Article(id=1149776969316921996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403130, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714147200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-27, revisedDate=1725033600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057791308, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057791308, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057791308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057791308, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4724, endPage=4732, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776969535025805, articleId=1149776969316921996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Eliminating Collapsibility of Loess by Dynamic Compaction, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dynamic compaction is one of the effective methods to eliminate collapsibility of loess foundation. In order to study the mechanism of eliminating loess collapsibility by dynamic compaction, particle size test, collapsibility test, scanning electron microscope test and soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) test were conducted on undistributed loess and compacted loess in Tongchuan City. The above experimental data was used for analyzing the effect of dynamic compaction on the particle size distribution, microstructural and unsaturated characteristic of loess, as well as the relation between these factors and collapsibility. It is shown that the clay content of the loess in Tongchuan area increases significantly under dynamic compaction. It is found that when the clay content is greater than 36.2%, the loess is no longer collapsible. It is observed that dynamic compaction leads to the formation of small and micro pores from collapsed macropores and mesopores. As a consequence, the density of particles increases and the collapsibility decreases. The slope of the SWCC curve desaturation section of compacted loess is greater than that for undistributed loess. This is because clay particles formed under dynamic compaction act as cementation materials, which is considered to increase the strength of cementation on the one hand, and to be filled in the pores on the other hand, increasing the density of loess. Finally, the results show that the SWCC curve fitting parameter a is related to the proportion of micro-pore area and the collapsibility coefficient. The collapsibility of loess can be judged indirectly from the characteristics of the SWCC curve.

, correspAuthors=Wan-kui NI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tong-zhou JIN, Wan-kui NI, Yan-shi MU, Hai-han MA, Hai-man WANG, Yu RONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776984802292734, articleId=1149776969316921996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=强夯消除黄土湿陷性的机理, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

强夯法是消除黄土地基湿陷性的有效方法之一。为了研究强夯消除黄土湿陷性的机理,对铜川市天然黄土和夯芯黄土进行了颗分试验、湿陷试验、扫描电镜试验和土-水特征曲线(soil-water characteristic curve,SWCC)试验,以分析强夯在黄土粒度组成、微观结构特征和非饱和特征方面的影响,以及这些因素与湿陷性的关系。结果表明:在强夯作用下,铜川地区黄土中黏粒含量显著增加,当黏粒含量大于36.2%时,黄土不再具有湿陷性。强夯导致坍塌的大中孔隙形成了小微孔隙,土颗粒排列更为紧密,湿陷性减小。夯芯黄土SWCC曲线过渡段斜率大于天然黄土过渡段斜率,这是因为强夯作用下形成的黏粒作为胶结物质,一方面增加了胶结强度,另一方面填充于孔隙中,提高了黄土的密实度。最终对比发现,SWCC曲线拟合参数a与小微孔隙面积占比和湿陷系数间有良好的相关性。黄土的湿陷性可间接地由SWCC曲线特征判断得出。

, correspAuthors=倪万魁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 倪万魁(1965—),男,汉族,宁夏固原人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土力学与工程。E-mail:
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靳彤舟(2000—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质工程。E-mail:

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靳彤舟(2000—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质工程。E-mail:

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靳彤舟(2000—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质工程。E-mail:

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articleId=1149776969316921996, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relationship between clay content ratio and collapsibility coefficient, figureFileSmall=hYVisG+wQS5IDhtTuBNGpw==, figureFileBig=3oKi+FcxYeSMwxPQXNzy5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843911108350072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776969316921996, language=CN, label=图2, caption=黏粒含量占比与湿陷系数关系, figureFileSmall=hYVisG+wQS5IDhtTuBNGpw==, figureFileBig=3oKi+FcxYeSMwxPQXNzy5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843911280316553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776969316921996, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=SEM images of undistributed sample with a depth of 3 meters, figureFileSmall=YcZoQeBNosxv9UEfHEzTmA==, figureFileBig=nilio/2vyzYGFA9rFF6d9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843911435505811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776969316921996, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3 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Physical property parameters of soil samples

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土样 含水率/% 干密度/
(g·cm-3)
孔隙比 液限/% 塑限/%
3 m天然 18.2 1.29 1.066 28.3 17.1
3 m夯芯 16.1 1.77 0.581 28.4 17.4
6 m天然 19.3 1.41 0.869 28.7 17.3
6 m夯芯 18.7 1.62 0.649 28.5 17.2
), ArticleFig(id=1218843913608155489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776969316921996, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土样物理性质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 含水率/% 干密度/
(g·cm-3)
孔隙比 液限/% 塑限/%
3 m天然 18.2 1.29 1.066 28.3 17.1
3 m夯芯 16.1 1.77 0.581 28.4 17.4
6 m天然 19.3 1.41 0.869 28.7 17.3
6 m夯芯 18.7 1.62 0.649 28.5 17.2
), ArticleFig(id=1218843913729790314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776969316921996, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Proportion of particle size and collapsibility coefficient of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 黏粒占比/% 粉粒占比/% 砂粒占比/% Cu Cc δs
3 m天然 16.8 68.5 14.7 50.27 5.47 0.087
3 m夯芯 38.8 61.2 0 39.64 1.62 0.005
6 m天然 24.3 71.0 4.7 93.47 5.05 0.057
6 m夯芯 37.6 62.4 0 39.06 2.02 0.011
), ArticleFig(id=1218843913847230835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776969316921996, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试样粒组占比及湿陷系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 黏粒占比/% 粉粒占比/% 砂粒占比/% Cu Cc δs
3 m天然 16.8 68.5 14.7 50.27 5.47 0.087
3 m夯芯 38.8 61.2 0 39.64 1.62 0.005
6 m天然 24.3 71.0 4.7 93.47 5.05 0.057
6 m夯芯 37.6 62.4 0 39.06 2.02 0.011
), ArticleFig(id=1218843913956282749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776969316921996, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

SWCC test parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 θr/% θs/% a n m R2
3 m天然 8.33 52.21 0.088 8 3.167 1 0.684 3 0.996 9
3 m夯芯 8.56 34.42 0.072 9 2.168 4 0.538 8 0.997 3
6 m天然 8.48 47.83 0.086 1 2.825 7 0.646 1 0.999 1
6 m夯芯 8.52 40.49 0.078 4 2.642 9 0.621 6 0.998 7
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914061140354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776969316921996, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

SWCC试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土样 θr/% θs/% a n m R2
3 m天然 8.33 52.21 0.088 8 3.167 1 0.684 3 0.996 9
3 m夯芯 8.56 34.42 0.072 9 2.168 4 0.538 8 0.997 3
6 m天然 8.48 47.83 0.086 1 2.825 7 0.646 1 0.999 1
6 m夯芯 8.52 40.49 0.078 4 2.642 9 0.621 6 0.998 7
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强夯消除黄土湿陷性的机理
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靳彤舟 , 倪万魁 * , 穆彦仕 , 马海涵 , 王海曼 , 荣誉
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(11): 4724-4732
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(11): 4724-4732
强夯消除黄土湿陷性的机理
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靳彤舟 , 倪万魁* , 穆彦仕, 马海涵, 王海曼, 荣誉
作者信息
  • 长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安 710054
  • 靳彤舟(2000—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 倪万魁(1965—),男,汉族,宁夏固原人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土力学与工程。E-mail:
Mechanism of Eliminating Collapsibility of Loess by Dynamic Compaction
Tong-zhou JIN , Wan-kui NI* , Yan-shi MU, Hai-han MA, Hai-man WANG, Yu RONG
Affiliations
  • School of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403130
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强夯法是消除黄土地基湿陷性的有效方法之一。为了研究强夯消除黄土湿陷性的机理,对铜川市天然黄土和夯芯黄土进行了颗分试验、湿陷试验、扫描电镜试验和土-水特征曲线(soil-water characteristic curve,SWCC)试验,以分析强夯在黄土粒度组成、微观结构特征和非饱和特征方面的影响,以及这些因素与湿陷性的关系。结果表明:在强夯作用下,铜川地区黄土中黏粒含量显著增加,当黏粒含量大于36.2%时,黄土不再具有湿陷性。强夯导致坍塌的大中孔隙形成了小微孔隙,土颗粒排列更为紧密,湿陷性减小。夯芯黄土SWCC曲线过渡段斜率大于天然黄土过渡段斜率,这是因为强夯作用下形成的黏粒作为胶结物质,一方面增加了胶结强度,另一方面填充于孔隙中,提高了黄土的密实度。最终对比发现,SWCC曲线拟合参数a与小微孔隙面积占比和湿陷系数间有良好的相关性。黄土的湿陷性可间接地由SWCC曲线特征判断得出。

黄土湿陷  /  强夯作用  /  粒径级配  /  微观结构  /  土-水特征曲线

Dynamic compaction is one of the effective methods to eliminate collapsibility of loess foundation. In order to study the mechanism of eliminating loess collapsibility by dynamic compaction, particle size test, collapsibility test, scanning electron microscope test and soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) test were conducted on undistributed loess and compacted loess in Tongchuan City. The above experimental data was used for analyzing the effect of dynamic compaction on the particle size distribution, microstructural and unsaturated characteristic of loess, as well as the relation between these factors and collapsibility. It is shown that the clay content of the loess in Tongchuan area increases significantly under dynamic compaction. It is found that when the clay content is greater than 36.2%, the loess is no longer collapsible. It is observed that dynamic compaction leads to the formation of small and micro pores from collapsed macropores and mesopores. As a consequence, the density of particles increases and the collapsibility decreases. The slope of the SWCC curve desaturation section of compacted loess is greater than that for undistributed loess. This is because clay particles formed under dynamic compaction act as cementation materials, which is considered to increase the strength of cementation on the one hand, and to be filled in the pores on the other hand, increasing the density of loess. Finally, the results show that the SWCC curve fitting parameter a is related to the proportion of micro-pore area and the collapsibility coefficient. The collapsibility of loess can be judged indirectly from the characteristics of the SWCC curve.

loess collapsibility  /  dynamic compaction  /  particle size distribution  /  microstructure  /  soil-water characteristic curve
靳彤舟, 倪万魁, 穆彦仕, 马海涵, 王海曼, 荣誉. 强夯消除黄土湿陷性的机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4724 -4732 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403130
Tong-zhou JIN, Wan-kui NI, Yan-shi MU, Hai-han MA, Hai-man WANG, Yu RONG. Mechanism of Eliminating Collapsibility of Loess by Dynamic Compaction[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4724 -4732 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403130
黄土的湿陷性和湿陷变形在黄土性质的研究中具有重要价值。随着西部地区的快速发展,有越来越多的工程在湿陷性黄土场地上进行工程建设[1]。强夯法由于其适用范围广、施工方便、加固效果明显等优点,在消除黄土湿陷性、减少不均匀沉降等方面被广泛运用[2]。铜川地处陕西关中平原与黄土高原的过渡区,地下水位埋藏较深,地表黄土多处于非饱和状态,黄土中夹杂的古土壤层黏粒含量较高,透水性较差,易形成上层滞水,上层滞水使土体强度降低、重量增加,更易发生湿陷变形[3]。强夯法在消除黄土湿陷性的理论及工程应用方面,目前已有较全面的研究。Mitchell[4]提出强夯法加固非饱和土地基时,压密过程与实验室击实试验原理相似。孔令伟等[5]认为强夯作用产生的R波能使土颗粒排列更加紧密。许琨[6]通过理论分析、现场试验和数值计算对强夯加固机理进行了研究。曹利等[7]基于室内模型试验,研究在多种参数变化下高能级强夯黄土地基的振动传播衰减规律,为黄土地区高能级强夯的设计和施工提供了参考。孙万虎[8]、牛得草等[9]通过现场试验具体分析湿陷性黄土地基特征及处治方案。
目前有关不同干密度黄土试样或压实试验中重塑黄土的微观机理与土水特征曲线试验的研究较多,李征征等[10]研究重塑黄土湿陷模型并对湿陷性进行评价得出黄土发生湿陷的主要原因是水的作用导致结构强度弱化,吴凯等[11]利用环境扫描电子显微镜对压实黄土微观结构进行测试,并对微观结构图像进行定量评价,童富果等[12]通过建立模型,分析了不同干密度下黄土孔隙分型特征及其对基质吸力的影响。陈林万等[13]将模型实验、三轴试验与扫描电镜试验相结合,分析了不同压实度下黄土微观孔隙结构特征。李同录等[14]探讨了不同初始含水率的击实黄土孔隙结构对土水特征曲线的影响,并用扫描电镜获得微观结构图像。张亚国等[15]研究了孔隙结构演化对土-水特性的影响。王海曼等[16]建立了基于孔隙比的延安压实黄土土-水特征曲线快速预测方法。
综上所述,针对强夯法消除黄土湿陷性的微观机理和压实黄土的土-水特征曲线试验研究已有不少成果。但对强夯作用改变了黄土粒度组成和土水特征曲线形态等方面阐明消除黄土湿陷性机理的研究成果较少。现通过对比天然黄土与夯芯黄土的粒度组成和土-水特征曲线,从微结构和水理机制角度分析了强夯消除黄土湿陷性的机理。
所用黄土试样取自陕西省铜川市。为了研究强夯作用对黄土湿陷性的影响,本次试验在黄土剖面上分别取3 m天然、3 m夯芯、6 m天然和6 m夯芯试样,强夯作用夯击能为4 000 kN·m。根据《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T 50123—2019),平行测定3组各深度、状态样品的基本物理性质参数,取平均值后结果如表1所示。
利用双线法试验测试并得到黄土试样的压缩系数和湿陷系数。同一深度、同一应力状态的场地的土层取得的2个环刀试样为一组,分别施加25 kPa压力,下沉稳定后调整百分表,使表针变化区间大于试样沉降量。一个试样在天然湿度下加50、100、150、200、300、400、500、600、700、800、1 600、3 200 kPa的荷载并记录各级荷载下的沉降量,另一试样在浸水饱和状态下按同样的分级进行加荷。24 h内形变量小于0.001 mm为判定试验的稳定标准。读取仪器记录数据并计算试样压缩系数和200 kPa下的湿陷系数。
将3 m天然、3 m夯芯、6 m天然和6 m夯芯湿陷前后的试样切成10 mm×10 mm×10 mm大小的立方体,在高10 mm处划一道刻痕后风干。风干后的试样沿刻痕掰开,放进仪器抽真空并在表面喷金。完成以上步骤后将试样放入扫描电镜内进行观察并保存照片。本次试验选取2 000倍放大倍数的扫描电镜 (scanning electron microscope, SEM)图像用于观察孔隙特征。
利用PCAS软件,对SEM图像进行二值化处理,分析二值图并统计孔隙的排列特征和形态特征。
取3 m天然、3 m夯芯、6 m天然和6 m夯芯黄土各制备20个直径61.8 mm、高20 mm的环刀土样,并采用接触法测定黄土基质吸力,土体与滤纸需紧密接触。经过10 d土水平衡后,称量滤纸质量以获得基质吸力。
本次试验选用“双圈”牌No.203定量滤纸,率定方程[17]
l g Ψ = 5.2964 - 0.071 ω f 2.6784 - 0.015 ω f
式(1)中: Ψ为基质吸力,kPa; ω f为滤纸含水率,%。
目前,Gardner模型和Van-Genuchten(V-G) 等模型在土-水特征曲线 (soil-water characteristic curve)的拟合中使用较多,学术界的认可度较高,本文中采用V-G模型对试验数据进行拟合。
V-G模型表达式为
θ w = θ r + θ s - θ r [ 1 + ( a Ψ ) n ] m
式(2)中: θ w指土的体积含水率,%; θ s为饱和体积含水率,%; θ r为残余体积含水率,%; a n m均为公式的拟合参数。拟合参数 a可以反映空气进气值[18], n m的关系为
m = 1 - 1 n
θ s的计算公式为
θ s = 1 - ρ d G s ρ w
式(4)中: ρ d为干密度,g/cm3; G s为比重; ρ w为水的密度,g/cm3
利用Bettersize 2000激光粒度分布仪得到黄土颗粒的粒径分布曲线,各黄土试样粒径级配分布曲线和粒径级配累积曲线如图1所示。
依据中国常用粒组划分及各粒组的粒径范围,计算各试样黏粒、粉粒和砂粒占比和不均匀系数 C u、曲率系数 C c,结果如表2所示。在强夯作用下,土的不均匀系数 C u减小,说明天然黄土比夯芯黄土粗细颗粒间相差更小;土的曲率系数 C c由>5降至1~3,说明土的级配累积曲线的斜率具有更好的连续性。
根据《湿陷性黄土地区建筑标准》中对黄土湿陷性的划分标准可知,3 m天然黄土湿陷性强烈,6 m天然黄土湿陷性中等,3、6 m夯芯黄土湿陷系数 δ s<0.015,黄土已无湿陷性。4组黄土试样在200 kPa压力下湿陷系数如表2所示。
经过强夯的黄土试样,黏粒含量占比增加,湿陷系数减小。建立试样黏粒百分比Q与湿陷系数δ间的关系,拟合方程 δ = - 0.0037 Q + 0.1476,判定系数 R 2 = 0.9910,说明黏粒土百分比与湿陷系数呈正相关。根据拟合方程可得,当黏粒土含量大于36.2%时,湿陷系数小于0.015,黄土试样无湿陷性,如图2所示。
夯芯黄土与天然黄土的物理力学性质、扫描电镜图像中土颗粒胶结特征和孔隙特征均有较大差异。如图3(a)图4(a)所示,3、6 m天然原状试样均存在一定数量的架空孔隙,土骨架颗粒间的接触方式由架空接触、架空-镶嵌接触和镶嵌接触组合而成;黄土饱和湿陷后架空孔隙基本消失,土骨架颗粒间多为镶嵌接触,如图3(b)图4(b)所示。而强夯作用在一定程度上减少了架空孔隙的数量和土骨架颗粒间架空接触的占比,相同深度下的夯芯试样骨架间架空接触比在天然试样中更为少见,土颗粒接触方式多数为镶嵌接触;夯芯试样经过饱和压缩,土体更为密实,但压缩前后土骨架接触方式及孔隙大小的变化方面不如天然试样变化明显,压缩前后试样均以镶嵌接触为主要接触方式,如图5图6所示。强夯作用使土骨架颗粒和黏土矿物的粒径有一定程度的减小,且矿物碎屑数量明显增多。
已有研究表明,水分可以带走土颗粒中的可溶盐,可溶盐胶结消失,土体结构弱化,产生湿陷压密[19]。本次试验中,饱和湿陷试样在水的作用下冲刷走一部分矿物碎屑,土颗粒板结较明显,各饱和湿陷试样较原状试样的胶结程度均有不同幅度的降低,与已有研究规律相符。由于3 m天然试样粒间孔隙多于6 m天然试样,且本次试验中强夯作用影响范围在前6 m,越接近地表的黄土,强夯压密作用效果更明显,故6 m强夯前后试样SEM图像之间的差异不如3 m强夯前后试样间的差异明显。
利用PCAS软件对SEM图像进行二值化处理,以3 m天然、夯芯黄土为例,二值化图像如图7所示。由PCAS软件对各试样选取的3张二值化图像进行孔隙的定量化分析,并取平均值,得到孔隙面积占比、平均形状系数和分形维数等参数。
已有学者将孔隙半径>0.016 mm划分为大孔隙,孔隙半径在0.016~0.004 mm为中孔隙,孔隙半径在0.004~0.001 mm为小孔隙,半径<0.001 mm的孔隙为微孔隙[20],据此计算大、中、小、微孔隙面积占比,结果如图8所示。对比4类原状黄土试样数据可知,3 m天然黄土的大中孔隙面积占比最高,6 m天然和6 m夯芯黄土试样次之,3 m夯芯黄土大孔隙面积占比最小;天然试样压缩后,大孔隙占比明显降低,3 m天然试样降幅大于6 m天然试样;而夯芯试样经过压缩,大孔隙占比较压缩试样略有减小,减小幅度小于天然黄土,符合SEM图像无明显差异的规律。
选取PCAS软件中孔隙平均形状系数、分形维数和概率熵3个统计量定量分析3 m天然、3 m夯芯、6 m天然和6 m夯芯试样的孔隙形态特征和孔隙排列特征。平均形状系数是反映孔隙形状和颗粒性状的参数,平均形状系数越大,孔隙形状越圆滑,颗粒性状也相对圆滑,空间排列越紧密[21]。分形维数反映了孔隙结构的复杂程度,分形维数越小, 孔隙分布越分散,所占比例越小; 分形维数越大,孔隙越发育,分布越复杂。概率熵则可以反应结构单元体的有序性,取值范围为[0,1],值越接近于1,结构单元越混乱[22]
强夯作用破坏了粒间孔隙及土骨架颗粒结构。粒间孔隙空间被压缩,集粒分散成细颗粒并填入到周围孔隙中,形成新的小微孔隙。小微孔隙长、短轴之差更小,其数量越多,平面形状系数更靠近于1,孔隙形状更趋向于圆形。夯芯黄土概率熵小于天然黄土,夯芯黄土中的孔隙排列更加有序。排列更加有序的圆形孔隙使得黄土结构稳定性好,故强夯作用使黄土试样分形维数减小。建立平均形状系数与黏粒含量占比、湿陷系数的关系,回归方程为 δ = - 0.05 x - 0.0034 Q + 0.15 , R 2 = 0.9766 ,相关性较好。概率熵与黏粒含量、湿陷系数间的回归方程为 δ = 1.17 H - 0.0033 Q - 1.02 , R 2 = 0.9896 ,相关性良好。参数间关系如图9所示。
SWCC拟合曲线可以分为边界效应区、过渡区和残余区[23-24],粒径级配累积曲线按照粒度划分可分为砂粒组、粉粒组和黏粒组,如图10所示,可以明显看出, SWCC拟合曲线的边界效应区、过渡区和残余区,分别与粒径级配累积曲线的砂粒组、粉粒组和黏粒组的形状和物理意义之间有较好的对应关系。
土-水特征曲线试验的拟合曲线均为单峰曲线,天然黄土粒径级配累积曲线的粉粒区间斜率略大于拟合曲线过渡段斜率;强夯作用使得粒径累积曲线的粉粒段斜率和SWCC过渡段斜率同时减小,过渡段斜率减小幅度更大,曲线更加平缓。由于黄土排水时,大孔隙中的水先排出,小孔隙中的水后排出,而中孔隙越多,排水速率越快,土-水特征曲线斜率越大[25],夯芯黄土的中孔隙少,土体排水慢,过渡段斜率小。
水进入孔隙时先充满小孔隙,后充满大孔隙,当土的含水率较高时,大孔隙也被水填充[26],土处于边界效应区;相同深度的天然黄土,大孔隙面积占比大于夯芯黄土大孔隙面积占比,天然黄土的拟合参数 a更大,进气值更小,如表3所示。由于黏土颗粒特别是亲水性黏土矿物对孔隙水具有较强吸力,土中黏粒含量越多,相同孔隙比条件下相对形成的微孔隙通道越多,大孔隙通道越少[27],黄土发生湿陷的空间越小;且夯芯黄土的黏粒含量占比和小微孔隙面积占比多于相同深度下天然黄土对应数值,故强夯作用降低了黄土的湿陷性。
建立小微孔隙面积占比与拟合参数a、湿陷系数的关系,回归方程为 δ = 2.58 s + 5.52 a - 0.42 , R 2 = 0.9156,相关性良好,如图11(a)所示。如图11(b)所示是试样中孔隙面积占比与曲率系数、湿陷系数的关系图,回归方程为 δ = - 0.0041 s + 0.02 c + 0.14 , R 2 = 0.9842,相关性较好。建立拟合参数 a与大孔隙面积占比、湿陷系数间的关系,回归方程为 δ = 1.49 a + 0.0026 s - 0.13 , R 2 = 0.8770 ,相关性良好,如图11(c)所示。
对陕西省铜川市黄土进行了颗分试验、压缩湿陷试验、扫描电镜试验和土-水特征曲线试验,探讨黄土试样的黏粒含量占比、孔隙特征、SWCC试验拟合参数与湿陷性的关系,并建立方程进行定量化分析。结论如下。
(1)在强夯作用下,黄土干密度变大,粗粒含量降低,黏粒含量增加,湿陷系数变小。当黏粒含量大于36.2%时,铜川地区黄土无湿陷性。
(2)强夯作用使铜川地区黄土大中孔隙数量减少,小微孔隙更加发育,孔隙形状趋向于圆形,土颗粒的空间排列更加紧密。孔隙平均形状系数和概率熵与黏粒含量百分比、湿陷系数间具有较好的负相关性。
(3)铜川地区黄土的土-水特征曲线为单峰曲线。SWCC曲线中拟合参数 a与孔隙面积占比和湿陷系数间具有良好的正相关性,中孔隙面积占比与曲率系数、湿陷系数间具有较好的正相关性。因此用SWCC拟合曲线的特征和参数可以间接地判断黄土的湿陷性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41931285)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403130
  • 接收时间:2024-04-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-27
  • 修回日期:2024-08-31
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国家自然科学基金(41931285)
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    长安大学地质工程与测绘学院, 西安 710054

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* 倪万魁(1965—),男,汉族,宁夏固原人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土力学与工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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