Article(id=1149776967735669386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403209, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1722441600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057790930, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057790930, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057790930, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057790930, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4786, endPage=4792, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776967957967499, articleId=1149776967735669386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effects of Leading Edge Erosion of Transonic Fan Rotor Blade on Tip Leakage Flow, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Transonic fan rotor blades will suffer from morphological decay problems such as leading edge erosion in actual operation, and the flow field structure in the tip zone will change and then induce aerodynamic performance degradation. The effects of leading edge erosion on the tip leakage flow of the fan rotor were investigated from constant numerical computation in this paper. The results show that at the stall point of the eroded blade, its isentropic efficiency, total pressure ratio and mass flow rate decrease by 4.3%, 0.43% and 5.63%, respectively, and the leading-edge erosion also causes a decrease in the stabilized operating margin by 0.69%. For the flow in the tip zone, the leading-edge erosion causes an increase in the entropy increase area and intensity in the flow surface of S1 at the tip zone and the flow surface of S3 in the exit region, and the formation of a low Mach Number flow region in different blade heights; the leakage flow structure under the leading edge erosion undergoes malignant changes, the demarcation point of the main leakage flow and the secondary leakage flow is advanced, carrying more fluid for secondary leakage, and the leakage vortex deflection angle of the eroded blade reaches 30° from 15°, hitting the leading edge of the blade directly and causing flow blockage.

, correspAuthors=Lei SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ding-he LI, Yi-bo WANG, Lei SHI, Ze-tong CHEN, Qi JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776986337407084, articleId=1149776967735669386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=前缘侵蚀对跨声速风扇转子叶片叶尖泄漏流动的影响, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

跨声速风扇转子叶片在实际运行中会遭受前缘侵蚀等形貌衰变问题,端区流场结构会发生变化进而诱发气动性能衰退,采用定常数值计算方法探究前缘侵蚀对风扇转子叶尖泄漏流动的影响。结果表明,在侵蚀叶片失速点,其等熵效率、总压比和质量流量分别相对下降4.3%、0.43%和5.63%,还会造成稳定工作裕度降低了0.74%;对于端区内的流动,前缘侵蚀会在间隙处S1流面和出口区域S3流面引起熵增面积和强度的增加,在不同叶高下形成低马赫数流动区域;泄漏流结构在前缘侵蚀下发生恶性变化,主泄漏流和次泄漏流的分界点提前,携带有更多的流体发生二次泄漏,侵蚀叶片的泄漏涡偏转角度由15°达到30°,直接打在叶片前缘,造成流动堵塞。

, correspAuthors=史磊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 史磊(1988—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,讲师。研究方向:轴流叶轮机械气动热力学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=mQ42uTP1Ry7QGZg5hEp39g==, magXml=8XRBooKT8zMDR6U3v6N/HA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rLdWLryNsSCZf+BEKWAw4Q==, pdfFileSize=8480594, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=C4Pyz4shj97yyDdVGT0oaw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EWOC02UJpYWWqeLtlpUdWw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李顶河(1983—),男,汉族,湖北咸宁人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:航空结构健康监控。E-mail:dh-li@cauc.edu.cn。

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李顶河(1983—),男,汉族,湖北咸宁人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:航空结构健康监控。E-mail:dh-li@cauc.edu.cn。

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李顶河(1983—),男,汉族,湖北咸宁人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:航空结构健康监控。E-mail:dh-li@cauc.edu.cn。

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Study object parameters

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参数
风扇直径/m 1.55
叶片数/个 24
叶高/mm 622
叶顶处叶片弦长/mm 250
叶顶间隙/mm 1
设计转速/(r·min-1) 5 175
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研究对象相关参数

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参数
风扇直径/m 1.55
叶片数/个 24
叶高/mm 622
叶顶处叶片弦长/mm 250
叶顶间隙/mm 1
设计转速/(r·min-1) 5 175
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Inlet and outlet boundary conditions

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条件 参数 数值
进口条件 总温/K 288.15
总压/Pa 101 325
转速/(r·min-1) 5 175
出口条件 平均静压/Pa 100 000
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进出口边界条件

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条件 参数 数值
进口条件 总温/K 288.15
总压/Pa 101 325
转速/(r·min-1) 5 175
出口条件 平均静压/Pa 100 000
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Pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency for four different scaled grids

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网格数/万 压比 等熵效率/%
89 1.430 91.19
105 1.435 91.23
121 1.438 91.26
138 1.438 91.27
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4种不同尺度网格的下的压比与等熵效率

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网格数/万 压比 等熵效率/%
89 1.430 91.19
105 1.435 91.23
121 1.438 91.26
138 1.438 91.27
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前缘侵蚀对跨声速风扇转子叶片叶尖泄漏流动的影响
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李顶河 1 , 王易博 1 , 史磊 1, * , 陈泽桐 2 , 姜琪 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(11): 4786-4792
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(11): 4786-4792
前缘侵蚀对跨声速风扇转子叶片叶尖泄漏流动的影响
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李顶河1, 王易博1, 史磊1, * , 陈泽桐2, 姜琪3
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学中欧航空工程师学院, 天津 300300
  • 2 中国民航大学航空工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 3 厦门航空有限公司飞机维修工程部, 厦门 361009
  • 李顶河(1983—),男,汉族,湖北咸宁人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:航空结构健康监控。E-mail:dh-li@cauc.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

* 史磊(1988—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,讲师。研究方向:轴流叶轮机械气动热力学。E-mail:
Effects of Leading Edge Erosion of Transonic Fan Rotor Blade on Tip Leakage Flow
Ding-he LI1, Yi-bo WANG1, Lei SHI1, * , Ze-tong CHEN2, Qi JIANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2 Aeronautical Engineering Institute, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 3 Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Department, Xiamen Airlines Co., Ltd, Xiamen 361009, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403209
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跨声速风扇转子叶片在实际运行中会遭受前缘侵蚀等形貌衰变问题,端区流场结构会发生变化进而诱发气动性能衰退,采用定常数值计算方法探究前缘侵蚀对风扇转子叶尖泄漏流动的影响。结果表明,在侵蚀叶片失速点,其等熵效率、总压比和质量流量分别相对下降4.3%、0.43%和5.63%,还会造成稳定工作裕度降低了0.74%;对于端区内的流动,前缘侵蚀会在间隙处S1流面和出口区域S3流面引起熵增面积和强度的增加,在不同叶高下形成低马赫数流动区域;泄漏流结构在前缘侵蚀下发生恶性变化,主泄漏流和次泄漏流的分界点提前,携带有更多的流体发生二次泄漏,侵蚀叶片的泄漏涡偏转角度由15°达到30°,直接打在叶片前缘,造成流动堵塞。

前缘侵蚀  /  跨声速  /  风扇转子叶片  /  叶尖泄漏流动  /  激波

Transonic fan rotor blades will suffer from morphological decay problems such as leading edge erosion in actual operation, and the flow field structure in the tip zone will change and then induce aerodynamic performance degradation. The effects of leading edge erosion on the tip leakage flow of the fan rotor were investigated from constant numerical computation in this paper. The results show that at the stall point of the eroded blade, its isentropic efficiency, total pressure ratio and mass flow rate decrease by 4.3%, 0.43% and 5.63%, respectively, and the leading-edge erosion also causes a decrease in the stabilized operating margin by 0.69%. For the flow in the tip zone, the leading-edge erosion causes an increase in the entropy increase area and intensity in the flow surface of S1 at the tip zone and the flow surface of S3 in the exit region, and the formation of a low Mach Number flow region in different blade heights; the leakage flow structure under the leading edge erosion undergoes malignant changes, the demarcation point of the main leakage flow and the secondary leakage flow is advanced, carrying more fluid for secondary leakage, and the leakage vortex deflection angle of the eroded blade reaches 30° from 15°, hitting the leading edge of the blade directly and causing flow blockage.

leading edge erosion  /  transonic  /  fan rotor blade  /  tip leakage flow  /  shock wave
李顶河, 王易博, 史磊, 陈泽桐, 姜琪. 前缘侵蚀对跨声速风扇转子叶片叶尖泄漏流动的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4786 -4792 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403209
Ding-he LI, Yi-bo WANG, Lei SHI, Ze-tong CHEN, Qi JIANG. Effects of Leading Edge Erosion of Transonic Fan Rotor Blade on Tip Leakage Flow[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4786 -4792 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403209
风扇是涡扇发动机的重要组成部件之一,其性能直接影响到发动机的运行效率、安全性和经济性[1-2]。而大涵道比涡扇发动机在大气环境中运行时,风扇作为前端部件,容易受到进气道悬浮颗粒物的冲击[3],跨音速叶片前缘遭到侵蚀破坏,逐渐失去原有形状而退化为钝头前缘形貌[4],引起气动性能的衰退,造成发动机稳定工作裕度和效率的降低[5]。由于流场结构对前缘形貌具有高度敏感性[6],前缘侵蚀势必会造成细节流动现象的变化,而端区内的流动又最为复杂[7],研究前缘侵蚀对跨音速风扇转子叶片叶尖泄漏流动的影响,对于气动性能衰退的原因解释具有理论意义。
近年来,国内外学者在前缘侵蚀[8]对风扇/压气机的影响进行了系列研究。在气动性能影响方面,Giebmanns等[9]进行了原始叶型、钝头叶型和弦长减少叶型的流动实验研究,结果表明对于跨声速风扇转子叶片,前缘形状很大程度影响其总压比和等熵效率。史磊等[10]研究表明,风扇叶片的前缘受到侵蚀后将会变为钝头叶型,并会引起峰值效率的降低。Hergt等[11]研究了跨声速风扇转子叶栅被侵蚀后钝头前缘对气动性能的影响,结果表明总压损失系数增加显著。李乐等[12]从边界层影响对前缘侵蚀的恶化影响进行了解释,其指出当攻角超过一定范围,钝头前缘会显著改变边界层发展,影响整个主流流场,造成压气机性能降低;紧接着相关学者开展了对前缘侵蚀形貌的优化设计研究。Herwart等[13]对压气机前缘侵蚀叶片经过优化后,发现能够提高压气机的工作特性,同时还能增加叶片的使用寿命。史磊等[14]指出前缘优化对叶型吸力面前缘分离泡的产生和生长具有抑制作用,附面层厚度保持较为良好的发展状态,有效地减小了附面层内部的流动损失。
针对叶尖泄漏流动的研究,目前大多选取的是风扇/压气机的设计叶型或叶片形貌。杜鹃[15]研究了NASA-67跨音转子在相同间隙不同流量工况、相同流量不同间隙工况下叶顶流场的非定常特征,提出叶顶区域流动发生非定常波动的两个必要条件:①泄漏涡轨迹影响区抵达相邻叶片压力面;②泄漏流强度足够大,能够与主流抗衡并达到稳定的动态平衡状态。在涡结构上,王如根等[16]以Rotor37跨音速转子为研究对象,分析了叶顶区域主要存在叶尖泄漏涡、诱导涡以及分离涡的涡系结构。也有学者对跨声速风扇/压气机中的涡波干涉进行了相关研究,刘若阳等[17]选取了Rotor67转子,其指出在不同转速下叶尖处激波的脱体程度不同,激波和叶尖泄漏涡的干涉位置也不同。杨晰琼等[18]在跨声速风扇转子间隙流动结构分析中归纳总结了跨声速转子间隙泄漏涡和激波的相互作用机理,指出斜激波受到间隙泄漏流的干扰,被削弱打断向上游凹曲。针对叶尖泄漏的流动控制,王雷等[19]以高负荷两级风扇第一级前掠转子为研究对象,研究表明前掠转子能够显著降低气动性能对叶尖间隙的敏感度。高国荣等[20]以某大涵道比涡扇发动机的十级高压压气机为研究对象,其研究指出衰变间隙通过影响叶尖泄漏流进一步对80%叶高截面以上流动产生影响,使得压气机更容易进入失速状态。
综上所述,一方面在前缘侵蚀的研究中,大都集中于风扇/压气机的整体气动性能,缺少对微观流动细节的研究;另一方面在叶尖泄漏流动的研究中大多是针对理论叶片的形貌,对实际工作环境下叶片的叶尖泄漏流动分析较少,因此,研究受到前缘侵蚀影响的跨音速风扇转子叶片的叶尖泄漏流动变化,能够为气动性能衰减的结果预测和未来国产发动机叶片使用的安全评估提供理论支撑。
本文的研究对象是某型跨声速风扇转子叶片,参数如表1所示,风扇直径为1.55 m,叶高为622 mm,叶片数量为24,叶顶处叶片弦长为250 mm,叶顶间隙高度为1 mm,风扇的设计转速为5 175 r/min。图1为风扇转子叶片几何模型的三维示意图。
依据上述跨音风扇转子叶片的几何模型,由于被侵蚀的叶片前缘具有一定的粗糙度,通过前缘侵蚀叶片处理方法[10]和本课题组的工作基础,结合航空公司的维修部门给出的报废叶片的标准,对于此风扇叶片侵蚀前缘的最大侵蚀程度达到4 mm,故本文对上述跨声速风扇转子叶片模型,利用CAD软件将叶片前缘处理为钝头模型,其侵蚀程度设计为原叶片沿叶高方向弦长同等减少4 mm,图2给出了侵蚀叶片(Ero)的钝头前缘同原始叶片(Ori)的圆弧形前缘形貌的细节对比情况。
采用NUMECA商业软件开展数值模拟工作,网格模型由AutoGrid5模块生成,借助Fine Turbo模块进行计算,CFView模块进行后处理。本文中采用RANS(Reynolds equation Navier-Stokes)方法定常计算求解NS(Navier-Stokes)方程,湍流模型选取S-A(Spalart-Allmaras)方程模型。进口条件设置如表2所示,采用标准大气条件(总温为288.15 K,总压为101 325 Pa),沿轴向进气,出口采用平均静压,给定出口处的平均静压值为100 000 Pa。为确定近喘点的背压条件,将出口静压从较小数值处设置1 000 Pa等梯度逐渐增加,当计算无法收敛时,利用二分法减半重新给定数值进行计算,直至出口静压的增幅为100 Pa;峰值效率点的确定方法同理,在计算得到的最高效率点附近采用二分法确定更高精度的峰值效率点,直至静压增幅为100 Pa。
图3给出了计算域网格划分的示意图,分块结构网格将叶片分为进口段、叶片段和出口段,进口段和出口段采用H网格拓扑,转子通道的叶片度采用O4H拓扑结构,靠近固壁面处,近壁面网格厚度设置1 μm,并在叶顶间隙处,设置17层节点对间隙泄漏流进行精细计算。
为确定合适的网格数量,进行了网格无关性验证工作。分别对原始叶片和侵蚀叶片设置了网格数量为89万、105万、121万、138万的4套网格,表3给出了4种不同尺度网格的下的压比与等熵效率,对比发现121万数量网格的总压比和等熵效率误差较138万网格已十分接近,同时在图4中给出了这4种网格尺度下间隙内的泄漏质量流量,发现在121万网格时保持不变,故网格无关性得到校验,为节约计算资源,
以下研究内容选取121万网格。
图5y+值云图,计算结果整个流场区域和叶尖断区部分的y+≤10,符合湍流模型的要求。
将上述原始风扇叶片(ORI)和前缘侵蚀的叶片(ERO)进行计算,研究在全工况范围内前缘侵蚀对风扇性能的影响,图6图7所示为计算获得的风扇在设计转速下的总压比和等熵效率特性线。
首先在相同的质量流量下,侵蚀叶片的压比和等熵效率都会有所降低。计算得到原始风扇叶片峰值效率工况的背压条件为119 200 Pa,等熵效率是95.46%,总压比是1.552,质量流量是265.9 kg/s,在此背压条件下,侵蚀叶片的等熵效率、总压比和质量流量分别为94.62%、1.537、265.53 kg/s,分别相对下降0.88%、0.97%、0.14%。
对原始风扇叶片的计算得到近喘点工况的背压条件为126 500 Pa,等熵效率是89.89%,总压比是1.622,质量流量是230.33 kg/s,侵蚀后由于稳定工作裕度的降低,侵蚀叶片近喘点的背压条件为124 800 Pa,此时的等熵效率为88.77%,总压比为1.6,质量流量为230.56 kg/s,而在此背压条件下,原始风扇叶片的等熵效率、总压比和质量流量分别为92.77%、1.607和244.32 kg/s,侵蚀叶片与其相比,分别相对于原始叶片下降4.3%、0.43%和5.63%。
此外,将稳定工作裕度SM定义为
S M = m d π s * m s π d * - 1 × 100 %
式(1)中: m d m s分别为设计点和失速点的质量流量; π d * π s *分别为设计点和失速点的总压比。根据式(1)计算得到原始风扇叶片和侵蚀叶片的稳定工作裕度分别是20.66%和19.92%,整体上降低了0.74%,这会造成在较高背压条件下,原型风扇叶片还可继续工作,但是受到侵蚀的风扇叶片由于其气动能力下降,通道内流体无法通过,造成流动堵塞,导致风扇失速无法正常运行。
考虑到侵蚀叶片稳定裕度的降低,以下研究采用同一背压条件,以侵蚀叶片的近喘点即124 800 Pa背压条件作为研究工况,如图7中标记点所示,在该工况下开展前缘侵蚀对叶尖泄漏流动的影响研究。
叶尖泄漏流动是风扇/压气机内部常见的二次流动现象之一,形成主要是由于叶片两侧存在压差以及叶片和机匣壁面存在间隙,泄漏流体会越过叶顶间隙,产生叶尖泄漏流动。当泄漏流体和主流掺混时,发生卷吸作用形成泄漏涡,泄漏涡的位置处于端区的通道内,其从前缘就开始发展,在通道内向前移动直至破碎,从流动层面,直接引起二次流动的损失,在不同截面处产生熵增,造成流动堵塞,进而诱发发动机的失速喘振。
经过对比气动性能分析的结果,前缘侵蚀在性能上从整体上造成发动机风扇性能的衰退,其本质是由于前缘侵蚀对流场内部产生了恶劣影响,通过对比各种端区的流动细节,进而分析前缘侵蚀诱导下叶尖泄漏流动的影响变化。
首先是对研究工况叶顶间隙区域的熵增情况进行分析,图8所示为对原始叶片和侵蚀叶片在叶顶间隙区域S1流面的熵云图,对比分析前缘侵蚀诱导下叶尖泄漏流动在端区周向通道的影响变化,发现在总体上引起熵增面积和强度的增加,在前缘处,熵增较大的区域逐步向叶尖区域扩展,而对端区的中后段,熵增现象更加明显。
前缘侵蚀对叶尖泄漏流动的影响,不仅体现在间隙区域,对于叶片排的出口区域,也会造成流体的堵塞,引起大量的熵增。图9所示为原始风扇叶片和侵蚀叶片出口截面的熵增云图,对比发现,叶顶区域的熵增明显,其影响范围内的面积和强度都有所增大,沿径向方向,熵增较大的区域由82%叶高向下延伸至70%叶高,在周向方向上,其熵增较大的区域逐步向上游叶片排的吸力侧靠近,其原因是前缘侵蚀增强了叶尖泄漏流动效应,进而导致低速流体在出口区域增多,出口熵增增加,更加容易造成流动的堵塞。
此外,通过对比不同叶高下S1流面的相对马赫数云图,可以看到前缘侵蚀对端区部分泄漏流动的三维影响。图10所示原始风扇叶片和侵蚀钝头叶片S1流面的不同叶高下的相对马赫数云图,在99%叶高下,对于原始叶片,泄漏流体和主流卷吸后,在下游通道内形成泄漏涡,泄漏涡破碎后产生一定的流动低速区,表现为马赫数较小的蓝色区域,而对于发生前缘侵蚀的叶片,其马赫数低速区明显大于原始叶片,并且在低速流动区的马赫数更小,代表了流动滞缓程度更剧烈,甚至可以发现,侵蚀叶片在压力侧产生的低速流动区延伸至吸力侧,造成整个通道的流动堵塞。由于泄漏流动是三维的,沿径向向下延伸至更低的叶高区域,对于98%叶高下,发现原始叶片会有轻微的低速流动区域,而侵蚀叶片的泄漏流体和主流的泄漏涡破碎产生的流动堵塞区更多,集中在叶片排前缘处。对于97%叶高下马赫数云图分析表明,原始叶片由于泄漏流动产生的低速区影响几乎消失,整体流动速度保持在一定的马赫数水平,而对于侵蚀叶片仍可以看到通道内存在一定区域的流动低速区。对不同叶高下的马赫数云图分析表明,受泄漏流动影响产生的流动低速区,侵蚀叶片在影响面积和影响程度上都比原始叶片更大,体现了前缘侵蚀对端区流动的恶化作用。
叶尖区域低速流动区的形成很大程度是受泄漏流动的影响,事实上,泄漏流体可以分为两部分,一部分是前缘位置处泄漏的流体会和主流掺混,形成较强的泄漏涡,称为主泄漏流(main leakage flow),另一部分是叶片后部的次泄漏流(secondary leakage flow),它们会沿周向运动跨越叶片通道,抵达下游叶片排压力侧,其中一些会发生二次泄漏,另一些与叶片相撞后流出通道。通过在叶顶间隙处设置释放三维流线图,进一步分析前缘侵蚀对泄漏流结构的影响。图11所示为原始风扇叶片和侵蚀钝头叶片在研究工况下间隙处用熵着色的流线对比图,首先是叶片被侵蚀叶片后,主泄漏流引起的熵增强度显著加强,表现为红色流线显著增多,并且主泄漏流会卷吸起更多的通道中流体,引起泄漏涡直径的增大,对于主泄漏流和次泄漏流的分界点,侵蚀叶片的次泄漏流发生的位置提前,由50%弦长左右提前至40%弦长处,将会造成更多的流体产生周向运动,堵塞通道,并且到达下游叶片排后,原始叶片的次泄漏流大多沿流体通道流出,较少的会发生二次泄漏现象,而侵蚀叶片发生二次泄漏的流体显著增多,加剧了通道内流体周向运动的趋势,造成流动损失。
接着对通道中不同截面的熵增云图分析,图12显示了原始叶片和侵蚀叶片在通道内不同截面处的熵增情况,熵增较大的区域代表了泄漏涡的结构,泄漏涡从吸力面前缘处开始发展,对比原始叶片和侵蚀叶片,发现侵蚀叶片的高熵区显著增强,影响面积也在增大,代表了泄漏流体卷吸的流体更多,泄漏涡强度也更大,和流线图对比一致,同时在吸力面尾缘处,侵蚀叶片也同样存在着更大面积的高熵区,体现了侵蚀叶片尾缘处次泄漏流体更多;当泄漏涡发展到下游叶片排压力面时,观察到侵蚀叶片在不同截面下引起的熵增范围更大,是由于更多的低速流体,引起堵塞,引起熵增,造成流动的损失。
进一步通过Q准则可以更加精细地刻画端区通道中叶尖泄漏涡以及其他涡的形状,对比分析前缘侵蚀对叶尖泄漏涡的影响。图13所示为原始叶片和侵蚀叶片在研究工况下的端区Q(Q=1×107 s-2)准则涡结构图,发现叶尖泄漏涡的形状和轨迹差距较大,原始叶片的泄漏涡在前缘形成,并在通道内发展,激波干涉后产生一定角度的偏转,并形成低能流体团或螺旋膨胀的泄漏涡,叶片的偏转角度达到15°,最终打在下游叶片排的压力面;而侵蚀叶片的泄漏涡出现了大角度偏转,达到了30°,造成螺旋膨胀的泄漏涡直接打在下游叶片排的前缘,产生了流动堵塞。此外,受激波的影响,诱导涡的形状也发生了相应的变化,原始叶片的诱导涡形貌表现明显,而侵蚀叶片的诱导涡受激波影响较大,严重缩小。
针对某型跨音速风扇转子叶片在实际运行工作环境中,受到前缘侵蚀影响后的叶片形貌进行全工况下的数值模拟,总结了前缘侵蚀对风扇的气动特性的影响,并在研究工况下分析了前缘侵蚀对叶顶区域叶尖泄漏流动的影响,得到如下主要结论。
(1)叶片前缘侵蚀会造成跨音速风扇叶片气动性能的衰退,在原始叶片峰值效率点,侵蚀叶片的等熵效率、总压比和质量流量分别相对下降0.88%、0.97%和0.14%,在侵蚀叶片失速点分别相对下降4.3%、0.43%和5.63%,前缘侵蚀还会造成稳定工作裕度整体上降低了0.74%。
(2)对比前缘侵蚀对端区内的流动影响,在间隙处S1流面和出口区域S3流面引起熵增面积和强度的增加,同时在不同叶高下,前缘侵蚀造成低马赫数区域,产生流动堵塞。
(3)在前缘侵蚀诱导下,泄漏流结构发生变化,主泄漏流和次泄漏流的分界点提前,并在侵蚀后有更多的流体发生二次泄漏,而且通道内泄漏涡的强度增大,在不同截面下引起的熵增范围也会加剧。侵蚀叶片的泄漏涡偏转角度由15°达到30°,直接打在叶片前缘,造成流动堵塞。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403209
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
  • 修回日期:2024-08-01
基金
民航航空器适航审定技术重点实验室开放基金(SH2022070501)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学中欧航空工程师学院, 天津 300300
    2 中国民航大学航空工程学院, 天津 300300
    3 厦门航空有限公司飞机维修工程部, 厦门 361009

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* 史磊(1988—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,博士,讲师。研究方向:轴流叶轮机械气动热力学。E-mail:
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