分析结构在给定静力载荷下的变形位移、应力大小。通过螺母上的8个孔给予固定支撑和丝杠上一个旋转的力大小为200 N,在上述建模、划分网格,并施加约束,进行加载求解。仿真计算结果会有收敛曲线,横轴为累积迭代,纵轴为时间和合力,下边是每次迭代总合力值,上边是合力收敛判据临界曲线。当残差低于收敛容差,总体收敛,出现间断线,则仿真成功。如果曲线部分出现振荡,可通调整增加步数、接触刚度参数或调整网格来提高收敛性。最后对结果进行处理。得到丝杠螺母的总变形图如图8所示。可以看到所取铜合金和结构钢材料的最大变形为 0.004 617 2 mm,符合设计要求。
智能胶靴实验的主要内容确实涵盖了多个方面,其中主要包括对出胶形状的观察、两侧平整光滑度的评估,以及对宽度和高度的测试。现场测试图片如图9所示。
实验会观察出胶的形状是否饱满,胶体两侧是否平整光滑。饱满的出胶形状意味着胶体在涂布过程中分布均匀,没有出现空洞或缺失的情况。平整光滑的侧面表明胶体在涂布过程中没有产生波纹或凸起。实验还会对涂胶的宽度和高度进行测试。过多过少的胶体都可能影响涂胶的质量。因此,对宽度和高度的精确控制是实验中的关键步骤。
进行涂胶工艺[11-12]之前,首先需要进行准备工作。这包括准备好所需的环氧树脂胶、涂胶设备、需要进行涂胶的材料。涂胶设备包括混胶机、胶管、智能胶靴等。材料的准备工作包括清洁材料表面,确保表面干净、平整,以便胶体能够均匀地涂布上去。
首先,胶机开始供胶,当胶靴的储胶仓储满胶后,根据供胶速度,缓慢向前推动胶靴,此时胶靴后部出胶口开始出胶;根据测试程序,按动控制按钮,可控制胶靴出胶口挡板,使出胶口出胶高度发生改变,(此时只有厚度变化,宽度保持一致);如图10所示。
在厚度不变的情况下,通过PLC程序控制,使胶条的宽度发生变化,来测胶条的厚度变化,如图11所示。
风电叶片在粘接过程中使用普通胶盒涂胶和智能胶靴涂胶时,环氧树脂胶的使用量存在显著的差异,如表2所示。在一次粘接中,两种涂胶方式所使用的胶量相差21 kg,而在二次粘接中,用胶量的差异更是达到了72.134 kg。这种差异可能由多种因素造成,包括但不限于涂胶设备的精度、控制方式以及涂胶效率等。智能胶靴涂胶可能通过更精确的控制系统和优化的涂胶工艺,实现了胶水的更均匀分布和更少的浪费。从经济效益和环保角度来看,减少胶水的使用量是非常有利的。这不仅可以降低生产成本,还可以减少废胶的产生和处理,有利于企业的可持续发展。此外,减少胶水的使用量还可能对风电叶片的黏接质量产生积极影响。过多的胶水可能会导致黏接层过厚,增加应力集中的风险,而适量的胶水则可以确保黏接层的均匀性和稳定性,提高风电叶片的整体性能。因此,对于风电叶片制造企业来说,采用智能胶靴涂胶技术可能是一个值得考虑的选择。通过进一步研究和优化涂胶工艺,企业有望在实现胶水用量减少的同时,提高风电叶片的黏接质量和生产效率。
首先,胶条形状饱满是一个积极的指标,它表明胶水在出胶过程中分布均匀,没有出现断断续续或是不规则的情况。饱满的胶条形状有助于确保胶水能够充分覆盖需要粘接的区域,从而提高粘接的强度和稳定性。其次,胶条两侧平整光滑也是一个重要的观察点。平整光滑的胶面意味着胶水在挤出过程中没有受到过多的扰动或是不均匀的压力,这有助于避免在粘接过程中出现气泡、空隙或是其他可能导致粘接失效的问题。再者,胶条上没有明显波纹或凸起也是一个好的迹象。波纹或凸起可能是由于胶水在挤出过程中受到不稳定的压力或是其他外部因素的干扰而产生的。它们的存在可能会影响到胶水的均匀分布和粘接效果。因此,没有这些缺陷说明胶水的挤出过程非常稳定,有利于获得高质量的粘接效果。最后,胶条的高度和宽度符合粘接需求是关键所在。不同的粘接应用可能需要不同尺寸和形状的胶条。如果胶条的高度和宽度不符合要求,那么即使胶条形状饱满、两侧平整光滑,也可能无法满足特定的粘接需求。因此,这一点的符合性对于确保粘接质量和效果至关重要。综上所述,根据图12,可以判断现场测试的胶条质量良好,符合粘接需求,有望在实际应用中取得良好的粘接效果。
智能胶靴主要由胶料储存系统、涂胶控制系统、以及传感器系统组成。胶料储存系统负责储存和供应涂胶所需的胶料;涂胶控制系统则根据预设的涂胶参数,控制胶料的流出速度和涂胶宽度;传感器系统则实时监测涂胶过程中的各项参数,确保涂胶质量。通过对风电叶片智能胶靴的结构、工作原理以及实验验证的分析,可以看出该设备在提高自动化程度、生产效率以及涂胶质量方面具有显著优势。智能胶靴的应用不仅解决了传统人工涂胶方式存在的诸多问题,还使得风电叶片涂胶设备不再长期依赖于人工,具有较高的使用价值和经济价值。未来,随着技术的不断进步和应用的不断推广,智能胶靴有望在风电叶片生产领域发挥更大的作用。
  • 河北省教育厅科学研究项目(CXY2024046)
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2025年第25卷第10期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403710
  • 接收时间:2024-05-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-19
  • 修回日期:2025-01-13
基金
河北省教育厅科学研究项目(CXY2024046)
作者信息
    1 河北工程大学机械与装备工程学院, 邯郸 056038
    2 河北省智能工业装备技术重点实验室, 邯郸 056038
    3 中材科技(邯郸)风电叶片有限公司, 邯郸 056038

通讯作者:

* 何春燕(1979—),女,汉族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:机器人及自动化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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