Article(id=1149776901289504804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403883, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716566400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-25, revisedDate=1723219200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775089, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775089, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775089, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775089, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4411, endPage=4418, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776901604077606, articleId=1149776901289504804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Invulnerability Analysis of Construction Supply Chain Networks under Nodal Disruption, columnId=1218290768641441946, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·General Natural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively address the contradiction between the uncertainty of the internal and external environment in the construction industry and the complexity and vulnerability of the construction supply chain, as well as to promote the overall security and stability of the construction supply chain network, and to prevent and mitigate the risk of disruption among node enterprises, a construction supply chain network invulnerability analysis method was proposed based on the complex network theory and cascade failure model. Firstly, from the perspectives of business, resources and information flow, the TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution ) method was used to assess the importance of node enterprises based on multiple complex network centrality indicators. Secondly, combined with the operational characteristics of the construction supply chain, an improved load-capacity-elasticity cascade failure model was established to measure the impact of enterprise disruption from the perspective of network loss under intentional attack, and to analyze and explore the network invulnerability improvement strategy from the perspectives of node capacity, load, and resilience. After numerical simulation and analysis, the results show these as follows. When the upstream node enterprises of the construction supply chain network suffer from the impact of disruption risk, the supply chain network can show strong network invulnerability, but it should focus on the downstream supplier enterprises, so as to avoid the network as a whole suffering from more losses due to the shortage of the supply of construction materials or basic services. To keep the small difference in the business capacity among node enterprises, the large difference in the business load and an appropriate high level of risk remediation cost investment can effectively reduce the loss of the supply chain network when the node enterprises are interrupted, thus improving the level of network invulnerability. Among the multiple types of strategies, the node capacity strategy is better than the node resilience strategy and the node load strategy in order to improve the network invulnerability. The results of the study can provide scientific references for improving the security level of construction supply chain and proposing disruption risk management strategies.

, correspAuthors=Hong-chun WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong-chun WANG, Zi-xiang ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776915654996114, articleId=1149776901289504804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=节点中断下的建筑供应链网络抗毁性分析, columnId=1218290768830185641, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自然科学总论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为有效解决建筑行业内外部环境不确定性与建筑供应链复杂性、脆弱性之间的矛盾,促进建筑供应链网络整体安全稳定,防范化解节点企业中断风险,基于复杂网络理论和级联失效模型提出一种建筑供应链网络抗毁性分析方法。首先从业务、资源、信息流通角度,利用TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution )方法根据多个复杂网络中心性指标对节点企业进行重要度评估,其次结合建筑供应链运营特点,建立改进的负载-容量-弹性级联失效模型,在蓄意攻击下从网络损失角度衡量企业中断的影响,从节点容量、负载、弹性角度分析探讨网络抗毁性的提升策略。经过数值仿真与分析,研究表明:①建筑供应链网络上游节点企业遭受中断风险冲击时,供应链网络能够表现出较强的网络抗毁性,但应着重关注下游供应商企业,避免网络整体因建筑材料或基础服务供应短缺遭受更多损失;②采取节点企业间较小的业务容量差异、较大的业务负载差异、适量且高水平的风险补救成本投入等策略能够有效降低节点企业中断时供应链网络的损失,从而提升网络抗毁性水平;③在多类策略中,节点容量策略对抗毁性的提升效果依次优于节点弹性策略和节点负载策略。研究结果可为提升建筑供应链安全水平和提出中断风险管理策略提供科学参考。

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王红春(1976—),女,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,教授。研究方向:供应链管理、项目管理。E-mail:

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王红春(1976—),女,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,教授。研究方向:供应链管理、项目管理。E-mail:

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王红春(1976—),女,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,教授。研究方向:供应链管理、项目管理。E-mail:

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Applied Sciences, 2024, 14(7): 2675., articleTitle=Research on supply chain network resilience: considering risk propagation and node type, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218843913482322306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, awardId=61772062, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(61772062), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1218843913608151437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, awardId=2022YFB3305600, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3305600), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218843909359322079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843909371904992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, companyId=1218843909359322079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Urban Economics and Management, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218843909384487907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, companyId=1218843909359322079, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京建筑大学城市经济与管理学院, 北京 100044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1218843911750074596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=A construction supply chain simulation network with 500 nodes, figureFileSmall=xPUuCaIikqicjQIh0WNgGw==, figureFileBig=qhf8j/GuXVtiomR93sYpnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843911909458162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=CN, label=图1, caption=含有500个节点的建筑供应链仿真网络, figureFileSmall=xPUuCaIikqicjQIh0WNgGw==, figureFileBig=qhf8j/GuXVtiomR93sYpnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912077230342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Invulnerability measurement results of construction supply chain network under independent intentional attack, figureFileSmall=UEipp85kUeF1TJXSIagvTw==, figureFileBig=Kw4MPWi1DG56VGwG85k7Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912177893647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=CN, label=图2, caption=独立蓄意攻击下建筑供应链网络抗毁性测度结果图, figureFileSmall=UEipp85kUeF1TJXSIagvTw==, figureFileBig=Kw4MPWi1DG56VGwG85k7Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912299528478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Network loss and invulnerability level under the change of capacity parameter α, figureFileSmall=Q5n6O568iE4LlusUesxA2g==, figureFileBig=eYQEvSy/nnEIxUOH59KlLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912429551919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=CN, label=图3, caption=容量参数α变动下的网络损失及抗毁性水平, figureFileSmall=Q5n6O568iE4LlusUesxA2g==, figureFileBig=eYQEvSy/nnEIxUOH59KlLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912546992444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Network loss and invulnerability level under the change of load parameter β, figureFileSmall=+503F6Xrbc1tl8MWdGg8Uw==, figureFileBig=qGo+zhgAijVTVkwfMRca7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912660238663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=CN, label=图4, caption=负载参数β变动下的网络损失及抗毁性水平, figureFileSmall=+503F6Xrbc1tl8MWdGg8Uw==, figureFileBig=qGo+zhgAijVTVkwfMRca7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912744124754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The network loss and invulnerability level under the change of elastic parameter γ, figureFileSmall=yjeNg0GqwbXPjEEkNjo+gg==, figureFileBig=+/5jwFvhDd1g44ALHh9UdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912853176668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=CN, label=图5, caption=弹性参数γ变动下的网络损失及抗毁性水平, figureFileSmall=yjeNg0GqwbXPjEEkNjo+gg==, figureFileBig=+/5jwFvhDd1g44ALHh9UdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843912949645668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Definition of central indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 中心性指标 含义 具体表达式
1 度中
心性
节点与其他节点的连接情
况,反映企业业务影响力
Di= d i i = 1 N d i
2 介数
中心性
节点对网络路径的控制能
力,反映企业资源控制力
Bi= x y b x y ( i ) b x y
3 接近
中心性
节点与其他节点的紧密程
度,反映企业信息流通力
Ci= a i N - 1 2 1 c i
), ArticleFig(id=1218843913117417840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901289504804, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中心性指标的界定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 中心性指标 含义 具体表达式
1 度中
心性
节点与其他节点的连接情
况,反映企业业务影响力
Di= d i i = 1 N d i
2 介数
中心性
节点对网络路径的控制能
力,反映企业资源控制力
Bi= x y b x y ( i ) b x y
3 接近
中心性
节点与其他节点的紧密程
度,反映企业信息流通力
Ci= a i N - 1 2 1 c i
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节点中断下的建筑供应链网络抗毁性分析
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王红春 , 周子祥
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自然科学总论 2025,25(11): 4411-4418
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自然科学总论 2025, 25(11): 4411-4418
节点中断下的建筑供应链网络抗毁性分析
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王红春 , 周子祥
作者信息
  • 北京建筑大学城市经济与管理学院, 北京 100044
  • 王红春(1976—),女,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,教授。研究方向:供应链管理、项目管理。E-mail:

Invulnerability Analysis of Construction Supply Chain Networks under Nodal Disruption
Hong-chun WANG , Zi-xiang ZHOU
Affiliations
  • School of Urban Economics and Management, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403883
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为有效解决建筑行业内外部环境不确定性与建筑供应链复杂性、脆弱性之间的矛盾,促进建筑供应链网络整体安全稳定,防范化解节点企业中断风险,基于复杂网络理论和级联失效模型提出一种建筑供应链网络抗毁性分析方法。首先从业务、资源、信息流通角度,利用TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution )方法根据多个复杂网络中心性指标对节点企业进行重要度评估,其次结合建筑供应链运营特点,建立改进的负载-容量-弹性级联失效模型,在蓄意攻击下从网络损失角度衡量企业中断的影响,从节点容量、负载、弹性角度分析探讨网络抗毁性的提升策略。经过数值仿真与分析,研究表明:①建筑供应链网络上游节点企业遭受中断风险冲击时,供应链网络能够表现出较强的网络抗毁性,但应着重关注下游供应商企业,避免网络整体因建筑材料或基础服务供应短缺遭受更多损失;②采取节点企业间较小的业务容量差异、较大的业务负载差异、适量且高水平的风险补救成本投入等策略能够有效降低节点企业中断时供应链网络的损失,从而提升网络抗毁性水平;③在多类策略中,节点容量策略对抗毁性的提升效果依次优于节点弹性策略和节点负载策略。研究结果可为提升建筑供应链安全水平和提出中断风险管理策略提供科学参考。

建筑供应链  /  网络抗毁性  /  风险管理  /  级联失效

To effectively address the contradiction between the uncertainty of the internal and external environment in the construction industry and the complexity and vulnerability of the construction supply chain, as well as to promote the overall security and stability of the construction supply chain network, and to prevent and mitigate the risk of disruption among node enterprises, a construction supply chain network invulnerability analysis method was proposed based on the complex network theory and cascade failure model. Firstly, from the perspectives of business, resources and information flow, the TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution ) method was used to assess the importance of node enterprises based on multiple complex network centrality indicators. Secondly, combined with the operational characteristics of the construction supply chain, an improved load-capacity-elasticity cascade failure model was established to measure the impact of enterprise disruption from the perspective of network loss under intentional attack, and to analyze and explore the network invulnerability improvement strategy from the perspectives of node capacity, load, and resilience. After numerical simulation and analysis, the results show these as follows. When the upstream node enterprises of the construction supply chain network suffer from the impact of disruption risk, the supply chain network can show strong network invulnerability, but it should focus on the downstream supplier enterprises, so as to avoid the network as a whole suffering from more losses due to the shortage of the supply of construction materials or basic services. To keep the small difference in the business capacity among node enterprises, the large difference in the business load and an appropriate high level of risk remediation cost investment can effectively reduce the loss of the supply chain network when the node enterprises are interrupted, thus improving the level of network invulnerability. Among the multiple types of strategies, the node capacity strategy is better than the node resilience strategy and the node load strategy in order to improve the network invulnerability. The results of the study can provide scientific references for improving the security level of construction supply chain and proposing disruption risk management strategies.

construction supply chain  /  network invulnerability  /  risk management  /  cascading failure
王红春, 周子祥. 节点中断下的建筑供应链网络抗毁性分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4411 -4418 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403883
Hong-chun WANG, Zi-xiang ZHOU. Invulnerability Analysis of Construction Supply Chain Networks under Nodal Disruption[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4411 -4418 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403883
随着建筑产业链发展延续,建筑业逐渐形成以总承包商为核心,包含材料供应商、工程分包商、劳务分包商、设备租赁商、设计单位、业主等多类节点企业的复杂供应链系统。建筑供应链通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制,实现采购原材料、生产分部分项工程、竣工交付等多项功能的协调和衔接[1],但由于建筑行业管理粗放、工程项目环节众多,其往往兼具复杂性和脆弱性,时刻面临内外部风险冲击[2]。近些年来,由节点企业中断引发的工期延误、工程烂尾现象频繁见诸报端[3]。易居发布的《2023年全国烂尾楼研究报告》指出,中国房地产项目烂尾率高达3.85%,总建筑面积约2.31亿m2,其主要原因在于建筑供应链的关键企业因资金流风险发生中断[4]。在此背景下,建筑业作为中国国民经济的重要支柱之一,需积极响应党的二十大号召,明确回应如何“着力提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平”,寻求建筑供应链安全水平的改善与提升。
网络抗毁性分析是复杂网络研究的重要内容,有效识别中断风险下建筑供应链的关键风险企业,有针对性地制定网络抗毁性提升策略对于建筑供应链网络安全稳定发展具有重要意义。然而目前建筑供应链风险相关研究主要集中于风险评估预警与影响因素层面,聚焦建筑供应链的关键节点及网络抗毁性的相关研究仍属“蓝海”。近些年具有代表性的研究包括:Alamdari等[3]针对绿色建筑供应链的风险特征,通过解释结构模型较为系统地构建了一个七层风险因素影响关系结构。张春生等[5]利用12个项目风险指标数据构建基于BP神经网络算法的建筑供应链风险评估模型。Liu等[6]对建筑供应链融资过程中的信用风险进行了评估。Malik等[7]指出建筑供应链更容易受到流行病、预算超支、信息协调不佳、管理监督不足以及利益相关者决策失误的影响。上述类别的已有研究固然为建筑供应链风险管理提供了宝贵的理论基础和决策参考,但基于“解决问题抓关键”的哲学道理,将复杂网络理论引入建筑供应链风险管理,进一步将“链”的研究拓展为“网”的研究,探究其抗毁性提升方法,显然更为契合现代建筑业供应链特征及需要。
在研究方法层面,杨国军[8]指出目前与建筑供应链一类的无向无权网络的研究分析按照方法特点可主要分为三类。
(1)网络特征分析法:通过对网络中心性指标进行赋权求和来求得节点的重要度。通过该种方法,黄辉等[9]借助经典的度数中心性等指标识别了航空制造供应链关键节点。Li等[10]分析了海上通道网络中关键节点在全球供应链稳定方面的重要作用。
(2)系统科学分析法:通过删除网络节点观察网络连通性的变化,基于网络连通性变化程度判别节点重要性。较为典型的方法为级联失效模型,陈敏等[11]曾在级联失效模型的基础上通过节点失效后网络整体效能的下降程度评价节点重要性。Wu等[12]通过攻击节点模拟了城市群内交通站点的中断情况,以此评估交通网络抵御中断的能力。
(3)信息搜索分析法:根据网络中的信息流动判断节点重要性,如宋客等[13]基于社会网络拓扑结构利用PageRank算法计算了决策者权重,用于决策方案排序。通过以上对研究方法的总结,同时考虑建筑供应链网络结构复杂,参与企业众多,信息流动情况难以明确等特点[14],可以发现网络特征分析法和系统科学分析法与本文中的研究主题、研究视角较为契合,适用性较强。
由此,基于上述两类适用方法的特点与原理,提出一种建筑供应链网络抗毁性分析方法。关键工作主要包括:
(1)从业务、资源、信息流通角度建立建筑供应链网络节点重要度评估模型,利用TOPSIS法对网络中心性指标进行综合排序,为级联失效模型的改进奠定基础。
(2)结合建筑供应链运营特点,建立中断风险下基于负载-容量-弹性级联失效过程的建筑供应链抗毁性分析模型,在蓄意攻击下从网络损失角度衡量企业中断的影响,由此定义网络抗毁性的评估指标。
(3)构建建筑供应链仿真网络进行验证,从节点容量、负载、弹性角度探究分析多类网络抗毁性提升策略效果,为建筑供应链安全和风险管理决策提供参考。
建筑供应链网络通常围绕总承包商等核心企业构建,包含工程分包商、设备分包商、劳务供应商、材料供应商、设备供应商等多类节点企业,由企业间层级分明的业务联系相互衔接 [1]。从图论角度,以建筑供应链网络上的企业为节点,以企业间的业务关系为节点连边,考虑到业务关系的双向性[15],网络中所有边均为无向边,采用V表示建筑供应链节点企业的集合,E表示网络中企业间的业务关系集合,将建筑供应链网络表示为图的形式。
同时,以AN×N表示含N个企业的建筑供应链网络拓扑结构邻接矩阵,AN×N= ( a i j ) N × N,其中aij=1代表企业ij存在业务关系,aij=0代表ij无业务关系。
参考李淑敏等[16]的研究,鉴于供应链网络的无标度特性,本文结合建筑供应链网络运作特点在无标度网络的基础上对建筑供应链网络模型的生成规则设置如下:
(1)网络初始化:在初始时刻,生成一个含有m0个节点的初始网络,且该初始网络中编号为1的节点代表建筑供应链中的核心企业(总承包商),与其他m0-1 个节点均相互连接。
(2)网络增长:每次增加的节点i都会以轮盘赌的形式,尝试选择与网络中已存在的1或2个节点进行概率性连接,表示建筑供应链网络中新增的节点企业需要与一定数量的已有企业建立业务关系。
(3)择优连接:新增节点i与节点j的连接概率rij取决于节点j的度dj与现存网络m1个节点度d总和的比值,即节点倾向于与已具有较多连接的现存节点j进行连接,表示建筑供应链网络中各节点企业更倾向与已有更多业务关系的企业建立业务关系。表达式为
rij= d j m 1 d, rij∈(0,1]
(4)终止条件:返回步骤(2),直至建筑供应链网络中节点数量达到设定的N为止。
在建筑供应链网络中,业务[1]、资源[4]、信息流通[2]等方面的能力一直以来备受建筑企业管理者关注,同时也是企业发展的重要导向。结合复杂网络理论中各类中心性指标的基本定义和计算方式[8],从业务、资源、信息流通等角度分别选取度中心性、介数中心性、接近中心性作为建筑供应链节点重要度评估指标,并采用TOPSIS模型对建筑供应链网络节点重要度进行综合排序[9],具体步骤如下:
(1)根据表1计算网络中各节点中心性指标值。
(2)计算理想最优指标值H+和最差指标值H-
H+={max(D1,D2,…,DN),max(B1,B2,…,BN),max(C1,C2,…,CN)}
H-={min(D1,D2,…,DN),min(B1,B2,…,BN),min(C1,C2,…,CN)}
(3)计算节点与理想最优指标值和最差指标值的逼近程度 M i + M i -
M i += ( D m a x - D i ) 2 + ( B m a x - B i ) 2 + ( C m a x - C i ) 2
M i -= ( D i - D m i n ) 2 + ( B i - B m i n ) 2 + ( C i - C m i n ) 2
式中: D m a x =max(B1,B2,…,BN),其他同理。
(4)计算节点贴进度k,将贴进度归一化后的值作为节点重要度K,计算公式为
ki= M i - M i + + M i -
Ki= k i - m a x ( k ) m a x ( k ) - m i n ( k )
按照节点重要度K的大小进行排序,K值越大,节点在建筑供应链网络中越重要。
在以往的研究中,级联失效模型节点负载的设置通常取决于节点度的大小,而度数是一种对节点重要性的局部度量方法,其计算方式简单,但容易忽略实际应用中的更多有效信息[15]。事实上,建筑供应链网络节点企业初始业务负载与企业的业务影响力、资源控制力、信息流通力等多方面能力密切相关[1],因此引入上文综合反映节点能力的重要度K,对初始业务负载L的定义方式进行改进。即
Li= ( K i a i j = 1 d j ) β
式(8)中:β为负载参数,β>0,且其越接近于0,供应链网络节点初始负载差异越小。
此外,考虑到在建筑供应链网络在实际运行过程中,企业业务负载一般小于企业最大业务处理能力,采用容量参数α调整节点的负载容量P,确保正常节点初始负载低于容量,表达式为
Pi=(1+α)Li, α>0
式(9)中:L的存在使得α的取值越接近于0,建筑供应链节点企业负载处理能力的差异越小。
当建筑供应链网络节点失效时,该失效节点的业务负载会在网络中进行重新分配。在以往研究中,级联失效模型通常采用“择优分配”原则[16],其认为负载应优先分配给与级联失效节点相连且负载能力强的节点。在建筑供应链网络中,当某一节点企业发生中断,引发级联失效,其负载同样会优先分配给和该企业具有较强业务关系的节点企业。此外,由于企业在寻求合作伙伴时更偏好具有较强负载处理能力的企业,所以业务关系的强弱又取决于企业业务负载处理能力的强弱。因此“择优分配”原则适用于建筑供应链网络负载重分配过程,下面以节点负载容量P代表企业业务负载处理能力,当节点j失效时,邻居节点i可以在负载重分配过程中根据其负载容量的大小得到额外负载Add_Li,即
Add_Li=Lj P i d e l P
式(10)中:del为失效节点的邻居节点集合。
在建筑供应链网络中,若企业业务负载显著高于其业务容量,说明其具有需求风险,难以满足市场需求;若企业业务负载显著低于其业务容量,说明其具有供应风险,供应端企业难以满足该企业运作需求。企业的需求风险和供应风险均可能进一步引发节点中断和网络级联失效,因此为建筑供应链网络节点设置超载、欠载、正常3种状态,其中超载代表需求端风险,欠载代表供应端风险,二者均会导致节点中断失效,从而引发级联失效的负载重分配过程[17]。此外,考虑到在实际的运营过程中,建筑供应链上的各节点企业在即将或已面临风险时会采取各项补救措施消除风险影响,如选择通过订单加购,合作承诺等利益交换方式寻求合作伙伴紧急援助[17]。企业对于风险补救措施的投入使得企业负载能力具有一定的弹性,因此引入企业风险补救投入成本γ(γ>0)作为风险负载弹性参数判别企业的负载状态Load_S,判别方法为
L o a d _ S = 1 , ( L i + A d d _ L i ) / P i 1 + γ L o a d _ S = 0 , 1 - γ < ( L i + A d d _ L i ) / P i < 1 + γ L o a d _ S = - 1 , ( L i + A d d _ L i ) / P i 1 - γ
式(11)中:Load_S=1代表超载状态,Load_S=0为正常状态,Load_S=-1为欠载状态。
在建筑供应链网络中,节点企业因需求或供应问题而产生的中断会给供应链带来规模、业务等多方面的损失[18-19]。而在复杂网络研究中网络抗毁性通常指网络在遭遇随机攻击或蓄意攻击时,维持或恢复其性能到一个可接受程度的能力[20]。下面从蓄意攻击下网络损失的角度出发,通过量化节点中断失效引发的网络规模损失、业务损失,衡量建筑供应链网络在面临中断风险时所具有的抗毁性。
(1)规模损失:复杂网络中的节点数是反映网络规模的重要指标。此处采用级联失效发生前和结束后建筑供应链网络中所包含的节点企业数目的差值反映某节点企业中断失效给建筑供应链网络整体带来的规模损失S
S=1- n N
式(12)中:n为级联失效后的新网络所包含的节点数。
(2)业务损失:在本文中以建筑供应链作为复杂网络拓扑结构,节点度能够反映节点企业间的业务关系情况,节点度之和反映网络中节点企业间业务关系的密集程度。因此,采用级联失效前后建筑供应链网络节点度之和的差值反映某节点企业中断失效给网络整体带来的业务损失U
Ui=1- j = 1 n n e w _ d j j = 1 N d j
式(13)中:new_dj为级联失效过程结束后形成的新网络中节点的度。
在此损失指标基础上,可以预见,若建筑供应链网络在面临节点中断风险时损失水平普遍较高,则可反映出建筑供应链网络抗毁性呈现较低水平。因此网络抗毁性与损失指标之间存在一定的负向相关关系,从网络损失角度可定义网络抗毁性R
R=1- i = 1 N(w1Si+w2Ui)/N
式(14)中:w1w2为损失权重,取值为正数且需要满足w1+w2=1。
(1)构建和输入建筑供应链网络邻接矩阵。
(2)基于复杂网络特征指标计算节点重要度K
(3)根据节点重要度设置节点初始业务负载与容量。
(4)逐序删除节点[17] 模拟蓄意破坏,引发级联失效。
(5)将失效节点风险负载在邻居节点间进行重分配,如分配后邻居节点满足失效条件则继续级联失效过程,直至网络无新的失效节点产生。
(6)计算节点规模损失、业务损失指标,得出各节点风险传播力及网络抗毁性。
(7)独立调整节点容量α、节点负载β、节点弹性γ等模型参数,循环执行步骤(1)~步骤(6),同时计算并记录不同参数状态下的建筑供应链网络抗毁性R
为验证模型可行性及有效性,根据建筑供应链仿真网络构建步骤,取N=500, m0=5,利用MATLABR2022a运行程序可得到建筑供应链仿真网络如图1所示,基于该仿真网络进行数值仿真与分析。
观察图1可以发现,该仿真供应链网络基本符合复杂网络的无标度分布特征[21],拓扑结构整体呈现以总承包商为核心向外发散的状态。
参考黄辉等[9]、陈敏等[11]的实验过程,并经多次试凑实验,在保证仿真结果代表性的前提下设定级联失效模型中负载参数α=0.3,容量参数β=0.5,弹性参数γ=0.1,w1w2=0.5。
在MATLABR2022a中运行程序,依节点编号对建筑供应链网络中各节点进行独立蓄意攻击,得到节点中断下网络损失指标及抗毁性得分情况,并对抗毁性测度结果进行最大、最小值标准化处理,公式为
R_normi= R i - m i n ( R 1 , R 2 , , R 500 ) m a x ( R 1 , R 2 , , R 500 ) - m i n ( R 1 , R 2 , , R 500 )
SU标准化方式同理。为对损失指标SU和抗毁性测度结果R进行区分,将R_norm结果绘制为柱状图,和S_norm、U_norm结果为散点图,由此绘制标准化后的抗毁性测度结果如图2所示。
对数据进行统计分析可以得到,在500个节点被蓄意攻击分别破坏而发生中断时,建筑供应链网络的相对规模损失S_norm均值为0.612 7,标准差为0.153 2;相对业务损失U_norm均值为0.921,标准差为0.222 1;相对抗毁性R_norm均值为0.362 8,标准差为0.156 1。
图2所示,在针对供应链上游节点企业(节点编号1~22)进行蓄意攻击时,R_norm的数值保持在0.407 9附近,明显高于平均水平。同时,网络的相对规模损失S_norm保持在0.6附近,业务损失U_norm保持在0.5附近,明显低于损失均值。而在下游部分节点发生中断时,网络规模损失S_norm与业务损失U_norm却相对较高,其中S_norm明显高于均值,U_norm接近1,网络抗毁性R_norm也明显相应降低。这说明当建筑供应链网络上游节点企业遭受中断风险冲击时,供应链网络能够表现出较强的网络抗毁性,从而使得节点所面临的规模和业务损失相对较小。建筑供应链网络在制定抗毁性提升策略,防范中断风险时应着重关注下游供应商企业,避免网络整体因建筑材料或基础服务供应短缺遭受更多损失。
为观察参数变化对网络抗毁性的影响,通过节点容量α、节点负载β、节点弹性γ 3个角度探讨多类建筑供应链网络抗毁性优化策略的实施效果。
采用控制变量法即在变动某一参数时,其他参数固定为前文默认取值(α=0.3,β=0.5,γ=0.1)。设置变动变量以固定步长0.05,从0出发先后分别各经历21次变动取值,在每个取值下均对建筑供应链网络中各节点企业进行独立蓄意攻击,计算并记录各类策略下参数变动时蓄意攻击所有节点后的网络规模、业务损失相对值以及网络抗毁性的均值,绘制得到容量参数变动下建筑供应链规模、业务损失大小以及网络抗毁性相对变化情况(注:此处相对值为指标实际值与实际最大值的比值,下同)。
图3所示,随着α取值逐渐增大,网络抗毁性水平 R ¯整体呈降低趋势。而由α的定义可知:α越大,节点间的容量差异越大,业务负载处理能力差异越大。这说明建筑供应链企业间较大的业务负载能力差异会使得网络抗毁性变低。观察α逐渐增长时,规模损失S和业务损失U的相对变化情况可知,规模损失情况S受取值的影响较为明显,整体呈增长趋势,业务损失U则浮动于0.8以上,保持在较高水平。
由此可知,在建筑供应链网络上,节点企业间较小的业务容量差异程度能够有效降低节点企业中断时供应链网络的规模损失,从而提升网络抗毁性水平。因此,供应链上具有较强业务能力的优势企业应积极采取业务培训等措施帮扶业务能力相对弱势的下游企业提升业务处理能力,以提升网络抗毁性。
图4所示,随着β从0~1不断增长,网络抗毁性水平 R ¯整体呈增长趋势,同样由β定义可知:β越大,节点间业务负载差异越大,说明随着节点负载差异程度不断增大,即建筑供应链网络上节点企业实际业务负载差异程度越大,网络的抗毁性水平越高。观察逐渐增长时,规模损失S和业务损失U的相对变化情况可知,规模损失情况S受取值的影响较为明显,整体呈降低趋势,业务损失则持续在(0.9,1)区间波动,保持在较高水平。此外值得注意的是,网络抗毁性均值 R ¯α的影响下,数值波动范围处于(0.007 9,0.872 1),而在β的影响下,数值波动范围缩小至(0.012 4,0.215 3),即与容量参数α相比,在负载参数β的影响下发生变化的幅度明显变小。
由此可知,在建筑供应链网络上,节点企业间较大的业务负载差异程度能够有效降低节点企业中断时供应链网络的规模损失,从而提升网络抗毁性水平。因此节点容量策略应从如何提升节点业务负载差异程度等方面进行制定,着力促进建筑供应链网络节点企业实际业务负载量的差异化,促进供应链网络抗毁性的提升。此外,从参数变动对的影响程度来看,为高效促进网络抗毁性的提升,在策略制定过程中节点负载策略的优先级应低于节点容量策略。
图5所示,随着γ取值不断增大,网络抗毁性水平 R ¯整体呈上升趋势。观察γ逐渐增长时,规模损失S和业务损失U的相对变化情况可知,规模损失S、业务损失Uγ取值的影响均较为明显,其中S整体呈降低趋势,U呈增长趋势,但通过两者的变化范围可知,Sγ的影响下变化幅度更大,受影响程度更高。且在γ变动下,的数值波动范围为(0.038 7,0.872 8),波动幅度为0.834 1,与α变动下的数值波动范围(0.007 9,0.872 1)及波动幅度0.864 2基本相近。可见,γ R ¯具有较强的影响能力。此外值得注意的是,当γ≥0.25时, R ¯SU均保持在一定水平,不再发生明显变化,即知在该阶段γ的持续增长未能对 R ¯SU产生明显影响作用。
在本文中γ代表着企业风险补救投入成本,由此可知,在建筑供应链网络上,节点企业对风险补救成本的投入可能不利于业务开展,但同时能够更有效地降低节点企业中断时供应链网络的规模损失,从而提升网络抗毁性水平。此外,节点企业风险补救成本的投入对网络抗毁性及规模、业务损失的影响作用是有限的,过高投入可能造成资金浪费,因此节点弹性策略应从如何高效利用资金成本使用,适量保持高水平风险补救成本投入方面制定,同时注意该类策略对企业业务关系的负面影响,以促进建筑供应链网络节点企业在面临节点中断时的风险补救能力有效提升,提高建筑供应链网络抗毁性水平。此外,从参数变动对网络抗毁性的影响程度来看,节点弹性策略的优先级应接近但略低于节点容量策略,但高于节点负载策略。
本研究基于复杂网络和级联失效模型提出了一种融合建筑供应链特点的网络抗毁性分析方法。该方法通过评估建筑企业节点的重要度以及级联失效过程中网络的损失情况,能够分析多类策略下网络抗毁性的提升效果。数值仿真与分析结果表明:
(1)建筑供应链网络上游节点企业遭受中断风险冲击时,供应链网络能够表现出较强的网络抗毁性,但应着重关注下游供应商企业,避免网络整体因建筑材料或基础服务供应短缺遭受更多损失。
(2)采取节点企业间较小的业务容量差异、较大的业务负载差异、适量且高水平的风险补救成本投入等策略能够有效降低节点企业中断时供应链网络的损失,从而提升网络抗毁性水平。
(3)在多类策略中,节点负载策略对抗毁性的提升效果依次优于节点弹性策略和节点容量策略。研究可为建筑供应链风险管理提供方法支持和策略参考,具有一定的现实意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金(61772062)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3305600)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403883
  • 接收时间:2024-05-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-25
  • 修回日期:2024-08-10
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国家自然科学基金(61772062)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3305600)
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    北京建筑大学城市经济与管理学院, 北京 100044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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