Article(id=1149776905903239227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403885, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716566400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-25, revisedDate=1723219200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057776189, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057776189, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057776189, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057776189, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4505, endPage=4514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776906171674684, articleId=1149776905903239227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=The Law of Oil-water Two-phase Seepage and the Calculation Method of Relative Permeability in Nanoscale Pores, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Micro-nano pores are developed in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs such as shale and tight sandstone, and the study of oil-water two-phase seepage law and relative permeability in micro-nano pores is the theoretical basis for the effective development of such reservoirs. Addressing the two-phase flow of oil and water within nanopores, a mathematical model was established for nanopore-scale two-phase oil-water flow, grounded on the Hagen-Poiseuille (HP) equation and taking into account microscale seepage mechanisms such as oil-water distribution, viscous coupling, multi-layer adsorption, and slippage. Based on this model, a calculation method for relative permeability was developed. The validity of the model was verified by fitting the results from Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) simulations. Furthermore, through a parametric sensitivity analysis, the characteristics of two-phase oil-water flow and the influence patterns of relative permeability within nanopores were investigated. The results showed that the slip length significantly impacted the velocity distribution of oil and water. An increase in the wetting contact angle led to varying degrees of augmentation in both oil and water relative permeabilities. As the viscosity ratio rose, the oil-phase relative permeability experienced a notable increase, while the water-phase relative permeability remained relatively unchanged. The presence of positive slip could result in relative permeabilities exceeding unity. As the pore radius enlarged, the pore area available for fluid flow expanded, thereby enhancing both oil and water relative permeabilities. This study holds guiding significance for elucidating the fluid flow mechanisms in micro-porous media and facilitating the exploitation of shale oil.

, correspAuthors=Ya-jun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-hui ZHUANG, Ya-jun LI, Huan ZHANG, Qian SANG, Hou-jian GONG, Long XU, Ming-zhe DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776936043507785, articleId=1149776905903239227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=纳米级孔隙油水两相渗流规律及相对渗透率计算方法, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

页岩、致密砂岩等非常规油气储层中发育有微纳米孔隙,微纳米孔隙中油水两相渗流规律和相对渗透率研究是这类储层有效开发的理论基础。针对纳米孔隙中的油水两相流动问题,基于Hagen-Poiseuille(HP)方程,考虑油水分布、黏性耦合、多层吸附、滑移等微观渗流机理,建立了纳米级孔隙油水两相渗流的数学模型,在此基础上形成了相对渗透率的计算方法,通过拟合LBM(Lattice Boltzmann method)计算结果验证了模型的正确性,通过参数敏感性分析,研究了纳米孔隙中油水两相渗流特征和相对渗透率影响规律。研究结果表明:滑移长度对油水速度分布有较大影响;润湿接触角的增加导致油水相对渗透率均有不同程度的增加;随着黏度比增加,油相相对渗透率显著增加,水相相对渗透率没有明显变化;由于正滑移的存在,会出现相对渗透率大于1的情况;随孔隙半径的增大,流体流动的孔隙面积增加,因此油水两相相对渗透率均增加。研究对阐明微观多孔介质流体流动机制和页岩油的开采具有一定的指导意义。

, correspAuthors=李亚军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李亚军(1984—),男,汉族,山东费县人,博士, 副教授。研究方向:油气田开发理论及复杂介质渗流理论。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=l4Lsa6ZXmAfQam6+OgTdcQ==, magXml=kTUJBi8T2XciW9O5IY4djQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CdSoY813AkQjjHlVu0opig==, pdfFileSize=7171192, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bEUe6zg1R6WKqhD8PPZq/A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sSFAKuW9JCoNwixjcaLh6w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

庄春辉(2000—),男,汉族,山东冠县人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气渗流理论及应用。E-mail:

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庄春辉(2000—),男,汉族,山东冠县人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气渗流理论及应用。E-mail:

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庄春辉(2000—),男,汉族,山东冠县人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气渗流理论及应用。E-mail:

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Fuel, 2017, 202: 426-434., articleTitle=Liquid permeability of organic nanopores in shale: calculation and analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218843916699353737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, awardId=42090024, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42090024), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218843908876977069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843908897948592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, companyId=1218843908876977069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843908910531505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, companyId=1218843908876977069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院, 青岛 266580)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1218843913759146392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Conceptual model of oil-water distribution in inorganic pores in single capillary, figureFileSmall=kBNo4MdAGj7A3egTKzh54g==, figureFileBig=1b+qFOb9VVMvvPEdBt5WAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843913914335649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单毛细管无机孔隙油水分布概念模型

rad表示流动中心至吸附区最外层的距离,nm;rw表示流动中心至水相区最外层的距离,nm;row表示流动中心至油水共存区最外层的距离,nm;ro表示流动中心至油相区最外层的距离,nm

, figureFileSmall=kBNo4MdAGj7A3egTKzh54g==, figureFileBig=1b+qFOb9VVMvvPEdBt5WAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914073719222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of slip length of water in inorganic nanopores, figureFileSmall=l3h+mT5tJdX6qpIAkfTA0g==, figureFileBig=dSJ34JkKQ6+moyoSy+TK6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914220519874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=CN, label=图2, caption=水在无机纳米孔隙中滑移长度示意图, figureFileSmall=l3h+mT5tJdX6qpIAkfTA0g==, figureFileBig=dSJ34JkKQ6+moyoSy+TK6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914333766092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of oil-water two-phase flow in pores after simplification, figureFileSmall=SaAAKkaX0LS0GExNJcbmfg==, figureFileBig=9cEldv4lYV8bNWORXfr13g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914455400919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=CN, label=图3, caption=简化后孔隙内油水两相流动示意图, figureFileSmall=SaAAKkaX0LS0GExNJcbmfg==, figureFileBig=9cEldv4lYV8bNWORXfr13g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914618978785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Flow velocity distribution maps for fluids with different viscosity ratios, figureFileSmall=DX+tT0I7iWyFmwKcCSbijw==, figureFileBig=7aW/z5d3wwVi1kFkTVOKkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914761585128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同黏度比的流体速度分布图, figureFileSmall=DX+tT0I7iWyFmwKcCSbijw==, figureFileBig=7aW/z5d3wwVi1kFkTVOKkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914904191477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relative permeability curves of oil-water relative permeability at different viscosity ratios, figureFileSmall=4BSPAzD+w0BbpTLwI94/3Q==, figureFileBig=TXE1J9R9ztwB2X8MbuVTdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915025826305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同黏度比的油水相对渗透率曲线, figureFileSmall=4BSPAzD+w0BbpTLwI94/3Q==, figureFileBig=TXE1J9R9ztwB2X8MbuVTdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915151655431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Relative permeability curve and velocity distribution when M=1.5, figureFileSmall=cjlBBivRQyPBRzYryjShIQ==, figureFileBig=7wf6rjQLdL8lbWmsXpAVQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915315233296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=CN, label=图6, caption=M=1.5时的相对渗透率曲线和速度分布图, figureFileSmall=cjlBBivRQyPBRzYryjShIQ==, figureFileBig=7wf6rjQLdL8lbWmsXpAVQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915432673821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Nano-scale relative permeability of oil and water based on experimental and theoretical analysis[26,32], figureFileSmall=3fBaCGuCf3BvMMlSmGnHZQ==, figureFileBig=OjM9CSeV5k08CC3CtfnDLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915529142819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基于实验和理论分析的纳米尺度油水相对渗透率[26,32], figureFileSmall=3fBaCGuCf3BvMMlSmGnHZQ==, figureFileBig=OjM9CSeV5k08CC3CtfnDLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915638194734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Distribution of nano-scale oil-water velocity at different slip lengths, figureFileSmall=aPCrSFqxyoJV1qodAzK4UQ==, figureFileBig=HT774pDp2ZVVSQAQJkXyUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915764023865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同滑移长度下纳米尺度油水速度分布图, figureFileSmall=aPCrSFqxyoJV1qodAzK4UQ==, figureFileBig=HT774pDp2ZVVSQAQJkXyUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915885658692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776905903239227, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Relative permeability curves of different oil-water contact angles

μbw=0.8 mPa·s,M=0.3

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μbw=0.8 mPa·s,θ=60°

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μbw=0.8 mPa·s,M=1,θ=60°

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纳米级孔隙油水两相渗流规律及相对渗透率计算方法
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庄春辉 , 李亚军 * , 张欢 , 桑茜 , 宫厚健 , 徐龙 , 董明哲
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(11): 4505-4514
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(11): 4505-4514
纳米级孔隙油水两相渗流规律及相对渗透率计算方法
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庄春辉 , 李亚军* , 张欢, 桑茜, 宫厚健, 徐龙, 董明哲
作者信息
  • 中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院, 青岛 266580
  • 庄春辉(2000—),男,汉族,山东冠县人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油气渗流理论及应用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李亚军(1984—),男,汉族,山东费县人,博士, 副教授。研究方向:油气田开发理论及复杂介质渗流理论。E-mail:
The Law of Oil-water Two-phase Seepage and the Calculation Method of Relative Permeability in Nanoscale Pores
Chun-hui ZHUANG , Ya-jun LI* , Huan ZHANG, Qian SANG, Hou-jian GONG, Long XU, Ming-zhe DONG
Affiliations
  • School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403885
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页岩、致密砂岩等非常规油气储层中发育有微纳米孔隙,微纳米孔隙中油水两相渗流规律和相对渗透率研究是这类储层有效开发的理论基础。针对纳米孔隙中的油水两相流动问题,基于Hagen-Poiseuille(HP)方程,考虑油水分布、黏性耦合、多层吸附、滑移等微观渗流机理,建立了纳米级孔隙油水两相渗流的数学模型,在此基础上形成了相对渗透率的计算方法,通过拟合LBM(Lattice Boltzmann method)计算结果验证了模型的正确性,通过参数敏感性分析,研究了纳米孔隙中油水两相渗流特征和相对渗透率影响规律。研究结果表明:滑移长度对油水速度分布有较大影响;润湿接触角的增加导致油水相对渗透率均有不同程度的增加;随着黏度比增加,油相相对渗透率显著增加,水相相对渗透率没有明显变化;由于正滑移的存在,会出现相对渗透率大于1的情况;随孔隙半径的增大,流体流动的孔隙面积增加,因此油水两相相对渗透率均增加。研究对阐明微观多孔介质流体流动机制和页岩油的开采具有一定的指导意义。

页岩油  /  纳米级孔隙  /  相对渗透率  /  滑移长度  /  润湿性

Micro-nano pores are developed in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs such as shale and tight sandstone, and the study of oil-water two-phase seepage law and relative permeability in micro-nano pores is the theoretical basis for the effective development of such reservoirs. Addressing the two-phase flow of oil and water within nanopores, a mathematical model was established for nanopore-scale two-phase oil-water flow, grounded on the Hagen-Poiseuille (HP) equation and taking into account microscale seepage mechanisms such as oil-water distribution, viscous coupling, multi-layer adsorption, and slippage. Based on this model, a calculation method for relative permeability was developed. The validity of the model was verified by fitting the results from Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) simulations. Furthermore, through a parametric sensitivity analysis, the characteristics of two-phase oil-water flow and the influence patterns of relative permeability within nanopores were investigated. The results showed that the slip length significantly impacted the velocity distribution of oil and water. An increase in the wetting contact angle led to varying degrees of augmentation in both oil and water relative permeabilities. As the viscosity ratio rose, the oil-phase relative permeability experienced a notable increase, while the water-phase relative permeability remained relatively unchanged. The presence of positive slip could result in relative permeabilities exceeding unity. As the pore radius enlarged, the pore area available for fluid flow expanded, thereby enhancing both oil and water relative permeabilities. This study holds guiding significance for elucidating the fluid flow mechanisms in micro-porous media and facilitating the exploitation of shale oil.

shale oil  /  nanoscale pores  /  relative permeability  /  slip length  /  wettability
庄春辉, 李亚军, 张欢, 桑茜, 宫厚健, 徐龙, 董明哲. 纳米级孔隙油水两相渗流规律及相对渗透率计算方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4505 -4514 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403885
Chun-hui ZHUANG, Ya-jun LI, Huan ZHANG, Qian SANG, Hou-jian GONG, Long XU, Ming-zhe DONG. The Law of Oil-water Two-phase Seepage and the Calculation Method of Relative Permeability in Nanoscale Pores[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4505 -4514 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403885
在矿物学中,页岩是指在粒度为0.001 mm以下的组分含量大于50%的沉积岩中,具有层状或纹层状构造的黏土岩[1]。页岩油的勘探开发对保障国家能源安全具有重要的意义[2-3]。与常规储层相比,页岩孔隙具有孔隙直径小、结构复杂等特点[4-5]。储层基质整体致密,喉道小,导致其总可动油比例较低[6]。如何正确描述纳米级页岩孔隙内流体的分布特征和流动状态,将纳米效应带入孔隙流体中指导页岩油的开采,明确页岩油高效开采的影响因素已然成为一个巨大的挑战。有学者已经对低渗或特低渗油藏展开一系列研究。富有机质泥页岩中孔隙结构的演化过程划分为3个阶段:①未熟-低熟阶段;②成熟阶段;③高成熟-过成熟阶段[7]。董明哲等[8]通过建立宏观页岩油藏储层概念模型,分析验证了纹层状页岩储层的流体流动机理。与常规油藏不同,页岩的主要储集空间是微纳米孔隙网络[9]。不同孔径、有机质分布和驱动力都对页岩油流动产生较大影响[10-11],这使得微纳米孔隙内流体的流动变得更加复杂。Zhang等[12]采用分子动力学模拟方法对石英纳米孔中油水两相流动进行了研究,探讨了无机纳米孔中的界面现象及其对流体在受限纳米空间内运移的影响。Fang等[13]建立了有机质-无机质非均质壁面孔隙模型,通过敏感性分析探究了页岩油吸附与扩散能力的影响因素。王嘉新等[14]探讨了驱动压力对油水两相相渗曲线的影响。润湿性是评价低渗储层流体流动的重要机理,它受到岩石矿物组成以及孔隙表面非均质性等因素的共同影响[15-16]。张国辉等[17]研究了不同润湿性对启动压力梯度的影响。肖文联等[18]基于核磁共振技术开展岩心水驱油实验,分析评价页岩油润湿性和注入水毛细管数对水驱油过程中原油动用特征的影响。Pan等[19]以接触角为特征,研究了低渗透储层多尺度下的润湿性特征。Yang等[20]研究了基质润湿性对水驱油时的波及效率等的影响。前人已经对低渗储层评价及其影响因素做出了大量研究,对明确储层结构构建合适的地质模型具有重要的指导意义。但对于低渗储层尤其是纳米孔隙中流体的流动模式还缺少一定的认识。
传统的Hagen-Poiseuille(HP)方程无法应用于为纳米孔隙中,需要对其进行修正。已有的修正方程包括基于HP方程提出的考虑纳米孔隙壁面效应的表观渗透率模型[21]。还有同时考虑裂缝以及微纳米孔隙大小、总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)含量和液体滑移等多种因素的表观渗透率模型[22]。苏玉亮等[23-24]建立了描述微纳米多孔介质流体流动的表观渗透率模型,总结了表征单纳米孔隙流体流动的4种理论模型(分区模型、有效黏度模型、表观黏度模型、表观滑移长度模型)。相对渗透率是研究纳米孔隙内流体流动的重要指标。Tian等[25]考虑纳米约束效应和动态接触角效应建立了致密储层相对渗透率模型。Wang等[26]进一步考虑了油水分布、吸附水黏度、油水黏度比和孔隙尺寸分布等因素,提出了研究亲水纳米多孔介质中油水流动行为的相对渗透率模型。Su等[27]基于HP方程,考虑了纳米约束效应、孔隙尺寸分布(pore size distribution,PSD)、总有机碳含量(TOC)和微裂缝的页岩储层油水两相相对渗透率模型。目前页岩孔隙结构能够较好地测定和描述,但对微纳尺度孔隙流动的表征尚存在不足[28],现有研究主要集中在吸附区与孔隙壁面间的相互作用上,对微观效应的考虑有待完善。探究油水两相渗流的微观流动机理,准确计算页岩油藏模拟的关键参数,明确微观效应作用下的纳米孔隙对宏观条件下的流体流动能力的影响,对开展流体跨尺度研究具有一定的指导意义。
针对纳米级孔隙中的油水两相流动,将其划分为油相区、油水共存区、水相区和吸附区等4个区域,考虑边界滑移、黏度变化和润湿性等渗流机理,基于HP方程建立了纳米孔隙中油水两相渗流的数学模型。通过拟合LBM(Lattice Boltzmann method)计算结果和实验数据验证了模型的正确性,并与忽略滑移长度和吸附区黏度的模型进行了比较。最后讨论了模型速度分布、滑移长度、润湿性和油水黏度比等因素对相对渗透率的影响。
图1为单毛细管无机孔隙油水分布概念模型。本文将油水在页岩无机孔隙内的流动分为4个区域,即油相区、油水共存区、水相区和吸附区,模型中间为油相流动区域。油相和水相之间存在油水共存区。水膜分为吸附区和水相区。吸附区位于壁面附近。根据上述模型,提出如下假设条件:
(1)流体与孔隙均不可压缩。
(2)油水两相在孔隙中为稳态的层流。
(3)油水与孔隙壁面之间没有化学反应。
(4)吸附区与水相区之间由于吸附效应存在黏度差异。
(5)考虑油水在纳米级孔隙中的滑移效应。
根据文献[29],纳米级孔隙中吸附层为逐层吸附在孔隙表面。设定吸附区厚度为0.7 nm。受壁面吸附作用的影响,吸附水的黏度由水相黏度和接触角共同决定。通过物理实验和分子动力学模拟拟合得到吸附水黏度、水的黏度和接触角三者的关系为
μad=(-0.018θ+3.25)μbw
式(1)中:μad为吸附水黏度,mPa·s;μbw为水的黏度,mPa·s;θ为润湿接触角,(°)。
在宏观孔隙中,由于孔隙直径较大,壁面处流体的流速以及流体与壁面间的相互作用较小。因此,可以忽略宏观条件下壁面处流体的滑移效应。则不考虑滑移效应的宏观流体流速方程为
vhp= R 2 - r 2 4 μ l P L
式(2)中:vhp为不考虑滑移效应时流体的流速,nm/s;R为孔隙半径,nm;r为流体至中心点的距离,nm;μ1为流体黏度,mPa.s;∂P为模型两端的压差,MPa;∂L为模型的长度,m;∂P/∂L为压力梯度,表示单位长度内压力变化的大小,MPa/m。然而,在纳米孔隙中,由于孔隙直径较小,壁面处流体的流速以及流体与壁面间的相互作用不可忽略。因此,需要考虑微观条件下壁面处流体的滑移效应。则考虑滑移效应的微观流体流速方程为
vslip= R 2 - r 2 4 μ l P L+vs
式(3)中:vslip为考虑滑移效应时流体的流速,nm/s,vs为流体在孔隙壁面处的滑移速度,nm/s。依据Navier边界滑移条件,滑移速度由滑移长度和剪切速率共同决定。
vs=lst v h p r w a l l
式(4)中:lst为孔隙内流体的实际滑移长度,nm。润湿性是影响滑移长度的主要因素。因此,可以用润湿角表示实际的滑移长度。则特定条件下的滑移长度公式[30]
lst= C ( 1 + c o s θ ) 2
式(5)中:θ为润湿接触角,(°);C为常数,当流体为水相时一般取0.41。
图2所示在纳米孔隙中,吸附区流体与水相区流体的黏度存在明显的差异,这将导致吸附区流体与水相区流体之间存在明显的滑移。滑移长度可分为两部分,一部分是由边界区流体与壁面相互作用引起的滑移,即实际滑移;另一部分是水相区流体与边界区流体之间的黏度差引起的滑移,即表观滑移。有效滑移长度为两个滑移长度的组合,可以表示为
lse=lsa+lst= μ b w μ a d - 1 λ 0 8 + l s t+lst
式(6)中:lse为流体的有效滑移长度,nm;lsa为流体的表观滑移长度,nm;λ0为孔隙直径,nm。有效滑移长度不仅取决于岩石本身的物理性质,还与孔隙直径和流体黏度有关。
在纳米孔隙内,吸附区流体与壁面间的相互作用不可忽略。在假设条件的基础上,每个区域流体控制方程可表示如下。
吸附区控制方程:
μ a d r r r v a d r= P Z, r∈[rbw,rad]
水相区控制方程:
μ b w r r r v b w r= P Z, r∈[row,rbw]
油水共存区控制方程:
μ o w r r r v o w r= P Z, r∈[rbo,row]
油相区控制方程:
μ b o r r r v b o r= P Z, r∈[0,rbo]
式中:μadμbwμowμbo分别为吸附区黏度、水相区黏度、油水共存区黏度和油相区黏度,mPa·s;vadvbwvowvbo分别为吸附区速度、水相区速度、油水共存区速度和油相区速度,nm/s;Z为流体流动方向,m。
考虑到不同流动区域的黏度变化,各流动区域交界处的速度相等,并且在孔隙中心处速度达到最大值。各流动区域的边界条件都遵循质量守恒和剪应力连续性。结合假设条件,边界条件可表示为
v b o r r = 0=0
μ b o v b o r r = r b o= μ o w v o w r r = r b o
μ o w v o w r r = r o w= μ b w v b w r r = r o w
μ b w v b w r r = r b w= μ a d v a d r r = r b w
v b o r = r b o= v o w r = r b o
v o w r = r o w= v b w r = r o w
v b w r = r b w= v a d r = r b w
-lst v a d r r = r a d= v a d r = r a d
结合边界条件,通过解控制方程可以得到各流动区域的速度。
吸附区r∈[rbw,rad]的速度为
vad= 1 4 μ a d ( r a d 2 - r 2 ) + r a d 2 μ a d l s t Δ P L
水相区r∈[row,rbw]的速度为
$\begin{aligned} v_{\mathrm{bw}}= & {\left[\frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-r^{2}\right)+\right.} \\ & \left.\frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}\right)+\frac{r_{\mathrm{ad}}}{2 \mu_{\mathrm{ad}}} l_{\mathrm{st}}\right] \frac{\Delta P}{L} \end{aligned} $
油水共存区r∈[rbo,row]的速度为
$\begin{aligned} v_{\mathrm{ow}}= & {\left[\frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{ow}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}-r^{2}\right)+\frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}\right)+\right.} \\ & \left.\frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}\right)+\frac{r_{\mathrm{ad}}}{2 \mu_{\mathrm{ad}}} l_{\mathrm{st}}\right] \frac{\Delta P}{L} \end{aligned}$
油相区r∈[0,rbo]的速度为
$\begin{aligned} v_{\mathrm{bo}}= & {\left[\frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{bo}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}-r^{2}\right)+\frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}\right)+\right.} \\ & \frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}\right)+\frac{1}{4 \mu_{\mathrm{ow}}}\left(r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}\right)+ \\ & \left.\frac{r_{\mathrm{ad}}}{2 \mu_{\mathrm{ad}}} l_{\mathrm{st}}\right] \frac{\Delta P}{L} \end{aligned} $
然后对各流域的速度进行面积积分可以得到各流动区域的体积通量,分别为
$Q_{\mathrm{ad}}=\frac{\pi \Delta P}{8 \mu_{\mathrm{ad}} L}\left[\left(r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}\right)\left(r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}+4 r_{\mathrm{ad}} l_{\mathrm{st}}\right)\right] $
$\begin{aligned} Q_{\mathrm{bw}}= & \frac{\pi \Delta P}{8 L}\left[( r _ { \mathrm { bw } } ^ { 2 } - r _ { \mathrm { ow } } ^ { 2 } ) \left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}+\right.\right. \\ & \left.\left.\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}+4 r_{\mathrm{ad}} l_{\mathrm{st}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\right)\right] \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} Q_{\mathrm{ow}}= & \frac{\pi \Delta P}{8 L}\left[( r _ { \mathrm { ow } } ^ { 2 } - r _ { \mathrm { bo } } ^ { 2 } ) \left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ow}}}+\right.\right. \\ & \left.\left.\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}+\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}+4 r_{\mathrm{ad}} l_{\mathrm{st}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\right)\right] \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} Q_{\mathrm{bo}}= & \frac{\pi \Delta P}{8 L} r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{bo}}}+\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ow}}}+\right. \\ & \left.\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}+\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}+4 r_{\mathrm{ad}} l_{\mathrm{st}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\right) \end{aligned}$
式中:QadQbwQowQbo分别为吸附区流体体积通量、水相区流体体积通量、油水共存区流体体积通量和油相区流体体积通量,nm3/s。在纳米孔隙中,由于吸附区流体与水相区流体之间存在滑移,滑移长度可分为两部分,即流体的实际滑移和由于黏度差异引起的表观滑移。有效滑移长度与实际滑移长度之间的关系如式(6)所示。考虑有效滑移长度后各区域流量公式将变为
$Q_{\mathrm{ad}}=\frac{\pi \Delta P}{8 \mu_{\mathrm{ad}} L}\left[\left(r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}\right)\left(r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}+4 r_{\mathrm{ad}} l_{\mathrm{se}}\right)\right] $
$\begin{aligned} Q_{\mathrm{bw}}= & \frac{\pi \Delta P}{8 L}\left[( r _ { \mathrm { bw } } ^ { 2 } - r _ { \mathrm { ow } } ^ { 2 } ) \left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}+\right.\right. \\ & \left.\left.\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}+4 r_{\mathrm{ad}} l_{\mathrm{se}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\right)\right] \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} Q_{\mathrm{ow}}= & \frac{\pi \Delta P}{8 L}\left[( r _ { \mathrm { ow } } ^ { 2 } - r _ { \mathrm { bo } } ^ { 2 } ) \left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}-r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ow}}}+\right.\right. \\ & \left.\left.\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}+\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}+4 r_{\mathrm{ad}} l_{\mathrm{se}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\right)\right] \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} Q_{\mathrm{bo}}= & \frac{\pi \Delta P}{8 L} r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}\left(\frac{r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{bo}}}+\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{bo}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ow}}}+\right. \\ & \left.\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{ow}}^{2}}{\mu_{\mathrm{bw}}}+\frac{2 r_{\mathrm{ad}}^{2}-2 r_{\mathrm{bw}}^{2}+4 r_{\mathrm{ad}} l_{\mathrm{se}}}{\mu_{\mathrm{ad}}}\right) \end{aligned} $
假设吸附区和油水共存区的厚度为定值,根据各区域的厚度,无机孔隙含水饱和度可表示为
S w = π ( r a d 2 - r o w 2 ) 2 π r a d 2 + π ( r o w 2 - r b o 2 ) 2 2 π r a d 2 = ( r a d 2 - r o w 2 ) 2 r a d 2 + ( r o w 2 - r b o 2 ) 2 2 r a d 2
式(31)中:Sw为无机孔隙润湿相流体的饱和度。理想状态下,单一流体通过孔隙的流量可用达西公式表示为
Q= K A Δ P μ L= π r 4 Δ P 8 μ L
式(32)中:K表示单相流体通过孔隙时的绝对渗透率,10-3 μm2
各流体通过毛细管的总流量为
Qw=Qad+Qbw+Qow/2
Qo=Qbo+Qow/2
式中:Qw为润湿相总的流动通量,nm3/s。Qo为非润湿相总的流动通量,nm3/s。
相对渗透率是指当岩石孔隙内存在多相流体时,岩石对每一相流体的有效渗透率与岩石绝对渗透率的比值。因此,水相的相对渗透率可以用流量表示为
Krw= K w K
= π Δ P 8 μ a d L [ ( r a d 2 - r b w 2 ) ( r a d 2 - r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e ) ] π r a d 4 Δ P 8 μ w L+ π Δ P 8 L [ ( r b w 2 - r o w 2 ) r b w 2 - r o w 2 μ b w + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e μ a d ] π r a d 4 Δ P 8 μ w L+
π Δ P 8 L [ ( r o w 2 - r b o 2 ) r o w 2 - r b o 2 μ b o + 2 r b w 2 - 2 r o w 2 μ b w + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e μ a d ] / 2 π r a d 4 Δ P 8 μ w L
= μ w μ a d r a d 4[( r a d 2- r b w 2)( r a d 2- r b w 2+4radlse)]+
μ w ( r b w 2 - r o w 2 ) r b w 2 - r o w 2 μ b w + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e μ b w r a d 4+ μ w [ ( r o w 2 - r b o 2 ) r o w 2 - r b o 2 μ o w + 2 r b w 2 - 2 r o w 2 μ b w + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e μ a d ] / 2 r a d 4
式(35)中:Krw为无机孔隙内润湿相流体的相对渗透率,小数;Kw为无机孔隙内润湿相流体的有效渗透率,10-3 μm2。公式右侧第一项表示吸附区流体的相对渗透率,第二项表示润湿相流体的相对渗透率,第三项表示油水共存区中润湿相流体的相对渗透率。同理,可得到油相的相渗曲线计算公式为
Kro= K o K= π Δ P 8 L r b o 2 r b o 2 μ b o + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 μ o w + 2 r b w 2 - 2 r o w 2 μ b w + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e μ a d π r a d 4 Δ P 8 μ o L+
π Δ P 8 L [ ( r o w 2 - r b o 2 ) r o w 2 - r b o 2 μ o w + 2 r b w 2 - 2 r o w 2 μ b w + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e μ a d ] / 2 π r a d 4 Δ P 8 μ o L
=   μ o r b o 2 r b o 2 μ b o + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 μ o w + 2 r b w 2 - 2 r o w 2 μ b w + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e μ a d   r a d 4+
μ o [ ( r o w 2 - r b o 2 ) r o w 2 - r b o 2 μ o w + 2 r b w 2 - 2 r o w 2 μ b w + 2 r a d 2 - 2 r b w 2 + 4 r a d l s e μ a d ] / 2 r a d 4
式(36)中:Kro为无机孔隙内非润湿相流体的相对渗透率,小数;Ko为无机孔隙内非润湿相流体的有效渗透率,10-3 μm2。公式右侧第一项表示非润湿相流体的相对渗透率,第二项表示油水共存区中非润湿相流体的相对渗透率。
在Yiotis等[31]的LBM模型中,由于未考虑滑移效应、吸附层以及油水共存等因素,为了验证本文模型的正确性,首先对公式进行了简化,不考虑滑移边界以及吸附区和水相区之间的黏度差异,即滑移长度为0,吸附区的黏度等于水相区的黏度。油水共存区被油区取代。如图3所示。在简化模型的基础上,通过计算可以得到单孔隙中的油水相流动公式。
简化后的流速公式为
Vw= ( R 2 2 - r 2 ) Δ P 4 μ b w L
Vnw= ( R 1 2 - r 2 ) Δ P 4 μ b o L+ ( R 2 2 - R 1 2 ) Δ P 4 μ b w L
通过对比Yiotis等[31]提出的基于LBM模型的平行板非混相流动以及Hagen-Poiseuille型流动,理论分析验证数学模型的正确性。并结合部分相对渗透率实验结果验证了本模型的正确性。模型验证结果如下:
为了便于模型验证,选取水相黏度为0.8 mPa·s,分别计算了油水黏度比M为0.2和5时的油水速度分布和相对渗透率。计算过程与上述数学模型相对渗透率计算过程相同。将计算结果与Yiotis模型进行了对比。结果如图4图5所示。
简化后模型曲线与LBM模型曲线拟合一致,从而验证了数学模型的正确性。此外,本文还进一步研究了M=1.5时的速度分布图和相对渗透率K曲线,如图6所示。
结果表明,当M=1.5时,速度分布图未发生明显的转折,相对渗透率曲线处于临界值。当M<1.5时,油水相相对渗透率曲线均向内凹。当M>1.5时,水相相对渗透率曲线没有变化,油相相对渗透率曲线出现大于1的情况。这表明在同一孔隙流动的流体之间存在强烈的黏性耦合,并且由覆盖孔壁的薄润湿相膜“润滑”。
为了使所建立的数学模型更加符合纳米级孔隙中油水两相流动的真实物理过程,除了引入Wang等[26]所考虑的不同流动区域之间的黏度差异以外,同时增加了有效滑移长度对流动的影响。为进一步验证模型的正确性,选取Oak等[32]的物理实验结果和Wang等[26]的模拟实验结果进行对比分析,拟合结果如图7所示。
由于模型更加准确的描述了纳米级孔隙中油水两相的流动机理及其对相对渗透率的影响,因此通过模型的改进提高了油水相对渗透率的计算准确性,本模型的计算结果与Oak等[32]和Wang等[26]的实验结果和拟合精度进一步提高。
为明确不同性质的滑移长度对纳米孔隙中油水相流动的影响,研究实际滑移、表观滑移和有效滑移对纳米孔隙中油水两相流动速度的影响,并与无滑移时的流动速度进行对比。如图8所示。设定润湿角θ=60°、油水黏度比M为1、水相黏度μbw=0.8 mPa·s。结果表明,与无滑移时的流速相比,考虑表观滑移时的流动速度降低,这是因为表观滑移只考虑了流体黏度对流动的阻碍作用,未考虑孔壁与流体之间的相互作用,从而导致“负滑移”现象的出现。由于流固相互作用对流体的流动产生较大影响,导致实际滑移的流动速度大幅增加。考虑有效滑移时流动速度增加,这是因为流体黏度限制了流体的流动速度同时也证明相比流体之间的相互作用,流固相互作用要更强。
润湿性是表征流体运动的关键因素之一,而润湿接触角是衡量润湿性的一项重要指标。因此,本文中选取了0°、30°、45°和60°共计4个不同的润湿接触角,横向对比了不同润湿接触角对纳米孔隙中油水相对渗透率的影响。如图9所示。
结果表明,随着润湿接触角从0°到60°的增加,吸附区滑移长度增加,流体黏度降低,水相与油相的相对渗透率均增加。另外,随着润湿接触角的增加,润湿性逐渐发生改变,流固相互作用逐渐减弱,导致水相阻力减小,流动速度加快,水相的相对渗透率增加的越来越快。
不同储层之间油水相黏度存在较大的差异,并且油水相黏度对纳米孔隙内不同流体间的黏性耦合至关重要。因此本文研究了黏度比对油水相对渗透率的影响。选取了0.2、0.5、1、2、3和5共计6种不同的油水黏度比,对比分析不同油水黏度比的相对渗透率曲线,研究无机孔隙油水相对渗透率曲线随油水黏度比的变化规律。如图10所示。
研究表明油水黏度比对水相只改变了油水共存区的黏度其相对渗透率没有明显的变化,因此图中只标注了一条水相的相对渗透率曲线。黏度比对油相的相对渗透率影响较大,随着黏度比的增加,油相的相对渗透率增加。本文中还研究发现油相的相对渗透率曲线在M=1处发生了弯折,曲线由内凹转为外凸,当黏度比足够大时会出现K>1的现象。这是因为随着黏度比的增大,油相外围的水相起到了润滑的作用,油相的渗流速度增大,从而增加了油相的通量。
孔隙半径是影响油水相对渗透率的重要因素之一。当孔隙半径大于200 nm时,滑移对相对渗透率基本没有影响[33]。因此,本文中选取了10、20、50、200 nm共4种不同的无机孔隙半径,如图11所示。通过理论分析研究不同无机孔隙半径下油水相的相对渗透率的大小,从而明确纳米孔隙半径对相对渗透率的影响程度。
研究表明,随着水相饱和度的增大,油相的相对渗透率降低,水相的相对渗透率增加。并且随着孔隙半径的增大,水相的相对渗透率增加,油相的相对渗透率也增加。这是因为孔隙半径增大不仅降低了流体与壁面之间的相互作用,而且增加了各相流体的流通面积,流动阻力减小流动通量增加,因此油水两相的相对渗透率均有所增加。由于油水共存区和吸附区的存在,油相的相对渗透率无法达到100%。当孔隙半径R≥200 nm时,此时吸附区与油水共存区占比极小,滑移效应等微观效应对相对渗透率基本没有影响。
将纳米孔隙内油水两相流动分为水相区、油水共存区、油相区和吸附区4个区域,建立考虑边界滑移、黏度变化和润湿性等渗流机理的纳米孔隙油水两相流动的相对渗透率求解模型和计算方法,并进行了数学模型的验证和参数敏感性分析。主要结论如下:
(1)滑移长度对油水流速具有较大的影响,其中实际滑移对油水流速的影响最大,有效滑移次之。由于有效滑移综合考虑了实际滑移和表观滑移的黏性耦合效应,因此相对于实际滑移和有效滑移,表观滑移的影响较小甚至出现“负滑移”现象。
(2)随着水相接触角的增加,吸附区滑移长度增加,吸附区流体黏度降低,油水两相的相对渗透率均增加。同时,由于孔隙表面润湿性发生变化,水相相对渗透率增加越来越快。
(3)油水黏度比对油相的相对渗透率影响较大,对水相几乎没有影响。随着油水黏度比的增加,油相相对渗透率增加且在黏度比等于1处曲线发生弯折,当黏度比大于5时,由于正滑移的存在,油相相对渗透率甚至出现大于1的情况。
(4)随着孔隙半径的增加,水相的相对渗透率增加,且油相的相对渗透率也增加。这是因为随着孔隙半径的增大,弱化了油水共存区与吸附区的影响,降低了流固相互作用并增加了流体的流动通道。
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403885
  • 接收时间:2024-05-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-25
  • 修回日期:2024-08-10
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国家自然科学基金(42090024)
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    中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院, 青岛 266580

通讯作者:

* 李亚军(1984—),男,汉族,山东费县人,博士, 副教授。研究方向:油气田开发理论及复杂介质渗流理论。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403885
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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