Article(id=1149776903999025203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717084800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-31, revisedDate=1726588800000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775735, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775735, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775735, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775735, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4483, endPage=4488, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776904334569525, articleId=1149776903999025203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization of Forest Firefighting Strategy by Coupling Cellular Automata and Agents, columnId=1156262738117649382, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Agricultural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Forest fires have the characteristics of strong suddenness, great destructiveness, many uncertain factors and high risk of fighting. In order to study effective strategies of firefighting, firstly, based on the theory of cellular automata, the forest fire system was analyzed, and a forest fire model considering external factors such as wind and flame retardant was established. Then, on this basis, the fire-fighting agent was modeled and correlated with the forest fire model, so as to build the fire-fighting model. Finally, the simulation algorithm based on cellular automata was designed to simulate the effect of fire-fighting strategies under the influence of different environmental factors, and the effect of different fire force allocation strategies. The results show that the method can combine fire-fighting simulation with actual decision making, and provide visualized and quantified strategy scheme for relevant departments to make fire-fighting decision, which is helpful to reduce forest fire loss and rescue cost.

, correspAuthors=Pei ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia YUAN, Pei ZHU, Xiao-lin PENG, Quan SHAO, Jian-gao ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776923863249348, articleId=1149776903999025203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=元胞自动机与智能体耦合的森林火灾扑救策略优化, columnId=1156262738235089896, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·农业科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

森林火灾具有突发性强、破坏性大、不确定因素多、扑救风险性高等特点,为研究有效的森林火灾扑救策略,首先基于元胞自动机相关理论,对森林火灾系统进行分析,建立考虑风、阻燃剂等外界因素的森林火灾模型;然后在此基础之上,对消防智能体进行建模并与森林火灾模型相互关联,从而构建森林火灾扑救模型;最后设计实现基于元胞自动机的森林火灾扑救过程模拟仿真算法,模拟不同环境因素影响下灭火策略的作用效果,以及不同消防力量配置策略下的扑救效果。结果表明,方法能够将灭火仿真与实际决策结合起来,为相关部门森林火灾扑救决策提供可视化且定量化的策略方案,有助于降低森林火灾的损失和救援成本。

, correspAuthors=朱培, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 朱培(1989—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,博士,讲师。研究方向:民航安全与应急管理。E-mail:
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袁佳(1998—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通运输系统优化与仿真,森林火灾扑救协同调度。E-mail:

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袁佳(1998—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通运输系统优化与仿真,森林火灾扑救协同调度。E-mail:

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袁佳(1998—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通运输系统优化与仿真,森林火灾扑救协同调度。E-mail:

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International Journal of Wildland Fire, 2008, 17(5): 614-627., articleTitle=Efficient simulation of wildfire spread on an irregular grid, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218843904997249623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, awardId=U2233208, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金委员会-中国民用航空局民航联合研究基金(U2233208), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218843899351716088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843899364299001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, companyId=1218843899351716088, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843899410436346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, companyId=1218843899351716088, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京航空航天大学民航学院, 南京 211106)]), AuthorCompany(id=1218843899536265469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843899578208511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, companyId=1218843899536265469, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510470, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843899590791424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, companyId=1218843899536265469, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 广州白云国际机场股份有限公司, 广州 510470)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1218843902505832847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Forest fire fire fighting model, figureFileSmall=4umAKzZsbaHORqa0U/3F0Q==, figureFileBig=rm/ovHhbPl3JjzEJ6gYvuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843902606496150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=图1, caption=森林火灾扑救模型, figureFileSmall=4umAKzZsbaHORqa0U/3F0Q==, figureFileBig=rm/ovHhbPl3JjzEJ6gYvuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843902837182885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simulation example, figureFileSmall=i/w4+wNgVYPZVhx8MuT7ww==, figureFileBig=Wqmp9KNa/O7omSUKC/dfJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843902988177840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=图2, caption=仿真模拟示例

绿色、红色、黑色、黄色分别表示不同林木状态;蓝色元胞表示智能体干预

, figureFileSmall=i/w4+wNgVYPZVhx8MuT7ww==, figureFileBig=Wqmp9KNa/O7omSUKC/dfJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903101424055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Movement rules of the agent, figureFileSmall=hqKoqBXtWMwVv0xS0GPPhQ==, figureFileBig=oQG2cE8KdeYunbQduIWG/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903231447487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=图3, caption=智能体移动规则, figureFileSmall=hqKoqBXtWMwVv0xS0GPPhQ==, figureFileBig=oQG2cE8KdeYunbQduIWG/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903323722183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of fire suppression effect in different vegetation density environments, figureFileSmall=AwXdgn4meJIhHlVHTFy2Ng==, figureFileBig=8kutOPer743Byb2L/5rNIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903424385487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同植被密度环境下灭火效果对比, figureFileSmall=AwXdgn4meJIhHlVHTFy2Ng==, figureFileBig=8kutOPer743Byb2L/5rNIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903634100691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of wind speed variation on fire extinguishing efficiency, figureFileSmall=3Mm8OUEs/m8FzSythvTBWA==, figureFileBig=G9vvOBaoSncIGxvoLN02Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903810261475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=图5, caption=风速变化对灭火效率影响, figureFileSmall=3Mm8OUEs/m8FzSythvTBWA==, figureFileBig=G9vvOBaoSncIGxvoLN02Ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903965450735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of agent attribute change on expected rescue cost, figureFileSmall=SSh9bNsg+xkhT7MkmBSJ2g==, figureFileBig=wo86OPi4uO8Okxj2T1nqOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904057725433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=图6, caption=智能体属性变化对预期救援成本的影响, figureFileSmall=SSh9bNsg+xkhT7MkmBSJ2g==, figureFileBig=wo86OPi4uO8Okxj2T1nqOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904170971653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Table of state transition probabilities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
x(t) x(t+1)
未被火势
影响
正在燃烧 已被
烧毁
已被
扑灭
无法
燃烧
未被火势影响 1-pha(i) pha(i) 0 0 0
正在燃烧 0 1-pab-pae(v) pab 0 pae(v)
已被烧毁 0 0 1 0 0
已被扑灭 0 0 0 1 0
无法燃烧 0 0 0 0 1
), ArticleFig(id=1218843904284217871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

状态转移概率表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
x(t) x(t+1)
未被火势
影响
正在燃烧 已被
烧毁
已被
扑灭
无法
燃烧
未被火势影响 1-pha(i) pha(i) 0 0 0
正在燃烧 0 1-pab-pae(v) pab 0 pae(v)
已被烧毁 0 0 1 0 0
已被扑灭 0 0 0 1 0
无法燃烧 0 0 0 0 1
), ArticleFig(id=1218843904431018523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Corresponding parameter settings for vegetation attributes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被属性 属性分类 α0 αwind β
密度 稀疏 0.7 0.4 0.6
正常 0.5 0.3 0.7
茂密 0.4 0.1 0.9
类型 阔叶林 0.5 0.2 0.7
灌丛 0.7 0.4 0.6
针叶林 0.3 0.1 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1218843904544264741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

植被属性对应参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被属性 属性分类 α0 αwind β
密度 稀疏 0.7 0.4 0.6
正常 0.5 0.3 0.7
茂密 0.4 0.1 0.9
类型 阔叶林 0.5 0.2 0.7
灌丛 0.7 0.4 0.6
针叶林 0.3 0.1 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1218843904636539442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameter setting of the simulation experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
智能体属性 对应参数 参数取值
数量 number_agents 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
灭火效率 ζ 0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1218843904783340094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776903999025203, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

仿真实验参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
智能体属性 对应参数 参数取值
数量 number_agents 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
灭火效率 ζ 0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
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元胞自动机与智能体耦合的森林火灾扑救策略优化
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袁佳 1 , 朱培 1, * , 彭晓琳 2 , 邵荃 1 , 张剑高 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025,25(11): 4483-4488
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·农业科学 2025, 25(11): 4483-4488
元胞自动机与智能体耦合的森林火灾扑救策略优化
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袁佳1 , 朱培1, * , 彭晓琳2, 邵荃1, 张剑高1
作者信息
  • 1 南京航空航天大学民航学院, 南京 211106
  • 2 广州白云国际机场股份有限公司, 广州 510470
  • 袁佳(1998—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通运输系统优化与仿真,森林火灾扑救协同调度。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 朱培(1989—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,博士,讲师。研究方向:民航安全与应急管理。E-mail:
Optimization of Forest Firefighting Strategy by Coupling Cellular Automata and Agents
Jia YUAN1 , Pei ZHU1, * , Xiao-lin PENG2, Quan SHAO1, Jian-gao ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
  • 2 Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510470, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404041
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森林火灾具有突发性强、破坏性大、不确定因素多、扑救风险性高等特点,为研究有效的森林火灾扑救策略,首先基于元胞自动机相关理论,对森林火灾系统进行分析,建立考虑风、阻燃剂等外界因素的森林火灾模型;然后在此基础之上,对消防智能体进行建模并与森林火灾模型相互关联,从而构建森林火灾扑救模型;最后设计实现基于元胞自动机的森林火灾扑救过程模拟仿真算法,模拟不同环境因素影响下灭火策略的作用效果,以及不同消防力量配置策略下的扑救效果。结果表明,方法能够将灭火仿真与实际决策结合起来,为相关部门森林火灾扑救决策提供可视化且定量化的策略方案,有助于降低森林火灾的损失和救援成本。

森林火灾  /  扑火模拟仿真  /  林火应急决策  /  灭火策略

Forest fires have the characteristics of strong suddenness, great destructiveness, many uncertain factors and high risk of fighting. In order to study effective strategies of firefighting, firstly, based on the theory of cellular automata, the forest fire system was analyzed, and a forest fire model considering external factors such as wind and flame retardant was established. Then, on this basis, the fire-fighting agent was modeled and correlated with the forest fire model, so as to build the fire-fighting model. Finally, the simulation algorithm based on cellular automata was designed to simulate the effect of fire-fighting strategies under the influence of different environmental factors, and the effect of different fire force allocation strategies. The results show that the method can combine fire-fighting simulation with actual decision making, and provide visualized and quantified strategy scheme for relevant departments to make fire-fighting decision, which is helpful to reduce forest fire loss and rescue cost.

forest fire  /  fire-fighting simulation  /  forest fire emergency decision  /  fire-fighting strategy
袁佳, 朱培, 彭晓琳, 邵荃, 张剑高. 元胞自动机与智能体耦合的森林火灾扑救策略优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4483 -4488 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404041
Jia YUAN, Pei ZHU, Xiao-lin PENG, Quan SHAO, Jian-gao ZHANG. Optimization of Forest Firefighting Strategy by Coupling Cellular Automata and Agents[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4483 -4488 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404041
近年来,随着气候变暖和极端天气增多,全球进入了森林火灾的高发期,中国仍将长期处于森林火灾的易发期和高危期,防灾减灾救灾形势严峻。据统计,在全球范围内每年约发生20多万次野火,2020年3月30日四川省凉山西昌地区发生森林火灾,造成各类土地过火总面积3 047.780 5 hm2,其中受害森林面积791.6 hm2,直接经济损失9 731.12万元,并且造成19名消防人员牺牲[1];2023年2月1日,智利中南部地区发生森林火灾,大火在五天内造成24人死亡,997人受伤,800所房屋被毁。从近几年国内外森林大火情况看,发生巨灾因素已从过去的单一因子向如今的多因子耦合发展,巨灾造成的危害也从单一林草资源损失向多灾害并发发展,尤其是森林火灾临近易燃易爆目标时,由灾害链拉长造成的重大次生灾害,将会对国家安全、民众生命财产安全、社会稳定和生态安全等造成更大威胁。
鉴于森林火灾突发性强、破坏性大、扑救困难,因此众多研究学者日益增加对森林火灾救援的研究与仿真,包括但不限于针对森林火灾救援策略[2]、资源调度[3]、林火仿真与协同灭火[4-6]等方面进行研究。关于森林火灾救援策略,文献[7]提出了一种基于变灭火速率的森林火灾救援策略,首先建立了森林火灾树到树传播的动态模型,然后对经典的森林火灾救援策略进行改进,以适应树木灭火速率的变化,同时森林火灾救援策略可以根据树木状态和救援率进行动态调整。文献[8]对森林火灾扑救功能体系进行了探讨和研究,提出了基于认知、指挥、控制和支持功能模块的森林火灾扑救功能体系,以提高森林火灾扑救效率,并在此基础上提出了一些灭火策略,为森林灭火救援提供一些参考。文献[9]提出了一种多群体合作信息驱动搜索和缓解控制策略方法,通过减少生物多样性、养分、土壤湿度和其他无形效益的损失,更快检测和缓解森林火灾。在资源调度模型与仿真方面,文献[10]设计出森林火灾扑救资源调度狼群优化算法,在林火蔓延速度分类的基础上,进行资源调度耦合驱动模块化建模。文献[11]针对直升机吊桶灭火,以确保飞行作业安全和最大化灭火救援效率为目标,求解直升机飞行调度和航迹规划问题。在林火仿真与协同灭火方面,文献[12]通过建立林火过程演化和应急决策模型从而实现林火蔓延过程仿真,并对各对象类和交互类进行设计,最终完成原型系统开发与验证。文献[13]采用物理模型模拟了火灾的蔓延和扑灭,这个模型的目的是提供关于森林火灾的持久性的观点,该模型应用元胞自动机来预测和分析消防干预策略的效果,同时考虑了火灾的空间和传播动力学。文献[14]将森林消防仿真分为森林火灾蔓延模型、气流模型和飞机飞行动态自动控制模型,并基于物理方法设计了实现火场、机场、飞机相互作用的集成框架。
目前对于森林火灾扑救的研究主要集中于分析救援体系机制、不确定性需求与调度优化,缺乏火场态势复杂演化及相关环境影响对扑救策略的影响研究,且大多仅针对火场态势或消防力量调度进行单方面研究,然而在实际森林火灾突发事件的应急过程中,救援资源的数量和每个火点的不同要求对森林火灾的灭火效率有很大影响。因此还应加强对于复杂火场环境下森林火灾扑救仿真及灭火策略决策方法的研究,研发火环境、火场态势预测和消防力量干预等条件参数影响下的森林火灾扑救策略决策模型。
鉴于此,现结合元胞自动机的相关理论,对森林火灾系统进行分析,建立考虑风、阻燃剂等外界因素的森林火灾模型,对消防智能体进行建模并与森林火灾模型相互关联,从而构建森林火灾扑救模型。最后,在以上模型建立与分析的基础之上,设计实现基于元胞自动机的森林火灾扑救过程模拟仿真算法,模拟不同环境因素影响下灭火策略的作用效果,以及不同消防力量配置策略下的扑救效果,为相关部门森林火灾扑救决策提供可视化且定量化的策略方法。
符号N和R分别表示正整数集和实数集,如果M是一个集合,且N∈N,则MN表示MN次笛卡尔积,如M2=M×M;符号f:A→→B表示定义域为A的集值映射,且为B的子集,如果对于所有aA,f(a)≠∅,则f是严格的。
为便于下文对森林火灾和消防扑救进行建模,定义一个三元组转换系统,即
Trans=<X,U,F>
式(1)中:XU为非空集,F:X×U→→X为严格集值映射,式(1)中的三个分量分别称为状态空间、输入空间和转移函数。其中的时间离散动力系统形式为
x(t+1)∈F[x(t),u(t)]
式(2)中:x(t)、u(t)分别为t时刻的火灾状态和扑救输入。
使用微分包含可以模拟动力学中的不确定性,因此,下面通过转换系统对森林火灾进行建模,其中转换函数由概率建模,可以将森林火灾模型看作是一个马尔可夫决策过程。
假设森林区域是一个二维平面,将其细分为N(N∈N)个子区域,即在森林区域上定义了一个有限分区,该分区上元素的拓扑闭包彼此是全等的,分区的一个元素称为子区域,分区的特定形式如分区元素的数量N是一个设计参数。每个子区域都有一组相邻的子区域,这些子区域可以用一组单位向量B来标识,该集合定义了所有相邻子区域到固定子区域的方向。N个子区域中的每一个都具有一个离散状态,定义为
X={healthy,afire,burnt,ext,nonflam}N
式(3)中:healthy、afire、burnt、ext、nonflam这5个离散状态分别表示未被火势影响的,正在燃烧的,已被烧毁的,已被扑灭的,以及无法燃烧的子区域。而阻燃剂的介入可以影响子区域的状态,定义控制输入集合为
U={nop,retardant}N
式(4)中:元素nop表示没有操作,子区域状态保持不变;元素retardant表示已使用阻燃剂。作为式(1)中X的一个元素,子区域的状态根据差分包含公式在离散时间内发生变化。
假设在向量w∈R2指向的区域内有恒定的风,该向量为0(无风)或长度为1并指向风的方向。定义集合B(i)afire[B(i)afireB]包含指向第i(iN)个子区域且状态为afire的相邻子区域的向量。定义设计参数α0∈[0,1],αwind∈[0,1],β∈[0,1],ζ∈[0,1],其中,α0αwind,α0表示一个未燃区域在无风的情况下保持未燃的可能性;αwind表示有风时对应的最大似然;参数β表示着火区域完全烧毁的可能性;参数ζ表示阻燃剂的应用效率。
i个子区域在t时刻的状态转移概率如表1所示,其中v∈{nop,retardant}。
状态转移概率由以下定义结合表1给出,某区域不着火的可能性大小取决于风w和燃烧的相邻区域eB
α(e,w)= α 0 , w = 0 α 0 w 1 - ( 1 - α 0 / α w i n d ) e T w ,
pha(i):=phealthy,afire(i)=1- e B ( i ) a f i r eα(e,w)
pab(i):=pafire,burnt=β
pae(v):=pafire,ext(v)= ζ , v = r e t a r d a n t 0 ,
w=0时,式(6)可以化简为1- α 0 f,其中f= B ( i ) a f i r e。综上所述,森林火灾模型由6元组表示,即
(N,B,α0,αwind,β,ζ)
为构建森林火灾扑救模型,消防智能体通过转换系统(U×Z,X,A)进行建模,其中X如式(3)所示,U如式(4)所示,Z定义为
Z={agent,noagnent}N
因此,A:(U×ZX→→U×Z。智能体转换系统的状态空间可以显示:对于N个子区域中的每一个是否已经使用了阻燃剂、智能体是否在子区域内等信息,即转换函数A模拟了智能体的物理运动以及灭火的策略。消防智能体转换系统与森林火灾模型相互关联,如图1所示。
如图(1)所示,智能体转换系统以森林火灾状态作为输入,并将式(4)中的某一元素返回给森林火灾转换系统。
此外,为评估扑救策略的有效性,可以通过计算处于不同状态的子区域的数量,返回由该结果定义的计算成本,救援成本函数为
G[x(t),t]=chealthy Nhealthy[x(t)]+cext Next[x(t)]+ctime t
式(11)中:Nq(p)= { i { 1,2 , , N } | p i = q },Nq(p)表示处于状态q的子区域的个数;系数chealthycextctime可以根据具体情况进行设置。
设计基于元胞自动机的森林火灾扑救过程模拟仿真算法并通过编程软件实现,从而将消防智能体干预火灾扑救与森林火灾模型一并引入仿真实验模拟,如图2所示为仿真模拟示例。
每个消防智能体的任务是完成两个目标,简单描述为:①接近最初的着火点;②移动扑灭森林火灾。假设智能体受到一定的限制,具体如下:
(1)智能体的移动:消防智能体可以在整个区域内移动,其位置正好属于一个分区,且两个智能体不能占据同一个分区。如图3所示,智能体在每个时间步只限于向相邻单元格移动,并且智能体必须移动。
(2)智能体的传感器:每个智能体配备两个传感器:①无线电接收器:所有智能体都知道森林火灾的初始状态,x(0)完全可以进行处理,且智能体转换系统[u(t),z(t)]∈U×Z的状态信号在任意时刻t是完全可用的;②红外摄像机:摄像机可以确定智能体当前所在子区域的状态,当t≥1时,假设x(t)不是完全可用的,只有几个分量可用。此外,每个智能体都占用一个内存,该内存是一个二进制,初始设置为false,用于记录是否感知到处于fire或burnt状态的子区域。
在实际情况下,植被类型、植被密度、风速、风向不仅会影响森林火灾的形态,还会影响森林火灾的蔓延速度,从而影响扑救策略的实施。因此,根据文献[15],将不同植被密度分类、不同植被类型与实验参数建立映射关系,如表2所示。
在真实的森林火灾救援环境中,指挥人员更关注的是火灾救援的具体效果,如灭火时间、火边压制、扑救成本等,这意味着减少人员伤亡和损失。因此,为综合评估火灾扑救的有效性,将成本函数中的权重系数设置如下:chealthy=0.6,cext=0.2,ctime=0.2。然后,为研究消防力量主体属性特征对火灾扑救效果影响,设置仿真实验参数如表3所示。
1)植被因素影响分析
保持消防智能体数量、属性不变,研究不同植被密度环境下的灭火效果,实验结果如图4所示。
图4可知,在植被稀疏的土地上,一定时间内同等消防力量可以扑灭更多着火区域。这是因为在稀疏的植被中,火灾的蔓延速度较慢,着火点一般为局部且火势较小,因此很容易控制森林火灾。然而,在植被密集的土地上,火势蔓延速度更快,单一的扑救策略已不能有效扑灭森林火灾,此时就需要部署更长的火线,或者多个火线的组合来有效包围火势。可见,单一的扑救策略仅对植被稀疏的火控有效,当植被密度增加时,需要更积极地部署。
2)风因素影响分析
据统计,大兴安岭地区的平均风速约为2.278 m/s,故以[1.9,2.7]为区间范围研究风速变化对灭火效率的影响,实验结果如图5所示。
图5可知,总体来看,随着风速的增加,最终扑灭区域占比逐渐减小,扑灭火灾所需时长逐渐增加,即扑救难度随之增大,同时,相等风速区间内扑救难度递增速率也逐渐加快,例如当风速由1.9 m/s增大到2.1 m/s时,最终扑灭区域占比减少1.52%,扑灭火灾所需时长增加6.67%,而当风速由2.5 m/s增大到2.7 m/s时,最终扑灭区域占比减少33.54%,扑灭火灾所需时长增加16.67%,扑救难度显著提升。
然后根据上述仿真实验参数设置,研究智能体属性变化对于预期救援成本的影响,实验结果如图6所示。
图6可知,智能体属性变化对于预期救援成本具有一定影响,且当智能体数量为6,灭火效率为0.5时,预期救援成本相对较小,因此将系数进行如下设置:number_agents=6,ζ=0.5,再次进行模拟仿真实验,实验结果显示预期救援成本降低为13.62,因此该消防力量投入数量与效率配置策略组合有效。
以元胞自动机相关理论为基础,分析森林火灾系统并构建森林火灾扑救模型,然后在此基础上,设计实现森林火灾扑救过程模拟仿真算法并进行仿真实验,得到如下结论。
(1)对森林火灾系统进行分析,建立了考虑风、阻燃剂等外界因素的森林火灾模型,然后在此基础之上,对消防智能体进行建模并与森林火灾模型相互关联,从而构建森林火灾扑救模型,模型可以定量研究植被属性、风速等环境因素,以及消防力量投入数量、配置效率等策略组合的扑救效果,使得后续仿真模拟更适合实际的森林火灾救援。
(2)设计实现基于元胞自动机的森林火灾扑救过程模拟仿真算法,通过对比试验,模拟了不同环境因素影响下灭火策略的作用效果,以及不同消防力量配置策略下的扑救效果,最后对实验结果进行了对比分析并对消防力量投入数量、配置效率策略组合进行了改进,从而在保证扑救效果的同时进一步降低成本,为相关部门森林火灾扑救决策提供可视化且定量化的策略方法。
  • 国家自然科学基金委员会-中国民用航空局民航联合研究基金(U2233208)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404041
  • 接收时间:2024-05-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-31
  • 修回日期:2024-09-18
基金
国家自然科学基金委员会-中国民用航空局民航联合研究基金(U2233208)
作者信息
    1 南京航空航天大学民航学院, 南京 211106
    2 广州白云国际机场股份有限公司, 广州 510470

通讯作者:

* 朱培(1989—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,博士,讲师。研究方向:民航安全与应急管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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