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The tension at the suspension point of transmission towers is an important parameter for line renovation and collapse accident warning. Although airborne LiDAR can provide high-precision spatial information for transmission line scenes-LiDAR point cloud data, lacks timely feedback on the operational status information of elements (such as tension of suspension points). A tension extraction method for tower suspension points based on LiDAR point clouds was proposed, and a new approach for studying micro physical parameters of transmission line spatial information was designed. Firstly, a three-dimensional spatial model of the transmission line was reconstructed from point cloud. Then, a mapping model between the spatial curve model and the horizontal stress of the transmission line was constructed. Finally, based on the tension vector relationship of adjacent transmission lines, the tension at the suspension point of the tower was extracted. This method reconstruct the three-dimensional model of transmission lines and extract the tension of tower suspension points in real-time operation based on LiDAR point cloud. Compared with finite element analysis method, the maximum relative error is 3.26%. The research can be extended and applied to the safety inspection and state parameter detection of large-scale transmission lines.

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输电杆塔悬挂点张力是线路改造及倒塌事故预警研究的重要参数,机载激光雷达技术可提供输电线路场景高精度的空间信息——激光点云数据,但缺乏本体要素运行状态信息(如杆塔悬挂点张力等物理参量)及时反馈能力。提出了一种基于机载激光点云的杆塔悬挂点张力提取方法,设计了输电线路空间信息研究微观物理参数的新思路。首先利用激光点云重建输电线三维空间模型,然后构建空间曲线模型与输电线水平应力的映射模型,最后根据相邻档输电线在悬挂点处张力矢量关系,实现了杆塔悬挂点张力提取。该方法利用激光点云重建输电线三维模型,提取实时运行状态下输电线张力,相较于有限元分析法,相对误差最大值为3.26%。研究可推广应用至大尺度、大范围输电线路安全巡检及状态参数检测应用中。

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麻卫峰(1987—),男,汉族,河南项城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:机载激光雷达技术与应用。E-mail:

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麻卫峰(1987—),男,汉族,河南项城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:机载激光雷达技术与应用。E-mail:

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麻卫峰(1987—),男,汉族,河南项城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:机载激光雷达技术与应用。E-mail:

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points from airborne LiDAR, figureFileSmall=NsFPUJhJtFu8bGpzHoStVw==, figureFileBig=lHLaNAkXWZSMCtf67IT+VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904598786618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=CN, label=图1, caption=机载LiDAR悬挂点张力提取技术流程, figureFileSmall=NsFPUJhJtFu8bGpzHoStVw==, figureFileBig=lHLaNAkXWZSMCtf67IT+VA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904812696140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Horizontal force diagram of transmission line in wind bias environment, figureFileSmall=O5LcRB4elWSyyyj5UKw6wA==, figureFileBig=D09sEVvYAmlmsQRUvoZxiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904921748055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=CN, label=图2, caption=架空输电线受力分析直角坐标系, figureFileSmall=O5LcRB4elWSyyyj5UKw6wA==, figureFileBig=D09sEVvYAmlmsQRUvoZxiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905030799968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Overlay of transmission line model curve and point cloud, figureFileSmall=/oza7L3hHOC6s50PolUBSA==, figureFileBig=uMRgi255aeXVcxEwPJ6hkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905135657578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=CN, label=图3, caption=输电线模型曲线与点云叠加效果, figureFileSmall=/oza7L3hHOC6s50PolUBSA==, figureFileBig=uMRgi255aeXVcxEwPJ6hkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905257292409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of suspension point tension, figureFileSmall=6TkiHs20WSUEO1cu0csADg==, figureFileBig=PPg1l6LWpiYI1eZIYI3AJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905378927237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=CN, label=图4, caption=悬挂点张力示意图, figureFileSmall=6TkiHs20WSUEO1cu0csADg==, figureFileBig=PPg1l6LWpiYI1eZIYI3AJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905483784851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Original experimental data, figureFileSmall=HfErw8L59vs55mVPV1/qnQ==, figureFileBig=wTFUT4kX1T2qeVtY5mEsPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905597031067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=CN, label=图5, caption=原始实验数据, figureFileSmall=HfErw8L59vs55mVPV1/qnQ==, figureFileBig=wTFUT4kX1T2qeVtY5mEsPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905718665895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Extraction and model reconstruction results of transmission lines, figureFileSmall=ZEfd48zYS4WgUH9/gJv94g==, figureFileBig=ilRaEg1L1jmNGalx+uoqUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905831912117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=CN, label=图6, caption=输电线提取及模型重建结果, figureFileSmall=ZEfd48zYS4WgUH9/gJv94g==, figureFileBig=ilRaEg1L1jmNGalx+uoqUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905936769727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Material parameters of conductor and shield

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 导电线 避雷线
型号 LGJ-185/25 GJ-35
总截面积S/mm2 211.29 37.17
外径 d/mm 18.90 7.80
单位重量 m 0/(kg·km-1) 706.1 295.1
温膨系数 α/℃ 1.96×10-5 1.15×10-5
弹性模量 E/MPa 73 000 181 000
拉断力 F/N 59 420 43 429
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906054210252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

导电线和避雷线主要材质参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 导电线 避雷线
型号 LGJ-185/25 GJ-35
总截面积S/mm2 211.29 37.17
外径 d/mm 18.90 7.80
单位重量 m 0/(kg·km-1) 706.1 295.1
温膨系数 α/℃ 1.96×10-5 1.15×10-5
弹性模量 E/MPa 73 000 181 000
拉断力 F/N 59 420 43 429
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906159067862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Accuracy analysis of suspension point tension inversion results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杆塔
编号
悬挂点
编号
有限元
分析/N
本文
方法/N
绝对
误差/N
相对
误差/%
杆塔
2#
1(避雷线) 10 378.91 10 521.56 142.65 1.37
2(避雷线) 10 378.91 10 401.41 22.50 0.22
3(导电线) 31 314.53 30 421.88 -892.65 2.85
4(导电线) 31 314.53 30 292.46 -1 022.07 3.26
5(导电线) 31 314.53 30 366.39 -948.14 3.03
杆塔
3#
1(避雷线) 12 263.05 12 478.32 215.27 1.76
2(避雷线) 12 263.05 12 112.33 -150.72 1.23
3(导电线) 33 641.56 33 101.22 -540.34 1.61
4(导电线) 33 641.56 34 021.41 379.85 1.13
5(导电线) 33 641.56 33 935.65 294.09 0.87
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906259731168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776906259751671, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

悬挂点张力反演结果精度分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
杆塔
编号
悬挂点
编号
有限元
分析/N
本文
方法/N
绝对
误差/N
相对
误差/%
杆塔
2#
1(避雷线) 10 378.91 10 521.56 142.65 1.37
2(避雷线) 10 378.91 10 401.41 22.50 0.22
3(导电线) 31 314.53 30 421.88 -892.65 2.85
4(导电线) 31 314.53 30 292.46 -1 022.07 3.26
5(导电线) 31 314.53 30 366.39 -948.14 3.03
杆塔
3#
1(避雷线) 12 263.05 12 478.32 215.27 1.76
2(避雷线) 12 263.05 12 112.33 -150.72 1.23
3(导电线) 33 641.56 33 101.22 -540.34 1.61
4(导电线) 33 641.56 34 021.41 379.85 1.13
5(导电线) 33 641.56 33 935.65 294.09 0.87
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机载激光点云杆塔悬挂点张力提取方法
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麻卫峰 1, 2, 3, 4 , 吴小东 2 , 王冲 2 , 黄绪勇 5 , 闻平 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(11): 4682-4688
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(11): 4682-4688
机载激光点云杆塔悬挂点张力提取方法
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麻卫峰1, 2, 3, 4 , 吴小东2, 王冲2, 黄绪勇5, 闻平2
作者信息
  • 1 云南师范大学地理学部, 昆明 650500
  • 2 中国电建集团昆明勘测设计研究院有限公司, 昆明 650051
  • 3 云南省高校资源与环境遥感重点实验室, 昆明 650500
  • 4 云南省地理空间信息工程技术研究中心, 昆明 650050
  • 5 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院, 昆明 650217
  • 麻卫峰(1987—),男,汉族,河南项城人,博士,讲师。研究方向:机载激光雷达技术与应用。E-mail:

Extraction of Tension at Suspension Points from Airborne LiDAR
Wei-feng MA1, 2, 3, 4 , Xiao-dong WU2, Chong WANG2, Xu-yong HUANG5, Ping WEN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
  • 2 Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing for Universities in Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China
  • 4 Center for Geospatial Information Engineering and Technology of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
  • 5 Yunnan Power Grid Company Limited, Electric Power Research Institute, Kunming 650217, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403945
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输电杆塔悬挂点张力是线路改造及倒塌事故预警研究的重要参数,机载激光雷达技术可提供输电线路场景高精度的空间信息——激光点云数据,但缺乏本体要素运行状态信息(如杆塔悬挂点张力等物理参量)及时反馈能力。提出了一种基于机载激光点云的杆塔悬挂点张力提取方法,设计了输电线路空间信息研究微观物理参数的新思路。首先利用激光点云重建输电线三维空间模型,然后构建空间曲线模型与输电线水平应力的映射模型,最后根据相邻档输电线在悬挂点处张力矢量关系,实现了杆塔悬挂点张力提取。该方法利用激光点云重建输电线三维模型,提取实时运行状态下输电线张力,相较于有限元分析法,相对误差最大值为3.26%。研究可推广应用至大尺度、大范围输电线路安全巡检及状态参数检测应用中。

机载激光点云  /  输电线路  /  三维重建  /  悬挂点张力

The tension at the suspension point of transmission towers is an important parameter for line renovation and collapse accident warning. Although airborne LiDAR can provide high-precision spatial information for transmission line scenes-LiDAR point cloud data, lacks timely feedback on the operational status information of elements (such as tension of suspension points). A tension extraction method for tower suspension points based on LiDAR point clouds was proposed, and a new approach for studying micro physical parameters of transmission line spatial information was designed. Firstly, a three-dimensional spatial model of the transmission line was reconstructed from point cloud. Then, a mapping model between the spatial curve model and the horizontal stress of the transmission line was constructed. Finally, based on the tension vector relationship of adjacent transmission lines, the tension at the suspension point of the tower was extracted. This method reconstruct the three-dimensional model of transmission lines and extract the tension of tower suspension points in real-time operation based on LiDAR point cloud. Compared with finite element analysis method, the maximum relative error is 3.26%. The research can be extended and applied to the safety inspection and state parameter detection of large-scale transmission lines.

airborne LiDAR  /  point cloud data  /  transmission lines  /  tension of suspension point
麻卫峰, 吴小东, 王冲, 黄绪勇, 闻平. 机载激光点云杆塔悬挂点张力提取方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4682 -4688 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403945
Wei-feng MA, Xiao-dong WU, Chong WANG, Xu-yong HUANG, Ping WEN. Extraction of Tension at Suspension Points from Airborne LiDAR[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4682 -4688 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403945
杆塔悬挂点张力可描述为相邻两档输电线连接点承受的内在拉力,是输电线路设计、改造、施工及安全巡检的关键参数[1-2]。《架空输电线路运行规程》明确规定,在导地线弧垂最低点最大应力情况下,悬挂点的设计安全系数不应小于2.25。但在风蚀、日晒、雷击等复杂自然环境的长期作用下,输电线路杆塔悬挂点实时承受的张力正逐渐接近规划设计时的临界值,使得电网系统的稳定性和强壮性大幅度削弱[3]。长期巡检数据和运维经验表明:即使悬挂点张力保持在安全阈值范围之内,仍存在倒塌、断线等安全事故隐患[4]。因此,研究杆塔悬挂点张力提取对电网安全运行状态检/监测、风险评估、防灾减灾等具有理论参考意义和实践价值。
目前,输电线路杆塔悬挂点张力提取研究大多集中于电气工程技术领域[5-6],其主要方法可概括为三类:① 物理传感器感应法。基于物理传感器感应法通常在悬挂点处安置应力[7]或角度[8]、温度感应传感器[9],直接感知或根据倾角、导线温度间接计算悬挂点张力大小,该方法操作简单且易于实现,但该方法容易受环境、输电线材质等因素干扰,如倾角感应器感知的倾角通常包含输电线刚度产生的误差[10],且该误差在后续处理过程中很难消除,将直接影响张力反演精度。②视频影像数据反演法。该方法大多采用数码相机、视频录像设备获取输电线悬弧曲线二维影像数据[11],通过构建输电线轴向应力与弧垂之间的力学模型从而实现悬挂点张力的间接提取,但高压、特高压输电线路大多穿梭于崇山峻岭、荒漠沼泽,呈现出空间尺度大、线路结构复杂多变的特点,虽然视频录像设备能实时、连续获取单档尺度输电线路运行状态视频数据,但二维影像重建线路三维空间模型的精度还有待提高[12],同时基于影像数据反演法不能完全满足大范围杆塔悬挂点张力反演,限制了其在大尺度输电线路运行状态检测及风险评估中的应用。 ③有限元分析法。有限元分析(finite element analysis,FEA)最初应用于航空器的结构强度计算[13],是数学微积分理论在物理荷载模拟中的应用。有限元分析法基本思想是将输电线分解为有限多、有限小、可量化互连单元,通过计算互联单元间的内在作用力实现整体输电线的轴向应力计算,进而提取悬挂点处张力[14-15]。该方法利用有限数量的可计量单元逼近无限未知量的真实系统,是输电线路悬挂点张力大小的理论求解,已被广泛应用于输电线选型、杆塔力学模拟等输电线路规划设计及电网安全评估领域[16],但该方法是基于线路原始设计资料的状态参数提取,不能实时反映悬挂点张力随输电线形态变化规律,同时有限元分析过程需要诸多已知数据和烦琐复杂的物理模拟计算,限制了其在电网安全检测与风险预警推广应用。
近年来,在国家需求和传感器发展的双重驱动下,低空无人机遥感技术得到快速发展,其中机载激光雷达技术(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)采用自上而下的扫描方式快速获取高精度、高密度的输电线路场景三维空间信息——点云数据[17-18],具有自动化程度高、不受地理条件限制的优势,为输电线路三维场景描述和运行信息反馈提供了新的技术手段。但目前机载激光雷达技术输电线路巡检应用更多集中于输电线路典型要素提取与建模[19]、空间障碍物检测[20-21]等空间模拟与分析中,对内在张力、应力等物理参量反演相关研究相对较少,主要存在空间信息与物理参量关系模型构建技术难题。基于此,提出了一种基于机载激光点云的杆塔悬挂点张力提取方法,首先利用激光点云重建输电线三维空间模型,然后构建空间曲线模型与输电线水平应力的映射模型,最后根据相邻档输电线在悬挂点处张力矢量关系实现杆塔悬挂点张力提取。该方法利用机载激光点云数据构建线路悬挂点张力提取模型,设计了输电线路空间信息研究微观物理参数的新思路。
架空输电线路以杆塔为空间节点呈“L”或“直线”形水平延伸,相邻档输电线空间交汇于杆塔悬挂点,悬挂点承受两输电线轴向拉力,此时,悬挂点张力等于两输电线端点轴向拉力的矢量之和。而悬挂于两杆塔之间的单档输电线内部张力与其空间形态处于同步变化过程中,即输电线内部张力驱动空间形态改变,反之空间形态亦可间接表达内部张力,因此可建立空间模型与内部张力间的映射关系。本文中将输电线视为无刚性的柔性绞索,构建了基于机载激光点云的输电线内部张力提取方法,主要包括2个部分:激光点云输电线模型重建;杆塔悬挂点张力提取,技术路线如图1所示。特别说明,输电线包括避雷线和导电线,两者仅在功能和材质上有所差别,其空间理论模型描述及架设方式较为相似,除特别说明,本文统称输电线。
以具有普遍代表性的不等高悬挂点输电线为分析对象,假设架空输电线为理想柔性绞索,自重比载 γ沿两悬挂点 A B连线均匀分布,方向竖直向下,选取输电线悬弧曲线所在铅垂面为坐标平面,较低悬挂点 A为坐标原点,垂直于比载方向为横轴 X ',平行于比载方向为纵轴 Y ',建立输电线受力分析直角坐标系,如图2所示。架空输电线两悬挂点连线与水平轴的夹角为 β,水平档距为 l,悬挂点B处的轴向应力为 σ B,任意点 C ( x ' , y ' )处的轴向应力为 σ 0,垂向分量为 σ γ x
A C段架空输电线, A点力矩平衡方程式可表示为
σ γ x x ' - σ 0 ( y ' - y A ) - x ' γ c o s β x ' 2 = 0
同理取 B C段架空输电线(图2中未全部表示), B点力矩平衡方程式亦可表示为
σ γ x ( l - x ' ) - σ 0 ( y A + h - y ' ) +     ( l - x ' ) γ c o s β l - x ' 2 = 0
联立式(1)、式(2)消去未知量 σ γ x,可得架空输电线悬弧曲线空间模型的力学方程表达式为
y ' = h l - γ x ' ( l - x ' ) 2 σ 0 c o s β = γ 2 σ 0 c o s β x ' 2 - ( γ l 2 σ 0 c o s β - t a n β ) x ' + y A
由式(3)可知,输电线形态模型是其水平应力的二次函数,在三维空间中,输电线空间模型 g = G ( x , y , z )可简化为
G ( x , y , z ) = x = X 0 + x ' k 1 + k 2 y = Y 0 + x ' 1 1 + k 2 z = Z 0 + A x ' 2 + B x '
式(4)中: A B为抛物线方程模型系数; ( X 0 , Y 0 , Z 0 )为点云空间中低悬挂点坐标; x '为空间模型曲线参数表达式的参数变量,其几何含义表示输电线点与悬挂点水平距离。
激光点云输电线模型重建是悬挂点反演的关键,其精度直接影响水平应力和悬挂点张力反演的可靠性和准确性。利用离散的机载激光点云重构输电线空间模型过程可以分为3个步骤[22]:①水平面直线方程拟合,将激光点云投影至二维XOY水平面,进行直线方程拟合以确定水平走向;②抛物线方程拟合,将点云投影至输电线悬弧曲线所在铅垂面,进行抛物线方程拟合,以确定输电线形态;③模型组合。根据空间关系,组合直线-抛物线方程以确定输电线三维空间形态。
目前,主流的模型参数求解算法可概括为两类,其一为至上而下的模型参数优选过程,该方法最大化样本数据集获得初始解,然后再剔除或弱化无效样本点达到最优化模型参数解的目的,包括最小二乘法(least square,LS)及演变或改进算法[23-24];其二则至下而上的模型参数优选过程,其利用少而有效的样本得到初始解,然后制定有效样本筛选原则尽可能扩大样本数据集进而实现模型参数解的最优化,具有代表性的有随机一致性采样算法[25](random sample consensus,RANSAC)。相比于最小二乘法,随机一致性采样算法能自动识别噪声点和粗差点,较适合呈离散分布激光点云的输电线模型重建,但仍存在稳定性弱、随机性大等不足,使得相邻输电线模型曲线在悬挂点处出现空间错位的现象。为了提高基于激光点云的输电线模型重建效果,对原始随机一致性采样算法的初始样本点选择原则进行如下改进(以抛物线模型为例):随机选择2个样本点,与两悬挂点共同组成最小样本数据集,通过固定悬挂点为模型重建样本数据集,既保证了空间内相邻两输电线在悬挂点处保持点-点连接的拓扑关系,又满足模型重建精度要求。
图3展示了改进前后杆塔处模型曲线与点云数据叠加效果图,由于激光点云分布的离散性和模型参数求解初始样本点选择的随机性,基于原始随机一致性采样算法的相邻输电线模型曲线出现未相交或未相交于悬挂点的情况,改进的随机一致性采样算法的相邻输电线模型曲线相交于悬挂点,在三维点云空间内形成以悬挂点为节点的点连式拓扑关系。相比于原始模型参数估算算法,改进后的输电线模型参数估算算法构建的模型曲线在描述输电线路要素结构与关系方面更加科学合理。
悬挂点张力是输电线路悬挂点承受相连输电线切向的拉力之和,可用三维空间矢量表示 F = ( F , N F ),其中 F表示悬挂点张力大小, N F表示悬挂点张力方向。通常情况下,相交于悬挂点的两相邻输电线水平走向不同,为了方便表示和悬挂点张力反演,以悬挂点为原心,两输电线水平走向线为横轴X,垂直向上为竖直轴Z,右手系构建张力反演三维坐标系,如图4所示,其中水平轴确定方法:以悬挂点为节点,空间范围内搜索相邻输电线模型曲线,取模型曲线的水平角平分线为横轴。则此时悬挂点张力为左右相输电线张力的矢量和, F = F 1 + F 2 , F 1 F 2分别表示悬挂点相邻左右相输电线在该悬挂点处的张力。
从输电线空间模型中提取水平应力是输电线悬挂点张力反演的关键,也是利用宏观机载激光点云研究微观力学参量反演的关键。1.1节和1.2节分别从输电线微观受力分析视角和激光点云宏观建模角度实现了输电线形态模型描述,联合联立式(3)、式(4)则可构建输电线空间模型与水平应力物理参量间的映射关系: σ 0 = γ / ( 2 A c o s β )
在输电线静力学平衡状态,输电线上任意点轴向应力的水平分量处处相等且等于最低点轴向应力 σ 0,根据应力的定义,前后输电线悬挂点处张力提取模型表达式为
F i ( x , y , z ) = | F i | = σ 0 S / c o s α     = γ S / ( 2 A c o s β c o s α ) N F i = ( x , y , z )   = ( G / x , G / y , G / z )
式(5)中: F ( x , y , z )为输电线悬挂点轴向张力; F为输电线悬挂点轴向张力大小; N F为输电线悬挂点轴向张力的方向,与输电线模型曲线在悬挂点处的切线方向一致; S为输电线截面面积; α为模型曲线在悬挂点处切向与水平面夹角。则杆塔悬挂点(X0,Y0,Z0)处张力F=F1(X0,Y0,Z0)+F2(X0,Y0,Z0)。
Python计算机语言为基础设计程序实现机载激光点云输电线路悬挂点张力提取方法,Open3d第三方库实现原始激光点云、输电线提取与建模等相关结果的三维可视化,实验平台硬件配置:联想台式工作站,CPUIntel酷睿i7-12 700 K,3.60 Hz。选择无人机载激光雷达系统获取的安徽某地220 kV架空输电线路激光点云数据为试验数据,数据获取系统包括大疆经纬M600 Pro无人机飞行平台(主要参数:最大起飞重量:15.5 kg,可承受风速:8 m/s,悬停时间:负载5.5 kg情况下18 min)和中测瑞格轻小型激光雷达传感器(主要参数:最大测距1 050 m,重复精度:5 mm,重量:3.5 kg,最大发射频率:52万点/s)。实验数据采集天气晴朗,风速影像可忽略不计,共有激光点云数目为6 167 367,点云平均密度约25.36 pts/m2,点云数据总体质量较好,无明显缺失和噪声现象,如图5所示。
实验所选输电线路地形以平原为主,走廊内分布有农田、植被等地理实体,全长约860 m,由3档架空输电线组成,共包含5根架空输电线(2根避雷线和3根非分裂导电线),其中避雷线和导电线分别由GJ-35型九钢芯铝合金绞线和钢芯铝绞线LGJ-185/25型组成,经查表可得主要参数,如表1所示。
本文主要研究对象是输电线路悬挂点提取方法,其中输电线点云提取与分割相关内容已有较多研究,图6展示了文献[26]所述方法的输电线点云提取及本文改进的输电线模型重建结果,其中绿色点为非输电线点,黑色点为悬挂点,红色曲线为输电线模型曲线,其他颜色点为单根输电线提取结果,各单根输电线点颜色随机显示。由图6展示结果目视判读可知,整条输电线路以杆塔悬挂点为空间节点构成空间拓扑关系,输电线激光点云紧紧围绕在模型曲线的周围,同时模型曲线穿梭于激光点云的中心,与激光点云在空间内较好的贴合,表明:基于改进的模型参数估算的激光点云输电线模型重建具有较高的精度,能精细描述输电线三维空间形态分布特征。
以电气工程技术领域常用有限元分析法悬挂点张力提取结果为标准参考。在不降低悬挂点张力提取结果的前提下,有限元模型只包括杆塔、导线、绝缘子串、避雷线等4个子模型。在进行输电线张力提取时,将每档输电线(导电线和避雷线)按0.1 m长度分割为若干子单元进行模拟。以绝对误差Δ和相对误差 P为精度评价指标,其中绝对误差表示了本文方法杆塔悬挂点张力提取结果相对于标准参考的偏差;相对误差表示了本文方法杆塔悬挂点张力提取结果相对于标准参考的偏差比例,表达式为
Δ = F - F 0 P = F - F 0 / F 0 × 100 %
式(6)中:F为本文方法杆塔悬挂点张力提取结果;F0为有限元分析法悬挂点张力提取结果。
表2展示了杆塔#2和杆塔#3悬挂点张力提取结果。总体上看,本文方法与有限元分析法提取得到的杆塔悬挂点张力提取结果较为接近,绝对误差最大值为1 022.07 N,相对误差最大值为3.26%,表明本文方法具有较高精度,可代替电气工程领域已有有限元分析法。对比不同杆塔类型,转角塔(杆塔2#)各悬挂点张力反演精度略低于直线塔(杆塔3#)各悬挂点张力反演精度,分析原因为:相比于直线塔,转角塔连接导电线的悬挂点处加载了绝缘子串,由于其空间尺寸较小且呈与输电线类似的空间直线分布,在输电线提取及张力反演过程中将其视为导电线处理,使得反演结果呈现出偏小的规律性误差。对比不同的输电线类型,连接避雷线的杆塔悬挂点处张力反演精度相当,表现出无规律性的偶然性分布。
机载激光雷达技术为输电线路巡检提供了高精度、高密度的三维空间信息,已成为电网安全运行状态检/监测、风险评估、防灾减灾研究的热点。但现有机载激光点云输电线路巡检研究大多关注空间形态建模、安全距离评估等空间信息挖掘,较少涉及输电线应力、悬挂点张力等物理参量的反演。本文通过激光点云输电线空间建模、输电线张力提取、悬挂点张力提取等内容研究,提出了一种基于机载激光点云数据的杆塔悬挂点张力提取方法,形成了基于激光点云数据的输电线路宏观尺度研究输电线张力等参量微观物理参数提取的新思路,实验结果与分析表明,该方法能很好地实现杆塔悬挂点张力提取,绝对误差最大值为1 022.07 N,相对误差最大值为3.26%,可推广应用至大尺度、大范围输电线路安全巡检及状态参数检测应用中。
架空输电线路悬挂点张力反演是涉及材料力学、空间信息技术、计算机科学等多学科基础理论与方法交叉的研究,虽然本文中利用机载激光点云从输电线空间尺度构建了物理参量张力的反演模型,但仍有部分内容需要后续讨论和探索,主要表现在:①输电线运行在气象条件变化的自然环境中,大风、覆冰等极端环境输电线路张力反演的适用性和可行性有待试验;②本文所选择的实验数据在电网工程应用中具有普遍代表性,但悬挂点提取是提高悬挂点反演方法自动化、智能化的关键,也是本方法后续研究亟需解决的关键技术。
  • 云南省基础研究计划(202401AT070111)
  • 云南师范大学博士启动项目(2022ZB038)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403945
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
  • 修回日期:2024-09-11
基金
云南省基础研究计划(202401AT070111)
云南师范大学博士启动项目(2022ZB038)
作者信息
    1 云南师范大学地理学部, 昆明 650500
    2 中国电建集团昆明勘测设计研究院有限公司, 昆明 650051
    3 云南省高校资源与环境遥感重点实验室, 昆明 650500
    4 云南省地理空间信息工程技术研究中心, 昆明 650050
    5 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院, 昆明 650217
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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