Article(id=1149776904527504111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717516800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-05, revisedDate=1727193600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775860, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775860, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775860, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4515, endPage=4525, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776904737219312, articleId=1149776904527504111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Types of Tight Gas Sweet Spots on Horizontal Well Fracturing Productivity, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The small pore throat radius, high starting pressure gradient, poor formation physical property and large gas production difference of horizontal wells after fracturing in tight sandstone reservoirs seriously affect the increase of tight gas reserves and production. In view of the above problems, the production dynamics of gas wells under different levels of sweet spots in the eastern Ordos Basin were analyzed, and a new tight gas fracturing method based on sweet spot distribution was proposed. Based on the evaluation of rock mechanics parameters, energy storage coefficient and argillaceous content parameters, the evaluation model of geological sweet spot and engineering sweet spot was established, and the reservoir quality of tight sandstone gas reservoir was divided by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. According to different sweet spot types, the production characteristics and sweet spot distribution characteristics of Class I, II and III horizontal wells were summarized, and three fracturing modes based on geological sweet spot and engineering sweet spot were formed. The results show that when the horizontal well is drilled in Class I geological sweet spot and Class I engineering sweet spot, the cumulative gas production is higher than expected (Class I well), and a larger fracturing scale and displacement can be adopted to maximize the economic benefit (Model 1). When the horizontal well is drilled in Class I geological sweet spot and Class II engineering sweet spot combination, the cumulative gas production is lower than Class I well (Class II well), and the fracturing scale should be reduced appropriately to pursue a certain production capacity and economic benefit (Model 2). When horizontal wells are drilled in geological sweet spots below Class II and combinations of Class I/II engineering sweet spots, the production effect is the worst (Class III wells), and the fracturing scale should be controlled by reducing displacement to avoid the fracture from entering the risk layer and obtain a certain production rate (Model 3). The above new fracturing method was applied to a newly drilled horizontal well in a tight gas reservoir, and the open flow and gas production of the horizontal well after fracturing reached the expectation, which has certain guiding significance for the development of tight sandstone gas reservoir.

, correspAuthors=Mao JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mao JIANG, Jian-shu WU, Cheng-yong PENG, Wei-yun MA, Yu-hu BAI, Fan YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776941756146599, articleId=1149776904527504111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=致密气不同类型甜点对水平井压裂产能影响规律, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

致密砂岩储层孔喉半径偏小,启动压力梯度偏高,地层物性差,压裂施工后的水平井产气量差异大,严重影响着致密气的增储上产。针对上述问题,分析了鄂尔多斯东缘盆地不同级别甜点下的气井生产动态,并提出了基于甜点展布的致密气压裂新方法。在岩石力学参数、储能系数及泥质含量参数评价的基础上,建立地质甜点及工程甜点评价模型,运用模糊综合评判方法划分了致密砂岩气藏储层品质。根据不同的甜点类型组合,总结了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水平井生产特征及甜点分布特征,形成了基于地质甜点工程甜点的3类压裂模式。结果表明:当水平井钻遇Ⅰ类地质甜点及Ⅰ类工程甜点时,则累计产气量高于预期(Ⅰ类井),可采用较大的压裂规模及排量,追求经济效益最大化(模式1);当水平井钻遇I类地质甜点及Ⅱ类以下工程甜点组合时,其累计产气量低于Ⅰ类井(Ⅱ类井),压裂规模应适当降低,追求一定的产能和经济效益(模式2);当水平井钻遇Ⅱ类以下地质甜点及Ⅰ/Ⅱ类工程甜点组合时,生产效果最差(Ⅲ类井),需降低排量控制压裂规模,避免裂缝窜入风险层,获得一定的产能(模式3)。上述压裂新方法应用于致密气藏一口新钻水平井中,该水平井压后无阻流量及产气量均达到预期,对致密砂岩气藏的开发具有一定的指导意义。

, correspAuthors=江锚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JT4AVFpW7jY/+ERZHv0TjA==, magXml=jIjvuYBjBivrC4Ci96812Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=h0rH8i3lSM/HPo3ov0HCCA==, pdfFileSize=12485884, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bfgITjSvezkt3FFHsRG5rQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=P4u/db/HmANrWPnvN1NAIQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

江锚(1994—),男,汉族,湖北潜江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:油气田储层改造工作。E-mail:

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江锚(1994—),男,汉族,湖北潜江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:油气田储层改造工作。E-mail:

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江锚(1994—),男,汉族,湖北潜江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:油气田储层改造工作。E-mail:

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reservoir, figureFileSmall=DbCfjUOo82J6WMS4TaccaQ==, figureFileBig=cS/jiZvrcTYxC4clpbcXnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914442818002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=CN, label=图14, caption=致密砂岩储层Ⅲ类水平井累计产气量、NPV值变化曲线及裂缝总接触面积, figureFileSmall=DbCfjUOo82J6WMS4TaccaQ==, figureFileBig=cS/jiZvrcTYxC4clpbcXnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914593812957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Simulation results of fracture morphology in full section of 8H horizontal well in tight sandstone reservoir, figureFileSmall=XimCG7whnVhVe6rHzC0oPw==, figureFileBig=aMg9AJ4M2cvLCbe5mmQq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914749002215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=CN, label=图15, caption=致密砂岩储层8H水平井全井段裂缝形态模拟结果, figureFileSmall=XimCG7whnVhVe6rHzC0oPw==, figureFileBig=aMg9AJ4M2cvLCbe5mmQq0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843914895802868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Comparison chart of simulated gas production and actual gas production of 8H horizontal well in tight sandstone reservoir, figureFileSmall=ccYqMiTmyvSmd3McShN5UA==, figureFileBig=+iOq/wwMbkZjd7l9uYW1nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915013243389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=CN, label=图16, caption=致密砂岩储层8H水平井模拟产气量及实际产气量对比图表, figureFileSmall=ccYqMiTmyvSmd3McShN5UA==, figureFileBig=+iOq/wwMbkZjd7l9uYW1nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843915143266821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of production classification levels of tight gas horizontal wells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
300天累计产气量/104 m3 水平井类别
<500(平均日产气量小于16 667 m3) Ⅲ类水平井
500~1 500(平均日产气量16 667~50 000 m3) Ⅱ类水平井
>1 500(平均日产气量大于50 000 m3) I类水平井
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915332010517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

致密气水平井产量分类级别汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
300天累计产气量/104 m3 水平井类别
<500(平均日产气量小于16 667 m3) Ⅲ类水平井
500~1 500(平均日产气量16 667~50 000 m3) Ⅱ类水平井
>1 500(平均日产气量大于50 000 m3) I类水平井
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915436868123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification criteria for geological and engineering sweet spots of tight gas horizontal wells

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标类型 具体评价指标 甜点类型 评价指标权重/%
地质甜点 地层储能系数 900~1 500 200~900 5~200 62
泥质含量/% 5~15 15~35 35~70 38
工程甜点 可压裂性指数/% 60~90 40~60 10~40 54
破裂压力梯度/(MPa·m-1) 0.015~0.017 0.017~0.02 0.02~0.023 46
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915529142820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

致密气水平井地质甜点及工程甜点划分标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标类型 具体评价指标 甜点类型 评价指标权重/%
地质甜点 地层储能系数 900~1 500 200~900 5~200 62
泥质含量/% 5~15 15~35 35~70 38
工程甜点 可压裂性指数/% 60~90 40~60 10~40 54
破裂压力梯度/(MPa·m-1) 0.015~0.017 0.017~0.02 0.02~0.023 46
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915629806124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sweet spot distribution characteristics and productivity curve characteristics of different types of horizontal wells in tight reservoir

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平井类别 甜点分布特征 产能曲线特征 典型井
I类井 I类地质甜点+I/Ⅱ类工程甜点 初产高、稳产期长、累产高 C1H、F5H、F8H
Ⅱ类井 I/Ⅱ类地质甜点+Ⅱ/Ⅲ类工程甜点 初产较高、稳产期较长、累产较高 A4H、B2H、B3H
Ⅲ类井 Ⅱ/Ⅲ类地质甜点+I/Ⅱ/Ⅲ类工程甜点 初产偏低、稳产期较短、累产较低 A3H、A2H、B4H
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915751440950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

致密储层不同类型水平井甜点分布特征及产能曲线特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平井类别 甜点分布特征 产能曲线特征 典型井
I类井 I类地质甜点+I/Ⅱ类工程甜点 初产高、稳产期长、累产高 C1H、F5H、F8H
Ⅱ类井 I/Ⅱ类地质甜点+Ⅱ/Ⅲ类工程甜点 初产较高、稳产期较长、累产较高 A4H、B2H、B3H
Ⅲ类井 Ⅱ/Ⅲ类地质甜点+I/Ⅱ/Ⅲ类工程甜点 初产偏低、稳产期较短、累产较低 A3H、A2H、B4H
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915868881470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comprehensive quality and sweet spot characteristics of different fracturing stages of 8H horizontal well in tight sandstone reservoir

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压裂段编号 顶深/m 底深/m 段长/m 综合压裂品质 地层及甜点特征
1 3 198.88 3 261.77 62.89 中等 泥岩及天然微裂缝较发育,含气性偏差到中等(Ⅱ类水平井甜点特征)
2 3 109.70 3 198.88 89.18 优等 泥岩较薄,天然微裂缝较发育,含气性好(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
3 2 994.80 3 109.70 114.90 中偏优 可压性中等偏差,含气性较好,砂体较厚,有零散灰岩(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
4 2 894.68 2 994.80 100.12 中偏优 可压裂性中等偏好,含气性较好厚砂体(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
5 2 797.09 2 894.68 97.59 优等 含气性好的厚砂体,可压裂性指数较优(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
6 2 692.27 2 797.09 104.82 中偏优 井斜角大于92°的复杂井段,较厚砂体的综合甜点井段(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
7 2 593.77 2 692.27 98.50 中偏差 地震曲率异常段,含气性较好,起裂压力偏高(Ⅱ类水平井甜点特征)
8 2 501.25 2 593.77 92.52 中偏差 砂泥灰岩叠置砂体,含气性较好,可压裂性指数较低(Ⅱ类水平井甜点特征)
9 2 397.67 2 501.25 103.58 中等 地震资料曲率异常段,可压性较好且含气条件较差(Ⅱ类水平井甜点特征)
10 2 317.90 2 397.67 79.77 偏差 砂泥灰岩叠置砂体,可压性差,综合甜点分布零散(Ⅲ类水平井甜点特征)
), ArticleFig(id=1218843916015682123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904527504111, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

致密砂岩储层8H水平井不同压裂段综合品质及甜点特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压裂段编号 顶深/m 底深/m 段长/m 综合压裂品质 地层及甜点特征
1 3 198.88 3 261.77 62.89 中等 泥岩及天然微裂缝较发育,含气性偏差到中等(Ⅱ类水平井甜点特征)
2 3 109.70 3 198.88 89.18 优等 泥岩较薄,天然微裂缝较发育,含气性好(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
3 2 994.80 3 109.70 114.90 中偏优 可压性中等偏差,含气性较好,砂体较厚,有零散灰岩(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
4 2 894.68 2 994.80 100.12 中偏优 可压裂性中等偏好,含气性较好厚砂体(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
5 2 797.09 2 894.68 97.59 优等 含气性好的厚砂体,可压裂性指数较优(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
6 2 692.27 2 797.09 104.82 中偏优 井斜角大于92°的复杂井段,较厚砂体的综合甜点井段(Ⅰ类水平井甜点特征)
7 2 593.77 2 692.27 98.50 中偏差 地震曲率异常段,含气性较好,起裂压力偏高(Ⅱ类水平井甜点特征)
8 2 501.25 2 593.77 92.52 中偏差 砂泥灰岩叠置砂体,含气性较好,可压裂性指数较低(Ⅱ类水平井甜点特征)
9 2 397.67 2 501.25 103.58 中等 地震资料曲率异常段,可压性较好且含气条件较差(Ⅱ类水平井甜点特征)
10 2 317.90 2 397.67 79.77 偏差 砂泥灰岩叠置砂体,可压性差,综合甜点分布零散(Ⅲ类水平井甜点特征)
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致密气不同类型甜点对水平井压裂产能影响规律
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江锚 1 , 吴建树 1 , 彭成勇 1, 2 , 马伟云 3 , 白玉湖 1 , 杨帆 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(11): 4515-4525
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(11): 4515-4525
致密气不同类型甜点对水平井压裂产能影响规律
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江锚1 , 吴建树1, 彭成勇1, 2, 马伟云3, 白玉湖1, 杨帆3
作者信息
  • 1 中海油研究总院有限责任公司, 北京 100028
  • 2 海洋油气高效开发全国重点实验室, 北京 102209
  • 3 中联煤层气有限责任公司, 北京100011
  • 江锚(1994—),男,汉族,湖北潜江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:油气田储层改造工作。E-mail:

Effects of Different Types of Tight Gas Sweet Spots on Horizontal Well Fracturing Productivity
Mao JIANG1 , Jian-shu WU1, Cheng-yong PENG1, 2, Wei-yun MA3, Yu-hu BAI1, Fan YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100028, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploitation, Beijing 102209, China
  • 3 China United Coal Bed Methane Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404203
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致密砂岩储层孔喉半径偏小,启动压力梯度偏高,地层物性差,压裂施工后的水平井产气量差异大,严重影响着致密气的增储上产。针对上述问题,分析了鄂尔多斯东缘盆地不同级别甜点下的气井生产动态,并提出了基于甜点展布的致密气压裂新方法。在岩石力学参数、储能系数及泥质含量参数评价的基础上,建立地质甜点及工程甜点评价模型,运用模糊综合评判方法划分了致密砂岩气藏储层品质。根据不同的甜点类型组合,总结了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水平井生产特征及甜点分布特征,形成了基于地质甜点工程甜点的3类压裂模式。结果表明:当水平井钻遇Ⅰ类地质甜点及Ⅰ类工程甜点时,则累计产气量高于预期(Ⅰ类井),可采用较大的压裂规模及排量,追求经济效益最大化(模式1);当水平井钻遇I类地质甜点及Ⅱ类以下工程甜点组合时,其累计产气量低于Ⅰ类井(Ⅱ类井),压裂规模应适当降低,追求一定的产能和经济效益(模式2);当水平井钻遇Ⅱ类以下地质甜点及Ⅰ/Ⅱ类工程甜点组合时,生产效果最差(Ⅲ类井),需降低排量控制压裂规模,避免裂缝窜入风险层,获得一定的产能(模式3)。上述压裂新方法应用于致密气藏一口新钻水平井中,该水平井压后无阻流量及产气量均达到预期,对致密砂岩气藏的开发具有一定的指导意义。

致密气  /  地质甜点  /  工程甜点  /  累计产气量  /  分段分簇优化  /  压裂规模优化

The small pore throat radius, high starting pressure gradient, poor formation physical property and large gas production difference of horizontal wells after fracturing in tight sandstone reservoirs seriously affect the increase of tight gas reserves and production. In view of the above problems, the production dynamics of gas wells under different levels of sweet spots in the eastern Ordos Basin were analyzed, and a new tight gas fracturing method based on sweet spot distribution was proposed. Based on the evaluation of rock mechanics parameters, energy storage coefficient and argillaceous content parameters, the evaluation model of geological sweet spot and engineering sweet spot was established, and the reservoir quality of tight sandstone gas reservoir was divided by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. According to different sweet spot types, the production characteristics and sweet spot distribution characteristics of Class I, II and III horizontal wells were summarized, and three fracturing modes based on geological sweet spot and engineering sweet spot were formed. The results show that when the horizontal well is drilled in Class I geological sweet spot and Class I engineering sweet spot, the cumulative gas production is higher than expected (Class I well), and a larger fracturing scale and displacement can be adopted to maximize the economic benefit (Model 1). When the horizontal well is drilled in Class I geological sweet spot and Class II engineering sweet spot combination, the cumulative gas production is lower than Class I well (Class II well), and the fracturing scale should be reduced appropriately to pursue a certain production capacity and economic benefit (Model 2). When horizontal wells are drilled in geological sweet spots below Class II and combinations of Class I/II engineering sweet spots, the production effect is the worst (Class III wells), and the fracturing scale should be controlled by reducing displacement to avoid the fracture from entering the risk layer and obtain a certain production rate (Model 3). The above new fracturing method was applied to a newly drilled horizontal well in a tight gas reservoir, and the open flow and gas production of the horizontal well after fracturing reached the expectation, which has certain guiding significance for the development of tight sandstone gas reservoir.

tight gas  /  geological sweet spot  /  engineering sweet spot  /  cumulative gas production  /  completion segment clustering optimization  /  fracturing scale optimization
江锚, 吴建树, 彭成勇, 马伟云, 白玉湖, 杨帆. 致密气不同类型甜点对水平井压裂产能影响规律. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4515 -4525 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404203
Mao JIANG, Jian-shu WU, Cheng-yong PENG, Wei-yun MA, Yu-hu BAI, Fan YANG. Effects of Different Types of Tight Gas Sweet Spots on Horizontal Well Fracturing Productivity[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4515 -4525 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404203
尽管致密储层体积压裂工艺应用得越来越广泛,但不同构造位置的地层物性差异巨大,为了识别目标地层的工程甜点,提出了不同类型的可压裂性评价及识别工程甜点方法[1-5]。从大量文献调研可以得出,储层天然裂缝特征、岩石机械脆性指数和可压裂性指数分布规律是识别储层工程甜点的3个关键因素;陈福利等[6]结合有机质成熟度、沉积类型、基质孔隙度、单井开发经济指标、单井产量动态建立了致密储层甜度计算模型;欧阳雪琪等[7]基于岩性、物性、脆性、含油气性和可压裂性等五方面特性对页岩油储层进行地质工程双甜点研究,完善了页岩油综合甜点的内涵;史璨等[8] 认为可压性是储层地质条件和压裂施工难易程度的综合评价指标,提出一种结合灰色关联法与标准间重要性相关性的综合权重模型,建立了基于为地质和工程甜度指数的综合可压性指数预测模型。目前,大多数地质甜点及工程甜点评价方法主要局限于单井尺度,忽略了平面非均质性及三维地质模型,较难对整个层系地质甜点、工程甜点进行精细评价。
鄂尔多斯东缘盆地致密砂岩储层储集空间多样,规模较小的断层发育,非均质性强,8+9#煤层广泛发育、厚度大、为局限海泻湖沉积,以砂/煤/泥互层的复杂岩性为主,常规压裂工艺无法满足致密砂岩储层水平井增产改造[9-10],水平井压裂工艺及参数不合理导致了压后产量差异大,严重影响着致密砂岩储层增储上产。针对上述问题,分析了鄂尔多斯东缘盆地不同级别甜点下的气井生产动态,并提出了基于甜点展布的致密气压裂新方法。通过目标区块已压裂水平井累计产气量动态数据,划分出Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水平井。在岩石力学参数评价的基础上,考虑水平应力差异系数及断裂韧性建立了可压裂性指数评价模型。利用灰色关联方法确定了储能系数、泥质含量、可压裂性指数及破裂压力梯度四个评价指标的权重,建立地质甜点及工程甜点评价模型,运用模糊综合评判方法将致密气储层品质划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类。基于地质甜点及工程甜点模型,统计水平井沿井段的甜点分布,评价甜点所占比例与产气量的关系。根据不同的甜点类型组合,结合气井生产动态,总结了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水平井生产特征及甜点分布特征,并选取了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类代表性水平井。基于Petrel平台,定义目标区块支撑剂及压裂液,利用非常规裂缝模型开展压裂模拟,并将裂缝模拟结果嵌入非结构化网格中完成气藏数值模拟,分析了累计产气量及净现值随压裂施工段数的变化趋势,结合曲线拐点得到了最优压裂段数及施工参数,形成了基于地质甜点工程甜点的三类压裂模式。上述压裂新模式对致密砂岩气藏的开发具有一定的指导意义。
鄂尔多斯东缘盆地致密砂岩储层横跨伊陕斜坡与晋西挠褶带两个构造单元,通过三维地震进行构造精细解释,区内构造形态从深到浅具有较好的继承性,构造简单,走势较平缓,倾角约1°~3°,大型断裂不发育,只发育小规模的层间断层。主要钻穿下石盒子组、山西组和太原组地层[11];下石盒子组主要为一套浅灰色含砾粗砂岩、灰白色中粗粒砂岩及灰绿色砂岩与灰绿色泥岩互层,砂岩发育大型交错层理[12];山西组岩性由含砾粗砂岩、粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩和煤组成;太原组为一套海相障壁海岸—潮坪—潟湖含煤沉积,岩性主要为砂岩、砂质岩、泥岩,其次为炭质泥岩、黏土岩、石灰岩及煤,为区内主要含煤地层之一;区域整体物性较差[13]。目标地层埋深为1 670~1 878 m,属于中浅层致密气井。依据区块探井试井解释资料,地层压力系数0.95~0.98,太原组孔隙度为7.0%~10.9%,渗透率为0.14~1.24 mD,含气饱和度46.0%~55.3%,整体属于常压致密气井。
2015—2018年鄂尔多斯东缘盆地致密砂岩储层主要部署直井及定向井,为了更好地动用薄砂体提高低渗气藏动用储量,逐渐提高水平井压裂施工频次,截至2023年9月累计部署水平井25口,其中2019—2022年水平井压裂15口,15口井压裂后无阻流量如图1所示,但水平井试气无阻流量差异较大,无阻流量最大值与最小值相差超过20倍。
该区块勘探部署的水平井钻遇层位90%为太原组,10%为本溪组,上述水平井均采用套管完井方式,压裂施工排量4~8 m3/min,水平井压裂施工后开展返排作业,返排后水平井均下生产管柱投入生产,生产动态差异大。结合致密气水平井产量变化情况,开展了水平井产量级别分类,分类结果如表1所示,水平井累计产气量变化曲线如图2所示,水平井产气量曲线主要呈现三类典型特征。
(1)I类井初始产气量高,产量上升快,产量递减速度中等,累计产气量高。
(2)Ⅱ类井初始产气量中等,产量递减快于I类井,累计产气量中等。
(3)Ⅲ类井初始产气量偏低,存在一定时间的关井,产量递减快,累计产气量低。
为了实现致密砂岩气的高效开发,需要明确造成单口水平井产气量差异大的原因,并针对不同类型水平井给出相应的压裂施工策略,提高致密气的开发效果。
根据矿场实践经验,致密砂岩气增储上产最关键的两点包括:气井钻遇储量丰度高的层位及平面区域;气井对应的岩石脆性好及压裂难度较小。其中第一点代表的是气井尽可能多地钻遇地质甜点,第二点代表的是气井尽可能多地钻遇工程甜点。根据文献调研总结的内容,地质甜点评价参数主要包含泥质含量、孔隙度、含气饱和度、渗透率、储能系数、地层系数等参数。利用基础资料,开展了压后无阻流量与地质甜点评价参数的相关性分析,致密储层单层开发气井地质甜点评价指标与无阻流量相关性散点图及线性回归分析如图3所示,从图3可以分析出目标区块单层已压裂井压后无阻流量与地层储能系数、泥质含量的相关性强于孔隙度、渗透率及含气饱和度。因此,地质甜点通过泥质含量、地层储能系数评价参数来表征。
岩石脆性指数的计算公式[14]
B=100× E - E m i n E m a x - E m i n + μ - μ m a x μ m i n - μ m a x 2
式(1)中:E为杨氏模量,GPa;Emax为目标区块杨氏模量最大值,GPa;Emin为目标区块杨氏模量最小值,GPa;μ为岩石泊松比;μmax为目标区块岩石泊松比最小值;μmin为目标区块岩石泊松比最小值。
结合岩石力学资料及压后试气动态资料的对比分析,仅依靠归一化岩石力学参数计算的脆性指数不能准确表征目标地层压裂品质,随着岩石力学专业理论研究逐步深入,越来越多的学者逐渐意识到致密地层水力压裂是一个复杂的过程,地层可压裂性评价应该不断提出新的实际表征参数作为评价因素,如断裂韧性、临界能量释放率等,逐渐形成了多因素综合的可压裂性评价方法体系。因此需要深入分析岩石力学实验结果,并结合岩石压裂基因和裂缝生长环境建立致密储层的压裂品质评价模型,可压裂性指数计算公式[15-16]
F=B 1 ( 0.5 K Ι C + 0.5 K Ι Ι C ) σ h 1 - σ H - σ h σ h
式(2)中:B为脆性指数;σh为最小水平主应力,MPa;σH为最大水平主应力,MPa;E为杨氏模量,GPa;μ为岩石泊松比;F为岩石可压裂性指数;KΙC为Ⅰ型断裂韧性;KΙΙC为Ⅱ型断裂韧性。
根据单层气井压裂效果,工程甜点评价参数包含杨氏模量、泊松比、脆性指数、最大和最小水平主应力、地应力差异系数、破裂压力梯度共7个参数;脆性指数与岩石杨氏模量及泊松比密切相关。
利用基础资料,开展了压后无阻流量与工程甜点评价参数的相关性分析,致密储层单层开发气井工程甜点评价指标与无阻流量相关性散点图及线性回归分析如图4所示,从图4可以分析出单层气井压后无阻流量与可压裂性指数、破裂压力梯度存在较强的相关性,其中破裂压力梯度的数值与最小水平主应力直接相关,进而间接影响可压裂性指数,压后无阻流量与脆性指数相关性较差。因此,工程甜点通过破裂压力梯度和可压裂性指数来表征(可压裂性指数总体小于65%,形成复杂缝网的能力较弱)。
当采用若干个单一指标对储层甜点进行描述时,大概率会产生不同指标之间描述结果差异明显的问题 [17]。考虑不同甜点评价指标的影响,结合数理专业的模糊综合评判方法,建立多因素影响下的地质甜点模型和工程甜点模型。致密砂岩储层甜点模型的建立包括两个关键步骤:第一是单一甜点评价指标权重的确定;第二是目标致密砂岩储层甜点分级。
运用灰色关联方法确定各甜点评价指标权重。在确定各指标权重之前,需要对各指标进行初始化,消除量纲的影响。结合相关性曲线初步分析,地层储能系数、可压裂性指数均为正向指标,而泥质含量、破裂压力梯度为反向指标,正向指标及反向指标的初始化公式为
初始化后正向指标:
yi(m)= x i ( m ) x 1 ( m )
初始化后反向指标:
yi(n)= x i ( n ) x 1 ( n )
式中:x1(m)为第一口井正向指标值;x1(n)为第一口井反向指标值;xi(m)为第i口井正向指标值;xi(n)为第i口井反向指标值。
以生产井300 d的累产气为参考序列,分别以地质甜点与工程甜点的指标参数为比较序列,构成矩阵[Y0,Y1,Y2,Y3] ;其中,Y0为参考序列,Yi为比较序列。将矩阵中的每个比较序列与参考序列相减,形成绝对差值矩阵及相关系数矩阵,矩阵形式[18]
Δ 1 Δ 1 Δ 1 Δ 1 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ n Δ n Δ n Δ n
将绝对差值矩阵中的每行每列数据作数学变换,即可获取相关系数,该系数是形成相关系数矩阵的重要基础,相关系数计算公式为
ξi(k)= Δ m i n + ρ Δ m a x Δ i k + ρ Δ m a x
式(6)中:Δik为第k口井第i个甜点评价指标绝对差值;ρ为分辨率系数,无因次,取值范围在0~1;Δmin为甜点评价指标绝对差值序列的最小值;Δmax为甜点评价指标绝对差值序列的最大值;ξi(k)为第k口井第i个甜点评价指标相关系数,无因次。
根据前面数学变量的定义,参考序列Y0与比较序列Yi的若干个相关系数ξi(k)可以反映出不同甜点评价指标的相关程度。因此,参考序列与比较序列的相关程度计算公式为
zi= 1 n k = 1 nξi(k)
在前面计算公式的基础之上,每个甜点评价指标所占的权重百分比计算公式为
wi= z i i = 1 2 z i
结合目标地层实际属性及相关系数矩阵计算结果,将地质甜点两个评价指标均划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三类,并确定地质甜点两个评价指标的权重比例;运用相同的方法,将工程甜点两个评价指标划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三类,并确定工程甜点评价指标的权重比例,地质甜点及工程甜点划分标准,甜点评价指标所占权重计算结果如表2所示。
采用综合指标评价甜点还需要解决分级的问题。由于前面的表格已经给出了单个评价指标分级区间,则模糊综合评判是确定甜点不同级别的有效方法。物性甜点和工程甜点的评价等级均为I类(好)、Ⅱ类(中)、Ⅲ类(差)。根据评价指标各分级区间,将各实际参数代入公式即可求得隶属度矩阵。即
rij=exp - x i - a i j b i j 2
aij= μ j 1 + μ j 2 2
bij= - ( μ j 1 - μ j 2 ) 2 4 l n 0.5
式中:rij为第i个评价指标属于第j个甜点等级的隶属度;xi为第i个评价指标的具体取值;aij为地质甜点第i个指标在第j个甜点等级的指标参数;bij为工程甜点第i个指标在第j个甜点等级的指标参数;μj1为第j个甜点的上部边界;μj2为第j个甜点的下部边界。
权重向量与隶属度矩阵的乘积等同于综合评判向量,结合隶属度rij公式形成隶属度矩阵R与前面相关程度百分比矩阵W 进行乘积处理;根据最大隶属度原则,即可判定致密气研究区的甜点等级,向量元素对应的最大值即为该段甜点所属的等级,向量元素计算公式为
Fz=WR
式(12)中:W为权重向量;R为结合隶属度值rij组成的隶属度矩阵;Fz为1×3的向量。
致密砂岩储层三维地质甜点与三维工程甜点数据体如图5图6所示。
由于致密砂岩气压裂规模、压裂施工排量对压裂水平井产能影响很大,因此定义900 m水平段长度、6 000 m3压裂液、650 m3加砂量为基础的300 d累计产气量,利用地质模型量化地质甜点对产能的影响。根据致密储层累计产气量与Ⅰ类地质甜点占比相关性图表(如图7所示),可以分析出累计产气量与Ⅰ类地质甜点所占比例总体呈正向线性关系,相关系数0.705 5[19]
根据累计产气量与Ⅰ类工程甜点占比相关性图表(如图8所示),可以分析出累计产气量与Ⅰ类工程甜点所占比例总体呈正向线性关系,相关系数0.502 6。将Ⅰ类甜点与累计产气量的相关系数进行对比分析,总结出地质甜点对气井产能更加敏感。
结合致密储层300 d累计产气量与Ⅰ类地质甜点、Ⅰ类工程甜点所占比例的分析结果,侧面反映出甜点占比越大、产能越好的总体趋势。以水平井轨迹穿过的地质甜点、工程甜点、投产后300 d产气量为主要划分标准,将鄂尔多斯东缘盆地致密砂岩储层的水平井划分为三类。I类井主要分布I类地质甜点+I/Ⅱ类工程甜点,Ⅱ类井主要分布I/Ⅱ类地质甜点+Ⅱ/Ⅲ类工程甜点,Ⅱ类井峰值产气量及累计产气量与I类井相比有所下降;Ⅲ类井主要分布Ⅱ/Ⅲ类地质甜点+I/Ⅱ/Ⅲ类工程甜点,Ⅲ类井投产后当天累计产气量明显低于I类井及Ⅱ类井。
利用基础资料,选取3口典型井来具体分析甜点对产能的影响,3口水平井日产气量随时间变化曲线如图9所示。结合生产曲线,I类典型井F5H平均产气量7.01×104 m3,并以平均74 655 m3稳产175 d;Ⅱ类典型井B3H平均产气量4.37×104 m3,并以平均46 530 m3稳产142 d;Ⅲ类典型井平均产气量4 486 m3,并以平均13 300 m3稳产29 d,稳产期时间较短且产量远低于I类井及Ⅱ类井。
在气井生产动态分析的基础上,进一步分析3口典型水平井沿井段的物性甜点及工程甜点分布比例。
(1)I类典型井沿井段I类地质甜点占比高达72.1%,I类及Ⅱ类工程甜点分别占比63%、37%,不含Ⅲ类工程甜点,不同甜点类型对应的地质甜点及工程甜点占比柱状图如图10(a)所示。
(2)Ⅱ类典型井沿井段I类及Ⅱ类地质甜点占比分别为45.5%、43.7%,I类工程甜点占比56.1%,Ⅲ类工程甜点占比36.5%,不同甜点类型对应的地质甜点及工程甜点占比柱状图表如图10(b)所示,其中Ⅱ类典型井I类工程甜点占比总体小于I类典型井,Ⅱ类典型井Ⅲ类工程甜点占比总体大于Ⅰ类典型井,总体反映出Ⅱ类典型井工程甜点质量总体差于I类典型井,进而导致Ⅱ类典型井累计产量低于Ⅰ类典型井。
(3)Ⅲ类典型井沿井段I类地质甜点仅3.3%、Ⅲ类地质甜点占比高达68.8%、工程甜点I类占比34.1%、Ⅱ类占比50.7%,不同甜点类型对应的地质甜点及工程甜点占比柱状图如图10(c)所示,与其他类型水平井相比,Ⅲ类典型井地质甜点质量差是造成气井产能差的主要原因。
结合前面的认识,总结了不同类型甜点条件下的水平井生产特征,如表3所示:I类井稳产时间较长且累计产量很高,Ⅱ类井稳产时间小于I类井且累计产量有所下降;Ⅲ类井主要分布Ⅱ/Ⅲ类地质甜点+I/Ⅱ/Ⅲ类工程甜点,Ⅲ类井投产后当天累计产气量明显低于I类井及Ⅱ类井。
结合非常规油气地质工程一体化较为成熟的设计流程,利用Kinetix软件进行水平井地质甜点及工程甜点精细评价,进而完成压裂水平井分段分簇及裂缝形态模拟;基于裂缝形态模拟结果,建立非结构化气藏数值模拟网格(图11),设置气水界面、相渗曲线,开展气藏水平井数值模拟,绘制水平井产气量及产水量曲线,并分析水平井周边地层压力下降情况。
结合致密气甜点对于产能影响分析结果,对于Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类及Ⅲ类水平井,地质甜点及工程甜点分布规律差异较大,因此针对不同类型水平井开展针对性地压裂施工规模优化。根据目标储层矿场实践经验,选取投产1年累计产气量、净现值及裂缝接触总表面积3个指标优化平均每个射孔簇压裂施工规模[20]
(1)Ⅰ类水平井压裂规模优化。利用Kinetix软件优化Ⅰ类典型水平井单簇压裂规模(水平段长1 000 m,设计7段14簇压裂),随着单簇压裂规模逐渐上升,累计产气量、裂缝接触面积及净现值有所增长,但单簇压裂规模超过350 m3时,净现值出现下降,并且累计产气量及裂缝接触面积增长幅度不足3%(如图12所示),因此优选Ⅰ类典型水平井及对应的甜点分布特征平均单簇压裂规模350 m3
(2)Ⅱ类水平井压裂规模优化。利用Kinetix软件优化Ⅱ类典型水平井单簇压裂规模(水平段长1 000 m,设计7段14簇压裂),随着单簇压裂规模逐渐上升,累计产气量、裂缝接触面积及净现值有所增长,但单簇压裂规模超过290 m3时,净现值出现下降,并且累计产气量及裂缝接触面积增长幅度不足3%(图13),因此优选Ⅱ类典型水平井及对应的甜点分布特征平均单簇压裂规模290 m3
(3)Ⅲ类水平井压裂规模优化。利用Kinetix软件优化Ⅲ类典型水平井单簇压裂规模(水平段长1 000 m,设计8段15簇压裂),随着单簇压裂规模逐渐上升,累计产气量、裂缝接触面积及净现值有所增长,但单簇压裂规模超过270 m3时,净现值出现下降,并且累计产气量及裂缝接触面积增长幅度不足5%(图14),因此优选Ⅲ类典型水平井及对应的甜点分布特征平均单簇压裂规模270 m3
利用目标区块新钻水平井8H基础资料,运用综合甜点量化模型及分段分簇位置优选方法,8H水平井共设置了10个压裂段,30个压裂射孔簇;水平段长度943.87 m,单个压裂段长度62.89~114.9 m(平均94.39 m);其中含气性较高厚砂体段及天然微裂缝发育段均为1段3簇射孔,曲率异常井段为1段4簇射孔,砂泥灰岩叠置段为1段2簇射孔,射孔簇间距14.39~43.3 9m(平均31.46 m)。
针对压裂水平井泵注程序设计与地质工程特征结合不紧密的问题,结合地质甜点、工程甜点、天然微裂缝、砂岩、泥岩及灰岩分布情况,地层储能系数、泥质含量、可压裂性指数、破裂压力梯度变化情况,总结出各个压裂段的地层及甜点主要特征(其中Ⅰ类甜点特征占比50%、Ⅱ类甜点占比40%、Ⅱ类甜点占比10%,如表4所示),为后续开展水平井“一段一策”精细化压裂施工提供了必要的基础。
8H水平井共射孔30簇,采用较大规模压裂5段15簇,中等规模压裂4段13簇,较小规模压裂1段2簇,累计注入压裂液9 439 m3,累计注入前置酸液超过200 m3,支撑剂累计用量超过1 700 t,各段压裂施工排量变化范围5~11 m3/min,该水平井裂缝形态模拟结果如图15所示。
8H水平井试气无阻流量108×104 m3/d,压后投产后,该井初产96 000 m3,并以180 000 m3的日产量稳产7个月,累计产气量实际值与模拟结果误差3.2%,日产气量误差总体在2%~5%变化,产气量对比图如图16所示,日产量及累计产量远高于同期其他井,反映出基于地质模型及甜点评价的压裂设计具有适用性。
(1)运用灰色关联方法确定各甜点评价指标权重,致密气井压后产能主要与地质甜点及工程甜点分布规律关系较密切。
(2)当水平井主要钻遇Ⅰ类地质甜点及Ⅰ类工程甜点时,则累计产气量高于预期(Ⅰ类井),可采用较大的压裂规模及排量,追求经济效益最大化(模式1);当水平井主要钻遇I类地质甜点及Ⅱ类以下工程甜点组合时,其累计产气量低于Ⅰ类井(Ⅱ类井),压裂规模应适当降低,追求一定的产能和经济效益(模式2);当水平井主要钻遇Ⅱ类以下地质甜点及Ⅰ/Ⅱ类工程甜点组合时,生产效果最差(Ⅲ类井),需降低排量控制压裂规模,避免裂缝窜入风险层,获得一定的产能(模式3)。
(3)三类压裂新模式应用于致密气藏一口新钻水平井中,该水平井日产量及累计产量远高于同期其他井,反映出基于地质模型及甜点评价的压裂设计具有适用性,贯彻了地质工程一体化设计理念,为致密气增储上产贡献了重要的力量。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42130803)
  • 国家自然科学基金(51704324)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404203
  • 接收时间:2024-06-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-05
  • 修回日期:2024-09-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(42130803)
国家自然科学基金(51704324)
作者信息
    1 中海油研究总院有限责任公司, 北京 100028
    2 海洋油气高效开发全国重点实验室, 北京 102209
    3 中联煤层气有限责任公司, 北京100011
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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