Article(id=1149776901142704162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402953, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713715200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-22, revisedDate=1722268800000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057775053, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057775053, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057775053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057775053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4526, endPage=4533, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776901348225061, articleId=1149776901142704162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Prediction of Nozzle Erosion Wear Based on Machine Learning Algorithm, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

After fracturing, the solid particles carried by the high speed liquid will cause serious erosion to the oil nozzle, and it is difficult to ensure the stable operation of the oil nozzle. To address the serious erosion problem of the nozzle, numerical simulation was employed to study the erosion wear of the nozzle, and the influence patterns of sand content, sand grain diameter, sand grain density, pump displacement, and liquid viscosity on the erosion wear of the nozzle were analyzed. The research indicates that: when the sand content and liquid viscosity increase, the maximum erosion rate exhibits linear growth; when the sand grain density and pump displacement increase, the maximum erosion rate exhibits exponential growth; and when the sand grain diameter increases, the maximum erosion rate shows exponential decrease. The orthogonal test method is used to judge the significance of each factor. The factors affecting the erosion wear of the nozzle are as follows: sand content ratio > pump displacement > sand density > sand diameter > liquid viscosity.Based on the results of numerical simulation, the machine learning method is used to compare and analyze SVR(support vector regression), CNN(convolutional neural network), BP(back propagation) neural network and RFR(random forest regression) algorithm to predict the erosion wear results of oil nozzle respectively. By preferring the SVR algorithm and adopting the particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the prediction model, a better nozzle erosion prediction model is obtained.

, correspAuthors=Shao-hu LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ruo-wen LI, Shao-hu LIU, Ze-qing XU, Suo-nan WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776933245907842, articleId=1149776901142704162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于机器学习算法的油嘴冲蚀磨损预测, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

压裂后返排高速液体携带固体颗粒对油嘴造成严重冲蚀,难以保证油嘴稳定运行。针对油嘴冲蚀严重的问题,采用数值模拟的方法对油嘴冲蚀磨损进行研究,分析了含砂比、砂粒直径、砂粒密度、泵排量和液体黏度对油嘴冲蚀磨损的影响规律。研究表明:含砂比和液体黏度增大时,最大冲蚀率呈线性增长;砂粒密度和泵排量的增大时,最大冲蚀率呈指数增长;砂粒直径增大时,最大冲蚀率呈指数降低。采用正交试验法判断各个因素的显著性,影响油嘴冲蚀磨损的因素依次为:含沙比>泵排量>砂粒密度>砂粒直径>液体黏度。基于数值模拟的结果,采用机器学习的方法,对比分析支持向量机回归(support vector regression,SVR)、卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)、BP(back propagation)神经网络神经网络和随机森林回归(random forest regression,RFR)算法分别进行油嘴冲蚀磨损结果预测。优选SVR算法,采用粒子群算法对预测模型进行优化,得到较优油嘴冲蚀预测模型。

, correspAuthors=刘少胡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘少胡(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃静宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:管柱疲劳寿命评估与安全评定。E-mail:
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李若雯(2000—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:冲蚀磨损,压裂管汇流致振动。E-mail:

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李若雯(2000—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:冲蚀磨损,压裂管汇流致振动。E-mail:

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李若雯(2000—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:冲蚀磨损,压裂管汇流致振动。E-mail:

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Study on fatigue life prediction of coiled tubing based on GRA-PSO-BP[J]. China Work Safety Science and Technology, 2023, 19(6): 135-142., articleTitle=Study on fatigue life prediction of coiled tubing based on GRA-PSO-BP, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218843919723451095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=282, issue=null, pageStart=109161, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Wu Y, Liu S, Ma W, journalName=Engineering Fracture Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y, Liu S, Ma W, et al. Machine learning method for predicting the fatigue life of sucker rods[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 2023, 282: 109161., articleTitle=Machine learning method for predicting the fatigue life of sucker rods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218843919836697307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=2, pageStart=022016, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Shrivastava K P, Singh B, Shrivastava Y, journalName=Journal of Laser Applications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shrivastava K P, Singh B, Shrivastava Y. Prediction of optimal cut quality characteristic of Inconel 718 sheet by genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization[J]. 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figureFileSmall=K/7l6Qw5B4xaQLYHZ2NQ8w==, figureFileBig=J6EYw33dVgFynfppNEUVmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843913620738401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=CN, label=图11, caption=实际值和预测值对比, figureFileSmall=K/7l6Qw5B4xaQLYHZ2NQ8w==, figureFileBig=J6EYw33dVgFynfppNEUVmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843913738178923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Boundary condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界条件 参数
液体密度/(kg·m-3) 1.03×103
液体黏度/(Pa·s) 3.8×10-2
砂粒密度/(kg·m-3) 2.3×103
单个砂粒直径/mm 0.254
含砂比/% 5
入口速度/(m·s-1) 3.67
出口压力/MPa 15
入口位置 小孔(45 mm)进
), ArticleFig(id=1218843913843036530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边界条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边界条件 参数
液体密度/(kg·m-3) 1.03×103
液体黏度/(Pa·s) 3.8×10-2
砂粒密度/(kg·m-3) 2.3×103
单个砂粒直径/mm 0.254
含砂比/% 5
入口速度/(m·s-1) 3.67
出口压力/MPa 15
入口位置 小孔(45 mm)进
), ArticleFig(id=1218843913943699836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factor level table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 含砂
比/%
砂粒直
径/mm
泵排量/
(L·min-1)
砂粒密度/
(g·cm-3)
液体黏度/
(Pa·s)
1 1 0.154 250 0.3 0.018
2 3 0.254 300 1.3 0.028
3 5 0.354 350 2.3 0.038
4 7 0.454 400 3.3 0.048
5 9 0.554 450 4.3 0.058
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914035974529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

因素水平表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水平 含砂
比/%
砂粒直
径/mm
泵排量/
(L·min-1)
砂粒密度/
(g·cm-3)
液体黏度/
(Pa·s)
1 1 0.154 250 0.3 0.018
2 3 0.254 300 1.3 0.028
3 5 0.354 350 2.3 0.038
4 7 0.454 400 3.3 0.048
5 9 0.554 450 4.3 0.058
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914157609355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental scheme and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 含砂
比/%
砂粒直
径/mm
泵排量/
(L·min-1)
砂粒
密度/
(g·cm-3)
液体
黏度/
(Pa·s)
最大冲
蚀率/
(10-3 kg·
m-2·s-1)
1 1 0.054 250 0.3 0.058 3.07
2 1 0.154 350 3.3 0.048 5.78
3 1 0.254 450 1.3 0.038 6.00
4 1 0.354 300 4.3 0.028 1.82
5 1 0.454 400 2.3 0.018 4.05
6 3 0.054 450 3.3 0.028 18.90
7 3 0.154 300 1.3 0.018 5.72
8 3 0.254 400 4.3 0.058 22.40
9 3 0.354 250 2.3 0.048 2.51
10 3 0.454 350 0.3 0.038 17.70
11 5 0.054 400 1.3 0.048 11.80
12 5 0.154 250 4.3 0.038 9.29
13 5 0.254 350 2.3 0.028 16.10
14 5 0.354 450 0.3 0.018 10.60
15 5 0.454 300 3.3 0.058 8.78
16 7 0.054 350 4.3 0.018 19.20
17 7 0.154 450 2.3 0.058 9.49
18 7 0.254 300 0.3 0.048 5.17
19 7 0.354 400 3.3 0.038 30.80
20 7 0.454 250 1.3 0.028 3.55
21 9 0.054 300 2.3 0.038 9.23
22 9 0.154 400 0.3 0.028 22.50
23 9 0.254 250 3.3 0.018 9.65
24 9 0.354 350 1.3 0.058 23.20
25 9 0.454 450 4.3 0.048 56.00
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914241495440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验方案及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 含砂
比/%
砂粒直
径/mm
泵排量/
(L·min-1)
砂粒
密度/
(g·cm-3)
液体
黏度/
(Pa·s)
最大冲
蚀率/
(10-3 kg·
m-2·s-1)
1 1 0.054 250 0.3 0.058 3.07
2 1 0.154 350 3.3 0.048 5.78
3 1 0.254 450 1.3 0.038 6.00
4 1 0.354 300 4.3 0.028 1.82
5 1 0.454 400 2.3 0.018 4.05
6 3 0.054 450 3.3 0.028 18.90
7 3 0.154 300 1.3 0.018 5.72
8 3 0.254 400 4.3 0.058 22.40
9 3 0.354 250 2.3 0.048 2.51
10 3 0.454 350 0.3 0.038 17.70
11 5 0.054 400 1.3 0.048 11.80
12 5 0.154 250 4.3 0.038 9.29
13 5 0.254 350 2.3 0.028 16.10
14 5 0.354 450 0.3 0.018 10.60
15 5 0.454 300 3.3 0.058 8.78
16 7 0.054 350 4.3 0.018 19.20
17 7 0.154 450 2.3 0.058 9.49
18 7 0.254 300 0.3 0.048 5.17
19 7 0.354 400 3.3 0.038 30.80
20 7 0.454 250 1.3 0.028 3.55
21 9 0.054 300 2.3 0.038 9.23
22 9 0.154 400 0.3 0.028 22.50
23 9 0.254 250 3.3 0.018 9.65
24 9 0.354 350 1.3 0.058 23.20
25 9 0.454 450 4.3 0.048 56.00
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914346353048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Range analysis results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 含沙
比/%
砂粒直
径/mm
泵排量/
(L·min-1)
沙粒密度/
(g·cm-3)
液体黏度/
(Pa·s-1)
K1 20.72 62.20 28.07 59.04 49.22
K2 67.23 52.78 30.72 50.27 62.87
K3 56.57 59.32 81.98 41.38 73.02
K4 68.21 68.93 91.55 73.91 81.26
K5 120.58 90.08 100.99 108.71 66.94
k1 4.14 12.44 5.61 11.81 9.84
k2 13.45 10.56 6.144 10.05 12.57
k3 11.31 11.86 16.40 8.28 14.60
k4 13.64 13.79 18.31 14.78 16.25
k5 24.12 18.02 20.20 21.74 13.39
R 19.98 7.46 14.59 13.46 6.41
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914434433440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

极差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 含沙
比/%
砂粒直
径/mm
泵排量/
(L·min-1)
沙粒密度/
(g·cm-3)
液体黏度/
(Pa·s-1)
K1 20.72 62.20 28.07 59.04 49.22
K2 67.23 52.78 30.72 50.27 62.87
K3 56.57 59.32 81.98 41.38 73.02
K4 68.21 68.93 91.55 73.91 81.26
K5 120.58 90.08 100.99 108.71 66.94
k1 4.14 12.44 5.61 11.81 9.84
k2 13.45 10.56 6.144 10.05 12.57
k3 11.31 11.86 16.40 8.28 14.60
k4 13.64 13.79 18.31 14.78 16.25
k5 24.12 18.02 20.20 21.74 13.39
R 19.98 7.46 14.59 13.46 6.41
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914598011306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Anova result

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 平方和 自由度 均方差 F
含砂比/% 1.024 4 0.256 0.382
砂粒直径/mm 0.164 4 0.041 0.061
泵排量/(L·min-1) 0.963 4 0.241 0.360
砂粒密度/(g·cm-3) 0.557 4 0.139 0.207
液体黏度(Pa·s) 0.114 4 0.029 0.043
误差 0.266 4 0.067
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914740617655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 平方和 自由度 均方差 F
含砂比/% 1.024 4 0.256 0.382
砂粒直径/mm 0.164 4 0.041 0.061
泵排量/(L·min-1) 0.963 4 0.241 0.360
砂粒密度/(g·cm-3) 0.557 4 0.139 0.207
液体黏度(Pa·s) 0.114 4 0.029 0.043
误差 0.266 4 0.067
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914837086657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Error evaluation of different algorithms

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算法 训练集 测试集
MAE RMSE R2 MAE RMSE R2
SVR 0.029 4 0.051 4 0.958 0 0.047 1 0.064 1 0.925 4
CNN 0.020 6 0.027 2 0.987 7 0.056 9 0.069 3 0.920 9
BP 0.046 3 0.064 9 0.915 0 0.076 6 0.110 4 0.857 5
RFR 0.037 5 0.054 1 0.953 3 0.074 1 0.103 4 0.799 2
), ArticleFig(id=1218843914941944263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同算法的误差评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 训练集 测试集
MAE RMSE R2 MAE RMSE R2
SVR 0.029 4 0.051 4 0.958 0 0.047 1 0.064 1 0.925 4
CNN 0.020 6 0.027 2 0.987 7 0.056 9 0.069 3 0.920 9
BP 0.046 3 0.064 9 0.915 0 0.076 6 0.110 4 0.857 5
RFR 0.037 5 0.054 1 0.953 3 0.074 1 0.103 4 0.799 2
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915084550606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Error evaluation before and after optimization

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算法 训练集 测试集
MAE RMSE R2 MAE RMSE R2
优化前 0.029 4 0.051 4 0.958 0 0.047 1 0.064 1 0.925 4
优化后 0.011 7 0.015 7 0.995 3 0.041 1 0.051 8 0.962 9
), ArticleFig(id=1218843915197796826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776901142704162, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

优化前后的误差评估

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算法 训练集 测试集
MAE RMSE R2 MAE RMSE R2
优化前 0.029 4 0.051 4 0.958 0 0.047 1 0.064 1 0.925 4
优化后 0.011 7 0.015 7 0.995 3 0.041 1 0.051 8 0.962 9
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基于机器学习算法的油嘴冲蚀磨损预测
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李若雯 , 刘少胡 * , 徐泽庆 , 王锁男
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(11): 4526-4533
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(11): 4526-4533
基于机器学习算法的油嘴冲蚀磨损预测
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李若雯 , 刘少胡* , 徐泽庆, 王锁男
作者信息
  • 长江大学机械工程学院, 荆州 434023
  • 李若雯(2000—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:冲蚀磨损,压裂管汇流致振动。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘少胡(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃静宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:管柱疲劳寿命评估与安全评定。E-mail:
Prediction of Nozzle Erosion Wear Based on Machine Learning Algorithm
Ruo-wen LI , Shao-hu LIU* , Ze-qing XU, Suo-nan WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402953
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压裂后返排高速液体携带固体颗粒对油嘴造成严重冲蚀,难以保证油嘴稳定运行。针对油嘴冲蚀严重的问题,采用数值模拟的方法对油嘴冲蚀磨损进行研究,分析了含砂比、砂粒直径、砂粒密度、泵排量和液体黏度对油嘴冲蚀磨损的影响规律。研究表明:含砂比和液体黏度增大时,最大冲蚀率呈线性增长;砂粒密度和泵排量的增大时,最大冲蚀率呈指数增长;砂粒直径增大时,最大冲蚀率呈指数降低。采用正交试验法判断各个因素的显著性,影响油嘴冲蚀磨损的因素依次为:含沙比>泵排量>砂粒密度>砂粒直径>液体黏度。基于数值模拟的结果,采用机器学习的方法,对比分析支持向量机回归(support vector regression,SVR)、卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)、BP(back propagation)神经网络神经网络和随机森林回归(random forest regression,RFR)算法分别进行油嘴冲蚀磨损结果预测。优选SVR算法,采用粒子群算法对预测模型进行优化,得到较优油嘴冲蚀预测模型。

油嘴  /  冲蚀磨损  /  正交试验  /  模型优化  /  机器学习

After fracturing, the solid particles carried by the high speed liquid will cause serious erosion to the oil nozzle, and it is difficult to ensure the stable operation of the oil nozzle. To address the serious erosion problem of the nozzle, numerical simulation was employed to study the erosion wear of the nozzle, and the influence patterns of sand content, sand grain diameter, sand grain density, pump displacement, and liquid viscosity on the erosion wear of the nozzle were analyzed. The research indicates that: when the sand content and liquid viscosity increase, the maximum erosion rate exhibits linear growth; when the sand grain density and pump displacement increase, the maximum erosion rate exhibits exponential growth; and when the sand grain diameter increases, the maximum erosion rate shows exponential decrease. The orthogonal test method is used to judge the significance of each factor. The factors affecting the erosion wear of the nozzle are as follows: sand content ratio > pump displacement > sand density > sand diameter > liquid viscosity.Based on the results of numerical simulation, the machine learning method is used to compare and analyze SVR(support vector regression), CNN(convolutional neural network), BP(back propagation) neural network and RFR(random forest regression) algorithm to predict the erosion wear results of oil nozzle respectively. By preferring the SVR algorithm and adopting the particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the prediction model, a better nozzle erosion prediction model is obtained.

nozzle  /  erosion wear  /  orthogonal test  /  model optimization  /  machine learning
李若雯, 刘少胡, 徐泽庆, 王锁男. 基于机器学习算法的油嘴冲蚀磨损预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4526 -4533 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402953
Ruo-wen LI, Shao-hu LIU, Ze-qing XU, Suo-nan WANG. Prediction of Nozzle Erosion Wear Based on Machine Learning Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4526 -4533 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402953
油气井测试和生产过程中,油嘴是一种常见的控制油气井流量的工具,可以调节流量和压力,防止过高或过低的压力对设备造成伤害,起到保护地面设备的作用。MH区块压裂后返排高速液体携带固体颗粒对油嘴造成冲蚀磨损,难以保证长时间的稳定运行,针对压裂后返排固液两相流对油嘴冲蚀严重的问题,联合数值模拟方法[1]和机器学习方法开展油嘴冲蚀磨损预测研究[2]
董争亮等[3]深入研究了90°弯管的冲蚀磨损,发现不同的参数,如颗粒直径、管道直径、颗粒质量流率等都会对弯管冲蚀磨损产生影响。莫丽等[4]、涂亚东等[5]利用数值模拟方法,研究了不同因素对管汇的冲蚀磨损。何飞宇等[6]对油嘴气液两相流进行了仿真分析,得出了油嘴节流压降的规律。陶文杰等[7]针对井场的高压四通管汇连接装置研究了水力压裂下高压四通管的冲蚀磨损特性。Pouraria等[8]利用数值模拟方法,对弯头的冲蚀磨损开展了深入研究,分析了不同管道直径对弯头的冲蚀率的影响程度。刘少胡等[9]分析了超深井变径连续管井下水平段和滚筒缠绕段的冲蚀问题。魏明强等[10]采用机器学习的方法,对比不同的预测模型,建立了页岩气总有机碳含量预测模型。
国内外学者的研究主要集中于对弯管及高压管汇的冲蚀,针对油嘴冲蚀磨损的研究较少。
针对返排压裂液固液两相冲蚀油嘴的现象,拟采用数值模拟方法,开展含砂比、砂粒直径、砂粒密度和泵排量对油嘴的冲蚀研究,并采用正交试验方法,确定各个因素的主次顺序及显著性,对几何模型进行优化。并基于数值模拟结果,建立POS-SVR(particle swarm optimization-support vector regression)模型预测油嘴冲蚀率,为压裂管汇油嘴的冲蚀安全评估提供参考。
流体的流动遵守质量守恒定律、动量守恒定律以及能量守恒定律[11]
(1)质量守恒方程:
ρ t+ ( ρ u ) x+ ( ρ v ) y+ ( ρ w ) z=0
式(1)中:t为时间,s;ρ为密度,kg/m3;ux方向上的速度分量,m/s;vy方向上的速度分量,m/s;wz方向上的速度分量,m/s。
(2)动量守恒方程:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial(\rho u)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho u U)=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \tau_{x x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \tau_{y z}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial \tau_{z x}}{\partial z}+\rho f_{x} \\ \frac{\partial(\rho v)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho v U)=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial \tau_{x y}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \tau_{y y}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial \tau_{z y}}{\partial z}+\rho f_{y} \\ \frac{\partial(\rho w)}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho w U)=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial \tau_{x z}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \tau_{y z}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial \tau_{z z}}{\partial z}+\rho f_{z} \end{array}\right. $
式(2)中:P为压强,Pa;τ为黏应力的分量,Pa;U为液体黏度,Pa·s;fxfyfzxyz 3个方向上的单位质量力,m/s2
(3)能量守恒方程:
( ρ T ) t+ x V ¯T)= x κ T x+S
式(3)中:T为压裂液温度,K;κ为热传导系数;S为压裂液的黏性作用转化的热能; V ¯为平均速度,m/s。
油嘴中固液两相流为湍流[12],为提高计算的准确性和可靠性,采用RNG (re-normalization group)k-ε( k为湍动动能,ε为湍流耗散率)模型,模型控制方程为
( ρ k ) t + ( ρ k u i ) x j = x j μ 1 + μ t σ k k x j +     G k + G b + S k - ρ ε - Y m ( ρ ε ) t + ( ρ ε u i ) x j = x j μ 1 + μ t σ ε ε x j +     C 1 ε ε k G k + S ε - C 2 ε ρ ε 2 k
式(4)中:k为动能,J;ui为平均速度,m/s;t为时间,s;xj为空间坐标,mm;μ1为流动黏性系数;μt为湍流黏性系数;Gk为速度产生的动能;Gb为浮力产生的动能;Ym为可压缩动能产生的波动能;ε为动能耗散率,J/s。
油嘴中砂粒的体积分数非常小,数值模拟时忽略砂粒间的相互碰撞,从而采用DPM(defomable parts model)模型对油嘴的冲蚀进行仿真分析,在DPM模型中砂粒的动力学方程为
d u p d t=FD(u-up)+ g ( ρ p - ρ ) ρ p+Fy
式(5)中:up为固体的速度,m/s;t为时间,s;FD为单位质量力,N;u为流体的速度,m/s;ρ为流体密度,kg/m3 ;ρp为固体密度,kg/m3;g为重力加速度;Fy为其他的作用力,N。
油嘴内壁面与砂粒发生碰撞为非弹性碰撞,会造成能量损失,使反弹速度低于入射速度。为了更准确描述粒子在壁面上的反弹行为,冲蚀磨损模型中提出了两个恢复系数[13]
(1)切向分量:
εT=0.988-0.029α+6.43×10-4α2-3.56×10-6α3
(2)法向分量:
εN=0.993-0.030 7α+4.75×10-4α2-2.61×10-6α3
式中:εT为切向恢复系数;εN为法向恢复系数;α为砂粒冲击角。
针对油嘴的冲蚀情况,采用DPM模型进行数值模拟,冲蚀率计算模型[14]
Rerosion= p = 1 N m p C ( d p ) f ( α ) v b ( v ) A f a c e
式(8)中:Rerosion为单位时间内单位面积上砂粒对油嘴壁面的冲蚀磨损质量,kg/(m2·s);mp为砂粒的平均质量流量,kg/s;C(dp)为砂粒的直径函数;f(α)为砂粒的冲击角函数,(°);α为砂粒运动路径与结构壁面间的冲击角度;v为砂粒的相对速度,m/s;b(v)为砂粒的相对速度函数;Aface为砂粒碰撞油嘴壁面的壁面面积,m2
油嘴模型的入口直径为45 mm,出口直径为65 mm,过渡段直径为9 mm,总长度为230 mm。鉴于模型的复杂性,将其划分为3个部分,并对油嘴中间过度段进行局部加密处理,同时增加了边界层网格,层数为5。几何模型以及网格划分结果如图1所示。
根据油嘴在作业时的实际情况,计算时入口速度为3.67 m/s,出口压力为15 MPa。所需的边界条件如表1所示。
在进行网格无关性分析时,以油嘴的最大冲蚀磨损率为网格无关性分析判断依据,网格在60万、70万、80万时比较稳定。考虑到计算量及稳定性,最终选择70万的网格进行计算。
图2可以看出冲蚀最严重的部分为入口到过渡段的连接处,最大冲蚀率为1.64×10-5 kg/(m2·s),这与实际油嘴冲蚀严重位置一致。主要原因为从入口到过渡段,半径突然变小,固体颗粒从大直径流入小直径时与油嘴管壁的碰撞次数增多,造成严重的冲蚀。
通过数值模拟计算含砂比1%~10%的油嘴冲蚀磨损情况,如图3所示。砂粒直径和密度不变时,含砂比增大,砂粒的数目也会相应增加,单位时间内砂粒对油嘴内壁面的冲击次数增加,冲蚀率也随之增大,从图3中可以看出含砂比的增大时,油嘴的最大冲蚀率呈线性上升趋势。
通过数值模拟计算砂粒直径0.01~0.06 mm时的油嘴冲蚀磨损情况,如图4所示。砂粒密度和砂粒质量流量不变时,砂粒直径增大,砂粒数目会相应减少,单位时间内砂粒与油嘴内壁面的碰撞次数减少,油嘴冲蚀率减小,从图4中可以看出砂粒直径增大时,油嘴的最大冲蚀率呈指数函数下降。
通过数值模拟计算砂粒密度(300 ~5 300 kg/m3)对油嘴冲蚀磨损情况如图5所示。当砂粒密度增大,砂粒动能增大,从而砂粒对油嘴壁面的冲击增大,油嘴的最大冲蚀率也会随之升高。从图5中可以看出,砂粒密度增大时,油嘴的最大冲蚀率呈指数函数上升。
通过数值模拟计算泵排量为200~450 L/min时油嘴冲蚀磨损情况如图6所示。泵排量增大时,流体速度增加,砂粒速度随之增加,对油嘴壁面的冲击力会增大,最大冲蚀率升高。从图6中可以看出,当泵排量增大,油嘴的最大冲蚀率呈指数函数上升。
通过数值模拟计算液体黏度为0.018~0.058 Pa·s时油嘴冲蚀磨损情况如图7所示。液体黏度增大,增加了粒子的跟随性,粒子不再冲出液相,而是跟随液相对油嘴内壁冲击碰撞。从图7中可以看出,当液体黏度增大,油嘴的最大冲蚀率呈线性上升。
单因素只能考虑一个因素对结果的影响,无法确定各因素对结果影响的显著性,采用正交试验的方法可以判断各个因素的显著性[15]。本次试验采用的指标为最大冲蚀速率,根据上文对油嘴冲蚀的单因素分析,5个主要因素分别为含砂比、砂粒直径、泵排量、砂粒密度和液体黏度。根据影响冲蚀率的因素设计了5因素5水平正交试验,如表2所示[16]
选用含砂比、砂粒直径、泵排量、砂粒密度和液体黏度5个因素作为研究对象,按正交表 L2555进行正交试验。试验方案及结果如表3所示,含沙比1%、砂粒直径0.354 mm、泵排量300 L/min、砂粒密度4.3 g/cm3、液体黏度0.028 Pa·s时,油嘴的冲蚀率最低为1.82×10-3 kg/(m2·s)。
通过极差分析得出各因素水平对油嘴的最大冲蚀率的影响程度[17],表4为极差分析结果。
图8能够更加直观地表现出各因素对油嘴的最大冲蚀速率的影响。
从极差结果分析来看,各因素对油嘴冲蚀的影响依次为:含沙比>泵排量>砂粒密度>砂粒直径>液体黏度。如表5所示,根据方差分析结果可以看出,含砂比和泵排量对油嘴冲蚀的影响最显著,沙粒密度对油嘴冲蚀的影响较显著,砂粒直径和液体黏度度对油嘴冲蚀的影响较不显著。
采用支持向量机回归(support vector regression,SVR)、卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)、BP(back propagation)神经网络和随机森林回归(random forest regression,RFR)建立油嘴冲蚀磨损预测模型。
采用平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)与决定系数(R2)评价模型的预测性能,选择适合的模型[18-20]。MAE、RMSE越接近0,表示模型预测性能越好,R2越接近于1,说明数据拟合效果越好。
将含沙比、砂粒直径、泵排量、沙粒密度、液体黏度5种因素作为输入参数,最大冲蚀率作为输出参数,将数值模拟计算得出的100组数据,70%作为训练集,30%作为测试集。
分别采用SVR、CNN、BP神经网络和RFR算法进行训练与测试,得到训练集与测试集对比结果如图9所示,图9中1.2倍误差带表示模拟结果与预测结果的比值,即虚线以内表示预测结果与模拟结果的误差在20%以内。从图9中的训练结果与测试结果可知,基于SVR和BP神经网络的训练与测试模型结果较好,大部分均在1.2倍误差带以内。
为评价基于SVR、CNN、BP神经网络和RFR算法的预测性能,对100组数据的训练集和测试集分别进行误差评估计算。如表6所示,在训练集的预测性能中CNN最优,R2=0.987 7,其次为SVR,R2=0.958 0,但在测试集中SVR最优,R2=0.925 4。综合考虑误差评估以及图9的误差带分析,基于SVR算法的油嘴冲蚀磨损预测模型的预测性能最优,但精度有待进一步提高。
SVR中的惩罚因子c,不敏感系数ε和核函数γ是直接影响支持向量机性能的重要参数,这3个参数不易选取最优值。利用粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)的全局寻优能力,在空间搜寻最优粒子,首先对PSO算法随机初始化成随机的粒子群,其中每个粒子均有适应度和速度向量,然后粒子群根据最优粒子开始搜寻,直到通过迭代寻找到SVR 3个参数的最优解,具体流程如图10所示[21]
采用粒子群优化SVR对油嘴冲蚀磨损模型进行优化,对比优化前后模型的预测性能,建立最优的冲蚀磨损预测模型[22]。采用PSO-SVR算法对油嘴冲蚀磨损预测模型进行优化,将70%作为训练集,30%作为测试集,优化后的模型的训练集和测试集的实际值和预测值对比如图11所示。
将优化前后的模型分别进行误差评估计算,从表7中可以看出采用粒子群算法优化后,模型的训练集的R2从0.958 0提高到了0.995 3,测试集的R2从0.925 4提高到了0.962 9。
(1)含砂比增大时,油嘴的最大冲蚀率呈线性上升;砂粒密度和泵排量的增大时,油嘴的最大冲蚀率呈指数函数上升;当砂粒直径的增大,油嘴的最大冲蚀率呈指数函数下降。
(2)通过正交试验的极差分析得出各因素对油嘴冲蚀的影响依次为:含砂比>泵排量>砂粒密度>砂粒直径>液体黏度。通过正交试验的方差分析结果,可以得出含砂比和泵排量对油嘴冲蚀的影响最显著,沙粒密度对油嘴冲蚀的影响较显著,砂粒直径和液体黏度度对油嘴冲蚀的影响较不显著。
(3)对比分析SVR、CNN、BP神经网络和RFR算法分别建立油嘴冲蚀磨损预测结果,得出SVR具有较好的预测效果,优选SVR算法建立油嘴冲蚀磨损预测模型。在SVR算法的基础上,采用粒子群算法对预测模型进行优化,得到了最优的油嘴冲蚀预测模型。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52374002)
  • 国家自然科学基金(51974036)
  • 湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划(T2021035)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402953
  • 接收时间:2024-04-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-22
  • 修回日期:2024-07-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(52374002)
国家自然科学基金(51974036)
湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划(T2021035)
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    长江大学机械工程学院, 荆州 434023

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* 刘少胡(1984—),男,汉族,甘肃静宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:管柱疲劳寿命评估与安全评定。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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