Article(id=1149776902589735649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403753, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716220800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-21, revisedDate=1723219200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775398, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775398, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775398, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775398, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4428, endPage=4437, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776902841393891, articleId=1149776902589735649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Chlorophyll Content Inversion Method in Maize Leaves Based on Remote Sensing Fusion Data, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Corn is one of the important grain reserve crops in China, and its yield directly impacts national food security. The chlorophyll content of corn is closely related to its photosynthetic capacity and significantly affects the photosynthetic rate of the leaves and vegetation productivity. It is an important crop parameter for monitoring crop growth, pest and disease surveillance, and maturity prediction. Real-time and accurate monitoring is of great significance for corn parameters and yield prediction. This study was conducted in the typical black soil area of Lishu County, Siping City, Jilin Province. To solve the problem of missing effective images that may occur during the revisit period of Sentinel-2 satellites, a method for retrieving corn leaf chlorophyll based on the fusion data of Sentinel-2 and MODIS images was proposed. Using fused imagery, three machine learning algorithms were employed: random forest (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST) to construct a model for estimating corn leaf chlorophyll content, and the accuracy of the model was verified. The conclusions obtained were as follows. The data simulated using the ESTARFM data fusion algorithm maintained a high correlation with the real imagery. Among the leaf chlorophyll inversion models for missing image dates, where input variables included fused image band reflectance and vegetation index, the XGBOOST model showed good fitting accuracy The research demonstrates that accurate estimation of leaf chlorophyll content can be achieved even on days with missing imagery, when fusion image feature bands are integrated with machine learning algorithms. This notably improves the temporal precision of corn chlorophyll content measurement, presenting a novel method for daily or large-scale inversion studies of leaf chlorophyll content, particularly in scenarios involving image gaps. Furthermore, it illuminates the potential for refined monitoring of physiological and biochemical parameters across a wider range of crops, with shortened time intervals.

, correspAuthors=Bing-xue ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuan LI, Kai-shan SONG, Ji-ping LIU, Bing-xue ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776933300429256, articleId=1149776902589735649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于遥感融合数据的玉米叶片叶绿素含量反演方法, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

玉米是中国重要的粮食储备作物之一,其产量直接影响着国家的粮食安全。玉米的叶绿素含量与光合能力密切相关,且显著影响叶片的光合速率和植被生产力,是作物生长监测、病虫害监测和成熟度预测中重要的作物参数。实时、准确监测对于玉米参数和产量预测具有重要意义。以吉林省四平市梨树县典型黑土区为研究区,为解决Sentinel-2卫星重访周期间可能会出现的有效影像缺失问题,提出一种基于Sentinel-2与MODIS影像融合数据的玉米叶片叶绿素反演方法。基于融合影像提取叶绿素敏感特征波段,通过3种机器学习算法:随机森林(random forest,RF),梯度提升树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)和极限梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBOOST)构建玉米叶片叶绿素含量估测模型,估测玉米叶片叶绿素含量并验证模型精度。得到结论如下:①使用ESTARFM数据融合算法模拟的数据与真实影像保持了高度的相关性;②影像缺失日期叶片叶绿素反演模型构建中,以融合影像波段反射率和植被指数为输入变量,XGBOOST模型拟合精度有较好的效果。研究结果表明,结合融合影像特征波段和机器学习算法可以实现在影像缺失日期叶片叶绿素含量精准估算,这有效提升了玉米叶绿素含量获取的时间精度,为影像缺失等情况的逐日或大范围叶片叶绿素含量反演研究提供了新的方法,同时为时间间隔更短、更多种类作物生理生化参数的精细化监测提供新思路。

, correspAuthors=朱冰雪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 朱冰雪(1993— ),女,汉族,吉林辽源人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:遥感估产及农作物生理生化参数反演。E-mail:
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李宣(2000— ),男,汉族,吉林四平人,硕士研究生。研究方向:植被定量遥感。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=hZIhtb8CjaRqv76ABaOxew==, figureFileBig=Juwhtx9WMvRqh7Nf2hSLdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843911213203620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902589735649, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Inversion results of XGBOOST model, figureFileSmall=AWbjEtKA3uWL99x2aLRaQg==, figureFileBig=y23SGr01ajOCLy4hgZQjNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843911318061235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902589735649, language=CN, label=图10, caption=XGBOOST模型反演结果图, figureFileSmall=AWbjEtKA3uWL99x2aLRaQg==, figureFileBig=y23SGr01ajOCLy4hgZQjNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843911435501763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902589735649, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameter observation data set of maize growing season in the study area in 2022

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参数 范围 样本数
株高/cm 26.4~332 179
叶片长/m 0.18~0.91 179
叶片宽/m 0.02~0.13 179
每平方米数 6~17 179
每株叶片数 4~14 179
页面积指数 0.04~9.91 179
叶片叶绿含量/(μg·cm-2) 1.49~145 179
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2022年研究区玉米生长季的参数观测数据集

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参数 范围 样本数
株高/cm 26.4~332 179
叶片长/m 0.18~0.91 179
叶片宽/m 0.02~0.13 179
每平方米数 6~17 179
每株叶片数 4~14 179
页面积指数 0.04~9.91 179
叶片叶绿含量/(μg·cm-2) 1.49~145 179
), ArticleFig(id=1218843911724908769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902589735649, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Date of transit between Sentinel-2 and MODIS satellite and date of sampling

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MODIS
过境日期
Sentinel-2
过境日期
采样日期
2022-06-02 2022-06-02
2022-06-19 2022-06-19
2022-07-12 2022-07-12
2022-08-06 2022-08-06
2022-08-09 2022-08-09
2022-08-16 2022-08-16
2022-08-24 2022-08-24
2022-08-31 2022-08-31
), ArticleFig(id=1218843911892680941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902589735649, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Sentinel-2与MODIS卫星过境日期和采样日期

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MODIS
过境日期
Sentinel-2
过境日期
采样日期
2022-06-02 2022-06-02
2022-06-19 2022-06-19
2022-07-12 2022-07-12
2022-08-06 2022-08-06
2022-08-09 2022-08-09
2022-08-16 2022-08-16
2022-08-24 2022-08-24
2022-08-31 2022-08-31
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The same bands between Sentinel-2A and MODIS

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Sentinel-2A MODIS
波段 波长/nm 分辨率/m 波段 波长/nm 分辨率/m
B2 496.6 10 B03 459~479 500
B3 560 10 B04 545~565 500
B4 664.5 10 B01 620~670 500
B8 864.8 20 B02 841~876 500
B11 1 613.7 20 B05 1 230~1 250 500
B12 2 202.4 20 B06 1 628~1 652 500
), ArticleFig(id=1218843912110784777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902589735649, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

Sentinel-2A与MODIS相同的波段

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Sentinel-2A MODIS
波段 波长/nm 分辨率/m 波段 波长/nm 分辨率/m
B2 496.6 10 B03 459~479 500
B3 560 10 B04 545~565 500
B4 664.5 10 B01 620~670 500
B8 864.8 20 B02 841~876 500
B11 1 613.7 20 B05 1 230~1 250 500
B12 2 202.4 20 B06 1 628~1 652 500
), ArticleFig(id=1218843912253391130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902589735649, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Vegetation index and sum calculation formula

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
植被指数 计算公式 参考文献
NDVI (NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED) [29]
DVI NIR-RED [30]
GRVI NIR/GREEN [31]
GDVI NIR-GREEN [32]
GNDVI (NIR-GREEN)/(NIR+GREEN) [33]
LICI RE2/RE-(GREEN-RED)/(GREEN+RED) [34]
RECl (NIR / RED) -1 [35]
NDRE (NIR-RE) /(NIR+RE) [36]
GCI NIR/GREEN-1 [37]
), ArticleFig(id=1218843912408580396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902589735649, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

使用的植被指数及计算公式

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植被指数 计算公式 参考文献
NDVI (NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED) [29]
DVI NIR-RED [30]
GRVI NIR/GREEN [31]
GDVI NIR-GREEN [32]
GNDVI (NIR-GREEN)/(NIR+GREEN) [33]
LICI RE2/RE-(GREEN-RED)/(GREEN+RED) [34]
RECl (NIR / RED) -1 [35]
NDRE (NIR-RE) /(NIR+RE) [36]
GCI NIR/GREEN-1 [37]
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基于遥感融合数据的玉米叶片叶绿素含量反演方法
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李宣 1, 2 , 宋开山 2 , 刘吉平 1 , 朱冰雪 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(11): 4428-4437
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(11): 4428-4437
基于遥感融合数据的玉米叶片叶绿素含量反演方法
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李宣1, 2 , 宋开山2, 刘吉平1, 朱冰雪2, *
作者信息
  • 1 吉林师范大学地理科学与旅游学院, 四平 136000
  • 2 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春 130102
  • 李宣(2000— ),男,汉族,吉林四平人,硕士研究生。研究方向:植被定量遥感。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 朱冰雪(1993— ),女,汉族,吉林辽源人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:遥感估产及农作物生理生化参数反演。E-mail:
Chlorophyll Content Inversion Method in Maize Leaves Based on Remote Sensing Fusion Data
Xuan LI1, 2 , Kai-shan SONG2, Ji-ping LIU1, Bing-xue ZHU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Geographic Science and Tourism, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
  • 2 Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403753
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玉米是中国重要的粮食储备作物之一,其产量直接影响着国家的粮食安全。玉米的叶绿素含量与光合能力密切相关,且显著影响叶片的光合速率和植被生产力,是作物生长监测、病虫害监测和成熟度预测中重要的作物参数。实时、准确监测对于玉米参数和产量预测具有重要意义。以吉林省四平市梨树县典型黑土区为研究区,为解决Sentinel-2卫星重访周期间可能会出现的有效影像缺失问题,提出一种基于Sentinel-2与MODIS影像融合数据的玉米叶片叶绿素反演方法。基于融合影像提取叶绿素敏感特征波段,通过3种机器学习算法:随机森林(random forest,RF),梯度提升树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)和极限梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBOOST)构建玉米叶片叶绿素含量估测模型,估测玉米叶片叶绿素含量并验证模型精度。得到结论如下:①使用ESTARFM数据融合算法模拟的数据与真实影像保持了高度的相关性;②影像缺失日期叶片叶绿素反演模型构建中,以融合影像波段反射率和植被指数为输入变量,XGBOOST模型拟合精度有较好的效果。研究结果表明,结合融合影像特征波段和机器学习算法可以实现在影像缺失日期叶片叶绿素含量精准估算,这有效提升了玉米叶绿素含量获取的时间精度,为影像缺失等情况的逐日或大范围叶片叶绿素含量反演研究提供了新的方法,同时为时间间隔更短、更多种类作物生理生化参数的精细化监测提供新思路。

玉米  /  叶绿素含量  /  遥感反演  /  机器学习  /  Sentinel2-MODIS融合  /  ESTARFM

Corn is one of the important grain reserve crops in China, and its yield directly impacts national food security. The chlorophyll content of corn is closely related to its photosynthetic capacity and significantly affects the photosynthetic rate of the leaves and vegetation productivity. It is an important crop parameter for monitoring crop growth, pest and disease surveillance, and maturity prediction. Real-time and accurate monitoring is of great significance for corn parameters and yield prediction. This study was conducted in the typical black soil area of Lishu County, Siping City, Jilin Province. To solve the problem of missing effective images that may occur during the revisit period of Sentinel-2 satellites, a method for retrieving corn leaf chlorophyll based on the fusion data of Sentinel-2 and MODIS images was proposed. Using fused imagery, three machine learning algorithms were employed: random forest (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST) to construct a model for estimating corn leaf chlorophyll content, and the accuracy of the model was verified. The conclusions obtained were as follows. The data simulated using the ESTARFM data fusion algorithm maintained a high correlation with the real imagery. Among the leaf chlorophyll inversion models for missing image dates, where input variables included fused image band reflectance and vegetation index, the XGBOOST model showed good fitting accuracy The research demonstrates that accurate estimation of leaf chlorophyll content can be achieved even on days with missing imagery, when fusion image feature bands are integrated with machine learning algorithms. This notably improves the temporal precision of corn chlorophyll content measurement, presenting a novel method for daily or large-scale inversion studies of leaf chlorophyll content, particularly in scenarios involving image gaps. Furthermore, it illuminates the potential for refined monitoring of physiological and biochemical parameters across a wider range of crops, with shortened time intervals.

corn  /  chlorophyll content  /  remote sensing inversion  /  mechine-learning  /  Sentinel2-MODIS fusion  /  ESTARFM
李宣, 宋开山, 刘吉平, 朱冰雪. 基于遥感融合数据的玉米叶片叶绿素含量反演方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4428 -4437 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403753
Xuan LI, Kai-shan SONG, Ji-ping LIU, Bing-xue ZHU. Chlorophyll Content Inversion Method in Maize Leaves Based on Remote Sensing Fusion Data[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4428 -4437 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403753
叶绿素是作物体内重要的生化参数,是植物营养胁迫、光合能力和发育以及衰老各个阶段的关键指标[1-2]。叶绿素含量直接影响作物氮素含量和生理状况[3-4],对动态监测作物生长、病虫害、作物产量、预测作物成熟度等具有重要意义[5]。传统的叶片叶绿素含量可以在实验室中通过化学溶剂萃取加以测量,该方法的精度较高,但是费时费力,仅能获取有限站点的观测数据[6]。20世纪70年代,遥感技术进入了迅速发展阶段,具有覆盖面广、获取信息快、效率高、方便快捷等特点[7],让区域作物叶绿素反演成为可能。
基于叶绿素特有的生化结构和光谱吸收特征,利用RGB相机、多光谱相机和高光谱成像仪等实现叶绿素含量的估算已较为普遍。其中普通高清相机虽便于携带,但仅能从较少的波段中提取信息,信息局限[8];高光谱卫星影像可以获取到较多的波谱信息,但影像空间分辨率低,时效性较差等缺点会导致模型精度偏低[9];多光谱相机是指具有2个以上波段通道的相机,通常包括红、绿、红边和近红外波段,其数据有分辨率较高容且易获取等优点[10],韩茜等[11]研究表明:利用光谱植被指数可实现作物参量的有效反演。与传统的多光谱数据(Landsat和MODIS)相比,从欧空局获取的Sentinel-2数据具有更高的空间分辨率(10 m)和光谱分辨率,在大面积作物理化参数的精细估算上有更大的优势,吴保升[12]研究验证理论基于哨兵二号卫星数据冬小麦叶绿素含量相关反演研究的可信度,杨旭等[13]研究验证了基于哨兵二号卫星数据水稻叶绿素含量反演的可行性。Sentinel-2卫星的重访周期(5 d),但在作物生长旺盛时期,数据质量容易受到天气、云量等因素的影响,导致无法获取指定时间的作物叶绿素含量分布结果,对作物叶绿素含量实时监测造成阻碍。
按照模型的理论基础,作物叶绿素含量的遥感反演方法可分为辐射传输模型方法和统计方法两大类。辐射传输模型能够较好地应用于作物叶绿素含量的估算,但是在建立模型时输入参数较为复杂[14]。统计模型通过回归分析、主成分分析、神经网络分析、支持向量机等方法[15],建立遥感数据(反射率或光谱指数)与作物叶绿素含量之间的关系,并以此来对作物的叶绿素含量进行估算,这类模型绕过作物生理机制,避免对作物复杂生理过程的探索,在作物某些指标观测中更便捷[16],Lee等[17] 研究表明对比线性回归、随机森林和支持向量机回归方法估算玉米冠层氮素浓度结果的精度,结果证明了两种机器学习模型均优于线性模型。
基于以上因素,通过Emelyanova等[18] 提出的基于混合算法ESTARFM的数据融合方法,将高分辨率空间数据(Sentinel-2)和高分辨率时间数据(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)数据融合,模拟出高分辨率数据缺失日期的遥感影像,基于该影像采用3种机器学习算法:随机森林(random forest,RF)和梯度提升树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)和极限梯度提升(extreme gradient boosting,XGBOOST)方法[19]。进行玉米叶片叶绿素含量反演模型构建,并对比相近日期的Sentinel-2影像数据采用3种机器学习算法建模的精度,验证融合影像对玉米叶绿素含量估测的可行性,为今后遥感影像缺失日期的玉米叶片叶绿素含量估算提供一种新的研究方法。
以位于吉林省四平市梨树县的国家百万亩绿色食品原料(玉米)标准化生产基地核心示范区,该示范区位于吉林省四平市西北方向约20 km的梨树县泉眼沟村(124°26.323'E,43°17.563'N)(图1)。梨树县地处“三大黑土带”和“黄金玉米带”,东辽河、招苏台河横贯全境,是吉林省重要的黑土区,更是中国粮食生产先进县和国家商品粮基地县[20]。属北温带半湿润大陆季风性气候,四季分明,雨热同季,作物生长期为每年的4—9月,日照、降水较充足[21]
选取研究区玉米生长期有效数据三景(2022年6月19日、8月9日、8月24日)开展采样工作,每个生长期在47个样点进行叶片样品采集和玉米生长参数(图2):植株高度、叶片长、宽、叶绿素含量(Ca+b)的测量和测试(表1)。为了有效减少测量误差,在5 m×5 m的样方选用三点取样法进行参数测量及叶绿素样品采样,将测量结果取均值代表该样方的实测结果,其中叶片叶绿素含量(Ca+b)测试样本在采集后迅速装入自封袋放置恒温箱内,24 h内测试完毕。
马素霞等[22]研究表明:利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)测定的叶绿素含量存在一定的超前或滞后,想要更好地了解叶片光合作用的内在变化,还需要研究由便携式叶绿素仪(如 SPAD-502 型)测定的指标SPAD(soil and plant analyzer development)值与各项叶绿素荧光参数的关系。因此,本文中采用化学测试的方法测定叶片的叶绿素的测量,如图[2(d)]所示,使用打孔器在叶片上均匀打孔取样,称重后浸泡于0.01 L的丙酮-水混合液(80%丙酮,20%纯净水),避光静置24 h后放入离心机,得到叶绿素提取液。使用ShimadzuUV-2600分光光度计测量提取液固定波长300~800 nm处的吸光度,并换算成叶绿素含量,换算关系为
Ca=(12.25OD663.2 nm-2.79OD646.8 nm)V/W
Cb=(21.5OD646.8 nm-5.1OD663.2 nm)V/W
Ca+b=(7.15OD663.2 nm+18.7OD646.8 nm)V/W
式中:Ca为叶片的叶绿素a含量,mg/g;Cb为叶片的叶绿素b含量,mg/g;Ca+b为叶片的叶绿素含量,mg/g;OD646.8 nm为提取液在646.8 nm处的吸光度;OD663.2 nm为提取液在663.2 nm处的吸光度;V为叶绿素提取液的体积,L;W为测试叶片样品的重量,g。
通过野外采集的叶片数据计算采样点的叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)公式为
LAI=0.75LKmn
式(4)中:n为采样点每平方米株数;m为每株玉米叶片数量;L为叶片长,m;K为叶片宽,m。
将测量带回的叶片样品通过拍照识别的方式提取叶片实际面积[图2(c)],使用叶面积S和叶片的湿重Ws,计算单位面积的叶绿素含量(leaf chlorophyll content,CHL),公式为
CHL=Ws/S×1 000Ca+bLAI
欧洲委员会和欧空局(European Space Agency,ESA)分别于2016年6月23日和2017年3月7日发射了Sentinel-2A和Sentinel-2B卫星,两颗卫星在轨运行的重访周期为5 d。本研究下载Sentinel-2的L1C级别产品,通过Sen2cor模型对L1C级别的产品进行大气校正,到L2A 级别的遥感影像,使用 SNAP(Sentinel-2 Application Platform)软件对L2A级别的影像进行10 m分辨率的重采样,最后使用Arcmap软件提取Sentinel-2影像波段反射率。Sentinel-2影像的下载地址为 https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home
搭载在Terra和Aqua两颗卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS),是美国地球观测系统(Earth Observing System,EOS)计划中用于观测全球生物和物理过程的重要仪器,1999年12月18日发射的Terra和2002年4月22日发射的Aqua两颗卫星的交替运行,1、2 d便可重复观测整个地球表面。MODIS第1~2波段分辨率为250 m,3~7波段分辨率为500 m,其他波段分辨率为1 000 m,所以MODIS通常应用于中国或者全球尺度的长时间序列的影响研究。本研究通过谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE)获取研究区采样当日的MODIS影像数据。
在本研究的卫星数据选取中,由于Sentinel-2重访周期相对较长且受采样当日天气和云量等因素的影响,导致无法获取采样当日的卫星影像,所以选择与采样当日最为接近日期的Sentinel-2影像进行建模,用于验证融合影像反演叶片和叶绿素含量的可靠性。从表2中可以看到采样日期与研究区Sentinel-2卫星过境时间。
表2中可以得知,3个采样时期都无法获取当日Sentinel-2的无云影像。选择ESTARFM数据融合方法,模拟出采样当日的10 m分辨率卫星影像。MODIS卫星重访周期短(1、2 d),如图3所示,该影像的空间分辨率较低,Sentinel-2卫星重访周期相对较长,但空间分辨率较高。两种卫星影像的波段设置不同,Sentine-2和MODIS共有7个相应波段,除去其中不适用于玉米叶片叶绿素含量的反演研究的沿海气溶胶波段,筛选Sentinel-2卫星和MODIS卫星相同的6个波段,如表3所示。通过ESTARFM的数据融合方法,模拟得到采样当日的10 m分辨率影像,如图4所示。
提取融合影像和Sentinel-2影像中的波段反射率并计算常见的9种植被指数(表4), 采用RF、GBDT和XGBOOST构建研究区玉米叶片叶绿素含量的反演模型。其中,RF是一种基于套袋集成学习算法和随机空间算法的分类和预测的机器学习算法[23]。与其他机器学习算法相比,它具有参数少,操作效率高,有较强的非线性仿真,能够有效地处理与多变量和大量数据相关的问题[24-25]。GBDT属于一种有监督的集成学习算法,较少参数的GBDT具有更高的准确率和更少的运算时间且GBDT模型在面对异常数据时具有更强的稳定性[25]。XGBOOST是梯度增强决策树算法的一个改进版本,参看文献。该模型在保证精度的同时可以很好地控制过拟合,同时也保留了树模型的高可解释性。通过选择自变量的数量生成重要性值,便于模型分析,因此它在定量遥感领域受到了越来越多的关注[26]。为了更好地建立模型,本研究利用sklearn中的网格搜索(GridSearchcv)方法[27],得到了3个模型主要参数的最优参数用于模型建立。
植被指数是一种简单、有效的经验指标。Hunt等[28]研究表明,通过结合基于植被光谱特征的卫星可见光和近红外波段来反映地表植被的条件。它们还可以转化为冠层生物物理参数,反映了植被的健康和生长状态,是生态物理参数反演的重要输入参数。本研究选用几种常见的植被指数进行Pearson相关性分析,筛选出相关性较高的植被指数作为叶绿素含量反演模型的输入变量。
共选用3个不同时期的174个叶绿素含量值用于数据分析和模型构建。以确定模型对时间变化的稳健性。将数据集划分为两个部分,其中2/3划分为训练集用来训练模型,剩余的1/3作为测试集用来评估模型。以决定性系数R2、均方根误差(root mean squard error,RMSE)作为评价指标,其计算公式为
R2=1- i = 1 n ( y i - y i ) 2 i = 1 n ( y i - y ¯ ) 2
RMSE= 1 n i = 1 n ( y i - y i ) 2
式中:yi为第i个样本的叶绿素含量的真实值; y i为第i个样本的叶绿素含量的预测值; y ¯为叶绿素含量的真实值的平均值;n 为样本数。
对比3种模型对单位面积叶绿素总量的预测效果,R2越高, RMSE越低表示该模型的拟合度越高,模型的模拟结果更接近实测值。
本研究从定性和定量两个角度来对融合影像的质量进行评估。通过ESTARFM数据融合方法对采样日前后最近日期的Sentinel-2影像数据和MODIS影像数据使用采样当日的MODIS影像模拟采样当日的高分辨率融合影像(图4)。目视可见,相较于MODIS影像(图3),融合影像中的地物及植被都清晰可见,且拥有与Sentinel-2影像相同的分辨率。此外,选取有真实Sentinel-2影像的日期对比融合影像和真实Sentinel-2影像进行反射率的相关性分析,融合影像与Sentinel-2影像的反射率相关性分析结果表明(图5),融合影像与原始的Sentinel-2影像保持了高度的相关性(R2均在0.92以上)。以上分析说明,利用ESTARFM的数据融合方法来对Sentinel-2缺失日期的影像进行模拟,不仅提高了对研究区观测的连续性,也保持了影像数据的光谱一致性。
过Pearson相关性分析可以得出Sentinel-2中的12个波段以及9个常见植被指数(表4)与叶绿素总量的相关性的强弱,进一步剔除弱相关或可能干扰反演模型建立的变量,选择与叶绿素总量相关系数高的几个变量作为反演模型的输入变量。
图6中结果表明,Sentinel-2影像中除了B1和B6波段反射率与叶绿素含量相关性较低外,波段B4、B5、B11和B12的反射率与叶绿素存在显著的负相关关系,并且相关系数明显高于其他波段。在图7中,植被指数NDVI、NDRE、RECI、LICI和GNDVI与叶绿素总量存在显著的正相关关系,并且相关系数也明显地高于其他的植被指数。在这些指数中,除Sentinel-2的B1和B6波段和植被指数中的DVI和GDVI之外,其他指数都与单位面积玉米植株的叶片叶绿素总量有较高的相关性,所以将B1、B6、DVI和GDVI从建模指数中剔除,其余指数都作为玉米叶片叶绿素含量遥感反演的敏感因子。
融合影像数据模型构建中,选择6个波段(表3)和6个植被指数作为构建玉米叶片叶绿素含量模型的输入变量。选用3种方法分别构建叶片叶绿素含量估测模型,将实测数据与预测数据进行线性拟合,3个不同时期分3种颜色表示,拟合效果如图8所示,3种模型里,XGBOOST模型的拟合效果最好(R2=0.82,RMSE=19.34 μg/cm2)。
使用与采样日相近日期的Sentinel-2的10个波段反射率和9个植被指数,采用与融合数据叶片叶绿素含量估算相同的3种模型,构建叶片叶绿素含量的估算模型,将实测数据与预测数据进行线性拟合,3个不同的采样时间时期分3种颜色表示,拟合结果如图9所示,3个模型中,XGBOOST模型的拟合效果最好(R2=0.88,RMSE=16.61 μg/cm2)。
融合影像模型的拟合效果(R2=0.82,RMSE=19.34 μg/cm2)较Sentinel-2影像数据建模的拟合效果(R2=0.88,RMSE=16.61 μg/cm2)略微逊色,但其优点在于可以对研究区域的叶片叶绿素含量进行逐日估测。从图8图9中可以看出,3个模型中拟合度最高的模型为XGBOOST模型。相较于GBDT模型只用到一阶导数信息,XGBoost对代价函数进行了二阶泰勒展开,同时用到了一阶和二阶导数,所以XGBOOST模型对单位面积叶绿素含量的估算效果更好。通过融合影像数据进行XGBOOST回归为玉米植株单位面积叶绿素含量的反演提供了新的方法,而且本研究的训练数据和测试数据都选用了3个不同的玉米生长期的实测数据,这说明XGBOOST模型不受玉米生长期的时间限制,可以在整个玉米生长期内对玉米植株单位面积叶绿素总量进行遥感监测,所以本研究选取拟合度最高的XGBOOST模型,使用融合影像估算叶片叶绿素含量模型进行遥感反演,反演结果如图10所示,从图10中可以看出3个不同生长期玉米植株单位面积叶绿素含量的变化与研究区实际情况基本相符,实测值与反演值间也有较好的一致性。
在大面积和长时间序列反演过程中,云量等因素往往会影响Sentinel-2原始影像的数据质量从而导致无法估测当日作物叶片的叶绿素含量,本研究针对此类问题提出利用融合影像和机器学习算法结合,建立玉米叶片单位面积叶绿素含量的反演模型的解决方案,利用Sentinel-2影像和MODIS数据成功反演示范区玉米叶片单位面积叶绿素含量,使农作物叶片叶绿素含量的反演不再受有效影像时间间隔的限制。结果表明:
(1)MODIS数据与Sentinel-2的融合影像与Sentinel-2影像保持了高度的相关性(R2均在0.92以上),很好地解决了在采样当日无法获取高分辨率卫星影像的问题。
(2)分析Sentinel-2的12个波段和9个植被指数与3个玉米生长时期的单位面积叶绿素含量之间的相关性,发现Sentinel-2的B2-B5,B7-B12波段和植被指数NDVI、LICI、RECI、NDRE、GRVI、GNDVI、GCI都与玉米植株的叶片叶绿素含量有较高的相关性,将其用于叶绿素含量的建模,进而提高了建模精度。
(3)在融合数据构建玉米叶片叶绿素含量反演模型时,XGBOOST模型(R2=0.82,RMSE=19.34 μg/cm2)拟合效果最优,可以实现玉米多生长期的单位面积叶绿素含量的遥感反演。
(4)本文方法对于高空间分辨率影像缺失等情况的逐日或大范围叶片叶绿素含量反演研究提供了新的方法,同时为实现时间间隔更短,更多作物化学参数的精细化监测和农业农情的实时监控提供理论依据。
  • 中国科学院战略重点研究项目(XDA28050400)
  • 吉林省科技发展计划重点研发项目(20230202040NC)
  • 国家民用空间基础设施陆地观测卫星共性应用支撑平台项目(2017-000052-73-01-001735)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403753
  • 接收时间:2024-05-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-21
  • 修回日期:2024-08-10
基金
中国科学院战略重点研究项目(XDA28050400)
吉林省科技发展计划重点研发项目(20230202040NC)
国家民用空间基础设施陆地观测卫星共性应用支撑平台项目(2017-000052-73-01-001735)
作者信息
    1 吉林师范大学地理科学与旅游学院, 四平 136000
    2 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所, 长春 130102

通讯作者:

* 朱冰雪(1993— ),女,汉族,吉林辽源人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:遥感估产及农作物生理生化参数反演。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403753
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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