Article(id=1149776967236547208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405492, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721577600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-22, revisedDate=1731772800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057790812, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057790812, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057790812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057790812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4713, endPage=4723, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776967546925705, articleId=1149776967236547208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Microbial Synergies with the Root System of Blanket Grass on the Reinforcement of Tropical Soil Slopes, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Because Hainan Province is located in the tropics, it is often hit by extreme weather such as typhoons and rains, so it is very prone to geological disasters such as slope collapse and landslides, which eventually cause irreparable losses. In order to improve the stability of tropical soil slope in a green and environmentally friendly way, the slope was strengthened by microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology and carpet grass root slope consolidation. Suitable microbial strains were first screened out, and the preparation process of related microbial agents was optimized. Subsequently, carpet grass root system was implanted in the slope soil indoors, and MICP treatment was carried out after the formation of the root-soil complex. Subsequently, a series of laboratory tests and numerical simulation analyses were carried out to evaluate the reinforcement effect of this technology. The results showed that MICP technology and plant root treatment complemented each other in terms of mechanical brittleness and integrity of slope, and significantly improved the unconfined compressive strength and shear strength performance of soil, effectively enhanced the stability of slope, and reduced the risk of slope erosion. Finally, the numerical simulation verification was carried out by using Abaqus finite element software, which enhanced the reliability of the research results. It can be seen that the MICP combined with carpet grass root reinforcement method provides an effective reinforcement method for tropical soil slopes, which not only improves the mechanical properties of slopes, but also promotes ecological restoration and environmental sustainability. This result provides a new technical approach for the ecological reinforcement of slopes in tropical areas, and has certain theoretical and practical significance for protecting the ecological environment and reducing the risk of geological disasters.

, correspAuthors=You-liang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing LIU, Yong-hui SU, Jin-chen SU, Cheng-xi LI, You-liang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776992490451368, articleId=1149776967236547208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=微生物协同地毯草根系对热带土坡的加固作用, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

因为海南省地处热带,经常受到台风暴雨等极端天气的侵袭,所以极容易发生边坡垮塌、滑坡等地质灾害,最终造成不可挽回的损失。为了能够以绿色环保的方式提高热带土质边坡的稳定性,选择通过微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(microbially induced carbonate precipitation,MICP)技术协同地毯草根系固坡的方法对边坡进行加固处理。研究中首先筛选出适宜的微生物菌株,并优化了相关菌剂的制备工艺。在室内对边坡土体进行地毯草根系植入,形成根土复合体后进行MICP处理。随后通过一系列的室内试验和数值模拟分析,评估了此种技术的加固效果。结果表明:MICP技术协同植物根系处理在边坡的力学脆性和整体性方面优势互补,且显著提高了土体的无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度性能,有效增强了边坡的稳定性,减少了边坡被侵蚀的风险;最后利用Abaqus有限元软件进行了数值模拟验证,提高了研究结果的可靠性。可见,MICP协同地毯草根系加固方法为热带土质边坡提供了一种有效的加固手段,不仅提高了边坡的力学性能,还促进了生态恢复和环境的可持续性。本研究为热带地区边坡的生态加固提供了新的技术途径,对于保护生态环境、减少地质灾害风险具有一定的理论依据和实践意义。

, correspAuthors=张友良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张友良(1972—),男,汉族,湖北武穴人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土多场耦合问题。E-mail:
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刘静(1999—),女,汉族,四川成都人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生物岩土、边坡稳定性。E-mail:

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刘静(1999—),女,汉族,四川成都人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生物岩土、边坡稳定性。E-mail:

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刘静(1999—),女,汉族,四川成都人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生物岩土、边坡稳定性。E-mail:

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articleId=1149776967236547208, language=CN, label=图20, caption=稳定性系数-增幅图, figureFileSmall=Nb0e5XEAJK3K6jW2PwIIDw==, figureFileBig=QeUjI01zXLGeBo3OoiDsIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843913947890088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776967236547208, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Table of physical properties of soil sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天然含
水率ω/%
液限ωl/% 塑限ωp/% 液性指数Il 塑性指数Ip 天然密度/
(g·cm-3)
干密度/
(g· cm - 3)
土样定名
14.62 40.22 5.50 0.262 5 34.72 1.75 1.53 低液限黏土
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914048553393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776967236547208, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土样物理性质表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天然含
水率ω/%
液限ωl/% 塑限ωp/% 液性指数Il 塑性指数Ip 天然密度/
(g·cm-3)
干密度/
(g· cm - 3)
土样定名
14.62 40.22 5.50 0.262 5 34.72 1.75 1.53 低液限黏土
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914170188217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776967236547208, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main components and content of liquid culture medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 蒸馏水 工业蛋白胨 氯化钠 葡萄糖
含量 10 L 20 g/L 10 g/L 20 g/L
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914300211656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776967236547208, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

液体培养基主要成分及含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 蒸馏水 工业蛋白胨 氯化钠 葡萄糖
含量 10 L 20 g/L 10 g/L 20 g/L
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914455400921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776967236547208, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Shear strength indicators of each sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组 抗剪强度指标
黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°) 斜率k
素土组 5.5 12.5 0.22
加固含根量0.5%组 16.8 18.4 0.33
加固含根量1.0%组 23.8 25.3 0.43
加固含根量1.5%组 28.9 30.1 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914606395870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776967236547208, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各试样抗剪强度指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验组 抗剪强度指标
黏聚力/kPa 内摩擦角/(°) 斜率k
素土组 5.5 12.5 0.22
加固含根量0.5%组 16.8 18.4 0.33
加固含根量1.0%组 23.8 25.3 0.43
加固含根量1.5%组 28.9 30.1 0.30
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914765779433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776967236547208, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of slope soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层
情况
内摩
擦角/(°)
黏聚力/
kPa
弹性模
量/MPa
泊松比 深度/m
0%含根量 12.5 5.5 500 0.39 0.4
0.5%含根量 13.4 7 500 0.35 0.3
1.0%含根量 15.7 13.3 500 0.35 0.2
1.5%含根量 16.7 10.5 500 0.35 0.1
MICP 17.8 14.5 500 0.32 1
MICP+0.5%含根量 18.4 16.8 500 0.30 0.3
MICP+1.0%含根量 25.3 23.8 500 0.30 0.2
MICP+1.5%含根量 30.1 28.9 500 0.30 0.1
风化层 35 100 2 000 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914908385783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776967236547208, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

边坡土体物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层
情况
内摩
擦角/(°)
黏聚力/
kPa
弹性模
量/MPa
泊松比 深度/m
0%含根量 12.5 5.5 500 0.39 0.4
0.5%含根量 13.4 7 500 0.35 0.3
1.0%含根量 15.7 13.3 500 0.35 0.2
1.5%含根量 16.7 10.5 500 0.35 0.1
MICP 17.8 14.5 500 0.32 1
MICP+0.5%含根量 18.4 16.8 500 0.30 0.3
MICP+1.0%含根量 25.3 23.8 500 0.30 0.2
MICP+1.5%含根量 30.1 28.9 500 0.30 0.1
风化层 35 100 2 000 0.2
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微生物协同地毯草根系对热带土坡的加固作用
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刘静 1 , 苏永辉 1 , 苏进臣 2 , 李程喜 2 , 张友良 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(11): 4713-4723
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(11): 4713-4723
微生物协同地毯草根系对热带土坡的加固作用
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刘静1 , 苏永辉1, 苏进臣2, 李程喜2, 张友良1, *
作者信息
  • 1 海南大学土木建筑工程学院, 海口 570228
  • 2 海南省水利电力集团有限公司, 海口 570100
  • 刘静(1999—),女,汉族,四川成都人,硕士研究生。研究方向:生物岩土、边坡稳定性。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张友良(1972—),男,汉族,湖北武穴人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土多场耦合问题。E-mail:
Microbial Synergies with the Root System of Blanket Grass on the Reinforcement of Tropical Soil Slopes
Jing LIU1 , Yong-hui SU1, Jin-chen SU2, Cheng-xi LI2, You-liang ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
  • 2 Hainan Provincial Water Conservancy and Hydropower Group Co., Ltd, Haikou 570100, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405492
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因为海南省地处热带,经常受到台风暴雨等极端天气的侵袭,所以极容易发生边坡垮塌、滑坡等地质灾害,最终造成不可挽回的损失。为了能够以绿色环保的方式提高热带土质边坡的稳定性,选择通过微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(microbially induced carbonate precipitation,MICP)技术协同地毯草根系固坡的方法对边坡进行加固处理。研究中首先筛选出适宜的微生物菌株,并优化了相关菌剂的制备工艺。在室内对边坡土体进行地毯草根系植入,形成根土复合体后进行MICP处理。随后通过一系列的室内试验和数值模拟分析,评估了此种技术的加固效果。结果表明:MICP技术协同植物根系处理在边坡的力学脆性和整体性方面优势互补,且显著提高了土体的无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度性能,有效增强了边坡的稳定性,减少了边坡被侵蚀的风险;最后利用Abaqus有限元软件进行了数值模拟验证,提高了研究结果的可靠性。可见,MICP协同地毯草根系加固方法为热带土质边坡提供了一种有效的加固手段,不仅提高了边坡的力学性能,还促进了生态恢复和环境的可持续性。本研究为热带地区边坡的生态加固提供了新的技术途径,对于保护生态环境、减少地质灾害风险具有一定的理论依据和实践意义。

MICP  /  根土复合体  /  无侧限抗压强度  /  抗剪强度  /  数值模拟

Because Hainan Province is located in the tropics, it is often hit by extreme weather such as typhoons and rains, so it is very prone to geological disasters such as slope collapse and landslides, which eventually cause irreparable losses. In order to improve the stability of tropical soil slope in a green and environmentally friendly way, the slope was strengthened by microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology and carpet grass root slope consolidation. Suitable microbial strains were first screened out, and the preparation process of related microbial agents was optimized. Subsequently, carpet grass root system was implanted in the slope soil indoors, and MICP treatment was carried out after the formation of the root-soil complex. Subsequently, a series of laboratory tests and numerical simulation analyses were carried out to evaluate the reinforcement effect of this technology. The results showed that MICP technology and plant root treatment complemented each other in terms of mechanical brittleness and integrity of slope, and significantly improved the unconfined compressive strength and shear strength performance of soil, effectively enhanced the stability of slope, and reduced the risk of slope erosion. Finally, the numerical simulation verification was carried out by using Abaqus finite element software, which enhanced the reliability of the research results. It can be seen that the MICP combined with carpet grass root reinforcement method provides an effective reinforcement method for tropical soil slopes, which not only improves the mechanical properties of slopes, but also promotes ecological restoration and environmental sustainability. This result provides a new technical approach for the ecological reinforcement of slopes in tropical areas, and has certain theoretical and practical significance for protecting the ecological environment and reducing the risk of geological disasters.

MICP  /  root-soil complex  /  unconfined compressive strength  /  shear strength  /  numerical simulation
刘静, 苏永辉, 苏进臣, 李程喜, 张友良. 微生物协同地毯草根系对热带土坡的加固作用. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4713 -4723 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405492
Jing LIU, Yong-hui SU, Jin-chen SU, Cheng-xi LI, You-liang ZHANG. Microbial Synergies with the Root System of Blanket Grass on the Reinforcement of Tropical Soil Slopes[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4713 -4723 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405492
在中国的海南省热带地区,由于气候条件和地质状况的特殊性,土质边坡经常面临着稳定性问题。这些问题包括由强降雨、高湿度和土壤侵蚀引起的滑坡和崩塌,对人类生活和基础设施构成了严重威胁。为了提高边坡的稳定性,传统的工程方法如水泥灌浆、桩基施工等被广泛使用,但是这些方法往往成本高昂、对环境有负面影响,并且可能破坏原有的生态平衡。
近年来,随着生态工程和绿色技术的发展,微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(microbially induced carbonate precipitation,MICP)技术因其环境友好和成本效益而受到关注[1-4]。MICP技术原理主要是利用微生物的代谢活动能够促进碳酸钙的沉淀,增强土壤颗粒间的胶结,从而提高土壤的力学性能和稳定性。此外,植物根系[5-8]因其强大的穿透力和锚固作用,已被证实能有效加固土壤并提高边坡的抗侵蚀能力。
这种将MICP技术与植物根系结合使用的综合性方法具有环境友好、成本低廉、长期有效、环境适应能力较强等优点,同时也为热带土质边坡的加固提供了一种新的、更具可持续性的解决方案。这种协同作用[9-11]不仅能够提高土壤的胶结力和稳定性,同时还能促进植被恢复和生态平衡,具有重要的实际应用价值和广阔的发展前景。
于是结合现有研究和实际工程展开一系列的工作,选用巴氏芽孢杆菌和热带地区广泛生长的地毯草植株根系进行试验评估,希望所得结果能够为此项技术的推广应用提供有效参考。
所用的土壤试样采集于海南省南渡江干流的迈湾水利枢纽六号副坝,在边坡的中部进行取样,参照《土工试验方法标准:GB/T 50123—2019》进行土样基本物理性质测定,具体指标见表1。绘制出其粒径级配曲线如图1所示,并计算得出不均匀系数Cu=4.20,曲率系数Cc=2.24,查阅《土的工程分类标准:GB/T 50145—2007》,得出这种土属于级配不良土。
试验所选用的菌种是购买自上海保藏生物技术中心的巴氏芽孢杆菌,编号为ATCC 11859,如图2所示。该菌在自然界中广泛存在,无毒无害,并且对环境也有很强的适应能力,是进行试验的理想菌种。具体的反应原理为
CO(NH2)2 +H2=CO2+2NH3
$2 \mathrm{NH}_{3}+2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+2 \mathrm{OH}^{-}$
$\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{OH}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$
$\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}+\mathrm{OH}^{-} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
C O 3 2 -+Ca2+=CaCO3
所用菌种OD600初始值为2.0,将菌种活化处理后,由液体培养基进行扩培。液体培养基配方如表2所示。
根据巴氏芽孢杆菌的中度嗜碱特性,分别将各组配置好的液体培养基pH调节至9.2[12]后,放入高温蒸汽灭菌锅中去除杂菌。待培养基冷却后以2%的接种量进行接种,最后放入恒温摇床中振荡培养24 h,部分所需仪器如图3所示。
为了保证最终的试验效果,分别对菌液的活性和浓度都进行了观测记录,检测的原理如下[13-14]:因为物质的吸光度与浓度和光程成正比,因此选择在0~48 h内,以每2 h为一个间隔利用分光计测定菌液的OD600值,即可以间接表示为细菌的数量变化情况;同等条件下,在容器中加入一定量的菌液和浓度为1 mol/L的尿素溶液,细菌能够分解尿素产生带电离子,从而使导电率仪数值发生变化。因此充分混合反应后利用电导率仪测定此时的值与5 min后稳定最终值之差来代表其脲酶的活性,具体的表达式为
尿 ( m M u r e a / m i n ) =     ( m s / c m ) × × 11.1
式(6)中:11.1为拟合系数,用尿素水解量除以OD600的值代表单位脲酶的活性。所得的观测数据如图4图5所示。
可以看出,微生物的数量生长趋势与总脲酶的活性趋势大致相同,单位脲酶的活性与总脲酶的活性呈现相反的变化状态。在前期发展时,微生物的生长趋势较快,总脲酶的活性也随之快速增长,第10小时左右时增长变缓慢,均产生了相对稳定的波动。选择其波动平台数值,即OD600值为0.8时,总脲酶的活性为5.5~6 mmol/(L·min)时最为最佳参考数据。
因为所选取试验地的土壤中原有游离的钙离子含量较少,所以为了使得加固效果更加明显,采用1 mol/L的氯化钙溶液作为加固前的固定液[15];试验胶结液采用1 mol/L的氯化钙溶液与1 mol/L的尿素溶液等体积均匀混合。
本次试验选取了具有热带区域特色的地毯草作为研究对象,地毯草属于多年生草本植物,不需要频繁地栽种更新,有着良好地保土特性,也是实验地块中分布最广泛的植株类型,植被分布与根系示意如图6所示。
地毯草的根系主要由须根和匍匐茎组成,匍匐茎节上着生有不定根,每节上的不定根数量在2~4根之间,长度2~4 cm。地毯草的根系由纤维状根组成,能够广泛地分布在土壤表层,有利于植物吸收水分和养分,因此具有一定的耐荫性和抗旱能力。
试验采用将液体泵入到试样中进行微生物反应加固,于是定制了一套内侧高为80 mm,内径为39.1 mm圆柱体试样专制模具,该模具主要适用于进行MICP的单通道加固。模具材质为透明的无机高分子材料,由上片、下片及中片三部分构成,上下两片均开孔。但为了避免进行灌注时下部液体冗余,又不至于让泥土流失,所以将模具下部开4个孔形成主要的导流孔,每个孔的直径为1 mm。上片开孔半径为3 mm,正好与蠕动泵胶管直径适配,方便插入胶管后通过蠕动泵连续注入菌液、胶结液,如图7所示。
试验采用的蠕动泵为Longerpump公司生产的型号为生产的单通道BT100-2J及12通道的BT100-1L,泵头型号为YZ1515X。蠕动泵能够满足连续注浆的要求,速率可控,流量可调,如图8所示。
制样时应当控制土的总质量及试样总体积等无关变量相同,因此采取控制试验试样的质量为162 g,且体积为D=39.1 mm×H=80 mm的规格。结合已有研究及综合成本及时间考量,最终选定六次为加固次数的控制变量,分别设置0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%的四组含根量作为本次试验的梯度变量。
具体制作是将按照比例及规格计算好的泥土和根均匀混合后倒入模具中定形,为防止拆模时对试件造成破坏,制样前先在模具内壁涂抹适量凡士林。然后进行微生物灌浆处理,如图9所示,为了保证碳酸钙产生的均匀性及微生物反应的充分性,蠕动泵的速度不宜太快,经反复修正后,以1 mL/min的速度注入固定液和胶结液,0.5 mL/min的速率连续注入菌液为最佳。
首先,每个试件配置1 mol/L CaCl2溶液作为固定液进行灌注,通入10 mL 蒸馏水冲洗胶管中残留固定液,而后连续注入100 mL事先准备好的菌液,静置6 h,待菌种充分分布于土样中。最后,每个试件注入体积为2 L的胶结液,速率不宜过快,否则容易导致菌液过早流失。六轮灌注结束后,拆模取样,养护好后以便进行下一步试验。
将室外取回的地毯草去除多余的残土,选取根须时应尽量选择生长状态接近且均匀的作为试验样本。将所选根系剪成3.5 cm的小段,并用游标卡尺分别在根系的上、中、下部进行测量,并取其平均值作为根系直径代表值。
采用数显侧摇拉力试验机(HCL-500)进行抗拉试验,如图10所示。将根系的两端分别固定在拉力试验机的夹具中,确保样品与夹具接触良好,避免滑动。记录根系断裂处直径,并读出最大拉力数值,将此时的数据作为根系的极限抗拉力,多次重复试验。根系两端因应力集中导致的拉断应舍去,不计入最终数据。
试样制作按照直径39.1 mm、高80 mm的规格制作成均匀圆柱状,其中根的含量分别为土质量的0%、0.5%、1%、1.5%,制备时分4层装样,每一层填土质量控制均匀,将根系长度剪成15~20 mm,由于根系的抗拉强度与其直径大小有一定的关系,所以选择样本中分布最多的直径众数0.6~0.8 mm的根系直径作为研究对象。将土与根系充分均匀混合后进行装样,层与层之间刮毛时,进行轻微调整使根系能够在层间进行相互咬合和贯穿,尽可能地模拟根系的实际生长情况。将制备养护后的试样放入无侧限试验仪进行轴向恒速稳定加压,加载速率为1.5 mm/min。
直剪试验能够模拟边坡在实际环境中受到的剪切情况,通过测定MICP加固后根土复合体的抗剪强度,评估其对边坡稳定性的贡献[16]。此外,直剪试验有助于揭示根系如何通过加筋、锚固和改善土体结构来增强边坡的抗剪能力,这对于设计生态护坡工程和制定植被恢复策略具有指导意义,于是采用型号为ZJ-4A应变控制式的直剪仪进行直剪试验。即分别在四档不同的垂直应力下,以0.8 mm/min的剪切速度进行试验,最终养护好后的试样如图11所示。
样本总数为27个,通过试验得到地毯草根系的拉力峰值,绘制出不同直径下拉力峰值散点图并进行拟合,如图12所示。
图12可以看出,随着根系直径的增加,拉力峰值逐渐上升。利用软件进行幂函数拟合计算,可得拟合函数为:F=19.117 D 1 . 346, 幂函数拟合曲线相关系数大于 0.9,其中F为根的抗拉力峰值,D为根系直径,可以认为直径和抗拉力存在并满足该函数关系。上述试验结果与李润发等[17]对根系拉伸试验结果吻合,再一次证明了试验的合理性与正确性。
刘亚斌等[18]、付江涛等[19]学者进一步通过根系拉伸试验,发现根系的抗拉强度与拉力峰值和根系直径之间存在一定的函数关系,得出抗拉强度与拉力峰值的计算公式为
P = 4 F π D 2
式中:P为抗拉强度;F为拉力峰值;D为植被根系直径。
可以通过式(7)将试验结果的拉力峰值换算为植被根系的抗拉强度,即将根系拉伸试验测得的地毯草拉力峰值按公式换算根系的抗拉强度,根系直径作为横坐标,抗拉强度作为纵坐标绘制出图13
通过曲线拟合后的方程为 P=21.516D-1.041,随着直径的增加,地毯草根系的抗拉强度逐渐下降。结果数据总体呈现:根系直径越小,其抗拉强度越大的趋势。
无侧限抗压强度试验对于理解根土复合体的力学行为、评估其在工程和环境中的应用有巨大潜力[20-21],因此采用了无侧限抗压试验来进行观测分析。将含根量分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%以及空白素土四组试样加载后的结果绘制成应力-应变图,如图14所示。
图14可知,各组的应变峰值出现在3.0%左右,应力峰值依次为362、500、679、798 kPa,所对应空白素土组的增幅分别为38.12%、87.57%、120.44%。可以看出添加了根系后,根土复合体的峰值应力即抗拉强度有了一定的提升,且随着根系含量的增加,强度也逐渐上升。但是在根系含量为1%时,其强度提高增幅的增量最为明显,为了更直观观测到各试件的压碎变化,以下列出了试件压碎时的破碎状态图,如图15所示。
图15所示,可以观察到素土组在受到纵向压力作用时,其破坏模式呈现出不定时和不定点的随机性特点,且伴随着大量不规则的碎屑破散和块体掉落现象。这种破坏方式表明素土的内部结构较为松散,缺乏有效的内部粘结,因此其能承受的强度相对较低,抗压性能有限。当根含量增加至0.5%时,试件的破碎状况发生了显著的变化:虽然试件右侧仍旧产生了一道贯通性的裂缝,但是数量较少;同时碎屑掉落的情况大有改善,仅在下部有轻微破碎。这表明MICP产生的碳酸钙与根系在土体中起到了一定的连接和加筋作用,增强了土体的结构完整性,削弱了局部破坏。进一步增加根含量至1.0%时,试件中的裂缝数量和宽度都减小,且未见明显的土屑掉落。这表明在微生物的加固下随着根含量的增多,土体的整体性和均匀性得到了进一步的改善。根系与土体之间的相互作用更为紧密,摩擦力和咬合力都得到了加强,这有助于分散和传递土体内部的应力,从而提高了土体的抗压强度。最后当根含量达到1.5%时,直至试件达到峰值应力,也并未出现明显的贯通裂缝和较为明显的破坏。
综上所示,这说明在微生物加固下随着根含量的增加,根系的加筋作用和锚固作用有效地抑制了裂缝的形成和扩展。而加固后土体具有一定的脆性,正好二者能够优势互补,达到减少局部集中应力,改善土体内部结构,有效提高土体抗压强度的作用。这些共同因素,使得其受到纵向压力时表现出更加优异的抗压性能。
在直剪试验中,首先将环刀内壁涂上一层凡士林,再将土壤和根系均匀混合后放入环刀中,然后使用压实器对其进行分层压实直至达到所需的密度和含水率。在压实过程中,需要避免产生空隙或不均匀的应力分布。将试样制作好之后,进行轮流注浆与养护,与上述流程相同。直剪试验的应力-应变图如图16所示。
在曲线的初始阶段,随着应变的增加,应力逐渐增大,增长速率相对较快,曲线较为陡峭,而后应力增长速率开始减缓。在曲线的最高点,即峰值应力点,材料达到了最大剪切强度,随后曲线呈现下降趋势。但是曲线整体呈现一个在MICP加固条件下,随着含根量的增加而抗剪强度也增加的趋势。并且各组表现均优于素土组,说明此项方法能够有效且明显地提高边坡的抗剪强度,从而提高边坡稳定性。
为了进一步探明原因,以抗剪强度为纵坐标,法向应力为横坐标绘制摩尔-库伦破坏包线图,经过线性拟合后可得到抗剪强度的两个评判指标:cφ,如图17所示。纵坐标轴上的截距作为黏聚力c,直线的倾角大小为内摩擦角φ。得到不同加固程度下试样的内摩擦角和黏聚力,如表3所示。
相对于素土组,随着含根量的增加内摩擦角均有一定的增加,增幅分别为47.2%、37.5%和19.0%;在黏聚力方面,随着含根量从 0%增加到 1.5%,根土复合体的黏聚力均增大,增量分别为205.5%、41.7%、21.4%。因此可以认为,在MICP加固情况下,含根量对根土复合体内摩擦角和黏聚力的影响规律十分显著。
内摩擦角和黏聚力增大的原因主要可以从以下几个方面来考量[22-26]:①根系的加筋作用,植物根系在土体中形成三维网络的稳定结构,这种加筋作用使得土体在受到剪切作用时,颗粒间的相对位移减少,从而提高了土体的抗剪强度;②根系锚固效应,根系通过其锚固作用,将土体颗粒更紧密地联结在一起,根系的锚固作用类似于锚杆;③根系与土体的相互作用,根系的生长和扩张会对周围土壤产生一定的压力和摩擦力,这种力就有助于土体颗粒间的重新排列和密实;④根系的物理交错,根系的存在使得土颗粒之间形成更多的物理交错和嵌锁,这些交错和嵌锁作用直接提高了土的整体性。由此可以看出:根系密度越高,分布越均匀,对土体的加固作用越明显,能够有效减少土体的压缩性和提高土体的承载能力,这些因素共同作用于土体导致了内摩擦角和黏聚力的提高。并且综合可知,MICP加固土颗粒后具有一定的脆性,而根系加固增强了土壤的整体性,这两个方面相辅相成,实现了优势互补,因此具有如此良好的加固效果。
为了提高结论的可靠性,采用Abaqus有限元软件进行数值模拟[27-28]。围绕本次试验地块真实情况进行简化模拟,根据地勘报告显示,本工程边坡的特点首先是边坡高度大,最高可达220 m;其次是两岸边坡全、强风化层厚度深,大部分为类土质边坡;第三是其位于中国热带强降雨地区,年降雨量大,大雨、暴雨的概率较高,因此对于边坡稳定性要求较高。
为了简化模拟过程且结果更加具有参考性,作出以下的假设。
(1) 根系在土体中生长具有随机性,且含根量与土体深度呈现反比例函数,因此在设计模拟过程中将土体中的含根量设计与土体深度表现为梯度递减。且含根量可以通过土层的黏聚力和内摩擦角的大小变化来反应。
(2) 微生物固化是利用灌浆技术加入土体,所以认为边坡位移与应变在固结后至稳定才会产生。且微生物固化仅对土体黏聚力、内摩擦角产生影响,对根系及土体孔隙等参数不产生作用,因为现场的种种条件限制,导致加固深度仅限于表层,于是设置加固有效深度为1 m。
(3)坡体的初始应力场仅由坡体自重荷载产生。边坡土层材料的数值模型结合前文试验与地勘资料得出,模型建立如图18所示,边坡的具体参数尺寸为x×y×z=10 m×1 m×5 m,各层岩土体物理力学参数如表4所示。
边坡稳定性系数能够综合地反映出这几种边坡加固技术的效果,也是能否投入到实际工程应用中去的量化标准,图19直观展示了其稳定性系数与位移的关系。
图20可知,原状边坡、植被护坡、MICP加固边坡和植物协同MICP加固边坡四种情况的稳定性系数依次为1.23、1.48、2.46、2.89。从相较于原状边坡稳定性系数的增幅可以看出MICP加固比植物护坡的效果更好,而二者协同加固时的安全系数最好;且协同下的稳定性系数较MICP加固的增幅为17.48%,较植被固坡的增幅为95.27%,说明了MICP加入植物后的增幅较小,而植物护坡加上MICP的增幅较大,即植物护坡发挥的作用较小;这主要是有两方面的原因:①植物根系与土体之间的相互作用可能在室内条件下不如自然环境中充分,限制了其加固效果的发挥;②地毯草的根系加固作用还局限在比较表层,对整个边坡的稳定性作用有限。但是二者协同时,通过优势互补能够达到一定的稳定性,满足了工程应用的需要。
本文主要围绕着迈湾枢纽中边坡工程的稳定性问题进行了一系列的研究与探索,得到如下结论。
植物根系直径与根系的抗拉强度呈现负相关的趋势,且随着含根量的增多,无侧限抗压强度增加,即利用MICP和根系协同作用能够增强边坡的抗压强度性能。
通过直剪试验表明经过根系加固后的试件受破坏时的整体性更好,经过MICP加固后具有脆性,这两方面能够优势互补,改善边坡抗剪强度性能。
利用Abaqus有限元软件模拟验证了上述研究结论,且从边坡安全系数的角度表现为:植被固坡,MICP加固,植被协同MICP加固的效果依次递增,为工程应用提供了一定的参考。
本研究从MICP与植物根系二者协同条件下进行了边坡加固效果的探究与比较,能够为MICP的实际应用与典型热带边坡工程的稳定性课题提供一定的参考。
但是因为研究的条件与水平有限,在研究过程中仍旧有很多未能完善的方面,对于下述的问题还需要更专业的探究:
本研究仅仅探究了工程中最多的地毯草植被,应当扩大植被范围和类型,将几种典型热带作物进行比选,类型应涉及草本、灌木、乔木三种,最终得出一个最佳的植物配置。对植株根系的比较不应该仅仅局限于一种变量,更应该在根系的形态、土壤含水量、土壤类型等等多种变量下进行全方位且全面的探究。
目前MICP协同植物根系加固技术缺乏统一的技术标准和规范,不同研究者和工程实践者可能采用不同的微生物种类、接种方法、植物种类和种植方式等,导致技术效果难以比较和评估。因此,需要制定统一的技术标准和规范来指导该技术的研发和应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12262012)
  • 海南省科技专项(ZDYF2025SHFZ032)
  • 海南省院士创新平台科研项目(YSPTZX202320)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405492
  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
  • 修回日期:2024-11-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(12262012)
海南省科技专项(ZDYF2025SHFZ032)
海南省院士创新平台科研项目(YSPTZX202320)
作者信息
    1 海南大学土木建筑工程学院, 海口 570228
    2 海南省水利电力集团有限公司, 海口 570100

通讯作者:

* 张友良(1972—),男,汉族,湖北武穴人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土多场耦合问题。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405492
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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