Article(id=1149776902702985263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403677, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=1723219200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775426, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775426, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775425, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775425, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4559, endPage=4566, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776902929477680, articleId=1149776902702985263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation on the Inflation Process of Pipeline-wellbore Gas Storage Chamber Based on CAES, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compressed air energy storage, as a new energy storage technology, plays an important role in peak shaving and valley filling. Based on the compressed air energy storage with abandoned oil wellbores, a pipeline-wellbore gas storage chamber, that is, the storage space was composed of above ground pipelines and underground wellbores, was proposed. Its inflation process was simulated, with a focus on analyzing the thermodynamics and flow characteristics of the internal gas. The results showed that with compressed gas flowed into the pipeline wellbore gas storage chamber, the gas temperature rapidly increased under the heating effect of the high-temperature wellbore wall. Subsequently, the temperature of the gas became slightly higher than that of the wall, at this point, a heat release of the gas to the wall. The gas temperature and heat dissipation tended to remain stable until the gas storage pressure rose to about 3 MPa. Due to the presence of geothermal gradient, there were significant differences in gas characteristics in different areas of the underground wellbore during the inflation process. As the depth of the wellbore increased, gas flow rate, density, and frictional resistance decreased. With the increase of the gas storage pressure, the differences in the gas flow rate and frictional resistance in different areas diminished. The results of this study provide significant theoretical insights that can effectively inform the practical application of compressed air energy storage systems, particularly those that employ underground wellbores as the repository for gas storage.

, correspAuthors=Ting-zhao DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin LIU, Ting-zhao DU, Li-yuan ZHANG, Hui-bing SHEN, Lian-sheng LIU, Zi-yue WANG, Yi-feng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776932264440616, articleId=1149776902702985263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于CAES的管道-井筒储气室充气过程的数值模拟, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

压缩空气储能作为一种新型能源存储技术,在削峰填谷中发挥了重要作用。基于废弃油井储气的压缩空气储能系统,提出了一种管道-井筒储气室(储气空间由地上管道与地下井筒构成),模拟研究了其充气过程,重点分析了内部气体的热力学与流动特性。结果表明:随着压缩气体流入管道-井筒储气室内,在高温井筒壁面的加热作用下,气体温度迅速升高;随后,气体温度略高于壁面温度,此时气体向壁面散热;直至储气压力升高至约3 MPa,气体温度和散热量均趋于稳定。由于地温梯度的存在,充气过程中地下井筒不同区域内气体特性差异显著。随着井深的增加,气体流速、密度和沿程阻力减小;且随着储气压力的升高,各区域内气体流速和沿程阻力差异减小。研究结果对利用地下井筒作为储气空间的压缩空气储能系统的实际工程应用具有一定的理论指导意义。

, correspAuthors=杜廷召, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杜廷召(1986—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,博士研究生。研究方向:氢能与储能。E-mail:
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刘欣(1982—),男,汉族,甘肃张掖人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:油气与新能源。E-mail:

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刘欣(1982—),男,汉族,甘肃张掖人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:油气与新能源。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=INrmIDbQWX/7HBG66twNTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843909195748310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=CN, label=图3, caption=管道-井筒储气室计算模型, figureFileSmall=nN8gTh/R72kyj15sDpGkuA==, figureFileBig=INrmIDbQWX/7HBG66twNTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843909321577442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of results between simplified model and full-scale model, figureFileSmall=OldXs6IZjGVXFBjri1r+XQ==, figureFileBig=pynr/ru3ygKk0vv0Jo0MuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843909464183793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=CN, label=图4, caption=简化模型与原尺寸模型的结果对比, figureFileSmall=OldXs6IZjGVXFBjri1r+XQ==, figureFileBig=pynr/ru3ygKk0vv0Jo0MuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843909606790140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variation of average gas temperature and pressure in the pipeline-wellbore gas storage chamber with inflation time, figureFileSmall=spxgMkiJgk+4B9C0hWjz5g==, figureFileBig=2fa/GcbzUcbBAUOsXwRJ9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843909745201164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=CN, label=图5, caption=管道-井筒储气室内气体平均温度及压力随充气时间的变化, figureFileSmall=spxgMkiJgk+4B9C0hWjz5g==, figureFileBig=2fa/GcbzUcbBAUOsXwRJ9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843909845864474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Average density of gas in each segmented regions of the pipeline-wellbore gas storage chamber under different gas storage pressures, figureFileSmall=3/9ZQHHvadFsq9wk4MxFkg==, figureFileBig=w//yA4Fp1oCOczT/gXm/lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843909971693604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同储气压力下,管道-井筒储气室各分段区域内的气体平均密度, figureFileSmall=3/9ZQHHvadFsq9wk4MxFkg==, figureFileBig=w//yA4Fp1oCOczT/gXm/lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843910084939822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The variation of heat flux on the wall of underground wellbore with inflation time, figureFileSmall=6AsXNoIOdSA4bJMM74x4Jw==, figureFileBig=NGSYn45/C2T1QQmZdGVp4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843910231740472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=CN, label=图7, caption=地下井筒壁面热通量随充气时间的变化, figureFileSmall=6AsXNoIOdSA4bJMM74x4Jw==, figureFileBig=NGSYn45/C2T1QQmZdGVp4g==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileSmall=88pta/o2e6WQ8JkSXv5jiw==, figureFileBig=pX3thtDfyP5Yl8zabByXVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843911393562768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Structural parameters of pipeline and wellbore

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构参数 数值
管道储气容积/m3 19.7
井筒储气容积/m3 114.28
管道内径/mm 224
管道长度/m 500
井筒内径/mm 224
井筒深度/m 2 900
弯头曲率半径/mm 336
壁面粗糙度/mm 0.12
壁面厚度/mm 7.92
), ArticleFig(id=1218843911527780506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902702985263, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

管道、井筒结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构参数 数值
管道储气容积/m3 19.7
井筒储气容积/m3 114.28
管道内径/mm 224
管道长度/m 500
井筒内径/mm 224
井筒深度/m 2 900
弯头曲率半径/mm 336
壁面粗糙度/mm 0.12
壁面厚度/mm 7.92
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基于CAES的管道-井筒储气室充气过程的数值模拟
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刘欣 1 , 杜廷召 1, 2, * , 张利媛 1 , 申会兵 1 , 刘联胜 3 , 王子月 4 , 李轶烽 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(11): 4559-4566
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(11): 4559-4566
基于CAES的管道-井筒储气室充气过程的数值模拟
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刘欣1 , 杜廷召1, 2, * , 张利媛1, 申会兵1, 刘联胜3, 王子月4, 李轶烽3
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油工程建设有限公司华北分公司, 任丘 062550
  • 2 浙江大学能源工程学院, 杭州 310058
  • 3 河北工业大学能源与环境工程学院, 天津 300401
  • 4 天津商业大学机械工程学院, 天津 300134
  • 刘欣(1982—),男,汉族,甘肃张掖人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:油气与新能源。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杜廷召(1986—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,博士研究生。研究方向:氢能与储能。E-mail:
Numerical Simulation on the Inflation Process of Pipeline-wellbore Gas Storage Chamber Based on CAES
Xin LIU1 , Ting-zhao DU1, 2, * , Li-yuan ZHANG1, Hui-bing SHEN1, Lian-sheng LIU3, Zi-yue WANG4, Yi-feng LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 North China Branch, China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd., Renqiu 062550, China
  • 2 College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
  • 3 School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
  • 4 School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403677
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压缩空气储能作为一种新型能源存储技术,在削峰填谷中发挥了重要作用。基于废弃油井储气的压缩空气储能系统,提出了一种管道-井筒储气室(储气空间由地上管道与地下井筒构成),模拟研究了其充气过程,重点分析了内部气体的热力学与流动特性。结果表明:随着压缩气体流入管道-井筒储气室内,在高温井筒壁面的加热作用下,气体温度迅速升高;随后,气体温度略高于壁面温度,此时气体向壁面散热;直至储气压力升高至约3 MPa,气体温度和散热量均趋于稳定。由于地温梯度的存在,充气过程中地下井筒不同区域内气体特性差异显著。随着井深的增加,气体流速、密度和沿程阻力减小;且随着储气压力的升高,各区域内气体流速和沿程阻力差异减小。研究结果对利用地下井筒作为储气空间的压缩空气储能系统的实际工程应用具有一定的理论指导意义。

压缩空气储能  /  管道-井筒储气室  /  充气过程  /  热力学与流动特性

Compressed air energy storage, as a new energy storage technology, plays an important role in peak shaving and valley filling. Based on the compressed air energy storage with abandoned oil wellbores, a pipeline-wellbore gas storage chamber, that is, the storage space was composed of above ground pipelines and underground wellbores, was proposed. Its inflation process was simulated, with a focus on analyzing the thermodynamics and flow characteristics of the internal gas. The results showed that with compressed gas flowed into the pipeline wellbore gas storage chamber, the gas temperature rapidly increased under the heating effect of the high-temperature wellbore wall. Subsequently, the temperature of the gas became slightly higher than that of the wall, at this point, a heat release of the gas to the wall. The gas temperature and heat dissipation tended to remain stable until the gas storage pressure rose to about 3 MPa. Due to the presence of geothermal gradient, there were significant differences in gas characteristics in different areas of the underground wellbore during the inflation process. As the depth of the wellbore increased, gas flow rate, density, and frictional resistance decreased. With the increase of the gas storage pressure, the differences in the gas flow rate and frictional resistance in different areas diminished. The results of this study provide significant theoretical insights that can effectively inform the practical application of compressed air energy storage systems, particularly those that employ underground wellbores as the repository for gas storage.

compressed air energy storage  /  pipeline-wellbore gas storage chamber  /  inflation process  /  thermodynamics and flow characteristics
刘欣, 杜廷召, 张利媛, 申会兵, 刘联胜, 王子月, 李轶烽. 基于CAES的管道-井筒储气室充气过程的数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4559 -4566 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403677
Xin LIU, Ting-zhao DU, Li-yuan ZHANG, Hui-bing SHEN, Lian-sheng LIU, Zi-yue WANG, Yi-feng LI. Numerical Simulation on the Inflation Process of Pipeline-wellbore Gas Storage Chamber Based on CAES[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4559 -4566 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403677
近年来,压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage, CAES)作为可再生能源系统中的重要配套方案备受关注[1-2],其具有效率高、容量大、寿命长等优点,被认为是最具有发展前景的物理储能技术[3-4]。在压缩空气储能系统中,储气室作为关键模块之一[5],其扮演着储存和释放能量的重要角色。
中国压缩空气储能技术发展迅猛,以不同类型为储气室的CAES工程项目已逐渐落地。例如,2021年8月,中国科学院工程热物理研究所以地下盐穴为储气室建成了国际首套10 MW先进压缩空气储能商业示范电站[6],并于2022年7月获批参与电力交易;同年10月,以地上储气钢罐为集气装置的10 MW先进压缩空气储能系统在贵州毕节完成并网发电。在2023年,已投入运行的河北张家口100 MW压缩空气储能项目[7]采用储气钢罐与人工洞室相结合的储气方式,全年累计调度运行近200余次,系统额定运行效率高达70.2%。可见,中国建设的压缩空气储能系统的储气装置[8]主要以地上储气钢罐和地下储气室(如盐穴、人工洞室和废弃地下矿井等)为主。在地热能的作用下,带有地下储气室的系统相对于带有地上储气罐的系统具有更高的系统效率[9]。此外,中国地下废弃油气井筒的数量庞大,是CAES系统储气空间的潜在来源。将废弃油井作为系统储气室,不仅可以有效地解决废弃地下空间的开发再利用问题,还可以降低系统初投资、提高系统经济性。因此,以地下井筒作为储气空间的压缩空气储能系统具有广阔的市场开发前景。
储气过程中储气室内气体的压力变化、温度变化及热量交换,直接影响着系统的能量存储效率和循环稳定性[10]。大量中外学者已针对地下储气室内气体热力学特性进行了模拟研究。以山西云冈废矿60 MW CAES工程为例,Xu等[11]开发了一种实际地下巷道压缩空气储能系统的三维热力学分析方法,模拟得出了地下储气室内气体热力学动态规律,发现室内空气温度在一个循环周期内呈现“上升-下降-上升”趋势。王国华等[12]和严铭卿等[13]针对地下盐穴型储气库气体注采全过程进行热力学特性分析,发现在充气过程中储气库内部空气的温度和压力均随时间逐渐升高。Raju等[14]和Kushnir等[15]分别基于质量和能量守恒方程、储气室热力学模型,分析得出了洞穴储气室内部参数对室内气体温度和压力的影响规律。Xia等[16]假设岩洞具有恒定的空气密度和岩壁温度,进一步提出了系统运行周期中岩洞内气体热力学参数的数学解析解。结果表明,气体温度和压力随时间均呈先升高、后下降的趋势,该规律与Huntorf电站实测数据相一致。相比于地下储气室内气体热力学特性的众多研究成果,地下储气室内气体流动状态的相关研究却鲜有报道,部分学者仅针对地上储氢气瓶的快速充气过程展开了模拟研究。Kim等[17]认为氢气注入储气瓶内为射流过程,注入的氢气冲击壁面,并在气瓶尾部附近形成明显的再循环流。进一步地,邹东方[18]和王光绪等[19]模拟表明,在快充过程中气体在气瓶内形成的循环流动将增强气体与瓶壁的对流换热。不同于上述储气室,实际地下油气井筒具有长径比极大的特点,其充气过程中内部气体的流场分布与地上储气罐内气体的循环流动存在显著差异。邹遂丰等[20]建立了井筒内部流体的流动模型,发现井底部压力、温度等热力学参数与流体流量存在单调线性关系。刘铭刚等[21]研究了天然气在油管柱内的运动状态,认为油管柱内流体状态受注采压差和井身结构的影响,管柱沿程速度和动压均随井深的增加而减小。随后,王建军等[22]针对油井注采气全过程进行数值求解,同样得出了气体流速随井深增加而逐渐减小的结论。
以带有地下井筒的压缩空气储能系统为研究背景,基于系统特性和井筒实际特征,提出并建立一种具有高扩展性和灵活性的管道-井筒储气室模型,数值模拟其充气瞬态过程,探讨储气室内部气体的热力学和流动特性。研究结果将有助于推动废弃井筒储气室在压缩空气储能领域的发展和应用。
地下井筒压缩空气储能系统包括压缩模块、膨胀模块、蓄热模块和充放气模块四部分,如图1所示。以四级压缩、四级膨胀的储能系统为例,压缩模块包括压气机(A1、A2、A3、A4)、间冷器(B1、B2、B3、B4)和空气入口阀(C1)等装置;膨胀模块包括透平膨胀机(D1、D2、D3、D4)、再热器(B5、B6、B7、B8)和膨胀阀(C5)等装置;蓄热模块包括蓄热罐(B10)、蓄冷罐(B9)、热水泵(B12)、冷水泵(B14)、热水阀(B11)和冷水阀(B13)等装置;充放气段包括地上储气箱(C2)及管道-井筒储气室(C4)和井筒阀门(C3)等装置。其中,利用大通径阀门作为空气入口阀连接储气箱以降低局部压损。
由于单个地下井筒的容积过小,不能满足压缩空气储能系统所需的储气容积,因此选取井场中的若干口废弃油井与地上储气箱并联作为储气空间,如图2所示。其中,地下井筒和地上储气箱利用与井筒内径相同的地上管道、90°同径弯头及大通径阀门进行连接。该管道-井筒储气室的优势在于,将地上高压管道用于储气,可增加储气容积、提高系统经济性。后期若需扩展储气容量,可通过增加地上管道或地下井筒的数量来实现,从而使系统具有更高的扩展性和灵活性。
由于地上储气箱的相关研究已较为成熟,仅针对由地上管道与地下井筒构成的单支管道-井筒储气室的充气过程进行模拟研究,其中地上管道与地下井筒的结构参数如表1所示。
管道-井筒储气室的计算模型如图3所示,包括地上管道、弯头和地下井筒三部分。由于该模型长径比高达上万,导致网格划分困难。为解决该问题,一方面,参考文献[23]的建模方法简化模型,在保证径向尺寸(管道、井筒的直径)不变的同时,将管道的长度和井筒的深度以1∶10的比例缩小。此方法有效节省了计算资源,减少计算时间;另一方面,网格无关性验证,在保证计算精算的同时,选用最小网格数量。其中,地上管道与地下井筒计算域选用六面体结构网格,弯头处计算域选用四面体非结构网格,模型计算域网格总数约为78万。
管道-井筒储气室内部充气过程是典型的流动传热过程,这里选用Realizable k-ε湍流模型(k为湍流动能,ε为湍流动能的耗散率)。井筒内气体流动的微分表达式为
ρ t+ ( ρ u r ) x+ ( ρ v r ) y+ ( ρ w r ) z=0
式(1)中:urvrwrxyz方向上的速度分量,m/s;t为时间,s;ρ为气体密度,kg/m3
在充气过程中,管道-井筒储气室内气体运动方程的数学表达式为
$\frac{\partial \rho U_{i}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \rho U_{i} U_{j}}{\partial x_{j}}=-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x_{i}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left[\mu_{\mathrm{eft}}\left(\frac{\partial U_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}+\frac{\partial U_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}\right)\right] $
式(2)中: x i j为对应坐标系中ij方向上的距离,m;UiUj为气体在ij方向上的速度分量,m/s;ρ为气体的密度,kg/m3;p为气体的压力,Pa;μeft为有效动力黏度,Pa/s。
在充气过程中,管道与井筒内空气满足能量守恒,其表达式为
$\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial\left(\rho E_{\text {air }}\right)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot\left(\rho \boldsymbol{\nu} E_{\text {air }}\right)=\nabla \cdot(\lambda \nabla T)+ \\ \nabla \cdot\left(\mu_{\mathrm{t}} \nabla \boldsymbol{\nu}\right)-\nabla \cdot(\boldsymbol{\nu} P)+\rho \boldsymbol{\nu} g \end{array}$
式(3)中:ρ为空气的密度,kg/m3;Eair为单位质量空气总能量,J;v为气体速度矢量,m/s;λ为空气导热系数,W/(m·K);T为温度,K;μt为湍流黏性系数,Pa/s;P为压力,Pa;g为重力矢量,N/kg。
地上管道壁面边界设置为绝热模型,计算域内初始温度设置为环境温度(300 K)。管道入口气体温度与压缩空气储能系统中压缩段出口温度相一致,设置为300 K。对于实际地层而言,地温升高梯度为3 ℃/100 m,则简化模型的地下井筒壁面温升梯度为3 ℃/10 m。在地下井筒的壁面边界设置中插入UDF文件,壁面温度计算式为
T=300+0.3z
式(4)中:z为地层深度,m。
储气室入口设置为质量流量边界条件。参考文献[24]工况,选用压缩空气储能系统储气室入口(压缩段出口)的气体质量流量为10.14 kg/s。对于油井数量为10的井场而言,通道分流作用下的单个管道-井筒储气室的气体质量流量设置为1.014 kg/s。
为验证模型简化的合理性和可靠性,本文对比了简化模型与原尺寸模型在充气过程中不同位置处的气体参数。提取储气室压力由0.1 MPa充气提升至1 MPa时工况下的室内气体流速和密度数据,如图4所示。分段位置0 m为模型地上管道的入口处,则简化模型中的0~50 m和50~340 m以及原尺寸模型中的0~500 m和500~3 400 m分别为地上管道段和地下井筒段。由图4可知,简化模型和原尺寸模型在不同位置处气体流速基本一致,但密度略有差异,且该差异随井深的增加而逐渐增大,其最大误差为2.76%。主要原因在于,原尺寸模型内部气体温度略低于简化模型内部气体温度,导致前者密度略大于后者。可见,简化模型的模拟结果能够较为准确地反映原尺寸储气室内部气体的热力学与流动特性。因此,接下来将针对简化模型的充气过程进行详细的数值模拟研究。
在充气过程中,管道-井筒储气室内气体的温度和压力变化如图5所示。充气初期,入口气体平均温度远低于井筒内温度,在对流换热的主导作用下,室内气体温度随时间的增加呈现迅速升高的趋势,平均温升高达38 K;充气后期,在压缩热的作用下,气体平均温度略高于井筒壁面温度,气体温度随时间缓慢降低并趋于平稳。此外,由于模型采用恒定质量流量入口,则储气室内气体质量随时间线性增长,进而导致室内气体压力同样随时间呈现线性升高的趋势。
在充气过程中,不同储气压力下的管道-井筒储气室各分段区域内气体平均密度的变化规律如图6所示。对于同一储气压力而言,随井深(分段区域) 的增加,井筒壁面和气体的温度提高,则气体密度呈现逐渐减小的趋势;且该下降梯度随储气压力的增加而增大。在储气压力为1~10 MPa的范围内,随着压力的升高,各区域内气体密度差异较小;然而,当储气压力达到15~20 MPa时,各区域内气体密度差异显著增大。此外,对于同一井深而言,随着充气时间的增加、室内压力的升高,气体密度上升;且该上升梯度随井深的增加而减小。
由于地上管道为绝热模型,因此这里仅考虑地下井筒内气体与壁面的换热情况,提取地下井筒壁面的平均热通量。随着充气时间的增加,壁面热通量呈现先迅速下降、后趋于稳定的趋势,该趋势与井筒内气体温度的变化规律相关,如图7所示。充气初期,井筒内气体温度较低、壁面温度较高,两者温差较大,此时壁面向气体传递的热流量较大。随着充气过程的持续,气体与壁面间的温差减小。在储气压力高于3 MPa后,井筒内气体温度已基本恒定,壁面热通量随时间趋于稳定;此时,井筒内气体温度高于壁面平均温度,气体由吸热模式转变为放热模式,导致壁面热通量变为负值。
在充气过程中,不同储气压力下的管道-井筒储气室各分段区域内的气体平均流速如图8所示。在同一储气压力下,随着井深、气体流动距离的增加,沿程摩擦阻力增大,导致气体流速降低;且流速下降梯度随储气压力的升高而减小,原因在于,气体压强和密度的升高将阻碍气体流入,继而导致其流速降低。此外,对于同一井深而言,随着储气压力的升高,气体流速降低;且流速下降梯度会随着井深的增加而减小。
如前文所述,管道-井筒储气室各分段区域内的气体温度、密度和流速均存在显著差异。为更加准确地获得沿程阻力,特提取了不同区域内气体的密度和流速等基本数据,并利用经验公式对其进行求解,比沿程阻力计算公式为
P/L=λν2ρ/2D
式(5)中:P为沿程阻力,Pa/m;L为管道长度及井筒深度,m;λ为摩擦阻力系数,取值为0.025;v为管道井筒不同区域内平均流速,m/s;ρ为管道井筒不同区域内平均密度,kg/m3;D为管道及井筒的直径,m。
图9为计算得到的不同储气压力下储气室各分段区域的比沿程阻力,其变化趋势与气体平均流速(图8)相近。一方面,在同一储气压力下,随着井深的增加,管道-井筒储气室内部比沿程阻力逐渐减小,这是由于气体流动距离增加、气体流速减小所致。另一方面,随着储气压力的升高,比沿程阻力逐渐减小,尽管压力提高、密度增大,但流速降低对摩擦阻力的影响更为显著。
基于各分段区域内的比沿程阻力即可获得管道-井筒储气室内的总沿程阻力,如图10所示。随着储气压力的升高,储气室内总沿程阻力呈现先快速下降、后趋于稳定的趋势。
基于实际废弃油井现状,本文提出了一种管道-井筒储气室,利用数值模拟的方法研究了其充气过程,探究了其内部气体的流动与热力学特性,为基于油井储气的压缩空气储能系统提供了理论参考。主要结论如下:
(1)在充气过程中,管道-井筒储气室内气体平均温度随时间呈现先快速升高、后缓慢降低并趋于平稳的趋势,平均温升高达38 K。可见,在土壤热的作用下,地下井筒储气室对室内气体具有良好的加热作用,这将有助于提高压缩空气储能系统效率。
(2)随着井深的增加、储气压力的降低,气体密度逐渐减小。随着充气时间的增加,壁面热通量受地下井筒内气体温度的影响呈现先迅速下降、后趋于稳定的趋势。当储气压力提升至3 MPa后,地下井筒内气体温度和壁面热通量均趋于恒定值。
(3)随着井深的增加,气体流速降低,且流速下降梯度随储气压力的升高而减小,储气压力越高,管道-井筒储气室内气体流速分布越均匀。在气体流速的主导作用下,管道-井筒储气室内沿程阻力随井深的增加和储气压力的升高而逐渐减小。
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403677
  • 接收时间:2024-05-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-17
  • 修回日期:2024-08-10
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    1 中国石油工程建设有限公司华北分公司, 任丘 062550
    2 浙江大学能源工程学院, 杭州 310058
    3 河北工业大学能源与环境工程学院, 天津 300401
    4 天津商业大学机械工程学院, 天津 300134

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* 杜廷召(1986—),男,汉族,山东聊城人,博士研究生。研究方向:氢能与储能。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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