Article(id=1149776904972100337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403671, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=1723219200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775966, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775966, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775966, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775966, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4489, endPage=4495, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776905240535794, articleId=1149776904972100337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Mechanism and Prevention of Bottom Heave in Large Cross-section Inclined Shaft Roadways in Swelling Soft Rocks, columnId=1156262738117649382, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Agricultural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the mechanisms of floor heave and support methods for large-section inclined shafts in highly expansive and weak rock, a case study was conducted on the main inclined shaft of a mine in the Yaojie Coal and Electricity Group. Through field surveys and laboratory tests, characteristics such as low rock mass strength, poor integrity, high clay content, and softening and swelling upon water exposure were identified. A Flac3D numerical model was established to simulate the deformation patterns of the tunnel under actual engineering conditions, elucidating the mechanisms of floor heave deformation in large-section soft rock inclined shafts. Three optimized prevention strategies were summarized, and an optimized support scheme of “inverse floor arch and anchor cable” was proposed based on the original support design. Field measurement data indicated that the optimized support scheme significantly improved the floor heave control in soft rock tunnels, enhanced the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock, reduced floor heave deformation, and achieved stability control of the tunnel surrounding rock. This provides an important reference for the control of floor heave in large-section shallow soft rock inclined shafts.

, correspAuthors=Qin-jie LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhuo-yue DENG, Qin-jie LIU, Wen-hao TANG, Xing-rui BAO, Ya-xin XIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776932167967096, articleId=1149776904972100337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=膨胀性软岩大断面斜井巷道底鼓机理与防治, columnId=1156262738235089896, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·农业科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究膨胀性极软弱岩大断面斜井底鼓机理与支护方法,以窑街煤电集团某矿主斜井为研究背景,通过现场调研和室内试验,获得了围岩强度低、完整性差、黏土物质占比高、遇水软化膨胀等特性,建立Flac3D数值模型推演实际工程条件下巷道变形规律,探明了大断面软岩斜井底鼓变形机理,总结了3个防治优化策略,并结合原支护设计提出“反底拱+锚索”的优化支护方案。现场实测数据结果表明:优化后的支护方案对软岩巷道底鼓治理效果显著,提高了围岩的承载能力,降低了底鼓变形情况,实现了巷道围岩的稳定性控制,对浅部软岩大断面斜井底鼓治理提供重要参考。

, correspAuthors=刘钦节, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘钦节(1980—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,教授。研究方向:废弃矿井资源开发利用与深部岩石力学等。E-mail:
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邓卓越(1998—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深部岩石力学等。E-mail:

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邓卓越(1998—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深部岩石力学等。E-mail:

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邓卓越(1998—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深部岩石力学等。E-mail:

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904972100337, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical properties of rock mass around roadway

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 厚度/m 体积模
量/GPa
剪切模
量/GPa
密度/
(kg·m-3)
黏聚力/
MPa
内摩擦
角/(°)
泥岩 9.8 1.47 1.3 2 500 2.3 29
粉砂岩 12.5 4.24 3.63 2 600 3.1 41
泥岩 5.9 1.62 1.44 2 570 2.8 25
粉砂岩 9.2 3.9 3.67 2 600 2.3 37
泥岩 4.2 1.6 1.49 2 400 1.9 21
含粒细砂岩 6.1 6.7 4.3 2 640 3.5 40
泥岩 12.3 1.7 1.52 2 600 4.8 18
), ArticleFig(id=1218843908746957747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904972100337, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

巷道围岩岩石力学性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 厚度/m 体积模
量/GPa
剪切模
量/GPa
密度/
(kg·m-3)
黏聚力/
MPa
内摩擦
角/(°)
泥岩 9.8 1.47 1.3 2 500 2.3 29
粉砂岩 12.5 4.24 3.63 2 600 3.1 41
泥岩 5.9 1.62 1.44 2 570 2.8 25
粉砂岩 9.2 3.9 3.67 2 600 2.3 37
泥岩 4.2 1.6 1.49 2 400 1.9 21
含粒细砂岩 6.1 6.7 4.3 2 640 3.5 40
泥岩 12.3 1.7 1.52 2 600 4.8 18
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膨胀性软岩大断面斜井巷道底鼓机理与防治
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邓卓越 1 , 刘钦节 2, 3, * , 唐文豪 1 , 包兴芮 1 , 修雅馨 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025,25(11): 4489-4495
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025, 25(11): 4489-4495
膨胀性软岩大断面斜井巷道底鼓机理与防治
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邓卓越1 , 刘钦节2, 3, * , 唐文豪1, 包兴芮1, 修雅馨1
作者信息
  • 1 安徽理工大学矿业工程学院, 淮南 232001
  • 2 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院, 合肥 230031
  • 3 安徽省关闭/废弃矿井资源开发利用工程研究中心, 淮南 232001
  • 邓卓越(1998—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深部岩石力学等。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘钦节(1980—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,教授。研究方向:废弃矿井资源开发利用与深部岩石力学等。E-mail:
Mechanism and Prevention of Bottom Heave in Large Cross-section Inclined Shaft Roadways in Swelling Soft Rocks
Zhuo-yue DENG1 , Qin-jie LIU2, 3, * , Wen-hao TANG1, Xing-rui BAO1, Ya-xin XIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mining Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2 Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230031, China
  • 3 Anhui Engineering Research Center of Exploitation and Utilization of Closed/Abandoned Mine Resources, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403671
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为研究膨胀性极软弱岩大断面斜井底鼓机理与支护方法,以窑街煤电集团某矿主斜井为研究背景,通过现场调研和室内试验,获得了围岩强度低、完整性差、黏土物质占比高、遇水软化膨胀等特性,建立Flac3D数值模型推演实际工程条件下巷道变形规律,探明了大断面软岩斜井底鼓变形机理,总结了3个防治优化策略,并结合原支护设计提出“反底拱+锚索”的优化支护方案。现场实测数据结果表明:优化后的支护方案对软岩巷道底鼓治理效果显著,提高了围岩的承载能力,降低了底鼓变形情况,实现了巷道围岩的稳定性控制,对浅部软岩大断面斜井底鼓治理提供重要参考。

膨胀性软岩  /  底鼓  /  数值模拟  /  反底拱

To investigate the mechanisms of floor heave and support methods for large-section inclined shafts in highly expansive and weak rock, a case study was conducted on the main inclined shaft of a mine in the Yaojie Coal and Electricity Group. Through field surveys and laboratory tests, characteristics such as low rock mass strength, poor integrity, high clay content, and softening and swelling upon water exposure were identified. A Flac3D numerical model was established to simulate the deformation patterns of the tunnel under actual engineering conditions, elucidating the mechanisms of floor heave deformation in large-section soft rock inclined shafts. Three optimized prevention strategies were summarized, and an optimized support scheme of “inverse floor arch and anchor cable” was proposed based on the original support design. Field measurement data indicated that the optimized support scheme significantly improved the floor heave control in soft rock tunnels, enhanced the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock, reduced floor heave deformation, and achieved stability control of the tunnel surrounding rock. This provides an important reference for the control of floor heave in large-section shallow soft rock inclined shafts.

highly expansive rock  /  floor heave  /  numerical simulation  /  inverse floor arch
邓卓越, 刘钦节, 唐文豪, 包兴芮, 修雅馨. 膨胀性软岩大断面斜井巷道底鼓机理与防治. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4489 -4495 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403671
Zhuo-yue DENG, Qin-jie LIU, Wen-hao TANG, Xing-rui BAO, Ya-xin XIU. Mechanism and Prevention of Bottom Heave in Large Cross-section Inclined Shaft Roadways in Swelling Soft Rocks[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4489 -4495 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403671
中国是“富煤、贫油、少气”的国家,这一特点决定了煤炭将在一次性能源生产和消费中占据主导地位且长期不会改变。近年来,随着中国国民经济的迅猛发展,矿产资源开发力度持续加大,煤炭资源开采技术的进步,煤矿地质条件逐渐复杂化。巷道围岩在掘进过程中受物理、力学、岩体结构等因素导致围岩稳定性发生变化引起巷道顶板下沉、片帮、底鼓等问题。底鼓是巷道围岩发生变形和破坏的一种常见地质灾害。
在中国西北的甘肃、宁夏及内蒙等地富含大量浅埋煤层,其埋深通常在150 m以内。这些地区矿井中软岩分布十分广泛,软岩巷道底鼓治理已经成为困扰煤矿安全生产的一大难题,是煤矿亟需解决的问题之一[1-2]。根据软岩巷道这一特殊工程背景,国内外相关学者对其物理力学性质、巷道变形与底鼓的力学机制及控制底鼓的技术措施进行了卓有成效的研究并提出了相应的底鼓控制技术[3-5],如底板锚杆、底板注浆、底板卸压孔及混凝土反拱等。康红普[6-7]分析底鼓产生的原因在于偏应力作用下的扩容、遇水软化及膨胀、弯曲断裂以及流变等,并建立了求解底板岩层破坏范围的动态模型,提出了估算膨胀性软岩巷道底鼓量、底板破坏范围的公式。何满潮[8]运用工程地质学和现代力学相结合的方法,提出了软岩软化临界荷载与软化临界深度相互推求的公式。常聚才等[9]指出巷道应力会在薄弱的底板释放,产生流动型底鼓,提出采用底板锚索及胶囊管帷幕注浆技术以控制深井巷道挤压流动型底鼓。杨仁树等[10]采用数值模拟与力学分析相结合的方法,研究弱胶结软岩巷道底板层状特征,提出以“高强锚网梁索+喷浆密闭+底板锚注”为核心的支护系统。冯利宁等[11]针对滑移破坏的巷道底板采用钢管混凝土桩抗滑抑制底板变形,表明钢管混凝土桩可以有效控制巷道底鼓。郭延辉等[12]对Ⅳ-Ⅴ类软岩巷道围岩开展了松动圈声波测试得出属于大松动圈,并根据大松动圈组合拱支护理论,提出超前注浆+喷锚网+钢拱架的主被动联合支护技术。王云刚等[13]针对软岩巷道围岩在掘进过程中呈现出的顶板下沉量大、两帮收敛严重等特点,提出“锚索+W钢带+U形钢+注浆”的支护方案,围岩承载能力得到提高。王晓卿等[14]研究治理高应力软岩巷道底鼓方法,提出了以端锚锚索束为主的底鼓控制方案。陈盼[15]将底板支护与顶板支护协同统一起来,从而弥补支护强度在底板处的不足。
虽然当前学者们对高地应力巷道底鼓机理和治理手段从不同角度展开了大量的研究,但对于拥有浅埋深穿越含水层、直墙半圆拱形大断面、膨胀性软岩等特点的主斜井,常规的锚固支护技术作用有限。
基于上述研究成果,以窑街煤电集团某矿主斜井400 m处巷道围岩底鼓变形现象为研究背景,在巷道底鼓机理与底板实际调查基础上,提出“反底拱+锚索”的优化支护方案。
研究的主斜井地层被第四系所覆盖,围岩主要以泥岩、砂岩和粉砂质泥岩为主。井筒设计斜深730 m,掘进迎头至450 m,正穿过第三系(新近系)极软弱Ⅴ类围岩时发生严重底鼓,影响正常施工。通过力学特性试验得到掘进迎头岩石相关物理性质:围岩软化系数为0.09~0.58,岩石质量指标(rock quality designation,RQD)值为8%~80%,岩体完整性较差;迎头岩样自然含水条件下单轴抗压强度为8.286 MPa,弹性模量为1.225 GPa,泊松比为0.238;泡水后单轴抗压强度3.75 MPa,岩样的强度大幅降低,相比自然状态下的岩样,其强度降低了57%,同时弹性模量下降,泊松比大幅增加。上述结果表明水对岩层的强度及变形特性影响较大,为典型极软弱岩。巷道顶底板岩性如图1所示。
对迎头450 m新鲜试样(含水率14.93%)的岩样进行了X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffractometer,XRD)测试,测试结果如图2(a)所示:迎头新鲜试样的岩样XRD结果显示所取岩样主要由石英、斜长石、绿泥石、钾长石、伊利石组成,所取岩样中并未含有蒙脱石,但是通过观察掘进迎头试样饱和浸水可以看出,岩样饱和后膨胀崩解成泥,完全丧失了强度[16]。已有研究结果表明钾长石在水的作用下形成高岭石,自身相应的崩解消失,并相应地增加了高岭石的含量;蒙脱石可以向伊利石转化,为单向不可逆转化,综上岩样中绿泥石、钾长石和伊利石均属于黏土矿物,占比高、亲水性强、易吸水膨胀崩解,如图2(b)所示。
主斜井采用锚杆、锚索、锚网和29 U形钢棚支护结构拱部施工3列ϕ21.8 mm × 8 300 mm锚索,间排距1 600 mm × 1 600 mm,巷道表面挂设8#菱形金属网,全断面喷射混凝土等级为C25,喷涂厚度100 mm;每排U形钢棚均使用ϕ22 mm × 2 400 mm左旋等强全螺纹锚杆配合12#钢筋梯,锚杆间排距800 mm × 800 mm,如图3所示。
.
架设29 U形钢棚,棚间距为500 mm,采用带限位块、耳腰定位且经过热处理的双槽夹板卡缆,卡缆的拧紧力矩不小于300 N·m,每个接头采用两套卡缆U形棚间采用拉杆拉紧,每架棚之间采用8根拉杆连接,棚后充填采用钢筋网背板;架腿焊接250 mm × 250 mm × 10 mm的钢板做鞋;安装前先采用倾角40°的ϕ22 mm × 2 400 mm锚杆固定棚腿,每架棚消耗两根锚杆,以防钢棚棚腿受围岩应力、外力作用变形、位移,造成片帮、冒顶事故;为防止29 U形钢棚支架受侧压变形,在底部加设底梁。
为研究该主斜井斜深400 m处,此段斜井底鼓变形和两帮收缩破坏现象严重。本文中采用Flac3D数值模拟软件分析原支护方案对围岩的控制效果[17-19]。为避免边界效应的影响,将模型尺寸设置为50 m(宽) × 60 m(高) × 30 m(厚),为满足计算精度要求,将巷道周边的网格适当加密,结合主斜井巷道断面类型与支护方式,进行建模,如图4所示。在其上部施加荷载并在两侧、前后和底部设置了位移限制和应力限制。使用摩尔-库伦本构模型研究斜井周边的地质结构,并根据表1中的岩层物理力学参数进行调整。
运用数值模拟软件对主斜井不稳定段建模,研究分析在原支护条件下,其垂直应力、位移云图和塑性区分布特征,如图5所示。
(1)通过数值模拟得到巷道开挖后,斜井中的原岩应力被打破,应力重新分布,垂直应力云图分布如图5(a)所示;整体垂直应力呈现对称分布,垂直应力在斜井底板出现大范围的应力释放。斜井底板表面最大垂直应力约为0.054 MPa,由于底鼓效应释放了底板应力。两帮深部围岩有向斜井底板与帮部位移趋势,应力集中程度与应力集中范围有所下降,垂直应力约为3.5 MPa。在巷道的顶板位置处表现为应力集中,垂直应力约5.19 MPa。
(2)巷道垂直位移分布如图5(b)所示;底板在原简易支护条件下,巷道底板最大垂直位移约为486.7 mm,底板上部岩层有整体向下位移趋势。说明在破碎度较严重的软岩膨胀岩层中,不对底板进行支护,将会造成严重的底鼓现象。斜井巷道拱顶在29 U形钢与锚杆锚索的综合支护下,位移相对较小约为114 mm。
(3)由图5(c)水平位移云图可知,原支护方式在巷道的两帮处存在大范围水平位移,其中水平位移最大集中点在两帮帮底处,两底角总变形量为530 mm,巷帮中心位置总移近量约为336 mm,两帮的帮部与帮底水平位移量差值较大,约为194 mm;巷道底板岩层受两帮挤压变形,有水平位移趋势,当帮部位移量过大时,不稳定的软岩则从简易支护的底板处鼓起。
(4)由图5(d)塑性区可知,巷道围岩受掘进扰动影响,巷道围岩应力平衡被破坏重新分布,主斜井一定范围内围岩进入塑性破坏状态,塑性区的范围即围岩扰动裂隙的扩展范围。原支护方式效果不理想,围岩塑性区相较于顶底板,两帮塑性破坏范围较小,破坏影响深度约为1 m。底板塑性破坏范围最大,破坏深度约为2.4 m,顶板岩层破坏深度约为1.6 m。
当主斜井自掘进到400 m左右时,由于所穿过的岩层为极软弱软岩,岩性差、吸水易膨胀等多种原因,主井变形严重,主要破坏形式如图6所示。
图5(a)所示,底板岩层抗压强度大幅度降低,拱顶与两帮支护强度较高。简支底梁受底鼓挤压凸起变形,巷道底板鼓起300~580 mm,变形量大,为保证运输轨道的平稳运行,需要反复卧底施工,耗时费力严重浪费公司资源。
图5(b)所示,巷道两帮原设计施工宽度5 200 mm,现帮部收缩变形宽度为4 750~5 030 mm,两帮总变形量为170~450 mm;帮底向内侵入,挤压巷道底板,混凝土剥落,拱肩产生裂隙,变形严重、破坏面积大,裂隙有进一步扩展发育趋势,为后期主斜井安全运行留下隐患。
图5(c)所示,主井顶板在掘进开挖后,岩层破碎度较严重,顶板下沉,部分U形钢梁发生弯曲变形,在拉拔实验中,存在失效和不达标锚杆锚索。巡检过程中常有岩石掉落在锚网上,小块碎石直接坠落,对主井施工人员安全构成威胁。
(1)应力重新分布,导致底板水平应力升高,引发底鼓。巷道开挖后底板处于卸荷状态,围岩应力重新分布,巷道内壁的岩石几乎处于单应力状态,强度下降。顶板载荷通过两帮向底板传递,同时顶板下沉,巷道两帮受水平应力向巷道内部收缩,造成底板水平应力升高,当巷道底板岩层中应力超过可承受极限应力时,简易支护的底板岩层在高水平应力的作用下向巷道内部移动,造成巷道底鼓;如图7所示。
(2)底下水积聚渗入,弱化底板强度,引发底鼓。在掘进过程中,围岩受到掘进扰动影响,原平衡被打破,使得围岩的完整性和稳定性降低,在围岩周围形成松动区。施工产生的废水没有及时排出巷道,在底板肆意流淌。水不仅可以和底板表面接触,还能通过破碎岩石裂隙渗入内部,加剧水与岩石的物理化学作用,使围岩泥化,自身强度丧失加快,此时松动圈围岩强度降低,受掘进扰动影响导致松动圈进一步扩大,在高应力的作用下围岩进一步从底板突出。
(3)膨胀性软岩遇水膨胀体积增大,引起底板向巷道鼓出。巷道围岩中伊利石黏土矿物质占比较高,遇水易膨胀泥化。如图8所示,岩石在侧向约束无荷载膨胀率试验中,前6 h自由膨胀率处于极速变形期;6 h后自由膨胀率上升速率减缓,处于缓慢膨胀期;18 h后自由膨胀率处于稳定膨胀期,基本不再产生大变形;最大膨胀系数为4.9%,属于中等膨胀性。膨胀性软弱泥岩完整性较差,在巷道开挖后,如底板无支护措施,底鼓就达到最大值,若对底板施加有效防护措施,底鼓量可显著降低。
综上,本巷道由于受应力重新分布,地下水弱化底板强度,围岩膨胀性的影响,导致巷道围岩破碎度大强度较低,采用一般的锚网锚索支护方式无法有效控制巷道围岩变形,必须进行优化分析。
基于上述变形破坏特征,提出强化围岩强度与底板刚度的优化策略:①及时喷射混凝土密封围岩,防止围岩风化、渗水使膨胀性软岩强度降低;②在巷帮位置采用高强度长锚索,穿过松动区锚固在稳定岩层;③将底板破碎软岩挖出,采用反底拱、锚杆和锚索支护装备对巷道底板进行加强支护,并铺设混凝土强化底板强度,封闭岩层裂隙、隔绝水患。
针对优化策略,结合原支护设计提出以“反底拱+锚索”为核心的优化支护方案,详细支护断面如图9所示。具体优化参数设计如下:
(1)巷帮支护。在两帮直墙处各施工一根锚索ϕ21.8 mm × 8 300 mm锚索,间距1 600 mm;对巷帮与拱帮喷射C25混凝土,增强支护强度,密封围岩,减缓围岩强度下降趋势。
(2)将原底部普通横梁替换为29 U反底拱梁,并在反底拱梁上施工2根锚杆和1根锚索进行锚固,左右两根锚杆型号为ϕ22 mm × 2 400 mm左旋等强全螺纹锚杆,锚杆间排距2 600 mm × 800 mm;拱底锚索型号为ϕ21.8 mm × 6 000 mm,间距1 600 mm,采用C25混凝土回填,硬化底板。
为了验证反底拱+锚索支护方案对巷道底鼓防护的实际效果,在变形严重段选取30 m巷道作为试验段采用反底拱+锚索的支护方式,在试验段中间位置安装监测站。采用十字交叉法布置,测点分别位于巷道的顶底板和两帮的位置。围岩变形位移曲线如图10所示,在巷道掘进完成支护后的6 d内巷道围岩处于剧烈变形期,支护结构快速变形;6~28 d内巷道围岩进入缓慢变形期,围岩变形量出现小幅度波动;28 d以后变形量趋于平稳并逐渐稳定。最终巷道最大顶底板变形量为106.2 mm,两帮移近量为75.6 mm。总体而言,在浅埋大断面斜井巷道稳定控制方面,“反底拱+锚索”刚性支护加强相结合的支护手段是针对易碎软岩巷道的高效、可靠、低成本的支护方案。
主要研究浅埋软岩斜井底鼓治理问题,采用数值模拟软件,分析了大断面斜井围岩受力情况,结合斜井破坏特征确定了底鼓机理。并在大断面斜井使用“反底拱+锚索”支护技术得到以下结论。
(1)基于浅埋软岩大断面斜井巷道围岩结构特征,建立Flac3D数值模型,确定了巷道围岩应力、位移、塑性区分布规律。
(2)对于布置在极弱软岩中的斜井,地应力重新分布、地下水渗入弱化底板强度、底板岩层为膨胀性易碎软岩等是导致井筒失稳、底鼓变形的主要因素。
(3)在原支护方案上,提出了“反底拱+锚索”的围岩控制优化方案。井下监测数据证明,采用该支护方式后,巷道最大顶底板变形量为106.2 mm,两帮移近量为75.6 mm,相较于原方案分别减少了82.3%、77.5%,优化方案对围岩控制效果较好。验证了该支护方式效果显著,斜井围岩变形得到了有效的控制,取得了较好的技术与经济效益,为类似的膨胀软岩大断面巷道底鼓支护提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51974008)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403671
  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
  • 修回日期:2024-08-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(51974008)
作者信息
    1 安徽理工大学矿业工程学院, 淮南 232001
    2 合肥综合性国家科学中心能源研究院, 合肥 230031
    3 安徽省关闭/废弃矿井资源开发利用工程研究中心, 淮南 232001

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* 刘钦节(1980—),男,汉族,山东临沂人,博士,教授。研究方向:废弃矿井资源开发利用与深部岩石力学等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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