Article(id=1149776967987323200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404418, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718208000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-13, revisedDate=1728835200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057790991, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057790991, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057790991, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057790991, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4793, endPage=4800, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776968222204225, articleId=1149776967987323200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization of Location Selection for Maximum Coverage of Urban Drone Landing and Takeoff Sites Based on Spatially Continuous Demand, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of land and capital waste caused by suboptimal site selection and construction models for urban drone landing and takeoff sites, the maximum coverage model is initially used for site selection. However, due to the uneven distribution of demand points and overly simplistic coverage determination criteria, the results show low coverage rates and overly concentrated site selection. To solve this problem, a method based on spatially continuous demand for the maximum coverage model of drone landing and takeoff site selection was proposed, considering factors such as no-fly zones and application scenarios. Demand objects were determined using a regular grid, and candidate sites were identified using the PIPS(polygon intersection point set) method. The feasibility of the improved model was validated through a case study of site selection for urban drone landing and takeoff sites in Binhai New Area, Tianjin. When the number of landing and takeoff sites was fixed at 14, the improved model increased the actual service area coverage rate from 62.03% to 88.61%. The results indicate that this method better meets the practical requirements for drone landing and takeoff site selection, resulting in more evenly distributed and rational site layouts, and significantly enhancing the service coverage rate of the drone landing and takeoff sites.

, correspAuthors=Zhang-ping LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-tong YANG, Zhang-ping LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776982084379271, articleId=1149776967987323200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于空间连续需求的城市无人机起降场最大覆盖模型选址, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对城市内无人机起降场布局规划不合理的现象,首先利用最大覆盖模型进行选址求解,但因其需求点分布不均且需求覆盖判定标准过于单一,使得求解结果出现覆盖率不高、选址过于集中的情况。针对此问题,考虑需求在空间内的连续分布,结合无人机禁飞区、应用场景等限制因素,提出了一种基于空间连续需求的无人机起降场最大覆盖模型选址办法,利用规则网格确定需求对象、多边形交点集(polygon intersection point set,PIPS)方法确定起降场候选点。以天津市滨海新区城市内无人机起降场选址研究为例,验证了改进模型的可行性,在起降场建设数量均为14时,改进模型将实际服务面积覆盖率从62.03%提升至88.61%。其结果表明:该方法更符合无人机起降场选址的实际需求,使起降场选址布局均匀合理,能够显著提高无人机起降场服务覆盖率。

, correspAuthors=李章萍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李章萍(1984—),女,汉族,江西赣州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:低空经济发展规划、政策体系与产业生态体系、航空运输经济与管理、民航政策法规。E-mail:
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杨佳佟(2000—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:低空经济发展规划、政策体系与产业生态体系。E-mail:

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杨佳佟(2000—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:低空经济发展规划、政策体系与产业生态体系。E-mail:

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杨佳佟(2000—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:低空经济发展规划、政策体系与产业生态体系。E-mail:

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Selected UAV parameters

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名称 最大载重/kg 最大续航里程/km
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Falcon B 5 19
迅蚁TR9 9 27
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部分无人机参数

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迅蚁TR9 9 27
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基于空间连续需求的城市无人机起降场最大覆盖模型选址
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杨佳佟 , 李章萍 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(11): 4793-4800
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(11): 4793-4800
基于空间连续需求的城市无人机起降场最大覆盖模型选址
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杨佳佟 , 李章萍*
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 杨佳佟(2000—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:低空经济发展规划、政策体系与产业生态体系。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李章萍(1984—),女,汉族,江西赣州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:低空经济发展规划、政策体系与产业生态体系、航空运输经济与管理、民航政策法规。E-mail:
Optimization of Location Selection for Maximum Coverage of Urban Drone Landing and Takeoff Sites Based on Spatially Continuous Demand
Jia-tong YANG , Zhang-ping LI*
Affiliations
  • College of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404418
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针对城市内无人机起降场布局规划不合理的现象,首先利用最大覆盖模型进行选址求解,但因其需求点分布不均且需求覆盖判定标准过于单一,使得求解结果出现覆盖率不高、选址过于集中的情况。针对此问题,考虑需求在空间内的连续分布,结合无人机禁飞区、应用场景等限制因素,提出了一种基于空间连续需求的无人机起降场最大覆盖模型选址办法,利用规则网格确定需求对象、多边形交点集(polygon intersection point set,PIPS)方法确定起降场候选点。以天津市滨海新区城市内无人机起降场选址研究为例,验证了改进模型的可行性,在起降场建设数量均为14时,改进模型将实际服务面积覆盖率从62.03%提升至88.61%。其结果表明:该方法更符合无人机起降场选址的实际需求,使起降场选址布局均匀合理,能够显著提高无人机起降场服务覆盖率。

起降场选址  /  城市空中交通  /  最大覆盖模型  /  无人机  /  空间连续需求

To address the issue of land and capital waste caused by suboptimal site selection and construction models for urban drone landing and takeoff sites, the maximum coverage model is initially used for site selection. However, due to the uneven distribution of demand points and overly simplistic coverage determination criteria, the results show low coverage rates and overly concentrated site selection. To solve this problem, a method based on spatially continuous demand for the maximum coverage model of drone landing and takeoff site selection was proposed, considering factors such as no-fly zones and application scenarios. Demand objects were determined using a regular grid, and candidate sites were identified using the PIPS(polygon intersection point set) method. The feasibility of the improved model was validated through a case study of site selection for urban drone landing and takeoff sites in Binhai New Area, Tianjin. When the number of landing and takeoff sites was fixed at 14, the improved model increased the actual service area coverage rate from 62.03% to 88.61%. The results indicate that this method better meets the practical requirements for drone landing and takeoff site selection, resulting in more evenly distributed and rational site layouts, and significantly enhancing the service coverage rate of the drone landing and takeoff sites.

landing and takeoff site siting  /  urban air mobility  /  maximum coverage model  /  unmanned aerial vehicle  /  spatial continuity demand
杨佳佟, 李章萍. 基于空间连续需求的城市无人机起降场最大覆盖模型选址. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4793 -4800 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404418
Jia-tong YANG, Zhang-ping LI. Optimization of Location Selection for Maximum Coverage of Urban Drone Landing and Takeoff Sites Based on Spatially Continuous Demand[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4793 -4800 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404418
低空经济作为新质生产力的重要组成部分受到广泛关注,国家将低空经济视为战略性新兴产业,出台了多项政策支持其发展[1]。无人机起降场是低空产业重要的基础设施,合理的选址布局规划是实现城市无人机应用发展的关键要素。2024年3月27日,工业和信息化部、科学技术部、财政部和中国民用航空局四部委发布《通用航空装备创新应用实施方案(2024—2030年)》,明确提出包括推动基础支撑体系建设在内等五大领域共20项具体任务。为积极响应号召,各地政府根据当地实际情况制定了相应的政策规划以推动低空经济的发展,全国近30个地区颁布相关政策均明确提出要大规模建设城市无人机起降场。目前中国城市空中交通发展处于起步阶段,尚未形成规模,导致现阶段的城市空中交通起降场建设处于“谁使用谁建设”的阶段[2]。以深圳市为例,其城市空中交通起降场主要由美团、亿航、小鹏、峰飞等城市空中交通试点、试运行企业根据业务需要自建。但从未来发展趋势看,现有的“谁使用谁建设”模式不仅无法满足未来巨大的市场需求,同时极易造成土地、资金等资源浪费。因此,如何根据城市发展特点和市场需求、城市地理环境特点,全面做好选址布局,是各地城市空中交通能否落地的关键一环。
无人机运行十分依赖于新技术和外部基础设施[3]。目前国内外对于城市无人机起降场布局规划的研究主要集中于起降场场内布局[4]和选址布局规划[5-8]方面。冯棣坤[9]从需求侧和供给侧两个角度构建了起降中心-起降场-起降点三级布局规划模型,并选取上海市物流场景进行仿真研究;Jia等[10]认为无人机能够解决城区内紧急医疗救助问题,构建集合覆盖模型利用免疫算法求解,并在天津市主城区内进行仿真实验;Kim等[11]提出一种通过空间信息构建多目标函数模型的方法,完成了城区消防无人机起降场选址问题;李章萍等[12]采用遗传算法和模拟退火算法的组合算法,解决了山区复杂环境场景下的无人机起降场选址问题。根据不同的应用场景所得的起降场选址结果虽然能够满足该场景下的应用需求,但因其作用过于单一,在实际建设过程中受限于成本、土地资源等因素往往难以实现,因此能够满足于多种配送需求的无人机综合起降场的布局规划研究具有现实意义。
现面向城市区域的无人机应用需求,以最大化满足空间连续需求为主要目标,结合时效性、经济性角度,综合无人机自身性能约束、城市内禁飞区和起降场服务面积等影响因素,构建基于空间连续需求的无人机起降场选址最大覆盖模型,并进行仿真实验,将最终求解结果与最大覆盖模型对比分析,并以天津市滨海新区为例进行仿真实验,解决该地区无人机起降场布局规划问题。
根据设施点的侯选位置和研究区域的需求情况,选址问题分为连续设施选址问题和离散设施选址问题[13]。离散设施选址问题分为P-中值(P-medium)、P-中心(P-center)和覆盖设施选址问题。P-中值问题是指给定设施数目找出最佳的设施位置,使得设施点到需求点之间的距离与该点需求量乘积之和最小[14];P-中心问题是在网络中给定设施数目情况下,要求任意一需求点到距离该需求点最近的服务站的最大距离最小化[15]。这两种模型在网络选址问题有着较为广泛的应用,但都根据已知设施候选位置和需求点的分布情况求解,同时仅考虑满足需求情况下的距离问题[16],不符合无人机起降场选址的实际要求。例如,当选址变量加入无人机运行时间等限制时,起降场必须要在需求点的特定范围内才能提供服务,显然上述两种模型难以满足该条件。
无人机起降场的选址目标是在已知候选设施点和需求点中,选择最佳的设施点集合来覆盖尽可能多的需求对象,并且满足模型中的约束条件,达到需求满足与资源最大利用的最优状态。基于此,本文研究的模型为Church等[17]提出的最大覆盖问题模型(maximal covering location problem,MCLP),该模型考虑的需求是在某一区域内,将该区域的所有需求抽象为一个个孤立的点,并将需求点到设施点的距离大小作为评判是否满足被覆盖的标准,最终在若干个候选点中选出固定个数的设施点使覆盖范围下需求总和最大化[18-20]
然而在无人机起降场的实际选址过程中,城市空间内某区域的需求往往是连续分布的[21],而不是抽象在该区域内某个具体位置的离散需求点,按照基础的最大覆盖模型来进行选址研究,其求解结果与实际情况会出现偏差。因此,在无人机起降场选址的MCLP问题中考虑空间内需求的连续性,改进为更符合实际需求情况的连续设施选址问题,并通过获取有限候选点集的方法筛选设施候选点,用连续设施选址问题离散化解决的方式来建立基于空间连续需求的最大覆盖模型。将分别利用离散选址和连续选址模型解决无人机起降场选址问题,即下文所研究的最大覆盖模型和基于空间连续需求的最大覆盖模型,并将其运算结果进行对比分析。
最大覆盖模型是指将所选择区域的需求对象抽象为单独孤立的需求点,并且在已知设施建设候选点的情况下,根据设施服务面积,选取若干个设施点以使得被覆盖到的需求点最多。其目标函数的整数规划表达式为
m a x z = i I w i y i ,   y i { 0,1 } , i I
该模型的约束条件为
x j , y i { 0,1 } ,   i I , j J
P ( i ) = { j J | d i j R }
j P ( i ) x j y i
j J x j = p
式中: I为需求点 i的集合, i I; J为起降场设施候选点 j的集合, j J; w i为需求点 i的权重; p为拟规划建设的起降场数量, P ( i )为能够覆盖第 i个需求点的起降场位置的集合; R为无人机起降场的服务覆盖半径; d i j为需求点 i到起降场设施候选点 j的距离; x j为0-1决策变量,候选点 j被选择建设无人机起降场为1,否则为0; y i为0-1决策变量,需求点 i被起降场服务覆盖则为1,否则为0。式(4)保证至少有一个起降场服务覆盖需求点 i;式(5)限制所选取的起降场数量为 p
不同于离散型选址,连续型选址问题在设施候选点方面判定为:在选址模型范围内的所有的位置都能够作为潜在的设施候选点,故连续型选址问题的起降场设施候选点为无限个。本文中采用Murray等[22]在对连续空间需求设施选址的覆盖优化研究中,提出了获取有限数量的潜在设施位置,即多边形交点集(polygon intersection point set,PIPS)方法。假设需求对象为按一定距离划分的规则网格,需求对象的质心为起降场假设存在点,依据覆盖半径归纳各个设施服务覆盖区域的交集,提取交集边界即服务覆盖范围的交叉点作为潜在的设施位置,得到初步的PIPS候选点集。此时的PIPS候选点集可能数量庞大,且存在某些点的覆盖范围包含另一个点的全部范围的情况。考虑覆盖效率和实际城市环境(湖泊、其他公共设施、禁飞区等),删除多余交叉点,得到最终的PIPS候选设施点集。
根据各区域需求等级,以最大化满足空间连续需求为目标函数,结合时效性、经济性角度,综合无人机自身性能约束、城市内禁飞区位置和起降场服务面积等影响因素,构建基于空间连续需求的城市无人机起降场选址最大覆盖模型。其目标函数整数规划数学表达式为
m a x z = i I w i y i ,   y i [ 0,1 ] , i I
该模型的约束条件为
x j { 0,1 } , y i [ 0,1 ] ,   i I , j J
P ( i ) = { j J d i j R }
j P ( i ) x j y i
j J x j = p
式中: I为需求区域(规则网格) i的集合, i I;J为降场设施PIPS候选点集, j J; w i为需求区域 i的权重; p为拟规划建设的起降场数量; P ( i )为能够覆盖第 i个需求区域的起降场位置的集合;R为无人机起降场的服务覆盖半径; y i [ 0,1 ] , d i j 需求区域 i到起降场设施候选点 j的距离,用于计算需求区域被覆盖的面积,根据面积决定 y i的取值,若完全被覆盖则为1,完全未被覆盖则为0,部分覆盖则根据覆盖面积与总面积比值取0~1的某一值; x j为0-1决策变量,候选点 j被选择建设无人机起降场为1,否则为0;式(9)、式(10)同式(4)、式(5)。
天津市滨海新区是中国首批民用无人驾驶航空试验区,作为京津冀协同发展的战略功能合作区,其航空航天产业发展态势良好,无人机产业发展条件不断完善,产业需求不断增长,正推进传统航空产业向无人化、电动化、智能化新时代航空产业迈进。位于滨海新区的天津港是中国北方最大的综合性港口,2023年天津港完成货物吞吐量5.58亿t,集装箱吞吐量2 218.7万标准箱,持续位居全球十大港口之列,具有极大的无人机物流集散与配送需求。此外,滨海新区的城市空间特征与珠海、深圳等其他城市空中交通较为发达的沿海城市类似,综合考虑经济政策条件、无人机发展前景和城市空间特征等因素,选取滨海新区作为无人机起降场选址的仿真实验区具有重要的现实意义,同时预测结果对未来滨海新区无人机产业发展规划具有一定的参考价值。
选取研究区域为天津市滨海新区沿海区域,根据全国第七次人口普查数据区内常住人口为206万人,总面积为2 270 km2,辖16个行政街道、5个镇。根据国土资源部官网标准地图服务平台获取天津市区域标准地图。根据影响城市内无人机起降场选址的因素,收集滨海新区城市行政街道划分图(省市县乡四级分类)、城市禁飞区域、街道常住人口数据。利用ArcCatalog建立地理数据库,根据滨海新区所在地理位置采用WGS 1984 UTM Zone 50N坐标、Transverse Mercator投影;利用ArcGIS pro对所有区域数据进行预处理、矢量化录入,并建立统一坐标系。根据无人机起降场选址要求,候选点不能选择水库、海洋、禁飞区等区域,将以上区域进行裁剪处理。研究区域预处理结果如图1所示。
起降场服务覆盖率和服务半径的确定主要由法律和监管要求、无人机技术限制等因素决定。根据《天津市通用机场布局规划(2017—2030年)》,通用航空服务应当有效覆盖 81%的辖区,本文中将实际服务覆盖率为 81%作为无人机起降场布局规划的求解目标。目前各地推广的城区配送运输无人机主要有顺丰H4四旋翼无人机、EHang216 (物流版)、Falcon B (物流版)、迅蚁TR9等,最大载重为5~240 kg,其满载航程在15~35 km范围,选取航程均值20 km为无人机运输距离。考虑无人机实际执行配送任务需要往返以及实际飞行航线并非直线,且受运行环境如天气、风力等影响,无人机起降场服务半径应当小于运输距离的一半,规定本文中无人机起降场服务半径 R为直线距离8 km。表1为部分无人机参数信息。
针对城市内无人机起降场选址问题设置实验如下:①在离散设施选址实验中,认为需求离散分布,提取各街道行政区域的质心为各街道区域需求点,考虑到滨海新区内有多个行政区为跨区分布,对一个行政街道的多个区域提取多个质心并赋予相同权重;②在连续设施选址实验中,认为需求在各区域内连续存在,利用ArcGIS pro将滨海新区划分为若干个规则格网区域为需求对象,并根据各街道人口密度赋予需求对象相应的权重,跨多个街道行政区域的格网选用最高权重为该格网区域的需求权重。如图2所示,各个街道行政区的需求权重由各街道人口密度确定,通过常住人口和街道面积获取人口密度并划分6个权重等级。权重1、2、3、4、5、6分别对应人口密度为(人/km2)<200、200~500、500~1 000、1 000~2 000、2 000~10 000、>10 000。
本实验需求点选取为利用ArcGIS pro计算的需求点,即街道行政区域质心共计26个。在最大覆盖问题中,若需求点与某设施点距离小于8 km,即需求点被某设施点覆盖,则认为整个行政街道区域被覆盖。根据《物流无人机垂直起降场选址与建设规范》[23],无人机物流起降场选址应根据物流业务需求,宜靠近主要服务对象或物流服务网点。考虑到主要服务对象为各行政区内所计算的需求点,为保证每个需求点区域内有至少一个设施候选点,采取3 000 m划分规则格网并提取网格质心作为设施候选点,共计234个)。需求点与设施候选点分布情况如图3所示。
基于最大覆盖模型,设置起降场覆盖半径为8 km,设施数从0开始依次递增,基于python调用Gurobi程序构建模型并求解,直至模型需求达到理想值。如图4所示,当无人机起降场数量为10时,该模型条件下的需求覆盖率达到100%,即26个需求点全部被覆盖。其模型所求得唯一解的实际覆盖情况如图5所示,经计算实际服务面积覆盖率仅为57.36%。
针对需求区域,其最小外接圆的直径小于设施点服务半径,即格网尺寸明显小于覆盖半径,此种条件下才能够使用PIPS方法确定设施候选点集。格网尺寸大小的选择决定PIPS候选点数量的多少,同时也影响计算效率和精度,格网过小会导致PIPS点较多,直接影响模型求解时间;格网过大会导致PIPS点较少,使最终设施点的选择范围不合理。考虑精度与效率的平衡,经过试算最终采用长宽均为3 000 m划分研究区,共计得到多边形需求区域235个;根据PIPS方法生成初始候选点集,并删除多余交叉点得到最终得到PIPS候选点共计1 444个。需求区域和PIPS候选点分布情况如图6所示。
考虑空间连续需求,根据各街道权重赋予相应的需求区域,设施数从0开始依次递增,基于Python调用Gurobi程序构建模型并求解。当无人机起降场数量为16时,该模型需求覆盖率达到峰值100%。考虑无人机起降场建设成本、服务覆盖重叠等因素,最佳选址数量点位在折线图中斜率应最趋近于0。由图7可知,最佳设施选址个数为14个,其需求覆盖率为97.61%。设置起降场数量为14,经多次求解运算,最终求解选取的设施点位均未发生变化,即在此点位布局中实际需求覆盖率达到最大值,该最优解具有唯一性。图8为该结果的可视化,其实际服务面积覆盖率为88.61%。
参考最大覆盖模型中需求被满足的判定条件,分析其求解结果可知,当需求覆盖率达到最大值时,并不代表其实际服务覆盖率达到最大值,故继续计算设施数从10~16的实际服务面积覆盖率。由于离散选址模型求解结果在设施数为10时已达到最大需求覆盖率,其继续求解结果不具有唯一性。对不同设施数的离散选址模型进行多次求解,计算若干组求解结果的实际服务面积覆盖率,选择覆盖率最高的设施布局结果作为最优解,并选取设施数为14、16进行可视化研究。图9分别为设施数为14、16时的无人机起降场服务覆盖范围情况,其实际服务面积覆盖率分别为62.03%、71.00%。
当设施数均为14时,通过比较图8图9(a)可知,连续选址实验结果比离散选址实验结果分布更为均匀,同时实际服务面积覆盖率更高。在离散选址实验中,全部需求点被覆盖即需求覆盖率达到最高值以后,随着设施数的不断增加,其实际服务面积覆盖率增长缓慢。原因为该模型的覆盖需求判定标准与现实情况不一致,某一区域的需求是连续分布的,其抽象的孤立需求点被覆盖即在模型计算中判定为整个区域需求得到服务,但实际上仍存在大部分未被覆盖的区域,最终导致设施点增多但集中分布于需求点附近,实际服务面积覆盖率不增长或少增长,造成资源浪费、成本升高的问题。
在连续选址实验中,需求对象为连续的多边形区域,其需求覆盖率的增长意味着被服务覆盖的区域面积变大。当需求覆盖率为最大值时,实际服务面积覆盖率也达到最大值。
针对城市内无人机起降场布局规划不合理的现象,本文建立了基于空间连续需求的城市无人机起降场最大覆盖模型选址方法,并选取天津市滨海新区为研究区域进行了城市无人机起降场的离散选址和连续选址仿真实验,主要结论如下:
(1) 在最大覆盖模型解决起降场选址问题的离散选址实验中,需求覆盖率达到100%仅代表所有需求点位得到服务覆盖,该结果并不是选址问题的最优解。
(2)离散选址实验的继续求解过程中,所增加的起降场位置选取集中于需求点附近,造成成本上升的过程中同时出现多区域未被覆盖、起降场选址过于集中等问题。
(3) 在连续选址最优解即无人机起降场数量为14时,其求解的实际服务面积覆盖率为88.61%,相比最大覆盖模型提高了约26.6%,证明该方法更符合无人机起降场选址的实际需求,使起降场选址布局均匀合理,能够显著提高无人机起降场服务覆盖率。
考虑到选址区域内需求权重的确定不仅受人口密度、应用场景等正向因素的影响,在后续研究过程中将考虑某些反向因素例如噪音污染、居民接受度、安全性指标等影响,并将此种个人主观度较强的因素在需求权重中以数字化方式呈现,使需求权重判定更准确。
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404418
  • 接收时间:2024-06-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-13
  • 修回日期:2024-10-14
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中央高校基本科研业务费(3122025028)
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    中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300

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* 李章萍(1984—),女,汉族,江西赣州人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:低空经济发展规划、政策体系与产业生态体系、航空运输经济与管理、民航政策法规。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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