Article(id=1149776902052864733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403630, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=1722441600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775270, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775270, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775270, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4621, endPage=4628, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776902279357150, articleId=1149776902052864733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Fault Diagnosis Method of Rotating Machinery Based on Unsupervised Cross-modal Euler Discriminant Space, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The high-precision fault diagnosis of cross modal high-dimensional fault data under unsupervised conditions is a challenging problem. To address this issue, a rotating machinery fault diagnosis method based on unsupervised cross-modal Euler discriminant space (UCEDS) was proposed. In this method, cross-modal fault data samples were mapped to Euler representations through cosine metrics to enhance the differences and separability between different types of fault samples. Then, an unsupervised cross modal Euler discriminant space learning model was constructed in this space, and the analytical solution of the model was theoretically derived. This model not only considered the local neighborhood structure of fault samples, but also effectively discovered the local structural information of complex and nonlinear fault feature samples. At the same time, on the basis of cross modal consistent discriminative fusion, it further improved the complementarity between low dimensional discriminative feature subsets. Targeted experiments on the Paderborn fault bearing dataseht showed that the proposed UCEDS method had superior fault diagnosis and classification performance.

, correspAuthors=Yan-min ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian CHEN, Shu-zhi SU, Yan-min ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776918792332108, articleId=1149776902052864733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间的旋转机械故障诊断方法, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在无监督情况下,进行跨模态高维故障数据高精度的故障诊断是一个挑战性问题,针对该问题,提出了一种基于无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间的旋转机械故障诊断方法(unsupervised cross-modal Euler discriminant space, UCEDS)。在该方法中,跨模态故障数据样本通过余弦度量映射到欧拉表示,增强不同类型故障样本之间的差异性和可分性,然后在该空间中构建无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间学习模型,在理论上推导出了模型的解析解。该模型不仅考虑了故障样本的局部邻域结构,能够有效地发现复杂和非线性故障特征样本的局部结构信息,同时,在跨模态一致判别融合的基础上,进一步提高了低维判别特征子集模态间的互补性。在帕德博恩故障轴承数据集上的针对性实验表明,本文提出的UCEDS方法具有优越的故障诊断分类性能。

, correspAuthors=朱彦敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 朱彦敏(1988—),女,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,讲师。研究方向:图像处理与模式识别。E-mail:
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陈见(1997—),男,汉族,安徽阜阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:故障诊断。E-mail:

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Feature parameters of the signal

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序号 特征参数 序号 特征参数
1 xp=max[|x(n)|] 12 C= x p x r m s
2 xmin=min[x(n)] 13 W= x r m s x ¯
3 x ¯= 1 N n = 1 Nx(n) 14 I= x p x ¯
4 K= n = 1 N [ x ( n ) - x ¯ ] 4 N - 1 15 L= x p x r
5 xr= 1 N n = 1 N x ( n ) 2 16 F4= 1 K - 1 k = 1 K [ s ( k ) - F 1 ] 2
6 xrms= 1 N n = 1 N x 2 ( n ) 17 F2= k = 1 K f k s ( k ) k = 1 K s ( k )
7 δ= 1 N n = 1 Nx2(n) 18 F3= k = 1 K f k 2 s ( k ) k = 1 K s ( k )
8 σx= 1 N - 1 n = 1 N [ x ( n ) - x ¯ ] 2 19 F1= 1 K k = 1 Ks(k)
9 x ¯= 1 N n = 1 N x ( n ) 20 四层小波包分解频
带能量特征
10 S= n = 1 N [ x ( n ) - x ¯ ] 3 ( N - 1 ) σ x 3
11 xmax=max[x(n)] 35
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信号的特征参数

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序号 特征参数 序号 特征参数
1 xp=max[|x(n)|] 12 C= x p x r m s
2 xmin=min[x(n)] 13 W= x r m s x ¯
3 x ¯= 1 N n = 1 Nx(n) 14 I= x p x ¯
4 K= n = 1 N [ x ( n ) - x ¯ ] 4 N - 1 15 L= x p x r
5 xr= 1 N n = 1 N x ( n ) 2 16 F4= 1 K - 1 k = 1 K [ s ( k ) - F 1 ] 2
6 xrms= 1 N n = 1 N x 2 ( n ) 17 F2= k = 1 K f k s ( k ) k = 1 K s ( k )
7 δ= 1 N n = 1 Nx2(n) 18 F3= k = 1 K f k 2 s ( k ) k = 1 K s ( k )
8 σx= 1 N - 1 n = 1 N [ x ( n ) - x ¯ ] 2 19 F1= 1 K k = 1 Ks(k)
9 x ¯= 1 N n = 1 N x ( n ) 20 四层小波包分解频
带能量特征
10 S= n = 1 N [ x ( n ) - x ¯ ] 3 ( N - 1 ) σ x 3
11 xmax=max[x(n)] 35
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Average fault recognition rate based on different methods

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方法 平均识别率/%
PCA 83.75±2.70
LPP 92.25±3.99
OEEP 83.25±4.42
OCCA 94.25±3.92
UCEDS 100.00±0.00
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基于不同方法的平均故障识别率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 平均识别率/%
PCA 83.75±2.70
LPP 92.25±3.99
OEEP 83.25±4.42
OCCA 94.25±3.92
UCEDS 100.00±0.00
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915772412475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902052864733, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average fault recognition rate based on different operating conditions

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故障类型 平均识别率/%
PCA LPP OEPP OCCA UCEDS
工况1 65.00±3.91 80.50±3.50 65.75±3.34 90.00±6.45 96.75±2.06
工况2 83.75±2.70 92.25±3.99 83.25±4.42 95.00±4.71 98.25±1.69
工况3 84.25±6.35 92.00±4.68 88.50±3.94 94.25±5.66 99.75±0.79
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915877270081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776902052864733, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于不同工况的平均故障识别率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障类型 平均识别率/%
PCA LPP OEPP OCCA UCEDS
工况1 65.00±3.91 80.50±3.50 65.75±3.34 90.00±6.45 96.75±2.06
工况2 83.75±2.70 92.25±3.99 83.25±4.42 95.00±4.71 98.25±1.69
工况3 84.25±6.35 92.00±4.68 88.50±3.94 94.25±5.66 99.75±0.79
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基于无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间的旋转机械故障诊断方法
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陈见 1 , 苏树智 1 , 朱彦敏 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(11): 4621-4628
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(11): 4621-4628
基于无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间的旋转机械故障诊断方法
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陈见1 , 苏树智1, 朱彦敏2, *
作者信息
  • 1 安徽理工大学计算机科学与工程学院, 淮南 232001
  • 2 安徽理工大学机电工程学院, 淮南 232001
  • 陈见(1997—),男,汉族,安徽阜阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:故障诊断。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 朱彦敏(1988—),女,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,讲师。研究方向:图像处理与模式识别。E-mail:
Fault Diagnosis Method of Rotating Machinery Based on Unsupervised Cross-modal Euler Discriminant Space
Jian CHEN1 , Shu-zhi SU1, Yan-min ZHU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403630
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在无监督情况下,进行跨模态高维故障数据高精度的故障诊断是一个挑战性问题,针对该问题,提出了一种基于无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间的旋转机械故障诊断方法(unsupervised cross-modal Euler discriminant space, UCEDS)。在该方法中,跨模态故障数据样本通过余弦度量映射到欧拉表示,增强不同类型故障样本之间的差异性和可分性,然后在该空间中构建无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间学习模型,在理论上推导出了模型的解析解。该模型不仅考虑了故障样本的局部邻域结构,能够有效地发现复杂和非线性故障特征样本的局部结构信息,同时,在跨模态一致判别融合的基础上,进一步提高了低维判别特征子集模态间的互补性。在帕德博恩故障轴承数据集上的针对性实验表明,本文提出的UCEDS方法具有优越的故障诊断分类性能。

滚动轴承  /  故障诊断  /  跨模态  /  欧拉表示  /  维数约简

The high-precision fault diagnosis of cross modal high-dimensional fault data under unsupervised conditions is a challenging problem. To address this issue, a rotating machinery fault diagnosis method based on unsupervised cross-modal Euler discriminant space (UCEDS) was proposed. In this method, cross-modal fault data samples were mapped to Euler representations through cosine metrics to enhance the differences and separability between different types of fault samples. Then, an unsupervised cross modal Euler discriminant space learning model was constructed in this space, and the analytical solution of the model was theoretically derived. This model not only considered the local neighborhood structure of fault samples, but also effectively discovered the local structural information of complex and nonlinear fault feature samples. At the same time, on the basis of cross modal consistent discriminative fusion, it further improved the complementarity between low dimensional discriminative feature subsets. Targeted experiments on the Paderborn fault bearing dataseht showed that the proposed UCEDS method had superior fault diagnosis and classification performance.

rolling bearing  /  fault diagnosis  /  cross-modal  /  Euler representation  /  dimension reduction
陈见, 苏树智, 朱彦敏. 基于无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间的旋转机械故障诊断方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4621 -4628 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403630
Jian CHEN, Shu-zhi SU, Yan-min ZHU. Fault Diagnosis Method of Rotating Machinery Based on Unsupervised Cross-modal Euler Discriminant Space[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4621 -4628 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403630
旋转机械工业是现代工业的重要支柱之一[1],但由于工况过程的复杂性,存在一系列安全问题,一旦发生故障,将造成巨大的经济损失甚至安全事故。随着机械行业的快速发展,安全生产问题也变得日益复杂。再加上人工智能的高速发展,如何从技术角度提升旋转机械工作安全性成为研究热点之一。其中,故障诊断技术是提高旋转机械安全生产的重要技术手段。然而,在工业过程中,直接分析大量、非线性、高维数据往往是困难的,这就需要对数据进行降维和特征提取[2]
流形学习[3]通过将高维数据映射到低维空间来更好地发现高维数据的内在本质结构[4]。传统的流形学习方法有主成分分析(principal components analysis, PCA)[5]和局部保持投影(locality preserving projections, LPP)[6],PCA是最常用的流形学习方法之一,PCA通过几个综合变量来取代原始的多个变量以实现降维的目的。韩松等[7]通过PCA结合支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)对滚动轴承数据进行先降维后分类的数据处理,提升了故障识别准确率。然而,PCA忽略了数据的判别信息,这降低了解决分类问题的能力。
当面临复杂的工作条件时,上述流形学习方法在通过单个模态从多域样本中提取故障特征非常有限,不能提取更丰富的特征信息。与单模态数据相比,多模态的数据可以从不同的角度描述对应于一个对象的多个信息,借助不同模态样本之间互补性的优点,两模态空间学习方法可以有效地利用两个模态进行空间学习,以获得更好的判别特征。
在两模态空间学习方法中,典型相关分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)[8]理论具有重要的地位。典型相关分析通过研究两个模态之间的线性相关性来揭示内在结构的联系。然而,实际应用中采集到的数据一般是非线性的,因此Wang等[9]提出了一种利用模态之间的局部相关性的局部保持典型相关分析方法,该方法在提取的相关特征中能够尽可能地保留原始高维样本的局部结构信息。此外,局部典型相关分析(local canonical correlation analysis, LCCA)[10]开发了用于发现多模态数据的隐藏公共变量的流形度量学习,并且学习的度量是模态内数据中马氏距离[11]的自然扩展。Wang等[12]构建了范围约束正交典型相关分析(orthogonal canonical correlation analysis, OCCA)模型及其变体,并将其应用于实际应用提高了识别精度。通过随机化方法,Jiang等[13]确定了相邻样本的权重,进一步提出了局部加权典型相关分析(locally weighted canonical correlation analysis, LWCCA),该方法在故障实验中生成最优故障检测残差,并建立监测统计数据,尽可能多的探索相邻局部结构。然而,现有的跨模态融合方法不能够有效处理复杂情况下的局部线性结构信息。
基于上述问题,现提出一种基于跨模态欧拉判别空间的旋转机械故障诊断方法。该方法通过余弦度量的方式将两模态故障数据映射到欧拉表示中,欧拉表示空间中能够有效地发现复杂和非线性特征数据的局部结构信息,削弱高维故障数据中异常值的影响。并且,通过欧拉距离使不同类样本间差异性变得更大,进一步提升了类间可分性。另外,跨模态欧拉判别空间学习模型是一种局部线性降维方法,但同时又具有全局非线性降维的效果。该模型不仅保留了数据的局部结构信息,而且还得到了不同模态样本间的互补性。对基于跨模态欧拉判别空间模型进行讨论,在帕德博恩数据集上进行的实验结果表明,提出的UCEDS方法具有优越的故障诊断分类性能。
CCA是线性学习的应用模型,其主要处理简单线性问题。CCA主要研究的是两组随机变量的相关关系,提取样本的投影特征向量。给定n对数据(xi,yi)(xi∈Rh, yi∈Rj,i=1,2,…,n),以及它们的均值( x ¯, y ¯)。CCA的目的是两个数据集分别找到投影向量αβ,最大化随机变量之间的相关性,x'=αT(xi- x ¯)和y'=αT(yi- y ¯)(i=1,2,…,n),基向量对(α,β),可以公式化为
a r g m a x α T S x y β s . t .   α T S x x α = 1 , β T S y y β = 1
式(1)中:Sxx= 1 n i = 1 n(xi- x ¯) ( x i - x ¯ ) T,Syy= 1 n i = 1 n(yi- y ¯) ( y i - y ¯ ) T,Sxy= 1 n i = 1 n(xi- x ¯ ( y i - y ¯ ) T,由于αβ的尺度不变性,式(1)中的约束条件通常设置为1。为了解决这个优化问题[式(1)],可以得到广义特征值问题,即
S y x S x y α β S x x S y y α β
式(2)中:λ为特征值。
式(2)可以进一步解耦成两个广义特征值的问题。根据拉格朗日乘数法求解特征值对应的特征向量。得到αβ两个投影向量矩阵,则原始数据的降维可以按照以下形式:X=αTx,Y=αTy
欧拉表示在UCEDS方法中具有重要作用,在欧拉空间中不同类样本间相对距离变得更大,对于故障分类来说,这将有助于提高故障分类效果。其余弦度量定义可以描述如下。
定义1 给定任意两个向量vivj∈Rh,其余弦距离为
d(vi,vj)= c = 1 C(1-cos{ηπ[vi(c)-vj(c)]})
式(3)中:η∈R+为系数;vi(c)和vj(c)为vivj的第c个分量。
式(3)是傅里叶余弦级数,任何连续的周期函数都可以用一系列正弦波来描述。因此,假设使用一系列正弦函数来近似所需的核函数。表达式为
ψ(r)= s i n ( π r ) , - 1 r 1 0 ,
通过代数变换,式(3)可以推导为
$\begin{aligned} d\left(\boldsymbol{v}_{i}, \boldsymbol{v}_{j}\right) & =\sum_{c=1}^{C}\left(1-\cos \left\{\gamma \pi\left[v_{i}(c)-v_{j}(c)\right]\right\}\right) \\ & =\left\|\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \gamma \pi v_{i}}-\mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \gamma \pi v_{j}}\right)\right\|^{2} \\ & =\left\|\boldsymbol{\delta}_{i}-\boldsymbol{\delta}_{j}\right\|^{2} \end{aligned}$
δi= 1 2 e i γ π v i ( 1 ) e i γ π v i ( 2 ) e i γ π v i ( C )= 1 2 e i γ π v i
式中:δivi的欧拉表示。由式(5)可知,vivj之间的余弦距离可以被看作δiδj之间的欧式距离,即两个样本之间的余弦距离度量等价于欧拉表示的对应两个向量之间的2-范数平方,将欧拉空间中的样本距离称为欧拉距离。
将高维故障样本集X∈[x1,x2,…,xn]∈Rm×n,Y∈[y1,y2,…,yn]∈Rm×n归一化到[0,1]中,通过式(6)将故障数据样本映射为欧拉空间表示数据 X ∈[ x 1, x 2,…, x n]∈Rm×n, Y ∈[ y 1, y 2,…, y n]∈Rm×n。即
x i = 1 2 e i γ 1 π x i ( 1 ) e i γ 1 π x i ( 2 ) e i γ 1 π x i ( m ) = 1 2 e i γ 1 π x i y i = 1 2 e i γ 2 π y i ( 1 ) e i γ 2 π y i ( 2 ) e i γ 2 π y i ( m ) = 1 2 e i γ 2 π y i
将欧拉表示引入CCA中,通过优化局部问题来求解全局问题。UCEDS是一种局部线性降维方法,但同时又具有全局非线性降维的效果。该方法不仅保留了数据的局部结构信息,而且得到了不同模态之间的典型相关。
皮尔逊相关系数的作用是衡量两个变量之间的线性关系。表达式为
ρ= c o v ( X , Y ) D ( X ) D ( Y )
式(8)中:XYn维列向量;D(X)、D(Y)分别为XY的方差。
式(8)只能衡量两个一维的数据之间的相关性问题,在研究过程中往往是高维的样本集XY。然而对高维样本集的处理难度较大,需要进行降维,然后用降维后系数最大时的值来衡量XY的相关性。表达式为
argmaxρ= c o v ( X , Y ) D ( X ) D ( Y )
$\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{X}^{\prime}=\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{X}=\left(\boldsymbol{\alpha}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{2}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{n}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{x}_{1} \\ \boldsymbol{x}_{2} \\ \vdots \\ \boldsymbol{x}_{n} \end{array}\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \boldsymbol{\alpha}_{i} \boldsymbol{x}_{i} \\ \boldsymbol{Y}^{\prime}=\boldsymbol{\beta}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{Y}=\left(\boldsymbol{\beta}_{1}, \boldsymbol{\beta}_{2}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{\beta}_{n}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{y}_{1} \\ \boldsymbol{y}_{2} \\ \vdots \\ \boldsymbol{y}_{n} \end{array}\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \boldsymbol{\beta}_{i} \boldsymbol{y}_{i} \end{array}$
αβ代回到式(9)中重新表述可得
J(α,β)= i = 1 n α T ( x i - x ¯ ) ( y i - y ¯ ) T β i = 1 n α T ( x i - x ¯ ) ( x i - x ¯ ) T α i = 1 n β T ( y i - y ¯ ) ( y i - y ¯ ) T β
另一方面,将式(12)描述为广义的多元线性回归问题,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \min _{\boldsymbol{\alpha}, \boldsymbol{\beta}} & \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left\|\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}\right)-\boldsymbol{\beta}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{i}-\overline{\boldsymbol{y}}\right)\right\|^{2} \\ \text { s. t. } & \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left\|\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}\right)\right\|^{2}=1 \\ & \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left\|\boldsymbol{\beta}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{i}-\overline{\boldsymbol{y}}\right)\right\|^{2}=1 \end{array}\right.$
式(12)可化为
$\begin{array}{l} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left\|\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\overline{\boldsymbol{x}}\right)-\boldsymbol{\beta}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{i}-\overline{\boldsymbol{y}}\right)\right\|^{2}= \\ \quad \frac{1}{2 n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n}\left\{\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\boldsymbol{x}_{j}\right)\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\boldsymbol{x}_{j}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\alpha}+\right. \\ \left.\boldsymbol{\beta}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{i}-\boldsymbol{y}_{j}\right)\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{i}-\boldsymbol{y}_{j}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\beta}\right\}- \\ \quad \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} 2 \boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\boldsymbol{x}_{j}\right)\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{i}-\boldsymbol{y}_{j}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\beta} \end{array}$
通过等式关系可以进行变换,表达式为
i = 1 n     α T ( x i - x ¯ ) 2 = 1 2 n i = 1 n j = 1 n [ α T ( x i - x j ) × ( x i - x j ) T α ] i = 1 n     β T ( y i - y ¯ ) 2 = 1 2 n i = 1 n j = 1 n [ β T ( y i - y j ) × ( y i - y j ) T β ]
对约束条件作同样得变换,由式(13)能够得到等价优化问题,即
m a x α , β   α T i = 1 n j = 1 n ( x i - x j ) ( y i - y j ) T β s . t .   α T i = 1 n j = 1 n ( x i - x j ) ( x i - x j ) T α = 1     β T i = 1 n j = 1 n ( y i - y j ) ( y i - y j ) T β = 1
其中,常系数 1 2 n忽略不计。
对于复杂的非线性情况,CCA仅在局部邻域中有意义。若xixjK-近邻样本,则称xjxi的局部近邻,对于任意一个样本对(xi,yi),局部相关性矩阵可以表示为
Wi,j= Ω ( x i , x j ) , x i x j k 0 ,
式(16)中:Ω( x i, x j)=exp[-d( x i, x j)/2t2],d( x i, x j)为样本xixj之间的欧拉距离,t∈(0,+∞)是核参数。
在这基础上,可以定义相似度矩阵为
$\begin{array}{l} W_{X}^{i, j}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \Omega\left(\hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i}, \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_{j}\right), & \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_{i} \text { 和 } \hat{\boldsymbol{x}}_{j} \text { 为同类 } k \text { 近邻点 } \\ 0, & \text { 其他 } \end{array}\right. \\ W_{Y}^{i, j}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \Omega\left(\hat{\boldsymbol{y}}_{i}, \hat{\boldsymbol{y}}_{j}\right), & \hat{\boldsymbol{y}}_{i} \text { 和 } \hat{\boldsymbol{y}}_{j} \text { 为同类 } k \text { 近邻点 } \\ 0, & \text { 其他 } \end{array}\right. \end{array}$
由式(17)可得,在流形空间的局部邻域中 W X i , j W Y i , j越大,两个近邻样本点的相对距离就越接近。
根据式(17)相似度矩阵的定义,局部领域内的典型相关分析可以定义为
αT i = 1 n W X i , j(xi-xj) W Y i , j ( y i - y j ) Tβ
将全局非线性问题拆分成n个局部线性子问题,再将这n个线性子问题重新结合在一起可以近似的表述全局问题。经过简化推导,将UCEDS的优化问题表述为
m a x α , β   α T Q X Y β s . t .   α T Q X X α = 1       β T Q Y Y β = 1
Q X Y = W X i , j ( x i - x j ) W Y i , j ( y i - y j ) T Q X X = ( W X i , j ) 2 ( x i - x j ) ( x i - x j ) T Q Y Y = ( W Y i , j ) 2 ( y i - y j ) ( y i - y j ) T
无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间模型实现了在无监督情况下相关投影方向的判别学习,并且通过欧拉核函数映射提高了样本点的类可分性,提高了模型故障分类的识别精度。该模型与典型相关分析相同,利用Lagrange乘子法来求解式(19)优化问题,可以得到以下广义特征值求解方程,即
L(α,β)=αTQXYβ- λ 1 2TQXXα-1)- λ 2 2TQYYβ-1)
式(21)中:λ为拉格朗日乘子。将L(α,β)中的αβ偏导数定义为0,可得
L α = Q X Y β - λ 1 2 × 2 Q X X α = 0 L α = Q T Y X α - λ 2 2 × 2 Q Y Y β = 0
式(22)左乘αT和左乘βT可得
α T Q X Y β - λ 1 α T Q X X α = 0 β T Q Y X α - λ 2 β T Q Y Y β = 0
式(23)中:αTQXXα=βTQYYβ=1,则
α T Q X Y β - λ 1 = 0 β T Q Y X α - λ 2 = 0
由式(23)可得
( α T Q X Y β ) TTQXYβ=βTQYXα=λ12
于是式(24)可转化为
Q X Y β = λ Q X X α Q X Y α = λ Q Y Y β
将式(25)代入式(28)中,经过推导可得
Q X X - 1 Q X Y Q Y Y - 1 Q Y X α = λ 2 α Q Y Y - 1 Q Y X Q X X - 1 Q X Y β = λ 2 β
求解式(26)中的特征值和特征向量,令
M X Y = Q X X - 1 Q X Y Q Y Y - 1 Q Y X M Y X = Q Y Y - 1 Q Y X Q X X - 1 Q X Y
则式(28)可表述为
M X Y α = λ 2 α M Y X β = λ 2 β
由式(24)知,MXYMYX有相同的特征值,满足1> λ 1 2 λ 2 2≥…≥ λ r 2≥0,r=rank(QXY),利用SVD求解即得αβ。为了更清楚地描述UCEDS方法,在图1中给出了基于UCEDS方法的诊断流程。
提出一种基于无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间的故障诊断方法。通过融合后的跨模态数据得到更丰富的故障判别特征,从而提升故障识别精度,该诊断方法具体实施步骤如图1所示。
本次实验数据选自Paderborn轴承数据集[14],实验所用人工损伤试验台如图2所示。人工损伤试验台由以下模块组成:①电机、②扭矩测量轴、③滚动轴承试验模块、④飞轮和⑤负载电机。从该数据集中选择了两个数据模态进行实验验证,它们是电机电流信号、振动信号。电机电流信号和振动信号的采样频率为64 kHz。所有试验轴承型号均为6203滚动轴承,故障轴承分为人为损伤和加速寿命试验损伤。
从中选择两组人为损伤故障数据、一类加速寿命损伤数据和一类无故障数据。人为损伤分别为内圈故障和外圈故障,记为RF1和RF2。加速寿命损伤是内圈和外圈的混合故障,记为RF3,没有故障数据记为RF4。电流和振动信号都被划分为250个采样,采样长度为1 024。对Paderborn原始数据提取时域、频域和时频域的统计特征[15],然后构建两模态的原始高维特征集。将高维特征故障样本数据集按比例划分为训练集和测试集。如表1显示了本实验中使用的特征参数,其中1~15为时域特征,16~19为频域特征,20~35为4层小波包分解能量特征。
本次实验提供了主成分分析(PCA)、局部保持投影(LPP)、正交弹性保持投影(orthogonal elasticity preserving project, OEPP)、OCCA和UCEDS 的详细对比验证。
为了验证UCEDS方法准确率随样本个数变化的稳定性和有效性。如图3所示,设定随机训练样本数据个数步长为10,将训练样本输入对比方法和所提方法中进行分类识别。训练样本数量递增的情况下,五种故障方法的准确率都会随着增加。原因在于训练样本中含有识别分类所需的判别信息。训练样本越多,算法所学习的判别特征就越多,分类效果越好。具体阐述,在训练样本较少的情况下,PCA的识别率最差;LPP比PCA的识别精度较高一点;OEPP在少样本情况下表现出比上述两者较好的识别性能,然而,它没有考虑样本的判别信息和全局结构,并且随着训练样本数量的增加,识别率呈现下降的趋势。本文提出的UCEDS方法在识别率和稳定性方面均具有优越的性能,在较少数量的样本下识别率良好,在整体看来呈现上升趋势具有最佳的稳定性。从折线图可以看出,UCEDS方法跟其他四种方法相比,具有明显的优势。
表2可知,UCEDS方法将故障样本映射到欧拉表示,并且考虑了跨模态融合后样本的局部邻域结构和跨模态信息互补性,因此, UCEDS方法在故障诊断中取得了具有高精度的分类准确率。
为了探索UCEDS方法更多的故障诊断识别优势,五种算法的混淆矩阵如图4所示。混淆矩阵的横轴表示故障类别的预测结果,纵轴表示真实的标签信息,混淆矩阵进一步显示了每种算法对不同故障类别的详细识别。从图4可以看出,UCEDS可以准确地识别各种类型的故障,并保持较高的识别率。从图4可以观察到,全局方法PCA错误分类率最高,LPP次之,OEPP的错误分类准确率较低,内圈故障完全分类准确,其主要错误分类集中在正常状态上。而本文提出的UCEDS方法相较于其余四种方法有最高的分类准确率。对于正常状态的样本五种方法错分率均最高,其余错误分类大多数在内圈和外圈混合故障以及外圈故障上。
为了更全面地验证基于UCEDS故障诊断方法的泛化性能,针对不同工况下的同一故障进行诊断分类,工况1采用转速900 r/min、负载0.7 N/mm2和径向力1 000 N,工况2采用1 500 r/min、负载0.1 N/mm2和径向力1 000 N以及工况3采用1 500 r/min、负载0.7 N/mm2和径向力400 N,依照第3.3节所述故障诊断流程,五种算法的识别结果如图5表3可知,分别展示了三种工况训练样本在80、160以及240递增情况下的识别率,前4种方法准确率均有一定波动,从稳定性上看OEPP的波动最大,其余算法稳定性良好。而基于UCEDS方法的故障诊断识别率稳定性最佳,并且可以达到最高的准确率。从不同工况的结果上看, UCEDS方法在不同工况情况下均能实现有效的提取故障判别特征,达到优越的分类识别效果。
针对跨模态高维故障数据高精度识别不佳的问题,提出了一种基于无监督跨模态欧拉判别空间的旋转机械故障诊断方法。在无监督情况下,通过欧拉空间增强不同类型故障样本之间的可分性,并考虑跨模态的局部邻域结构,在跨模态融合后的低维特征中包含更多的判别信息,进而提升故障样本的分类精度。在帕德博恩故障轴承数据集上对该算法进行了针对性的验证。结果表明,该算法相较于PCA、LPP、OEPP等算法不但在精度方面具有更优越的故障诊断分类性能,而且也更为稳定可靠,可为旋转机械智能故障诊断提供理论参考依据。
  • 安徽理工大学青年基金(重点项目)(QNZD202202)
  • 淮南市指导性科技计划(2023142)
  • 淮南市指导性科技计划(2023147)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52374155)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(面上项目)(2308085MF218)
  • 安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(重大项目)(2022AH040113)
  • 安徽省高校中青年教师培养行动项目(YQZD2023035)
  • 安徽理工大学医学专项培育项目(重大项目)(YZ2023H2A007)
  • 合肥综合性国家科学中心大健康研究院职业医学与健康联合研究中心项目(OMH-2023-05)
  • 合肥综合性国家科学中心大健康研究院职业医学与健康联合研究中心项目(OMH-2023-24)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403630
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
  • 修回日期:2024-08-01
基金
安徽理工大学青年基金(重点项目)(QNZD202202)
淮南市指导性科技计划(2023142)
淮南市指导性科技计划(2023147)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52374155)
安徽省自然科学基金(面上项目)(2308085MF218)
安徽省高等学校自然科学研究项目(重大项目)(2022AH040113)
安徽省高校中青年教师培养行动项目(YQZD2023035)
安徽理工大学医学专项培育项目(重大项目)(YZ2023H2A007)
合肥综合性国家科学中心大健康研究院职业医学与健康联合研究中心项目(OMH-2023-05)
合肥综合性国家科学中心大健康研究院职业医学与健康联合研究中心项目(OMH-2023-24)
作者信息
    1 安徽理工大学计算机科学与工程学院, 淮南 232001
    2 安徽理工大学机电工程学院, 淮南 232001

通讯作者:

* 朱彦敏(1988—),女,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,讲师。研究方向:图像处理与模式识别。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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