Article(id=1149776906851151939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713974400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-25, revisedDate=1722268800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057776414, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057776414, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057776414, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057776414, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4629, endPage=4637, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776907203473476, articleId=1149776906851151939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=HKRNet: Lightweight Framework for High-realtime Point Cloud Registration, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
To tackle the computational cost and registration time challenges in traditional point cloud registration methods like ICP (iterative closest point) such as LIO-SAM (tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping) and newer models utilizing deep neural networks such as HRegNet(hierarchical registration network), a lightweight and real-time HKRNet (hierarchical kcpstack registration network) network model was proposed. The model was developed by thoroughly studying the HRegNet neural network point cloud registration framework. Initially, a combined filtering approach involving point cloud voxelization and Gaussian threshold downsampling was used to remove redundant points from ground radar scans, reducing the point count from around 130 000 to about 70 000. Subsequently, the computationally intense KNN (K-nearest neighbors) point cloud clustering algorithm within the HRegNet model was enhanced by optimizing it to a KD-Tree (K-dimensional tree) algorithm, resulting in a 25% improvement in processing speed while upholding accuracy. Lastly, to address high memory usage and low computational efficiency of the convolutional modules in the model, a lightweight convolutional module leveraging tensor decomposition and a hierarchical singular value decomposition algorithm was introduced. This leaded to a compressed model size of 86.1% of the original and a decrease of 61.2% in computational cost. The outcomes indicate that the HKRNet network, in comparison to the HRegNet network, can reduce registration time by 40% with minimal loss of accuracy, achieving a single registration time not exceeding 84ms, thus meeting real-time registration requirements.
, correspAuthors=Ding-heng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-hang WANG, Hua-shi YANG, Wei YANG, Ming-xi PANG, Zhi-zhong CHEN, Hao-yang GONG, Ding-heng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776931211670231, articleId=1149776906851151939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=HKRNet: 高实时性点云配准轻量化框架, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为解决LIO-SAM (tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping)等基于ICP(iterative closest point)方法的传统点云配准策略和HRegNet(hierarchical registration network)等基于深度神经网络方法的新型点云配准模型均存在的算力消耗高、配准时间长等问题,通过深入研究HRegNet神经网络点云配准模型框架,提出具有轻量化、实时性特点的HKRNet(hierarchical kcpstack registration network)网络模型。首先,使用点云体素化和高斯阈值降采样联用的滤波方法,去除雷达扫描地面的大量无用点,将点的数量从13万左右降至约7万。其次,对HRegNet模型内部耗时大的K最近邻(K-nearest neighbors, KNN)点云聚类算法改进为KD树(K-dimensional tree,KD-Tree)算法,能够在保证精度的前提下提升25%的处理速度。最后,针对模型内部卷积模块内存消耗高、计算效率低的问题,使用张量分解的轻量卷积模块并提出分层奇异值分解算法,将模型压缩至原来的86.1%并节约61.2%的计算量。结果表明,HKRNet网络相对于HRegNet网络可以在微小的精度损失下,减少40%的配准时间,单次配准时间不超过84 ms,满足实时配准的使用需求。
, correspAuthors=王鼎衡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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王志航(1998—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士研究生。研究方向:模式识别。E-mail:1350152250@qq.com。
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王志航(1998—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,硕士研究生。研究方向:模式识别。E-mail:1350152250@qq.com。
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2022,
44(7): 987-996., articleTitle=Point cloud segmentation algorithm based on adaptive threshold DBSCAN for roadside LiDAR, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1233842768125162282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, awardId=12302267, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(12302267), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1233842768230019884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, awardId=L2023-ZDKJ-JSGG-GY-018, language=CN, fundingSource=咸阳市重大科技专项(L2023-ZDKJ-JSGG-GY-018), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1233842760340533839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233842760348922448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, companyId=1233842760340533839, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Intelligent Equipment and Technology Research Laboratory, Northwest Institute of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xianyang 712099, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1233842760353116753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, companyId=1233842760340533839, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西北机电工程研究所, 智能装备与技术研究室, 咸阳 712099)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1233842764610335441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Comparison of registration results, figureFileSmall=WEaGuVEQ8+F0ToYB7KlFlg==, figureFileBig=UjtWbpNMSsoQk5yiBSrD6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842764690027220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
配准结果对比, figureFileSmall=WEaGuVEQ8+F0ToYB7KlFlg==, figureFileBig=UjtWbpNMSsoQk5yiBSrD6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842764853605080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
HRegNet network model, figureFileSmall=Etmp3LQCN0swKZZwmqkbrg==, figureFileBig=2m5ClHbGcnAKAyjJd3B6sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842764933296860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
HRegNet网络模型, figureFileSmall=Etmp3LQCN0swKZZwmqkbrg==, figureFileBig=2m5ClHbGcnAKAyjJd3B6sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765012988641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Time consumption of each module in HRegNet, figureFileSmall=xxTL5brDDn/l0FBb6k1GNw==, figureFileBig=2xVRuNu419ZdAg08T9Hl3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765147206372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
HRegNet中各模块耗时, figureFileSmall=xxTL5brDDn/l0FBb6k1GNw==, figureFileBig=2xVRuNu419ZdAg08T9Hl3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765214315239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
The position of superpoints in point clouds, figureFileSmall=wsLIlXDEAAqBHjEFpV43OQ==, figureFileBig=iKjopjVbM0bT4HAuAdfz6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765294007018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
超点在点云中的位置, figureFileSmall=wsLIlXDEAAqBHjEFpV43OQ==, figureFileBig=iKjopjVbM0bT4HAuAdfz6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765365310188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Comparison between voxel filtering and ground point filterin, figureFileSmall=OhFOFRYVDBhISX4nqodjUQ==, figureFileBig=QEy5vXAOWnAkITPfDl757Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765432419055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
体素滤波和地面点滤波对比, figureFileSmall=OhFOFRYVDBhISX4nqodjUQ==, figureFileBig=QEy5vXAOWnAkITPfDl757Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765629551348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
HKRNet network model, figureFileSmall=HTfR7h9W+65GOQAju1vppA==, figureFileBig=qNY4za0xBFNTL2oOyd0g8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765738603256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
HKRNet网络模型, figureFileSmall=HTfR7h9W+65GOQAju1vppA==, figureFileBig=qNY4za0xBFNTL2oOyd0g8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765822489339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Evaluation metrics for HRegNet under changes in input points, figureFileSmall=Ck3kAs1kFhxi4R2CMMctLQ==, figureFileBig=0iNbd1nQx/H0J8cgpc5y7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842765944124157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
HRegNet输入点数变化下的评价指标, figureFileSmall=Ck3kAs1kFhxi4R2CMMctLQ==, figureFileBig=0iNbd1nQx/H0J8cgpc5y7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1233842766023815934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of runtime between two methods
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法 | 运行时间/ms | |
| 集合(8) | 集合(9) | 集合(10) | 集合(8~10) | |
| KNN | 13.988 9 | 13.666 8 | 13.979 9 | 13.664 1 | |
| KD-Tree | 11.612 2 | 10.227 2 | 10.080 7 | 10.261 9 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767038837505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
两种方法的运行时间对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法 | 运行时间/ms | |
| 集合(8) | 集合(9) | 集合(10) | 集合(8~10) | |
| KNN | 13.988 9 | 13.666 8 | 13.979 9 | 13.664 1 | |
| KD-Tree | 11.612 2 | 10.227 2 | 10.080 7 | 10.261 9 | |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767110140676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Comparison of parameter values before and after compression under different values
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| K | S | T | T×S×h×w | Shw×K+K×T |
| T/2 | 32 | 32 | 1 024 | 1 024 |
| 32 | 64 | 2 048 | 3 072 |
| 192 | 32 | 6 144 | 3 584 |
| T/3 | 32 | 32 | 1 024 | 640 |
| 32 | 64 | 2 048 | 1 920 |
| 192 | 32 | 6 144 | 2 240 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767219192585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同K值下压缩前后参数量对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| K | S | T | T×S×h×w | Shw×K+K×T |
| T/2 | 32 | 32 | 1 024 | 1 024 |
| 32 | 64 | 2 048 | 3 072 |
| 192 | 32 | 6 144 | 3 584 |
| T/3 | 32 | 32 | 1 024 | 640 |
| 32 | 64 | 2 048 | 1 920 |
| 192 | 32 | 6 144 | 2 240 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767332438796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Comparison of actual parameter values before and after compression of each module
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | 模型 | 模块一 | 模块二 | 模块三 | 全部模块 |
超点 检测 | HRegNet | 12 094 | 50 817 | 199 937 | 262 848 |
| HKRNet | 8 809 | 38 089 | 129 105 | 176 003 |
描述 符提取 | HRegNet | 11 840 | 50 304 | 198 912 | 261 056 |
| HKRNet | 8 064 | 32 920 | 129 072 | 170 056 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767420519184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
各模块压缩前后实际参数量对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模块 | 模型 | 模块一 | 模块二 | 模块三 | 全部模块 |
超点 检测 | HRegNet | 12 094 | 50 817 | 199 937 | 262 848 |
| HKRNet | 8 809 | 38 089 | 129 105 | 176 003 |
描述 符提取 | HRegNet | 11 840 | 50 304 | 198 912 | 261 056 |
| HKRNet | 8 064 | 32 920 | 129 072 | 170 056 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767491822355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Comparison of actual parameter quantities after module compression
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络模型 | 计算量/G | 参数量/M |
| HRegNet | 10.635 4 | 2.467 8 |
| HKRNet | 4.146 8 | 2.119 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767584097047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
模块压缩后实际参数量对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 网络模型 | 计算量/G | 参数量/M |
| HRegNet | 10.635 4 | 2.467 8 |
| HKRNet | 4.146 8 | 2.119 5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767684760347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Registration evaluation indicators with/without ground point cloud filtering
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 评估指标 | 原方法 | 滤波方法 |
| 平移矩阵误差均值/m | 0.074 2 | 0.069 8 |
| 平移矩阵误差标准差/m | 0.053 7 | 0.050 4 |
| 旋转矩阵误差均值/(°) | 0.268 7 | 0.225 6 |
| 旋转矩阵误差标准差/(°) | 0.175 6 | 0.147 7 |
| 配准成功率/% | 97.63 | 98.55 |
| 平均配准时间/ms | 86.525 2 | 85.167 8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767760257822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
有/无地面点云滤波的配准评估指标
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 评估指标 | 原方法 | 滤波方法 |
| 平移矩阵误差均值/m | 0.074 2 | 0.069 8 |
| 平移矩阵误差标准差/m | 0.053 7 | 0.050 4 |
| 旋转矩阵误差均值/(°) | 0.268 7 | 0.225 6 |
| 旋转矩阵误差标准差/(°) | 0.175 6 | 0.147 7 |
| 配准成功率/% | 97.63 | 98.55 |
| 平均配准时间/ms | 86.525 2 | 85.167 8 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767839949601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=
Evaluation indicators for model registration before and after optimization
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 评估指标 | HRegNet | HKRNet |
| 平移矩阵误差均值/m | 0.074 2 | 0.083 5 |
| 平移矩阵误差标准差/m | 0.053 7 | 0.057 3 |
| 旋转矩阵误差均值/(°) | 0.268 7 | 0.310 0 |
| 旋转矩阵误差标准差/(°) | 0.175 6 | 0.215 0 |
| 配准成功率/% | 97.63 | 95.96 |
| 平均配准时间/ms | 134.525 2 | 82.833 4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1233842767907058468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906851151939, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
优化前后模型配准评估指标
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 评估指标 | HRegNet | HKRNet |
| 平移矩阵误差均值/m | 0.074 2 | 0.083 5 |
| 平移矩阵误差标准差/m | 0.053 7 | 0.057 3 |
| 旋转矩阵误差均值/(°) | 0.268 7 | 0.310 0 |
| 旋转矩阵误差标准差/(°) | 0.175 6 | 0.215 0 |
| 配准成功率/% | 97.63 | 95.96 |
| 平均配准时间/ms | 134.525 2 | 82.833 4 |
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