Article(id=1149776902346466015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402620, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712764800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-11, revisedDate=1721923200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775340, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775340, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775340, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775340, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4534, endPage=4542, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776902522626784, articleId=1149776902346466015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on MCNN-MSA-BiGRU, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of incomplete feature extraction, poor stability, and limited generalization in traditional fault diagnosis models, a model based on a multi-scale convolutional neural networks (MCNN), bidirectional gated recurrent units (BiGRU), and multi-head self-attention mechanism (MSA) was proposed. The model was designed to achieve comprehensive feature extraction from both spatial and temporal perspectives. It took raw vibration signals as input, and multi-scale features were extracted through convolution kernels of different sizes. A multi-head self-attention mechanism was used to dynamically adjust output weights, disregarding redundant information and weighting the extracted features for fusion. Then the fused features were input into a BiGRU network, which utilized a bidirectional information fusion mechanism to explore information from both past and future directions, capturing dependencies between different parts of the input sequence. Finally, Softmax was employed for classification. Experimental validation was conducted using three bearing fault datasets, and the results show that the proposed model has excellent performance metrics on different datasets and showcases good generalization and feasibility.

, correspAuthors=Sui-xian YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue-chun WANG, Xiang LI, Sui-xian YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776924442059756, articleId=1149776902346466015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于MCNN-MSA-BiGRU的轴承故障诊断, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统故障诊断模型对特征提取不全面,单一模型稳定性和泛化性差的问题,提出了一种基于多头自注意力机制的多尺度卷积神经网络和双向门控循环单元模型,从空间和时序层面实现特征提取。该模型采用原始一维振动信号作为输入,使用不同尺寸卷积核的卷积网络捕获多尺度信息。引入多头自注意力机制,根据输入的不同部分动态调整输出权值,忽略冗杂信息并对所提取特征进行加权融合,将融合后的特征输入至BiGRU(bidirectional gated recurrent units)网络,通过双向信息融合机制,对来自过去和未来两个方向的信息进行挖掘,捕捉输入序列不同部分间的依赖关系。最后,通过Softmax分类实现轴承故障诊断。在3种轴承数据集上进行实验验证,结果表明,所提模型性能指标表现优异,具有良好的泛化性和可行性。

, correspAuthors=杨随先, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨随先(1965—), 男, 汉族, 四川纳溪人, 博士, 教授。研究方向: 故障诊断、无损检测。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=e4VIzjNTImyuvKiCT55vzQ==, magXml=SCE0GW5fCcpaDiKXVQb3Aw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RQ5rqhfi0wRyLVGpuqa23A==, pdfFileSize=8689317, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=z1ZtYxCLH8+dVl7iJWJi/g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=g5JNPbs4W7M006owADIyzA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王雪纯(1999—), 女, 汉族, 河南开封人, 硕士研究生。研究方向: 故障诊断。E-mail:

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王雪纯(1999—), 女, 汉族, 河南开封人, 硕士研究生。研究方向: 故障诊断。E-mail:

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Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2024, 18(2): 345-362., articleTitle=Review of attention mechanisms in image processing, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218843907228619555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, awardId=52275538, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52275538), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218843900920385860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843900928774469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, companyId=1218843900920385860, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843900937163077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, companyId=1218843900920385860, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=四川大学机械工程学院, 成都 610065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1218843903655072216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The structure of BiGRU, figureFileSmall=DA2AQr3mJooko4gauYylVg==, figureFileBig=pLLdEKwpXSntePXZzOsoVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903801872865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=图1, caption=BiGRU结构图

hf,t为前向GRU当前时刻状态,hb,t为后向GRU当前时刻状态

, figureFileSmall=DA2AQr3mJooko4gauYylVg==, figureFileBig=pLLdEKwpXSntePXZzOsoVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843903990616564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The structure of MCNN-MSA-BiGRU, figureFileSmall=mw0jqZaeL9wzS7VX7RoOlg==, figureFileBig=Yg5zFPY0FPzPLUuYlUVQDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904082891260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=图2, caption=MCNN-MSA-BiGRU结构图, figureFileSmall=mw0jqZaeL9wzS7VX7RoOlg==, figureFileBig=Yg5zFPY0FPzPLUuYlUVQDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904200331785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of recognition accuracy of different models, figureFileSmall=tmETMFmqX2ggsxhAxFke1Q==, figureFileBig=cT9yQBSjwtRNEUnlBWL7gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904347132433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同模型识别准确率对比, figureFileSmall=tmETMFmqX2ggsxhAxFke1Q==, figureFileBig=cT9yQBSjwtRNEUnlBWL7gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904481350174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of loss rates of different models, figureFileSmall=UheZ0hIurMCPUpWxrl2uYA==, figureFileBig=X29ncpDyntqyyZCoZ7myqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904602985005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同模型损失率对比, figureFileSmall=UheZ0hIurMCPUpWxrl2uYA==, figureFileBig=X29ncpDyntqyyZCoZ7myqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904712036921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of confusion matrix of different models, figureFileSmall=bM8/d+aleGonHssK11wE5Q==, figureFileBig=H/MrvXlifOAOpr5UV0KQvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904867226182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同模型混淆矩阵对比, figureFileSmall=bM8/d+aleGonHssK11wE5Q==, figureFileBig=H/MrvXlifOAOpr5UV0KQvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843904976278100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Performance comparison of models under different loads, figureFileSmall=Rh70MfT84FPE4N8NMgGl9Q==, figureFileBig=NoER0F1VDM458vA+S99F0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905051775580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同负载下各模型性能对比, figureFileSmall=Rh70MfT84FPE4N8NMgGl9Q==, figureFileBig=NoER0F1VDM458vA+S99F0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905135661671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Picture of the model performance at 800 r/min speed, figureFileSmall=NT2lokjteZS4LYoLIDqxzg==, figureFileBig=mkwU8BxC/IRriABSvUlK8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905253102195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=图7, caption=800 r/min转速下模型的性能图, figureFileSmall=NT2lokjteZS4LYoLIDqxzg==, figureFileBig=mkwU8BxC/IRriABSvUlK8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843905383125630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample data of the CWRU dataset

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标签 故障
位置
电机负
载/HP
电机转速/
(r·min-1)
故障
直径/in
样本
数量
样本
长度
0 滚动体 2 1 750 0.007 100 1 024
1 滚动体 2 1 750 0.014 100 1 024
2 滚动体 2 1 750 0.021 100 1 024
3 内圈 2 1 750 0.007 100 1 024
4 内圈 2 1 750 0.014 100 1 024
5 内圈 2 1 750 0.021 100 1 024
6 外圈 2 1 750 0.007 100 1 024
7 外圈 2 1 750 0.014 100 1 024
8 外圈 2 1 750 0.021 100 1 024
9 正常 2 1 750 100 1 024
), ArticleFig(id=1218843905508954761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CWRU数据集样本数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标签 故障
位置
电机负
载/HP
电机转速/
(r·min-1)
故障
直径/in
样本
数量
样本
长度
0 滚动体 2 1 750 0.007 100 1 024
1 滚动体 2 1 750 0.014 100 1 024
2 滚动体 2 1 750 0.021 100 1 024
3 内圈 2 1 750 0.007 100 1 024
4 内圈 2 1 750 0.014 100 1 024
5 内圈 2 1 750 0.021 100 1 024
6 外圈 2 1 750 0.007 100 1 024
7 外圈 2 1 750 0.014 100 1 024
8 外圈 2 1 750 0.021 100 1 024
9 正常 2 1 750 100 1 024
), ArticleFig(id=1218843905643172501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The structural parameters of the MCNN-MSA-BiGRU

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网络层 核大小 核数量 输出 激活函数
Conv1_1 20 64 (None, 256, 64) Relu
Pool1_1 2 (None, 128, 64)
Conv1_2 10 32 (None, 64, 32) Relu
Pool1_2 2 (None, 32, 32)
Conv1_3 10 32 (None, 32, 32) Relu
Pool1_3 2 (None, 16, 32)
Conv2_1 4 64 (None, 256, 64) Relu
Pool2_1 2 (None, 128, 64)
Conv2_2 2 32 (None, 64, 32) Relu
Pool2_2 2 None, 32, 32)
Conv2_3 2 32 (None, 32, 32) Relu
Pool2_3 2 (None, 16, 32)
BiGRU 64 (None, 128)
Softmax (None, 10)
), ArticleFig(id=1218843905764807329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MCNN-MSA-BiGRU模型结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络层 核大小 核数量 输出 激活函数
Conv1_1 20 64 (None, 256, 64) Relu
Pool1_1 2 (None, 128, 64)
Conv1_2 10 32 (None, 64, 32) Relu
Pool1_2 2 (None, 32, 32)
Conv1_3 10 32 (None, 32, 32) Relu
Pool1_3 2 (None, 16, 32)
Conv2_1 4 64 (None, 256, 64) Relu
Pool2_1 2 (None, 128, 64)
Conv2_2 2 32 (None, 64, 32) Relu
Pool2_2 2 None, 32, 32)
Conv2_3 2 32 (None, 32, 32) Relu
Pool2_3 2 (None, 16, 32)
BiGRU 64 (None, 128)
Softmax (None, 10)
), ArticleFig(id=1218843905857082030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sample data of the Ottawa dataset

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障标签 故障位置 工况 样本数量 样本长度
0 健康 升速 300 1 024
1 内圈故障 升速 300 1 024
2 外圈故障 升速 300 1 024
0 健康 降速 300 1 024
1 内圈故障 降速 300 1 024
2 外圈故障 降速 300 1 024
0 健康 升速-降速 300 1 024
1 内圈故障 升速-降速 300 1 024
2 外圈故障 升速-降速 300 1 024
0 健康 降速-升速 300 1 024
1 内圈故障 降速-升速 300 1 024
2 外圈故障 降速-升速 300 1 024
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Ottawa数据集样本数据

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故障标签 故障位置 工况 样本数量 样本长度
0 健康 升速 300 1 024
1 内圈故障 升速 300 1 024
2 外圈故障 升速 300 1 024
0 健康 降速 300 1 024
1 内圈故障 降速 300 1 024
2 外圈故障 降速 300 1 024
0 健康 升速-降速 300 1 024
1 内圈故障 升速-降速 300 1 024
2 外圈故障 升速-降速 300 1 024
0 健康 降速-升速 300 1 024
1 内圈故障 降速-升速 300 1 024
2 外圈故障 降速-升速 300 1 024
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906083574466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Performance comparison of different models

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工况 模型 准确率 损失率 F1
升速 MCNN-MSA-BiGRU 0.982 0.070 0.982
MCNN-BiGRU 0.980 0.050 0.980
WDCNN 0.913 0.325 0.913
SEBCNN 0.944 0.196 0.944
降速 MCNN-MSA-BiGRU 0.996 0.010 0.996
MCNN-BiGRU 0.989 0.052 0.989
WDCNN 0.847 0.587 0.843
SEBCNN 0.862 0.365 0.861
升-降 MCNN-MSA-BiGRU 0.978 0.079 0.978
MCNN-BiGRU 0.969 0.103 0.969
WDCNN 0.918 0.477 0.918
SEBCNN 0.947 0.271 0.947
降-升 MCNN-MSA-BiGRU 0.973 0.106 0.973
MCNN-BiGRU 0.973 0.110 0.973
WDCNN 0.920 0.275 0.920
SEBCNN 0.898 0.349 0.896
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不同模型的性能对比

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工况 模型 准确率 损失率 F1
升速 MCNN-MSA-BiGRU 0.982 0.070 0.982
MCNN-BiGRU 0.980 0.050 0.980
WDCNN 0.913 0.325 0.913
SEBCNN 0.944 0.196 0.944
降速 MCNN-MSA-BiGRU 0.996 0.010 0.996
MCNN-BiGRU 0.989 0.052 0.989
WDCNN 0.847 0.587 0.843
SEBCNN 0.862 0.365 0.861
升-降 MCNN-MSA-BiGRU 0.978 0.079 0.978
MCNN-BiGRU 0.969 0.103 0.969
WDCNN 0.918 0.477 0.918
SEBCNN 0.947 0.271 0.947
降-升 MCNN-MSA-BiGRU 0.973 0.106 0.973
MCNN-BiGRU 0.973 0.110 0.973
WDCNN 0.920 0.275 0.920
SEBCNN 0.898 0.349 0.896
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Sample data of the JNU dataset

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故障
标签
故障位置 电机转速/
(r·min-1)
样本数量 样本长度
0 健康 600 500 1 024
1 内圈故障 600 500 1 024
2 外圈故障 600 500 1 024
3 滚动体故障 600 500 1 024
0 健康 800 500 1 024
1 内圈故障 800 500 1 024
2 外圈故障 800 500 1 024
3 滚动体故障 800 500 1 024
0 健康 1 000 500 1 024
1 内圈故障 1 000 500 1 024
2 外圈故障 1 000 500 1 024
3 滚动体故障 1 000 500 1 024
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906523976435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

江南大学数据集样本数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障
标签
故障位置 电机转速/
(r·min-1)
样本数量 样本长度
0 健康 600 500 1 024
1 内圈故障 600 500 1 024
2 外圈故障 600 500 1 024
3 滚动体故障 600 500 1 024
0 健康 800 500 1 024
1 内圈故障 800 500 1 024
2 外圈故障 800 500 1 024
3 滚动体故障 800 500 1 024
0 健康 1 000 500 1 024
1 内圈故障 1 000 500 1 024
2 外圈故障 1 000 500 1 024
3 滚动体故障 1 000 500 1 024
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906784023298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Performance test under different conditions

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转速/(r·min-1) 准确率 损失率 F1
600 0.975 0.156 0.976
800 0.990 0.048 0.990
1 000 1.000 0.003 1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906918241036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902346466015, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同工况下模型的性能测试

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转速/(r·min-1) 准确率 损失率 F1
600 0.975 0.156 0.976
800 0.990 0.048 0.990
1 000 1.000 0.003 1.000
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基于MCNN-MSA-BiGRU的轴承故障诊断
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王雪纯 , 李想 , 杨随先 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(11): 4534-4542
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(11): 4534-4542
基于MCNN-MSA-BiGRU的轴承故障诊断
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王雪纯 , 李想, 杨随先*
作者信息
  • 四川大学机械工程学院, 成都 610065
  • 王雪纯(1999—), 女, 汉族, 河南开封人, 硕士研究生。研究方向: 故障诊断。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨随先(1965—), 男, 汉族, 四川纳溪人, 博士, 教授。研究方向: 故障诊断、无损检测。E-mail:
Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on MCNN-MSA-BiGRU
Xue-chun WANG , Xiang LI, Sui-xian YANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402620
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针对传统故障诊断模型对特征提取不全面,单一模型稳定性和泛化性差的问题,提出了一种基于多头自注意力机制的多尺度卷积神经网络和双向门控循环单元模型,从空间和时序层面实现特征提取。该模型采用原始一维振动信号作为输入,使用不同尺寸卷积核的卷积网络捕获多尺度信息。引入多头自注意力机制,根据输入的不同部分动态调整输出权值,忽略冗杂信息并对所提取特征进行加权融合,将融合后的特征输入至BiGRU(bidirectional gated recurrent units)网络,通过双向信息融合机制,对来自过去和未来两个方向的信息进行挖掘,捕捉输入序列不同部分间的依赖关系。最后,通过Softmax分类实现轴承故障诊断。在3种轴承数据集上进行实验验证,结果表明,所提模型性能指标表现优异,具有良好的泛化性和可行性。

故障诊断  /  卷积神经网络  /  双向门控循环单元  /  注意力机制  /  轴承

To address the issues of incomplete feature extraction, poor stability, and limited generalization in traditional fault diagnosis models, a model based on a multi-scale convolutional neural networks (MCNN), bidirectional gated recurrent units (BiGRU), and multi-head self-attention mechanism (MSA) was proposed. The model was designed to achieve comprehensive feature extraction from both spatial and temporal perspectives. It took raw vibration signals as input, and multi-scale features were extracted through convolution kernels of different sizes. A multi-head self-attention mechanism was used to dynamically adjust output weights, disregarding redundant information and weighting the extracted features for fusion. Then the fused features were input into a BiGRU network, which utilized a bidirectional information fusion mechanism to explore information from both past and future directions, capturing dependencies between different parts of the input sequence. Finally, Softmax was employed for classification. Experimental validation was conducted using three bearing fault datasets, and the results show that the proposed model has excellent performance metrics on different datasets and showcases good generalization and feasibility.

fault diagnosis  /  convolutional neural network  /  bidirectional gated recurrent unit  /  attention mechanism  /  bearing
王雪纯, 李想, 杨随先. 基于MCNN-MSA-BiGRU的轴承故障诊断. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4534 -4542 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402620
Xue-chun WANG, Xiang LI, Sui-xian YANG. Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on MCNN-MSA-BiGRU[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4534 -4542 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402620
随着现代化工业的不断发展,旋转机械广泛应用于航空航天、建筑、交通运输等领域[1]。作为旋转机械的关键部件,滚动轴承通常在高负载、高速的恶劣环境下长时间工作,在固有退化过程和时变工况下可能出现磨损、变形、断裂等故障[2]。轴承故障未被及时检测可能导致整个机械装置失效,造成经济损失甚至伤亡[3]。多项研究的统计分析结果表明,40%以上的设备故障与轴承有关[4]。开展滚动轴承故障诊断方法研究对于提高设备可靠性、保证工业生产安全具有重要意义。
传统的基于数据的故障诊断方法一般包括4个步骤:数据采集、特征提取、特征选择与分类[5]。传统方法通过对原始数据信号进行时域、频域或时频域的分析处理实现故障特征的提取,所提取的特征质量依赖于专家经验与专业知识,泛化能力差。对于一些具有外部环境干扰和非线性内部耦合的复杂系统,传统方法的浅层结构不足以挖掘所有类型故障的特征[6]
随着大数据分析与人工智能的发展,现代智能故障诊断在齿轮、变速箱、轴承、滚动轴承、泵、风力涡轮机和核电站等领域得到广泛应用[7]。中国在轴承智能故障诊断领域,尤其是数据驱动的故障诊断领域,处于世界领先地位[8]。作为一种数据驱动方法,深度学习可以捕捉数据与设备状态间复杂的映射关系,其诊断过程无需人工干预,克服了传统故障诊断方法的局限性。卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network, CNN)作为最常用的深度学习模型,已经成功应用于故障诊断任务中[9]。Song等[10]提出了一种基于宽卷积核卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network with wide convolution kernels, WKCNN)的轴承智能故障诊断新方法,解决了传统算法耗时长,通用性差的问题。赵志宏等[11]将马尔可夫跃迁场(Markov transition field, MTF)与CNN相结合,应用于滚动轴承的故障诊断。Zeng[12]设计了集特征识别和特征分类于一体的CNN模型,实现对带式输送机传动托辊滚动轴承的故障诊断。李中等[13]采用双分支卷积网络将故障位置与损伤程度进行双标签处理,实现故障诊断。在上述研究中,CNN更多地是对数据进行局部空间特征提取,而无法针对时间序列信息进行挖掘,导致数据的在时间序列的动态性能捕获不佳。RNN(recurrent neural networks)及其变体在解决捕获时序数据中的时间依赖性问题方面具有显著优势[14]。RNN可以保留隐藏层在某一时刻的状态信息,建立方向环路中单元之间的连接,并通过表示隐藏层数据环路更新的链式规则实现时间的记忆,在复杂动态系统建模领域具有强大的优势。但单独使用RNN可能会导致梯度消失或梯度爆炸,降低预测准确性,常与其他方法结合使用。Ahsan等[15]将具有SoftMax分类器的高精度深度卷积神经网络(deep convolution neural network, DCNN)与长短期记忆(long short term memory, LSTM)结合,并应用于时变转速下的轴承故障诊断。Sun等[16]提出一种基于CNN和LSTM的混合故障诊断模型,实现混合负载下的轴承故障诊断。刘万宇等[17]将宽卷积核深度卷积神经网络与深度LSTM相结合,实现了端到端的轴承故障诊断。而LSTM模型训练时间较长,相较于LSTM,门控递归单元(gate recurrent unit,GRU)的网络结构更加简洁,参数量更少,训练速度快,并降低了过拟合的风险。而双向门控循环单元(bidirectional gated recurrent unit, BiGRU)结合了前向与后向的双向信息流[18],可同时学习过去与未来的特征表示,有效捕捉到序列中的双向依赖关系。
为解决上述研究中特征提取不全面,时序信息利用不充分,单一模型泛化能力差的问题,提升模型在复杂工况下的性能表现,现将CNN的空间特征提取能力与BiGRU在时间序列的特征挖掘能力相结合,为增强模型捕捉全局信息与细节特征的能力,引入多头自注意力机制,提出一种基于多头注意力机制的多尺度卷积神经网络-双向门控循环单元故障诊断模型,将原始一维振动信号作为输入,保留信号的完整性,采用不同尺寸卷积核对特征进行多尺度捕获,实现端到端的故障诊断。
卷积神经网络是一种前馈神经网络,可以实现分层特征的自动抽象,具有权值共享和稀疏连接的特性,即同一个滤波器在不同位置共享权重,每个神经元只与输入数据的局部区域相连,使CNN能够更有效地学习和表示数据的特征。CNN通常由输入层、隐藏层和输出层三层组成,隐藏层一般包括卷积层、池化层和全连接层。卷积层将前一层的局部信号映射至下一层,计算过程表达式为
y j l=f( i R j x i l - 1* k j l+ b j i)
式(1)中: y j l为第l层的输出;*为卷积运算; x i l - 1为第l-1层的第i个输入; k j l b j i为第l层中第k个卷积核所对应的权值与偏置;Rj为输入的特征集合;f(·)为激活函数。
池化层又称下采样层,常添加于卷积层之后,进行子采样操作,去除数据中的冗余信息,减少特征数据量,提高计算效率。常见的池化方式有最大池化与平均池化,即选择池化区域内的平均值或最大值,保留突出的特征分别传播到下一层,减少过拟合。全连接层由密集连接的神经元组成,接收从池化层提取得到的特征并映射至输出空间,通过非线性激活函数增加网络的表达能力,实现分类或回归。
GRU由LSTM网络优化而来,是对LSTM模型的简化与调整,并保留了LSTM网络遗忘无关信息的特点,具有更少的网络参数与更简单的结构,收敛性更好。当训练数据较多时,可以显著减少训练时间[19]。LSTM分别使用遗忘门、输入门和输出门来控制输入输出与状态信息。GRU由重置门rt和更新门zt组成。更新门zt用于控制上一时刻传递到当前结构的信息,代替LSTM中的遗忘门和输入门,重置门rt用于确定控制当前GRU单元忽略上一时刻多少信息。GRU通过上一时刻的状态ht-1和当前时刻的输入xt确定门控状态,运算公式为
zt=[Wz(ht-1,xt)]
rt=σ[Wr(ht-1,xt)]
h ~ t=tanh[ W h ~(rt*ht-1,xt)]
ht=(1-zt)*ht-1+zt* h ~ t
式中:σ为Sigmoid激活函数;WzWr W h ~分别为权值; h ~ t为当前时刻节点;ht为当前隐藏状态的输出;*为逐元素乘法运算。更新门zt的范围为(0, 1),当zt趋近于0时,ht-1的状态信息保留越多,通过zt* h ~ t h ~ t进行选择性记忆[20]
BiGRU由正向和反向的两个GRU构成,同时考虑输入的前向与后向信息,并将两个方向的信息进行融合,其结构图如图1所示。
通过双向信息融合机制,对来自过去和未来两个方向的信息进行挖掘,捕捉输入序列不同部分间的依赖关系。 BiGRU的计算公式为
hf,t=GRU_forward(Xt,hf,t-1)
hb,t=GRU_backward(Xt,hb,t+1)
Yt=[hf,t,hb,t]
注意力机制通过关注输入序列中的关键部分来提高模型的性能,被广泛应用于自然语言处理中[21]。通过引入注意力机制,模型可以根据输入序列中的不同部分动态调整输出的权值,更好地捕捉序列中的长程依赖关系。自注意力是一种通过计算序列中不同元素之间的相关性来提取信息的注意机制[22]。该机制通过对输入特征图进行卷积映射为3个相同的特征图,每个像素都用作一个查询向量Q,一个键向量K和一个值向量V[23]。公式为
Q=WQX,K=WKX,V=WVX
Attention(Q,K,V)=softmax Q K T d kV
通过输入与可学习的参数矩阵WQWKWV线性变换得到QKV, d k为查询向量Q和键向量K的维度,通过计算查询向量Q和键向量K的点积衡量二者的相似度,将结果通过 d k进行缩放,并使用Softmax函数进行归一化得到注意力权重,将注意力权重与对应的值向量V相乘并进行加权求和。
多头自注意力机制由多个独立的自注意力机制组成,将输入通过线性变换映射到不同的子空间,其运算公式为
MultiHead(Q,K,V)=concat(head1,head2,…,headn)WO
headi=Attention(QWQi,KWiK,VWVi)
式中:n代表注意力头的个数,将每个注意力头计算注意力权重的结果拼接,通过矩阵W将结果映射回输入的维度。模型对输入序列的部分给予不同的关注,减少了信息的丢失,提高了模型的表达能力和泛化能力。
针对传统模型中时序信息利用不充分,对重点信息关注不充足的问题,本文中结合多尺度卷积不同层次的特征提取与BiGRU时序信息的关注,并通过多头自注意力机制的优势,提出了MCNN-MSA-BiGRU模型,模型结构如图2所示。
模型采用原始一维振动信号作为输入,通过不同尺寸的卷积核对输入进行特征提取,捕获多尺度信息将不同尺度卷积核提取到的特征进行融合,并通过多头自注意力机制对融合后的信息进行权重划分,从多个角度提取特征之间的相关性。引入dropout等控制模型的复杂度,减少对数据的过拟合与对特定输入的依赖,提高模型的鲁棒性与泛化能力。通过BiGRU从正反两方向实现特征的提取,对全局信息进行进一步整合,利用振动信号的时空特征,强化特征的表达能力。最终,将特征通过Softmax函数实现轴承故障的多分类。
凯斯西储大学(Case Western Reserve Univer-sity, CWRU)数据集在轴承故障诊断领域应用广泛。轴承实验平台由电机驱动,并在轴承驱动端与风扇端放置传感器进行信号采集。通过电火花加工技术对轴承植入故障,根据所加工故障的位置不同,可以将其划分为外圈故障、内圈故障与滚动体故障,每种故障包含不同程度的损失,其损伤范围分别为0.007、0.014、0.021 in(1 in=0.025 4 m)。根据故障位置与损伤程度的不同,可将故障划分为9种类型。此外,实验平台采集了正常状况下的轴承信号,故障信号与正常信号共计10类。
实验选用12 kHz的驱动端采集的故障数据,轴承转速为1 750 r/min,电机负载为2 HP,如表2所示,其中1 HP =745.7 W。每类状态选取100个样本,按照7∶2∶1的比例划分为训练集、验证集和测试集,通过长度为1 024的采样点对原始振动数据随机切割实现采样,具体如表1所示。
试验在tensorflow框架下进行,采用python编程语言,在Linux系统中进行模型搭建与训练。模型的主要结构参数如表2所示。使用Adam优化器对算法进行优化,并应用交叉熵损失函数作为损失度量函数,模型中的l2正则化大小设置为0.01,dropout层参数设置为0.5,batch_size值设置为256,epoch次数设置为200。所有实验均进行 5 次交叉验证,取平均值作为最终分类结果进行分析。
将测试集的准确率、损失率及混淆矩阵作为模型的性能评判指标,并选择GRU、BiGRU、1D-CNN、CNN-BiGRU、MCNN-BiGRU 共5种模型进行对比实验,5种模型的主要结构参数与本文所提模型保持一致。6种模型的性能变化如下。
准确率反映了模型预测的正确程度。由图3可知,GRU的准确率与稳定性均比BiGRU差,在时序信息的提取利用层面,相较于 GRU,BiGRU更具优势。与BiGRU相比,1D-CNN准确率更高。CNN-BiGRU准确率有进一步提升,但模型稳定性不足,存在一定波动。MCNN-BiGRU和MCNN-MSA-BiGRU训练样本与验证样本的准确率随迭代次数增加不断提高,在所用数据集中的分类准确率可达100%,验证了模型结构设计的可靠性。引入MSA机制,其准确率曲线更稳定。
损失率量化了模型预测与实际数据之间的差异。由图4模型的损失率曲线可知,与空间层面提取特征的1D-CNN相比,从时序层面提取特征的BiGRU和GRU的损失率波动较大,拟合效果一般。CNN-BiGRU拟合程度优于单一模型1D-CNN。相较于MCNN-BiGRU,所提模型的损失率迭代曲线斜率绝对值更大且曲线较光滑,收敛速度更快,且伴随迭代次数的增加其损失率曲线斜率接近于0,模型趋于稳定。
混淆矩阵反映了模型在每个类别上的分类准确度,包括正确分类的样本数与错误分类的样本数。图5所示不同模型混淆矩阵对比情况,结果表明,所提模型的每一类故障模型都实现了正确诊断,整体分类性能稳定可靠。
不同负载条件下系统工作状态有所差异,同一故障在不同负载下的故障信号特征有所不同。为进一步验证所提模型在不同工况状态下的性能,选取变负载的工况条件进行实验。其结果如图6所示,分别为负载在0、1、3 HP的条件下各模型的故障诊断表现结果。由图6可知,混合模型的稳定性优于单一诊断模型,在负载变化时,其他模型的性能具有一定程度的波动,MCNN-MSA-BiGRU模型仍具有较好的性能指标。
为验证本模型在不同轴承数据集的通用性,将模型在Ottawa数据集和江南大学(Jiangnan University, JNU)数据集上进行泛化能力验证,实验参数设置保持不变。
Ottawa数据集包含了滚动轴承不同故障类型的振动和转速数据。该数据集包含了4种工况状态,即升速,降速,先升速后降速与先降速后升速,每种工况下有3种类型状态,包括健康、外圈故障和内圈故障。以200 kHz的频率对数据进行采样,采样持续时间为10 s。实验采用不同转速状况下的轴承振动数据,根据其转速变化类型将其划分为4种状态,每种状态选取300个样本,按照7∶2∶1的比例划分为训练集、验证集和测试集,并通过长度为1 024的采样点随机切割进行采样,具体如表3所示。
为验证本模型的鲁棒性与泛化能力,在不同工况条件下进行对故障的诊断,将准确率、损失率和F1作为评价模型指标,诊断结果如表4所示。
结果表明,所提出的模型在4种工况下均具有较高的准确率。在降速条件下,SEBCNN和WDCNN的准确率低且损失率高,分类效果欠佳,而MCNN-MSA-BiGRU在降速数据集上表现优异。在升速和先降速后升速条件下,引入MSA机制的模型准确率提升相对未引入MSA机制的MCNN-BiGRU模型而言效果不显著,但损失率有所降低,模型稳定度高,且准确率均优于SEBCNN与WDCNN,损失率有明显降低。在先升速后降速条件下MCNN-MSA-BiGRU准确率有所降低,但仍比WDCNN高出6%。引入MSA机制可以对重要信息进行优化,增强了模型对不同数据集的特征提取能力。在变工况的状态下所提模型各项性能指标仍表现优异,表明该模型在不同数据集下具有良好的适用性与可行性。
江南大学数据集的试验平台由电机、滚动轴承、加速度计和数据采集系统组成。该数据集包括3种转速下的轴承数据,每种转速下对应4种轴承状态,即健康、外圈故障、内圈故障和滚动体故障。以50 kHz的频率对数据进行采样,采样持续时间为10 s。实验选取3种转速下的轴承数据,并将其划分为3种状态,每种状态选取500个样本,按照7∶2∶1的比例划分为训练集、验证集和测试集,并通过长度为1 024的采样点随机切割进行采样,具体如表5所示。
在三种工况条件下进行对故障的诊断, 模型在800 r/min转速下的准确率曲线,损失率曲线,混淆矩阵如图7所示。将准确率、损失率和F1作为评价模型指标,模型在三种工况下的诊断结果如表6所示。
模型在江南大学数据集中仍具有良好的故障诊断能力,在800 r/min转速下,模型收敛速度快,约在第40次迭代过程中实现收敛,在收敛后中有较小波动,但整体损失率低,模型稳定程度高,在1 000 r/min转速下的故障诊断准确率可达100%,表现出优异的泛化能力。
针对现有轴承故障诊断模型特征提取不全面,时序信息利用不充分,复杂工况下故障诊断准确率低的问题,提出了一种基于多头注意力机制的多尺度卷积神经网络-双向门控循环单元故障诊断模型。通过一系列实验验证了该模型的可行性,得到如下结论。
(1)所提模型通过双向门控循环单元在时间层面挖掘振动信号蕴含的特征信息,学习信号在过去与未来的特征表示,有效捕捉原始振动信号中的序列关系。
(2)所提模型经多尺度卷积神经网络进行不同层次的特征提取与多头自注意力的并行计算,丰富了空间层面的特征表示,增强了模型在变工况下对滚动轴承故障诊断的特征提取能力。
(3)实验结果表明,相较于其他深度学习模型,所提模型准确率和F1值具有更优异的表现;尤其在变工况条件下仍具有较高准确率。其次,所提模型在国内外的轴承故障数据集上展现了良好的泛化性和鲁棒性。综上所述,所提模型对工业生产中复杂工况下的轴承故障诊断具备较好的辅助作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52275538)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402620
  • 接收时间:2024-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-11
  • 修回日期:2024-07-26
基金
国家自然科学基金(52275538)
作者信息
    四川大学机械工程学院, 成都 610065

通讯作者:

* 杨随先(1965—), 男, 汉族, 四川纳溪人, 博士, 教授。研究方向: 故障诊断、无损检测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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