Article(id=1149776904372318262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404664, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718899200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-21, revisedDate=1727193600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775824, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775824, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775824, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775824, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4567, endPage=4573, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776904904994872, articleId=1149776904372318262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Dynamic Fuzzy Radial Basis Function Neural Network Model for Fault Diagnosis in Nuclear Reactor Coolant System, columnId=1156264259077137059, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Nuclear Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue that traditional fault diagnosis methods struggle to accurately diagnose faults in the nuclear reactor coolant system (RCS) of nuclear power plants under uncertain conditions, a dynamic fuzzy radial basis function neural network (DFRBFNN) model was established for RCS fault diagnosis following these steps. First, based on the fault types and sample data of the RCS, the initial structure of the DFRBFNN model was determined. Then, using the radial basis function neural network method, the initial DFRBFNN model for RCS fault diagnosis was constructed, and a random initialization method was applied to initialize the connection weights from the defuzzification layer to the output layer of the initial DFRBFNN model. Finally, the error reduction rate method was used to adjust the structure and parameters of the initial DFRBFNN model, resulting in the final DFRBFNN model for RCS fault diagnosis. The established model was applied to diagnose loss of coolant, flow loss, and steam generator tube rupture accidents, and its performance was compared with traditional fault diagnosis models to verify its effectiveness. The research shows that the constructed DFRBFNN model can accurately diagnose RCS faults under uncertain conditions.

, correspAuthors=Yang SUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-hao ZHU, Tao DAI, Yang SUI, Xiao-han LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776921287946550, articleId=1149776904372318262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=核反应堆冷却剂系统故障诊断动态模糊径向基神经网络模型, columnId=1156264259655951016, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·原子能技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统的故障诊断方法难以在不确定环境下准确诊断核电厂核反应堆冷却剂系统( reactor coolant system,RCS)故障这一问题,按照以下路线建立了一种核电厂RCS故障诊断动态模糊径向基神经网络(dynamic fuzzy radial basis function neural network,DFRBFNN)模型。首先,根据RCS的故障类型和样本数据,确定DFRBFNN模型的初始结构;然后,应用径向基神经网络方法,构建了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN初始模型,应用随机初始化方法,对DFRBFNN初始模型的去模糊层到输出层的连接权重进行初始化处理;最后,应用误差下降率法,修正DFRBFNN初始模型的结构和参数,构建了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型。应用所建立的模型对冷却剂丧失、失流和蒸汽发生器管道破裂事故进行诊断,并与传统的故障诊断模型进行对比,验证了本文所建立模型的有效性。研究表明,所构建的核电厂RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型能够在不确定环境下准确地诊断RCS的故障。

, correspAuthors=隋阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 隋阳(1983—),男,汉族,吉林白山人,博士,教授。研究方向:核电厂系统可靠性评估和故障诊断智能方法。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=CvT4/AtdYsS0dcChO3zrNg==, magXml=yQAC1R5KOscI3kclPdgQOw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=L78w9xsaul0/k0WpHK/V1A==, pdfFileSize=4576607, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=r60o1jVRRJvajok6VoofQg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hdZWMs6Jzwnpa8WTbOzDSA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱佳浩(2000—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:核电厂系统故障诊断方法。E-mail:

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朱佳浩(2000—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:核电厂系统故障诊断方法。E-mail:

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朱佳浩(2000—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:核电厂系统故障诊断方法。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904372318262, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulation time and number of generated samples for RCS operation and accident conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
正常和事故工况 模拟时间/s 样本数量/条
正常工况(S1) 0~499 500
热管段小破口冷却剂丧失(S2) 500~999 500
冷管段小破口冷却剂丧失(S3) 1 000~1 499 500
热管段大破口冷却剂丧失(S4) 1 500~1 999 500
冷管段大破口冷却剂丧失(S5) 2 000~2 499 500
A段蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(S6) 2 500~2 999 500
B段蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(S7) 3 000~3 499 500
失流(S8) 3 500~3 999 500
), ArticleFig(id=1218843910533730387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904372318262, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RCS运行和事故工况模拟时间和生成的样本数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
正常和事故工况 模拟时间/s 样本数量/条
正常工况(S1) 0~499 500
热管段小破口冷却剂丧失(S2) 500~999 500
冷管段小破口冷却剂丧失(S3) 1 000~1 499 500
热管段大破口冷却剂丧失(S4) 1 500~1 999 500
冷管段大破口冷却剂丧失(S5) 2 000~2 499 500
A段蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(S6) 2 500~2 999 500
B段蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(S7) 3 000~3 499 500
失流(S8) 3 500~3 999 500
), ArticleFig(id=1218843910747639898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904372318262, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of fault diagnosis models under different working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障诊断模型 各工况准确率/%
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 平均
BPNN 95.30 99.60 98.50 100.00 99.30 95.30 94.60 96.00 97.33
SVM 95.00 99.70 96.10 99.50 96.10 98.20 93.10 95.60 96.66
XGBoost 97.60 99.16 98.50 96.47 98.67 97.28 98.70 98.82 98.15
DFRBFNN 98.91 99.91 99.39 99.92 99.71 99.94 99.94 100.00 99.72
), ArticleFig(id=1218843910877663333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776904372318262, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同工况下故障诊断模型的诊断准确率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障诊断模型 各工况准确率/%
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 平均
BPNN 95.30 99.60 98.50 100.00 99.30 95.30 94.60 96.00 97.33
SVM 95.00 99.70 96.10 99.50 96.10 98.20 93.10 95.60 96.66
XGBoost 97.60 99.16 98.50 96.47 98.67 97.28 98.70 98.82 98.15
DFRBFNN 98.91 99.91 99.39 99.92 99.71 99.94 99.94 100.00 99.72
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核反应堆冷却剂系统故障诊断动态模糊径向基神经网络模型
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朱佳浩 1, 2 , 戴滔 1, 2 , 隋阳 1, 2, 3, * , 李枭瀚 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·原子能技术 2025,25(11): 4567-4573
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·原子能技术 2025, 25(11): 4567-4573
核反应堆冷却剂系统故障诊断动态模糊径向基神经网络模型
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朱佳浩1, 2 , 戴滔1, 2, 隋阳1, 2, 3, * , 李枭瀚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 南华大学核科学技术学院, 衡阳 421001
  • 2 先进核能技术设计与安全教育部重点实验室, 衡阳 421001
  • 3 福建福清核电有限公司, 福清 350300
  • 朱佳浩(2000—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:核电厂系统故障诊断方法。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 隋阳(1983—),男,汉族,吉林白山人,博士,教授。研究方向:核电厂系统可靠性评估和故障诊断智能方法。E-mail:
Dynamic Fuzzy Radial Basis Function Neural Network Model for Fault Diagnosis in Nuclear Reactor Coolant System
Jia-hao ZHU1, 2 , Tao DAI1, 2, Yang SUI1, 2, 3, * , Xiao-han LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 2 Key Lab of Advanced Nuclear Energy Design and Safety, Ministry of Education, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 3 Fujian Fuqing Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Fuqing, 350300, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404664
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针对传统的故障诊断方法难以在不确定环境下准确诊断核电厂核反应堆冷却剂系统( reactor coolant system,RCS)故障这一问题,按照以下路线建立了一种核电厂RCS故障诊断动态模糊径向基神经网络(dynamic fuzzy radial basis function neural network,DFRBFNN)模型。首先,根据RCS的故障类型和样本数据,确定DFRBFNN模型的初始结构;然后,应用径向基神经网络方法,构建了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN初始模型,应用随机初始化方法,对DFRBFNN初始模型的去模糊层到输出层的连接权重进行初始化处理;最后,应用误差下降率法,修正DFRBFNN初始模型的结构和参数,构建了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型。应用所建立的模型对冷却剂丧失、失流和蒸汽发生器管道破裂事故进行诊断,并与传统的故障诊断模型进行对比,验证了本文所建立模型的有效性。研究表明,所构建的核电厂RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型能够在不确定环境下准确地诊断RCS的故障。

核电厂  /  核反应堆冷却剂系统  /  故障诊断  /  动态模糊径向基神经网络模型

To address the issue that traditional fault diagnosis methods struggle to accurately diagnose faults in the nuclear reactor coolant system (RCS) of nuclear power plants under uncertain conditions, a dynamic fuzzy radial basis function neural network (DFRBFNN) model was established for RCS fault diagnosis following these steps. First, based on the fault types and sample data of the RCS, the initial structure of the DFRBFNN model was determined. Then, using the radial basis function neural network method, the initial DFRBFNN model for RCS fault diagnosis was constructed, and a random initialization method was applied to initialize the connection weights from the defuzzification layer to the output layer of the initial DFRBFNN model. Finally, the error reduction rate method was used to adjust the structure and parameters of the initial DFRBFNN model, resulting in the final DFRBFNN model for RCS fault diagnosis. The established model was applied to diagnose loss of coolant, flow loss, and steam generator tube rupture accidents, and its performance was compared with traditional fault diagnosis models to verify its effectiveness. The research shows that the constructed DFRBFNN model can accurately diagnose RCS faults under uncertain conditions.

nuclear power plant  /  nuclear reactor coolant system  /  fault diagnosis  /  dynamic fuzzy radial basis function neural network
朱佳浩, 戴滔, 隋阳, 李枭瀚. 核反应堆冷却剂系统故障诊断动态模糊径向基神经网络模型. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4567 -4573 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404664
Jia-hao ZHU, Tao DAI, Yang SUI, Xiao-han LI. Dynamic Fuzzy Radial Basis Function Neural Network Model for Fault Diagnosis in Nuclear Reactor Coolant System[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4567 -4573 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404664
核反应堆冷却剂系统(reactor coolant system, RCS)是保障核反应堆安全稳定运行至关重要的系统,由核反应堆、主冷却剂泵、蒸汽发生器、稳压器,以及将它们连接起来的管道和阀门等部件组成[1]。RCS的主要功能是:载出核电厂正常运行时核反应堆产生的热量;防止放射性物质外泄[2]。因此,对RCS进行精准的故障诊断,对保障核反应堆的安全性具有重要意义。
现阶段故障诊断方法主要分为两种,分别是基于模型驱动的方法和基于数据驱动的方法[3]。目前,国内外学者通常采用基于模型驱动的方法开展RCS故障诊断研究[4-6]。然而,基于模型驱动的方法依赖于专家知识,且对复杂系统建模困难[7]。针对此问题,一些专家学者采用基于数据驱动的方法开展RCS故障诊断研究[8-10],该方法以数据为基础,通过使用机器学习、数据挖掘等方法进行数据分析,建立系统参数与故障间的映射关系,从而诊断系统故障[11-12]。常见的基于数据驱动的方法主要包括决策树、支持向量机、随机森林、人工神经网络等[13]。于巍峰[9]应用前馈神经网络方法,建立了RCS温度、压力等参数与故障程度之间的映射关系,对RCS的传热管破裂数量和管道破口尺寸进行了估算。杨熙宇[14]应用决策树方法,构建了RCS故障诊断模型,对RCS蒸汽发生器传热管破裂、热阱丧失、反应堆失流和冷却剂丧失事故的判别规则进行了挖掘。艾鑫[15]应用自适应提升方法,构建了一种RCS故障程度评估模型,对RCS的传热管破裂数量和冷却剂泄露流量进行了估算。Lee等[10]应用支持向量分类方法,通过研究RCS的温度和压力等参数与管道破口位置的关系,定位了RCS的故障点。
但是,核电厂在运行和事故工况下,RCS传感器所收集的数据会伴随一定程度的不确定性信息[16-17],使得传统的数据驱动模型难以发挥最佳诊断性能[18]。模糊神经网络是一种同时具备模糊系统逻辑推理能力和神经网络自适应学习能力的模型,它可以通过模糊化过程和if-then规则对数据的不确定性信息进行建模,从而在不确定环境下准确诊断系统故障。Sheng等[19]应用模糊神经网络方法,构建了RCS故障诊断模型,对RCS的蒸汽发生器传热管破裂和冷却剂丧失事故进行了诊断,评估了故障的严重程度。Park等[20-21]应用模糊神经网络方法,构建了RCS故障诊断深度模糊神经网络模型,对OPR-1000反应堆发生冷却剂丧失事故期间的泄漏流量大小进行了预测。Choi等[22]采用遗传算法和最小二乘法,对模糊神经网络模型的参数进行了优化,应用优化后的模型,对冷却剂丧失事故的破口大小进行了预测。
然而,模糊神经网络模型的模糊规则库在构建时需要依赖专家经验,难以根据数据变化进行动态更新,导致模糊神经网络模型的泛化性较低。动态模糊径向基神经网络(dynamic fuzzy radial basis function neural network, DFRBFNN)模型是模糊神经网络模型的一个分支,具备从数据中学习模糊推理规则的能力,并能根据数据变化,动态调整规则,从而提高模糊神经网络模型的泛化能力。
因此,构建核电厂RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型,在不确定环境下准确地诊断RCS的故障,为保障核反应堆安全稳定运行提供重要参考。
RCS即核电站一回路主系统,是核岛最为核心的部分,如图1所示[23]。RCS采用双环路布置,每条环路由两台反应堆冷却剂泵、一台蒸汽发生器以及一系列的管路、仪表组成。此外,在其中一条环路的热管段上还布置有一个稳压器,其作用是控制喷淋管和电加热器,调节RCS的压力[24]
在RCS中,冷却剂由主泵驱动,从每条环路的冷段进入反应堆,流经堆芯时被加热,加热后的高温冷却剂从堆芯上部的出口经各环路的热段进入蒸汽发生器一次侧,通过蒸汽发生器传热管将热量传递给二次侧给水,从而产生供二回路使用的饱和蒸汽,冷却剂在经二次侧给水冷却后离开蒸汽发生器,由过渡段回到主泵入口形成循环。因此,RCS的主要功能是能量的转化和转移,同时,作为核电厂的第二道安全屏障,RCS还可以有效防止放射性物质的外泄[25]
DFRBFNN模型由输入层、模糊化层、模糊推理层、去模糊层和输出层组成,如图2所示。
(1)输入层。设DFRBFNN模型的输入变量为p个,则输入层为:X={x1,x2,…,xp},每个神经元xi都代表一个输入变量。
(2)模糊化层。设DFRBFNN模型的模糊规则为f条,则模糊化层的神经元为p×f个,每个神经元都代表一个隶属函数,定义式[26]
$\begin{array}{l} u_{i j}=\exp \left[-\frac{\left(x_{i}-c_{i j}\right)^{2}}{\mu_{j}^{2}}\right], \quad i=1,2, \cdots, p ; \\ \quad j=1,2, \cdots, f \end{array}$
式(1)中:uij为第i个输入层神经元的第j个隶属函数;cijuij的中心;μjuij的宽度。
(3)模糊推理层。DFRBFNN模型模糊推理层中的RBF神经元共f个,表示一条“if-then”模糊规则中的“if”部分,定义式[26]
$\begin{aligned} \varphi_{j} & =\exp \left[-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{p}\left(x_{i}-c_{i j}\right)^{2}}{\mu_{j}^{2}}\right] \\ & =\exp \left[-\frac{\left\|X-C_{j}\right\|^{2}}{\mu_{j}^{2}}\right], \quad j=1,2, \cdots, f \end{aligned}$
式(2)中:Cj=(c1j,c2j,…,cpj)为第j个RBF神经元的中心。
(4)去模糊层。DFRBFNN模型去模糊层中的神经元共f个,每个神经元都代表一条模糊规则的推理结果,定义式[26]
Ψj= φ j i = 1 f φ i, j=1,2,…,f
式(3)中:Ψj为第j条模糊规则的推理结果。
(5)输出层。设DFRBFNN模型有o个输出,则输出层的神经元个数也为o个,每个神经元都代表一个输出,定义式[26]
yi= j = 1 fωjiΨj, i=1,2,…,o
式(4)中:yi为第i个输出;ωji为去模糊层第j个神经元到输出层第i个神经元的连接权重。
计算系统误差(样本数据实际值与DFRBFNN模型计算值的差别)和可容纳边界(隶属度函数层中隶属度函数的覆盖范围),判断当前模糊规则是否满足推理需求。定义第i组输入变量Xi=(x1,x2,…,xp)的系统误差为ei,定义式[26]
$\left\|e_{i}\right\|=\left\|a_{i}-y_{i}\right\|$
式(5)中:aiXi的实际输出;yi为DFRBFNN模型的计算结果。定义期望精度为ke,比较eike的大小,决定是否生成新的模糊规则。
生成一条新的模糊规则之后,计算可容纳边界,决定是否继续生成新的模糊规则。可容纳边界的计算步骤如下:
(1)计算新的输入变量Xi与现有隶属度函数中心Cj的最小距离dmin[26],dmin的计算式为
dmin=argmin(‖Xi-Cj‖)
式(6)中:j为模糊规则库中的规则数量。
(2)定义可容纳边界为kd,比较dminkekd的大小,决定是否生成新的模糊规则。kekd计算公式[26]
ke=max(emaxβ,emin)
kd=max(dmaxγ,dmin)
式中:emax为预设最大误差;emin为系统期望精度;β为收敛常数,取值范围为[0,1];dmax为输入空间的最大长度;γ为衰减常数,取值范围为[0,1]。
生成模糊规则的判定规则如下:
①当‖ei‖>kedmin>kd时,需新增一条模糊规则。新增模糊规则的参数表达式[26]
C=X
μ=kdmin
式(10)中:k>1,为预先设定的重叠因子。
②当‖ei‖<kedmin>kd或‖ei‖<kedmin<kd时,无需新增模糊规则。
③当‖ei‖>kedmin<kd时,需调整最接近新的输入数据的隶属度函数宽度,调整方法[26]
μf=kwμf-1
式(11)中:kw>1,为预先设定的常数。
使用式(6)[26],计算去模糊层神经元的输出结果,得
Ψ= Ψ 11 Ψ 12 Ψ 1 p Ψ 21 Ψ 22 Ψ 2 p Ψ f 1 Ψ f 2 Ψ f p
式(12)中:f为模糊规则数量;p为输入变量组数。设去模糊层到输出层的连接权重为λ=(λ10,…,λf0,λ11,…,λf1,…,λ1p,…,λfp),定义输出层的输出值表达式[26]
Y=λΨ
设整体误差为E=‖A-Y‖,为使E最小,采用最小二乘法计算最优权重λ*,可得[26]
λ*Ψ=A
λ*=A ( Ψ T Ψ ) - 1ΨT
应用误差下降率法,计算模糊规则的重要度,将重要度较低的规则剔除,以达到修剪模糊规则的目的,步骤如下:
(1)令D=ATH=ΨTτ=λT,将式(14)改写为[27]
D=Hτ+E
式(16)中:E为误差向量。将H进行QR分解,可得[27]
H=QB
式(17)中:QH标准正交向量组矩阵;BH正线上三角阵。将式(16)代入到式(17)中,可得[27]
D=QBτ+E
(2)计算。令G=,G的线性最小二乘法的解[27]
G= ( Q T Q ) - 1QTD
G={g1,g2,…,gv},Q={q1,q2,…,qv},可将式(19)改写为[27]
gi= q T i D q T i q i, i=1,2,…,ν
式(20)中:v=f(p+1),表示回归系数。
(3)计算D的平方和。当qiqj正交时,D的平方和计算式[27]
DTD= i = 1 ν g i 2 q T iqi+ETE
D的方差计算[27]公式为
p-1DTD=p-1 i = 1 ν g i 2 q T iqi+p-1ETE
(4)计算误差下降率。误差下降率定义为[27]
Δei= g i 2 q T i q i D T D, i=1,2,…,ν
将式(20)代入到式(23)中,可得[27]
Δei= ( q T i D ) 2 q T i q i D T D, i=1,2,…,ν
δiei,Δ=(δ1,δ2,…,δm),则第i个模糊规则的重要度ηi的计算式[27]
ηi= δ T i δ i p + 1
通过以下3个步骤,构建了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型。
(1)确定DFRBFNN模型的初始结构和参数:根据RCS数据样本的参数和故障类型,分别确定DFRBFNN模型输入层和输出层的神经元个数;读取第一条数据样本,使用式(1)~式(4),生成一条模糊规则,从而确定DFRBFNN模型的模糊化层、模糊推理层和去模糊层神经元个数;进而确定DFRBFNN模型的初始结构。
应用随机初始化方法,初始化DFRBFNN模型的去模糊层到输出层的连接权重。
(2)修正和确定DFRBFNN模型的结构和参数:使用式(5)、式(6),分别计算实际值与DFRBFNN模型输出值的误差和数据样本到模糊规则隶属函数中心的最小距离;使用式(7)、式(8),分别计算DFRBFNN模型的期望精度和可容纳边界,使用式(9)~式(11),生成新的模糊规则,对DFRBFNN模型的模糊化层、模糊推理层和去模糊层的神经元个数进行修正;使用式(13)~式(15),计算DFRBFNN模型的去模糊层到输出层的连接权重;应用误差下降率法,使用式(16)~式(25),计算模糊规则的重要度,将重要度较低的规则剔除,从而确定DFRBFNN模型的结构和参数。
(3)构建RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型:基于以上两个步骤,构建RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型。
RCS在大多情况下都处于安全运行状态,故障数据较少。因此,本文中选取Personal Computer TRansient ANalyzer(PCTRAN)软件(如图3所示)作为RCS运行和故障数据的来源。PCTRAN软件可以较好地模拟RCS在多种工况下的运行和故障状态,并且可以生成反映RCS实际运行和故障状态的模拟数据。
本文中使用PCTRAN软件,对RCS正常工况、冷却剂丧失(热管段小破口、冷管段小破口、热管段大破口、冷管段大破口)、蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(A段、B段)和失流工况进行了模拟,每种工况的模拟时间和生成的样本数量如表1所示。表1中的每条数据都包含了83个参数(正常和故障参数)和对应的分类标签。
应用滑动窗口法,设置窗口滑动步长为10 s,窗口大小为180 s,将运行和故障数据划分为383个时间片,并将其按7∶3的比例划分为DFRBFNN模型的训练数据集和测试数据集。
3.1节中的每条运行和故障数据都包含83个参数(正常和故障参数),因此将DFRBFNN模型的输入层神经元个数设为83个;读取第一条数据样本,使用式(1)~式(4),生成一条模糊规则,在DFRBFNN模型的模糊化层、模糊推理层和去模糊层各生成一个神经元;本文选取的故障类型共8种,因此将DFRBFNN模型的输出层神经元个数设定为8个。
应用随机初始化方法,初始化DFRBFNN模型的去模糊层到输出层的连接权重。
使用式(5)~式(15),计算DFRBFNN模型的去模糊层到输出层的连接权重;使用误差下降率法,应用式(16)~式(25),计算模糊规则的重要度,将重要度较低的规则剔除,从而修正DFRBFNN模型的结构和参数,模糊规则的生成情况如图4所示。
应用修正好的DFRBFNN模型对核电厂RCS冷却水丧失事故、蒸汽发生器管道破裂事故和失流事故进行了诊断。
将所构建的DFRBFNN模型与反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network, BPNN)模型、支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)模型和极限梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost)模型的诊断准确率和鲁棒性进行了比较,验证了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型的有效性。
将PCTRAN软件生成的测试数据集作为故障诊断模型的输入数据集,分别对DFRBFNN、BPNN、SVM和XGBoost模型的诊断准确率A进行了计算,公式为
A= N r i g h t N t o t a l×100%
式(26)中:Nright为被正确诊断的样本数量;Ntotal为样本总数。结果如表2所示。
表2可知,对于S1、S2、S3、S5、S6、S7和S8工况,DFRBFNN模型的诊断准确率均高于BPNN、SVM和XGBoost模型;对于S4工况,DFRBFNN模型的诊断准确率为99.92%,高于SVM模型的诊断准确率(99.50%)和XGBoost模型的诊断准确率(96.47%),略低于BPNN模型的诊断准确率(100.00%)。上述3种模型对8种工况的平均诊断准确率排序为:DFRBFNN模型(99.72%)> XGBoost模型(98.15%)> BPNN模型(97.33%)> SVM模型(96.66%)。
通过以上分析可知,本文中计算了DFRBFNN模型的诊断准确率,并与BPNN、SVM和XGBoost模型的诊断准确率进行了比较,验证了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型的准确性。
为了验证在不确定环境下RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型的鲁棒性,为正常和故障参数添加了不同程度的高斯噪声。表达式[28]
f(x)= 1 2 π σexp - x 2 2 σ 2
式(27)中:f(x)为高斯噪声的概率密度函数;x为随机变量;σx的方差。
应用所提出的RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型、BPNN模型、SVM模型和XGBoost模型,对表1中的8种工况进行了诊断,使用式(26),分别对DFRBFNN、BPNN、SVM和XGBoost模型在不同噪声环境下的诊断准确率进行了计算,结果如图5所示。
图5可知,当添加的高斯噪声标准差从0到0.05时,DFRBFNN模型的诊断准确率从99.74%上升到99.90%,BPNN模型的诊断准确率从97.42%下降到96.60%,SVM模型的诊断准确率从96.74%下降到78.88%,XGBoost模型的诊断准确率从98.84%下降到94.51%;当添加的高斯噪声标准差从0.1到0.2时,DFRBFNN模型的诊断准确率先下降再上升,BPNN模型的诊断准确率先上升再下降,SVM模型的诊断准确率一直下降,XGBoost模型的诊断准确率一直下降;当添加的高斯噪声标准差为0.25~0.45时,DFRBFNN和SVM模型的诊断准确率一直下降,BPNN模型的诊断准确率先上升再下降,XGBoost模型的诊断准确率一直下降;当添加的高斯噪声标准差为0.5时,BPNN、SVM,XGBoost和DFRBFNN模型的诊断准确率分别下降至40.97%、41.63%、42.23%和72.54%。
通过以上分析可知,在不同的噪声环境下,本文所建立的DFRBFNN模型的诊断准确率均高于BPNN模型、SVM模型和XGBoost模型,验证了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型的鲁棒性。
本文建立了核电厂RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型,取得了以下研究成果。
(1)应用径向基神经网络方法,根据RCS的故障类型和样本数据,确定了DFRBFNN模型的初始结构,构建了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN初始模型。
(2)应用误差下降率法,修正了DFRBFNN初始模型的结构和参数,构建了RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型。
(3)将RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN与BPNN、SVM和XGBoost模型的诊断准确率和鲁棒性进行了比较(结果如表2图5所示),验证了所建立的DFRBFNN模型的有效性。
(4)研究结果表明,所构建的核电厂RCS故障诊断DFRBFNN模型,可以在不确定环境下准确诊断RCS的故障。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174189)
  • 湖南省杰出青年科学基金(2023JJ10035)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404664
  • 接收时间:2024-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-21
  • 修回日期:2024-09-25
基金
国家自然科学基金(52174189)
湖南省杰出青年科学基金(2023JJ10035)
作者信息
    1 南华大学核科学技术学院, 衡阳 421001
    2 先进核能技术设计与安全教育部重点实验室, 衡阳 421001
    3 福建福清核电有限公司, 福清 350300

通讯作者:

* 隋阳(1983—),男,汉族,吉林白山人,博士,教授。研究方向:核电厂系统可靠性评估和故障诊断智能方法。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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