Article(id=1149776900899434528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=1730131200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057774996, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1744905600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057774996, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057774996, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057774996, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149776900194791454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='11', pageStart='4397', pageEnd='4826', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057774827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456666677, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218558837930512932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149776900194791454, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4397, endPage=4410, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149776901159481379, articleId=1149776900899434528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Fiber Reinforced Composites Based on Acoustic Emission, columnId=1177980717679128679, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the manufacturing and application of fiber-reinforced composites (FRP), issues such as impact damage and fatigue accumulation cause irreversible subtle damage to the internal structure. Acoustic emission (AE) technology, with its high precision and real-time property, has become an important means to monitor the damage evolution and failure mechanisms of FRP. The applications of acoustic emission technology in the damage characterization of FRP in recent years was reviewed. By conducting research on AE technical means such as parameter analysis, waveform analysis, pattern analysis, and deep-learning analysis, the results showed that parameter analysis and waveform analysis could complement each other in terms of signal characteristics during the detection process, achieving a qualitative description of damage behaviors such as the deformation and fracture of composite structures. Methods such as deep-learning analysis provided important theoretical support for the health monitoring and life prediction of fiber-reinforced composites. Overall, acoustic emission technology can monitor and evaluate the composite structures in operation in real-time. It has great development potential for maintaining the health of FRP materials and preventing sudden failures. In the future, it can be further combined with artificial intelligence technology to improve the accuracy and efficiency of damage identification.

, correspAuthors=Dong-hai YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui LUO, Ze-liang WANG, Wen-guang ZENG, Jia-xu MIAO, Ming-zhang ZHUANG, Dong-hai YANG, Zhao-liang WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149776931098424016, articleId=1149776900899434528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于声发射的纤维增强复合材料研究进展, columnId=1177980717817540712, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced composite,FRP)在制作使用过程中由于撞击损伤、疲劳积累等问题,导致内部结构发生不可逆的细微损伤,声发射技术(acoustic emission,AE)以其高精度、实时性,成为监测其损伤演化和失效机制的重要手段。综述了近年来声发射技术在FRP损伤表征中的应用,通过对参数分析、波形分析、模式分析及深度学习分析等AE技术手段展开研究,结果表明参数分析与波形分析可以针对检测过程中的信号特征进行互补,实现了对复合结构变形、断裂等损伤行为的定性描述,深度学习分析等方法为纤维增强复合材料的健康监测和寿命预测提供了重要理论支持。综合来看,声发射技术能够实时监控和评估运行中的复合材料结构,对于维护FRP材料健康状况、预防突发性故障具有巨大的发展潜力,未来可以进一步结合人工智能技术以提高损伤识别的准确性和效率。

, correspAuthors=杨东海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨东海(1984—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:多相流理论与分离技术,油气储运安全理论与技术。E-mail:
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罗辉(1983—),男,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油田生产运行、科学技术管理。E-mail:

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罗辉(1983—),男,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油田生产运行、科学技术管理。E-mail:

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罗辉(1983—),男,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油田生产运行、科学技术管理。E-mail:

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Research on acoustic emission characteristics of tensile damage of carbon fiber composites at high temperature[D]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218843906641412860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776900899434528, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fiber reinforced material damage

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损伤形式 特征
基体开裂 这是复合材料中常见的一种损伤形式,通常是指复合材料中的树脂基体部分出现裂纹。基体开裂可能会影响材料的完整性和承载能力
分层 分层是指复合材料层合板中不同层之间的分离。这种损伤形式在复合材料中尤为常见,尤其是在受到冲击或疲劳载荷时。分层会严重影响材料的层间剪切强度和整体性能
纤维断裂/拔出 指纤维层与基体之间的附着力依然很强,但是在一定的外力作用下,纤维层与基体分离,纤维断裂的过程,纤维是复合材料的主要承载组分,纤维断裂/拔出会导致材料的整体强度下降,是最严重的损伤形式之一
基体/纤维脱黏 纤维层与基体之间的附着力减弱,纤维层与基体脱离的过程
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906842739468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776900899434528, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纤维增强材料损伤

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤形式 特征
基体开裂 这是复合材料中常见的一种损伤形式,通常是指复合材料中的树脂基体部分出现裂纹。基体开裂可能会影响材料的完整性和承载能力
分层 分层是指复合材料层合板中不同层之间的分离。这种损伤形式在复合材料中尤为常见,尤其是在受到冲击或疲劳载荷时。分层会严重影响材料的层间剪切强度和整体性能
纤维断裂/拔出 指纤维层与基体之间的附着力依然很强,但是在一定的外力作用下,纤维层与基体分离,纤维断裂的过程,纤维是复合材料的主要承载组分,纤维断裂/拔出会导致材料的整体强度下降,是最严重的损伤形式之一
基体/纤维脱黏 纤维层与基体之间的附着力减弱,纤维层与基体脱离的过程
), ArticleFig(id=1218843906955985688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776900899434528, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Peak amplitudes associated with failure modes in FRP

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试样类型 损伤形式 峰值振幅/dB
CFRP-[0°/90°]4s[22] 纵向基质裂纹 50~60
纤维/基体界面裂纹 60~70
纤维断裂 80
中心孔附近纤维断裂 80~100
其他部位的纤维断裂 70~80
CFRP-[0°/45°/90°/
-45°]2s[22]
中心孔附近纤维/
基体界面裂纹
80
基体微裂纹 50~60
进一步分层 70
FRP双搭接接头[23] 胶粘层剪切破坏 40~45
基体开裂 40~45
纤维/基体界面脱黏 40-60
层间分层 40~70
纤维断裂 50~90
30°CFRP层合板 [24] 基体开裂和纤维断裂 35~100
纤维-基体脱黏 100
玻璃纤维/环氧树脂-2D[25] 基体开裂 35~55
基体/纤维脱黏 55~100
纤维断裂 35~80
), ArticleFig(id=1218843907056648992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149776900899434528, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

FRP 中与失效模式相关的峰值振幅

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试样类型 损伤形式 峰值振幅/dB
CFRP-[0°/90°]4s[22] 纵向基质裂纹 50~60
纤维/基体界面裂纹 60~70
纤维断裂 80
中心孔附近纤维断裂 80~100
其他部位的纤维断裂 70~80
CFRP-[0°/45°/90°/
-45°]2s[22]
中心孔附近纤维/
基体界面裂纹
80
基体微裂纹 50~60
进一步分层 70
FRP双搭接接头[23] 胶粘层剪切破坏 40~45
基体开裂 40~45
纤维/基体界面脱黏 40-60
层间分层 40~70
纤维断裂 50~90
30°CFRP层合板 [24] 基体开裂和纤维断裂 35~100
纤维-基体脱黏 100
玻璃纤维/环氧树脂-2D[25] 基体开裂 35~55
基体/纤维脱黏 55~100
纤维断裂 35~80
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基于声发射的纤维增强复合材料研究进展
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罗辉 1 , 王泽良 1 , 曾文广 1 , 苗嘉旭 2 , 庄明璋 2 , 杨东海 2, * , 王照亮 2
科学技术与工程 | 综述·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(11): 4397-4410
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(11): 4397-4410
基于声发射的纤维增强复合材料研究进展
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罗辉1 , 王泽良1, 曾文广1, 苗嘉旭2, 庄明璋2, 杨东海2, * , 王照亮2
作者信息
  • 1 中石化西北油田分公司, 乌鲁木齐 830011
  • 2 中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院, 青岛 266580
  • 罗辉(1983—),男,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:油田生产运行、科学技术管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨东海(1984—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:多相流理论与分离技术,油气储运安全理论与技术。E-mail:
Research Progress of Fiber Reinforced Composites Based on Acoustic Emission
Hui LUO1 , Ze-liang WANG1, Wen-guang ZENG1, Jia-xu MIAO2, Ming-zhang ZHUANG2, Dong-hai YANG2, * , Zhao-liang WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Sinopec Northwest China Petroleum Bureau, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 2 College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Huadong), Qingdao 266580, China
出版时间: 2025-04-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404015
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纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced composite,FRP)在制作使用过程中由于撞击损伤、疲劳积累等问题,导致内部结构发生不可逆的细微损伤,声发射技术(acoustic emission,AE)以其高精度、实时性,成为监测其损伤演化和失效机制的重要手段。综述了近年来声发射技术在FRP损伤表征中的应用,通过对参数分析、波形分析、模式分析及深度学习分析等AE技术手段展开研究,结果表明参数分析与波形分析可以针对检测过程中的信号特征进行互补,实现了对复合结构变形、断裂等损伤行为的定性描述,深度学习分析等方法为纤维增强复合材料的健康监测和寿命预测提供了重要理论支持。综合来看,声发射技术能够实时监控和评估运行中的复合材料结构,对于维护FRP材料健康状况、预防突发性故障具有巨大的发展潜力,未来可以进一步结合人工智能技术以提高损伤识别的准确性和效率。

FRP复合材料  /  声发射  /  损伤分析  /  信号分析  /  深度学习

During the manufacturing and application of fiber-reinforced composites (FRP), issues such as impact damage and fatigue accumulation cause irreversible subtle damage to the internal structure. Acoustic emission (AE) technology, with its high precision and real-time property, has become an important means to monitor the damage evolution and failure mechanisms of FRP. The applications of acoustic emission technology in the damage characterization of FRP in recent years was reviewed. By conducting research on AE technical means such as parameter analysis, waveform analysis, pattern analysis, and deep-learning analysis, the results showed that parameter analysis and waveform analysis could complement each other in terms of signal characteristics during the detection process, achieving a qualitative description of damage behaviors such as the deformation and fracture of composite structures. Methods such as deep-learning analysis provided important theoretical support for the health monitoring and life prediction of fiber-reinforced composites. Overall, acoustic emission technology can monitor and evaluate the composite structures in operation in real-time. It has great development potential for maintaining the health of FRP materials and preventing sudden failures. In the future, it can be further combined with artificial intelligence technology to improve the accuracy and efficiency of damage identification.

FRP composite materials  /  acoustic emission  /  damage analysis  /  signal analysis  /  deep learning
罗辉, 王泽良, 曾文广, 苗嘉旭, 庄明璋, 杨东海, 王照亮. 基于声发射的纤维增强复合材料研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4397 -4410 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404015
Hui LUO, Ze-liang WANG, Wen-guang ZENG, Jia-xu MIAO, Ming-zhang ZHUANG, Dong-hai YANG, Zhao-liang WANG. Research Progress of Fiber Reinforced Composites Based on Acoustic Emission[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (11) : 4397 -4410 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404015
纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced composite,FRP)凭借其卓越的力学性能和显著的重量优势,应用范围日益广泛。然而由于纤维增强复合材料的导热性与导电性较差,声衰减性较高,机械与物理性能呈现各向异性等特点,导致其在无损检测方面与金属材料存在较大差异。且其制造工艺具有特殊性,参数微小变化就会导致其产生许多缺陷,铲平质量具有很强的离散性,影响其使用性能。
复合材料存在多种结构缺陷类型,但按照原理可分为两类:①损害构件性能:分层、夹杂、纤维断裂、气孔、基体裂缝、基体固化状态不良等;②损害构件的完整性:横向断裂、龟裂、脱黏等。这些损伤类型,都是重要的声发射源。声发射具有较宽的频率范围,几赫兹的次声频到数兆赫兹的超声频。幅度范围亦广泛,从微观位错运动的10-13 m到地震波的1 m量级。声发射通过灵敏的传感器,对材料内部轻微损伤的信号进行实时动态监测,并对信号进行进一步处理与评价,进而评价损伤开始时间以及损伤状态,对材料进行完整性评价分析。
声发射检测较其他无损检测有两个基本的特点:①敏感于动态缺陷;②声发射波来自缺陷损伤过程中的信号,可以得到丰富的信息,具有高灵敏度与高分辨率特征。该特点决定了其对缺陷进行实时动态监测,并据以评价缺陷的损伤程度,以及结构完整性评价和寿命预测。对于大型纤维增强复合材料构件可以进行传感器布置,一次加载,可以进行缺陷定位监测,操作简便,减少人工成本。且声发射对于被检测工件的接近要求不高,可以应用于复杂工况中进行实时监测,如易燃、易爆、辐射、极端温度和极毒等环境下。也适用于复杂结构的构件损伤。几乎所有材料在变形和断裂时均产生声发射,适用范围广。由于声发射的高灵敏度和精度,连续在线监测能力以及适应性强的特点。针对声发射对于纤维增强复合材料的无损检测进展进行相应的研究分析,总结声发射在纤维增强复合材料诊断过程中已有分析方法的特点,并针对声发射技术在纤维增强复合材料中发展趋势进行相应的展望,为其在纤维增强复合材料检测领域中的应用提供技术参考。
随着工业的发展,单一材料的性能、成本、耐久性等局限性暴露出来。于是,多种特性材料组合的复合材料备受青睐,其中以FRP应用最为广泛。纤维增强复合材料主要有两种:天然的和合成的[1]。纤维增强聚合物复合材料历来使用合成纤维,主要由增强纤维材料和基体材料构成(图1)。在热塑性或热固性材料中增强玻璃纤维、碳纤维、芳纶纤维等高强模量纤维的复合材料[2],通过真空注塑、拉挤、模压、树脂传递等不同的成型工艺[3],兼具纤维的高强度、刚性、耐冲击和耐疲劳等性能和基体材料的耐腐蚀、耐温性、耐化学性等性能,同时具有轻质性、环保和可持续性、维修方便、可设计性强等优异性能。广泛应用于航空航天、风电、军事、汽车、石油、化工、建筑结构、消费电子等领域,以其轻质、高强、耐腐蚀等特性满足不同的应用需求 [4-7]。纤维增强复合材料组成如图1所示[8]
其中,在风电行业,风电叶片大部分以玻璃增强复合材料为主[9]。在航空航天领域,民用客机增强复合材料用量占整机重量50%以上。在石油行业中,纤维增强复合管道的使用也在与日俱增,油气集输管道中非金属占到13%以上,部分油田比例超过30%,其中主要以玻璃钢管道为主,复合材料结构因其性能有点,其服役环境往往恶劣且复杂,其中影响因素主要包括湿度、盐度、辐射、温度、酸碱度等,纤维增强材料的损伤形式和特征主要如表1所示。
早期在FRP中有限使用声发射的原因部分是由于FRP的非各向同性,声发射的传统的原则不适用于他们。例如,20世纪50年代对各向同性材料提出了Kaiser效应[10],即声发射信号本质上是不可逆的,只有在超过前一个最大载荷后才会在后续加载中发射。由于声发射描述符的进步,表征复合材料已经成为可能。Liptai发现在检测玻璃纤维复合材料结构中的疲劳和断裂过程时[11],Kaiser效应不再有效,因此引入了Felicity比,在复合材料结构中又被称为Felicity效应,如图2所示[12]。通过费利西蒂效应,在随后的加载周期中,甚至在达到初始最大载荷之前,FRP中就产生了声学事件,声发射手段得以广泛运用与FRP检测上。
尽管复合材料损伤形式存在不同的复杂性,但是有一个共同点,就是缺陷出现与发展有较强的声发射特征,声发射对FRP材料缺陷的起始以及扩展具有特定的敏感性和时效性,及其动态检测强度和评估剩余强度的独特能力。声发射技术不仅可以检测复合材料而言内部缺陷与损伤,且已经成为材料性能研究、完整性检测与剩余寿命评估不可缺少的方法[13-14]。对于其他无损检测(涡流、射线、超声等)对于复杂且微小的缺陷很难实时监测。声发射手段弥补了这一技术难点,其基本原理如图3所示[15]
声发射特征参数是指提取出来具有描述波形特征的某些声发射参数,更方便地对各波形进行比较。信号的主要来源包括待测结构在不同加载模式下产生的塑性变形、裂纹萌生和扩展、断裂、纤维脱黏和拉拔、复合材料分层等。这些信号经过放大器放大,通过低、高带通滤波器滤波后,转换为声发射描述符,如幅值、峰值幅度、能量,并提取上升时间、持续时间、计数等特征[16]
信号峰值幅度和幅度等反应信号的强度,对该参数的分布分析可以反映出声发射源的大量信息,其分布和材料形变等都有很大关系。
经过大量实验得到声发射信号的幅度、事件和振铃计数关系为
N= P f γ b
式(1)中 :N为累加振铃计数;P为事件总计数;f为换能器的响应频率;γ为声发射事件总数;b为幅度分布斜率。
在FRPs中,最常用的声发射(acoustic emission,AE)描述符是识别损伤进展类型的峰值振幅。峰值振幅表示在记录的声波波形中相对于前置放大器设置的参考电压Uref的最大电压峰值Umax。峰值振幅A(dB)可以表示为
A=20lg U m a x U r e f
20世纪90年代就发现低振幅与基体开裂有关,中等振幅与分层有关,高振幅与纤维断裂有关[17]。Jung等[18-19]研究了b值(定义为AE振幅的累积分布函数的斜率值)和Ib值(使用AE振幅的累积分布函数在平均值和标准偏差处的斜率来定义)的应用。在研究中发现,b值以指示传感器到损伤距离的变化,因此可以确定传感器到断裂处的最佳位置。与b值相比,Ib值通过对振幅分布的统计分析提供更可靠的结果。对于故障模式分类,使用Ib值比使用完整的AE数据能更快地分析出试件出现的异常情况。此外,在大多数研究中,振幅分布存在一定的重叠区域,使得该振幅范围与损伤机制的关联不确定。且受传感器距离以及非金属材质的影响较大,距离越近幅值越大,且材质的层数越多材质,排列方式越复杂,损伤时声发射收集的幅值越大。部分研究结果如表2所示,振幅分布随测试类型(拉伸、弯曲、疲劳等)、传播介质的材料特性(成分、结构等)而变化。树脂或基体开裂通常幅值为低振幅(40~70 dB),纤维失效则为高振幅 (60~100 dB)。界面脱粘破坏则介于55~70 dB。对于各种损伤模式,大多数作者给出的振幅范围是相互矛盾的[20]。为此。一些作者将振幅与能量结合起来[21],另一些作者将振幅与上升时间、能量和持续时间结合起来。
与峰值幅度相关的另一个常用的声发射描述符是峰值频率。峰值频率Fp是记录声事件的功率谱中的最大幅度。考虑质心频率Fc比考虑峰值频率对功率谱更有意义。频率质心是频率含量的加权平均值,可以表示为
Fc= f m i n f m a x U ( f ) f f m i n f m a x U ( f )
式(3)中:U(f)为频谱f各点处的频谱幅值;fminfmax分别为最小和最大频谱频率。由于传感器的共振特性,一些研究人员使用加权峰值频率并结合频率质心来表征FRP的损伤进展。加权峰值频率可表示为
Fwp= F c F p
声发射信号的整个频率组成是潜在失效机制的特征,特征频谱可归因于所涉及材料的密度和刚度[26]。结合几个基于频率的特征来识别和分类各种失效机制是有用的。Gutkin等[27]利用SOM(self-organizing map)和K均值相结合测试增强纤维断裂过程的频率内容,通过C-Scan分析了破坏后的试样,以确定损伤的进展和破坏模式。使用模式识别技术将峰值频率分为5种不同的模式: Ⅰ(0~50 kHz), Ⅱ(50~150 kHz),Ⅲ(200~300 kHz),Ⅳ(400~500 kHz)和Ⅴ(500~600 kHz),如图4所示[27]。Liu等[28]采用声发射(AE)信号分析方法,通过K-means++聚类分析确定了典型失效模式的峰值频率范围:基质开裂(0~160 kHz)、纤维/基质脱黏(160~220 kHz)、纤维拔出(220 ~300 kHz)和纤维断裂(300~450 kHz)。应晶华[29]在针对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板中的分层损伤研究,通过聚类结果揭示了不同损伤机制的声发射信号的频率范围:基体开裂(15~100 kHz),纤维/基体脱黏(100~218 kHz),纤维断裂(226~350 kHz)和平纹织物滑移(15~100 kHz)。丁瀛[30]对纤维增强复合材料的损伤类型——基体损伤、分层、脱黏和纤维断裂进行分析。结果表现,基体损伤(<80 kHz);分层信号(80~220 kHz);脱黏信号(220~350 kHz);纤维断裂信号(>350 kHz)。
上述计数法已受到材料的形状、传感器的性能影响,而能量分析可以克服上述问题,因此采用能量可以更好地分析连续声发射信号。
能量与波形面积成正比,采用方均根电压Umns或均方电压Ums表示,定义为
Umns= 1 Δ T 0 Δ T U2(t)dt
Ums= U m n s
式中: ΔT为平均时间;U(t)为随时间变化的信号电压。
得到Ums随时间变化正比能量变化率,在t1~t2总能量E计算公式为
E t 1 t 2 U m n s 2dt= t 1 t 2 Umsdt
声发射能(acoustic emissions energy, EAE)被广泛用于表征FRP的力学性能。它是由Harris等[31]引入的,他们通过实验证明了它对声学计数和事件数的优越表征能力。后面的部分将提供更多细节。声发射能量可以通过对记录的声事件在一段时间内的整流瞬态电压(Ui)进行积分来估计。从0~ti时间段的声发射能量可以表示为
EAE= t 0 t i U i 2(t)dt
累积能量是相对的,不能在不同材料之间进行比较,尽管如此,它们可以有效地用于绘制伤害进程。一个试验得出的拉力试验结果的累积能量曲线不能与另一个重复的相同试验的累积能量曲线进行比较。
CEA(cumulative acoustic energy)通常与拉伸试验的持续时间或试验试样在载荷或应变下的位移十字头相对应。大多数研究人员都使用了相同的公式,并通过声学事件预测了失效的关键区域。例如,Baker等[32]使用CFRP(carbon fiber reinforced plastic)试样在第一次记录声事件时的应力水平和CEA曲线陡增处的应力水平作为参数来识别试样的微开裂和宏观开裂。又如Oskouei等[33]使用了每个事件记录的声能和CEA来绘制FRP的损伤进展。事件的声能如图5所示,作者也使用了CEA。在任意长度的分层过程中,声发射能量的瞬态变化表明了3种不同结构试件损伤机制的差异。Xu等 [34]探讨了界面脱键(纤维/基体界面脱键和黏合失效)和聚合物开裂(基体开裂和内聚失效)在所选 AE 特征的子空间中表现相似。Saeedifar等[35]主要研究了层合复合材料的分层现象。提出了基于声发射方法的裂纹尖端局部化两种方法,即声发射累积能量法和声发射信号局部化法。与标准方法相比,这些方法具有更高的重复性。结果表明,声发射能量累积法可以运用于非金属裂纹增长以及分层上的预测。徐晓阳等[36]提出了基于AE能量衰减系数的损伤评估方法,将衰减系数的时程变化定义损伤发展为3个阶段。
到达时间(time of arrival, ToA)是应力波/声波分析中最有效、最稳健的参数之一。Barile等[37]在流行的赤池信息准则(akaike information criterion, AIC)的基础上,提出了一种估计声发射信号ToA的新方法。通过表征复合泡沫试件在拉伸载荷作用下的损伤演化阶段,验证了该方法的有效性。对静拉伸试验产生的声发射信号的ToA进行了估计,并用于分析。
Aggelis等[38]提出了另一种利用到达时间的有效方法,该方法测量波形的角度。他们引入了RA(rise angle value)值,即声发射事件的上升时间与峰值振幅的比值。该参数用于表征材料在加载下的剪切和拉伸事件。因为剪切作用产生的声发射事件上升时间较长,振幅较小,而拉伸作用产生的声发射事件上升时间较短,振幅较大。测试了环氧基玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料(GFRP)在堆叠顺序为[0°4/90°]4 s的交叉层合板中的RA值。通过绘制RA值与时间/载荷历史(图6 )的关系,可以识别从开裂的拉伸模式到开裂的剪切模式的转变,或者反之亦然。结果表明,当材料达到破坏状态时,RA值呈指数增长。王哲伟[39]通过对材料进行弯曲试验,发现加入钢纤维后,RA值开始增加,AF(amplitude frequency)值开始减小,此时破坏机制由基体开裂的拉伸型破坏向纤维拔出的剪切型破坏转变。
由于采集的声发射参数有限,且可能受到强噪声的影响,难以准确提取声发射源的损伤特征。波形分析可以去除信号中的噪声降低数据采集对环境的依赖,也可通过特征提取分析损伤模式。
模态声发射(modal acoustic emission, MAE)是兰姆波理论研究板中声发射应力波的特点[40-41],从而将声发射与特定的物理过程联系,本质上是一种声发射信号处理技术。对于工程上使用的板状结构,板厚远小于波长,声发射源在板中激励起扩展波、弯曲波和水平切变波3种模式的声波。MAE技术对声发射信号处理方法更加简单化。Martinez-Jequier等[42]提出了一种基于声发射信号中S0和A0 Lamb模式之间适当分离的算法以实时评估CFRP复合板分层过程。Rajic等[43]开发了一种新的声学传感功能,由耦合到高带宽解调仪的柔性高密度线性压电传感器阵列组成,并应用于板中声发射的原位波数-频率模态分解,证明它比使用单点压电接收器的传统多点定位技术更准确。Baker等[44]利用模态声发射和波形能量,结合峰值频率数据,研究了碳纤维增强环氧聚合物复合材料层合板裂纹的萌生和扩展。Jiang等[45]、孙贺等[46]采用模态声发射方法表征了碳纤维复合材料压力容器的损伤特性,利用提取的损伤模态特征和建立的MAE参数来确定复合材料压力容器的损伤模式。刘治东[47]利用对称位置相加法及滤波的方式将高速撞击信号中的S0、A0和S2模态进行分离。Michal等 [48-49] 通过分析分离的弯曲和拉伸兰姆波模态参数,为识别和随后表征或定位源自横向裂纹的信号提供了信息。文献[50-52]则认为高频S0模态包括基体开裂和纤维断裂,低频A0模态则包括分层损伤。目前纤维增强材料中损伤机制包括S0、A0模态,当某一频段同时存在两种模态传播时,无法通过单独使用滤波彻底分离,且频率还存在一定争议,需要进一步完善试验研究。
由于采集的声发射参数有限,且可能受到强噪声的影响,难以准确提取声发射源的损伤特征。波形分析可以去除信号中的噪声降低数据采集对环境的依赖,也可通过特征提取分析损伤模式。常用的方法有快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform, FFT)、短时傅里叶变换(short time Fourier transform, STFT)、连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform, CWT)、小波包变换(wavelet packet transform, WPT)和Hilbert-Huang变换 (Hilbert-Huang transform, HHT)。
FFT是最早被广泛应用的波形分析方法之一,它可以将时域信号转换为频域信号然后提取频谱特征,根据FFT得到的峰值频率和振幅可以对损伤进行分类[53-54]。在去除噪声影响的基础上,还可以通过FFT得到与失效模式直接相关的主频率和幅值变化规律。然而,除非波形中只有一种损伤模式,否则由于波形信息被覆盖,单独的FFT分析可能会遗漏损伤模式。因此,有学者对波形进行分解,每一层包含一个特定的频率分量,确定其主频,然后利用FFT分析不同频带的能量率,确定损伤机理。为了确定试件中损伤机制的比例,应该使用WPT来分析不同频率范围内的能量分布[55]。FFT对冲击和断裂信号的频率特征提取并不敏感,而短时傅里叶变换可以通过时窗函数来解决这一问题[56]。STFT通过增加一个自由度将频域和时域连接起来,反映不同频率状态下的时间[57]。STFT分析是对代表各损伤机制主导频率内容的部分波形进行分析,可以在其他波形分析方法的基础上进一步详细分析各损伤的具体特征。
Arumugam等 [58]利用傅里叶变化分别对2.5、3.5 mm/s两种不同冲击速度的冲击试验数据进行频谱变换,分析发现,频率分布从小到大对应分别是基体开裂(80~120 kHz),分层(120~170 kHz),纤维/基体界面脱黏(170~200 kHz),纤维断裂和纤维屈曲(200~300 kHz)。韩文钦等[59]、毛嘉伊等[60]分别采用不同的拉伸试验,对采集信号进行频谱变换,得到峰值频率有效反应试样损伤类型,发现时频结合有利于对数据进行全面分析。Arumugam等[61]利用声发射和快速傅里叶变换(FFT)分析研究了I型加载下玻璃/环氧复合材料试样的分层和损伤机制。从得到的结果可以区分纤维断裂和基体开裂的损伤机制。Woo等[62]基于节点b值以上的高幅值事件率,根据主导频带及其幅度对信号类型进行了FFT分类,以识别试样的损伤模式。发现SEN(single-edge-notched)层合复合材料的主裂纹扩展对纤维取向比初始缺口方向更敏感。
图7为纤维增强复合材料3种基本细观损伤机制的典型频谱:纤维断裂、基体开裂和界面破坏。首先微裂发生在材料内部。Kempf等[63]重点研究准静态和动态载荷作用下玻璃和碳纤维增强复合材料的微观破坏机制。在力学测试过程中,通过声发射分析对不同纤维和基体组合的研究,可以揭示复合材料中纤维-基体相互作用的基本结构-性能关系。
材料在不同的阶段会产生不同的损伤信号,多次损伤往往同时发生,导致信号重叠。HHT的时域和频域分辨率突出,具有较好的滤波能力,可以从波形中提取出更准确的声发射信息。Han等[64]将能量熵作为一种新的声发射描述符,在时域和频域度量信号复杂度,精确计算瞬时频率,提高损伤特征识别。Nazmdar等[65]利用HHT的相位角作为特征,从不同实验阶段的信号中提取损伤机理的频率范围。HHT在揭示隐藏数据方面比较有效,但其特征提取的准确性有待进一步研究,因此目前尚未得到广泛应用。
波变换(wavelet transform, WT)技术由于其优越的信号处理能力在结构健康监测领域获得了突出的地位。由于其灵活的窗口大小和提取各种信号不连续点的特殊能力,小波变换在处理非平稳信号时特别有效,因为损伤机制往往表现出非线性特征。
20世纪90年代,小波分析法被引入声发射信号处理中。学者针对小波理论与应用进行了大量研究:王赫楠等[66]通过连续小波变换处理的太赫兹缺陷成像的图像,发现其对比度提升了1.3倍,识别出50 μm脱黏缺陷。高华等[67]基于小波变换进行损伤信号的时频分析,发现损伤类型可通过信号特征以及频域特征有效识别。吴超群[68]对纤维复合材料运用小波神经网络与遗传算法进行识别,发现优化后的小波神经网络识别能力和泛化能力均有所提高。Pahuja等[69]采用力信号的小波包变换对CFRP切边过程进行监测。利用小波包变换(WPT)识别信号的关键特征。提出了一种利用小波变换对信号进行分解的新方法,该方法利用母小波对信号进行一定程度的分解。Saeedifar等[70] 使用小波包变换 (wavelet packet transform, WPT) 计算每种损伤机制的百分比,与试样的力学数据、超声 C 扫描和数码相机图像一致。
模式识别(pattern recognition,PA)是对各种物质的或抽象的对象进行分类、 描述和理解的过程。模式识别系统主要由以下过程组成:①对已知的样本进行特征参数的提取和分类;②找到合适的分类器;③对不同类型的样本数据进行识别和分类,具体操作过程如图8所示。模式识别方法需要从声发射撞击中提取相关的声发射特征(如振幅、能量、频率等),然后使用有监督的或无监督的分类方法创建一组表示特定损伤机制的AE特征[71-72]
对声发射源进行定位和定性分析是对复合材料的声发射信号研究的重点,要识别出复合材料的损伤类型,首先需要对大量的复合材料声发射信号数据进行分类整理,并且构建出复合材料的声发射信号与其损伤模式之间的对应关系。根据最终结果是否可知可将模式识别技术分为无监督(unsupervised pattern recognition, UPR)和有监督(supervised pattern recognition, SPR)模式识别技术两类[73-74]
聚类分析作为UPR技术中的一种重要方法,对于复合材料声发射信号的定性分析中得以广泛的运用。聚类分析的目的在于发现点、模式或者对象的分组情况,也存多种聚类算法,数据对象根据聚类算法被划分为几个大组,每组代表一个类别,算法具备以下特点:①每组至少有一个对象;②每个对象只存在一个组中。聚类算法可细分为硬划分算法与模糊划分算法,常见硬划分算法包括K-means算法、K-mediod算法、PAM(partitioning around mediods)算法等,常见模糊算法包括FCM(fuzzy C-means)算法[75-76]等。Arthur等[77]通过声发射研究拉伸作用下的纤维增强材料的力学表征,对采集到的声发射信号进行K-means聚类后得到三四类时间,并且将得到的类别与观察的损伤机制进行了相关性分析。全面的损伤诊断通常分为3个层次:损伤起始检测、损伤识别和损伤定位,其中损伤识别需要需要聚类分析的支撑[78]。李英年[79]通过建立遗传算法神经网络与K-means聚类结合分析方法,对纤维复合材料层合板的各种失效模式进行了有效的识别。张亚楠等[80-81]对纤维增强材料的拉伸损伤声发射信号进行采集,并选用幅值和峰值频率对信号进行K-means聚类分析,将信号分为4类:基体开裂(63.2~71.31 kHz)、纤维与基体剥离(133.84~142.87 kHz)、分层和纤维断裂(256.46~297.6 kHz)、纤维束断裂(385.2~417.25 kHz);赵文政等[82]选用幅度、RA值、峰值频率和质心频率特征参数并进行主成分分析降维,对玻璃纤维复合材料在压缩载荷作用下的损伤声发射信号进行K-means聚类分析,发现信号被分为3类,分别对应基体开裂、纤维脱黏、分层与纤维断裂。栗丽[83]通过6种聚类算法比较分析了纤维增强材料的拉伸试验中采集到的声发射信号,判定标准采用Davies-Bouldin指标及Silhouette值,开发出一套实用的聚类分析工具。Masmoudi等[84]采用AE技术持续监测疲劳加载的复合材料试件,复合材料试件分为带有和不带有传感器。利用K-means聚类分类方法对声信号分析,以识别损伤机制的差异,并跟踪这两种复合材料的损伤机制的演化。结果表明存在4种损伤机制:基体开裂(A类)、纤维-基体脱黏(B类)、纤维断裂(C类)和分层(D类),如图9所示。K均值算法和模糊C均值算法在纤维增强复合材料的声发射信号分离以及分类中扮演着重要的角色,准确率超过85%[85-86]。综上所述,聚类分析是一种分析多参数声发射信号的有效方法。
支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)利用监督学习对未分类数据进行二元分类,决策边界是对学习样本求解的最大边距超平面。克服了人工神经网络抗噪能力差、网络稳定性低的缺点,对于识别小样本、非线性和高维模式具有优势,广泛应用模式识别、回归分析等领域 [87]。张璐莹等[88]、李伟等[89]利用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition, EDM)和主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)提取并处理声发射信号特征,再结合SVM技术进行CFRP损伤模式识别,最终准确识别了基体开裂和纤维断裂两种损伤模式。Ding等[90]利用不同模式识别方法对碳/环氧树脂拉伸试验声发射信号源分类问题进行研究,结果表明,SVM网络相较于BP神经网络(back propagation neural network)具有更高的分类准确性。Oh等[91]通过离散小波变换从PVDF(poly vinylidene fluoride)信号中提取与CFRP冲击失效机理相关的信号特征,并采用SVM对冲击损伤类型进行分类,其分类准确度高达92.3%。
机器学习和深度学习在计算机视觉、语言处理等领域发挥着重要作用。声发射信号中提取的特征可以作为模型的输入,也可以通过小波变换等生成的二维图像作为输入模型。深度学习与机器学习中的人工神经网络密切相关,深度的人工神经网络(artificial neural network, ANN)是深度学习的算法和手段。由于声发射信号的信息丰富,许多传统和现有的算法可能会被包括噪声在内的各种信号源数据的干扰,利用机器学习算法将复合材料的力学性能与多个声发射特征联系起来,避免了单个声发射特征的可解释性受限。利用机器学习研究声发射特征参数和波形图可以帮助研究人员更好地了解损伤特征。王银玲等[92]利用遗传算法对BP神经网络进行优化,降低了网络过拟合现象,有效缩短了训练时间,并成功识别了CFRP拉伸过程中基体开裂、界面脱黏、基体断裂和纤维断裂4种损伤模式。Louis等[93]发现在SiCf-SiCm复合材料管的剩余使用寿命预测上,深度卷积神经网络的预测结果相比随机森林更准确,但在性能退化后期后者预测效果更好。Sathiyamurthy等[94]尝试利用剪切试验中记录的声发射参数,利用人工神经网络预测不同表面粗糙度的CFRP 复合材料试样的黏结强度。设计并训练了监督学习型人工神经网络,利用声发射数据预测失效负荷,发现人工神经网络与声发射监测相结合,可作为CFRP复合材料结构实时健康监测的有效工具。Nasiri等[95-96]训练了一个基于深度学习的端到端CNN模型,用于使用AE数据作为原始输入来在线监测复合材料管的损伤过程,同时对比了随机森林(random forest, RF)应用于损坏阶段预测。结果表明,端到端CNN模型平均结果优于RF模型,且用CNN的卷积层从声发射中提取高级特征和使用人工挑选的特征相比,在复合材料的声发射分类中更具有优势。Moradi等[97]提出一种半监督深度神经网络,通过结构健康监测(structural health monitoring, SHM)数据融合构成健康指标,采用声发射法对复合板疲劳载荷进行监测,并利用提取的特征构建智能健康指标。Xu等[98]用基于改进的梅尔频率倒谱分析和统计方法,将声发射特征参数与端部缺口弯曲(end notched flexure, ENF)复合材料层合板的力学行为联系起来,建立了一种新的定量模型。Claudia等[99]利用CFRP复合材料不同损伤模式的声发射波形训练CNN 进行损伤在线监测,得到基体开裂、分层、脱黏和纤维断裂4种不同损伤模式的声发射波形的Mel尺度谱图,作为CNN的训练数据和测试数据,结果发现了CNN的整体预测准确率为97.9%,其中纤维断裂和分层事件的预测准确率为100%,从而验证了CNN的损伤分类准确性。郭福平[100]发现时间序列数据的端到端深度学习模型分类比二维图像为输入的深度学习模型分类准确率高,以声发射时间序列数据为输入,有效识别了CFRP复合材料损伤类型,验证了模型的泛化能力,如图10所示。利用连续小波变换的二维图像作为卷积神经网络的输入,实现了对高温损伤的高准确率识别。孙平[101]在50%断裂载荷采集声发射信号,利用神经网络预测该试件的最终断裂载荷,预测误差在5%以内。上述研究可以证明深度的人工神经网络(ANN)已经广泛应用于声发射在FRP中的应用,能够实现模式识别与信号处理,损伤检测与定位,实时智能识别,优化网络结构和损失函数,多参数分析,总的来说,深度学习神经网络在声发射研究中展现了其强大的数据处理能力和模式识别能力,它不仅能够提高信号处理的精度,还能实现损伤的实时监测和预警,对于促进声发射技术在FRP 监测的发展和应用具有重大意义。随着深度学习技术的高速发展,未来在声发射领域可能会有更多创新应用出现。
随着工业化的发展,FRP复合材料在各种领域得到广泛发展,然而恶劣的服役环境和多变的载荷给FRP服役带来了挑战,因此亟须结构健康监测技术的发展。声发射技术能够实时监控和评估运行中的复合材料结构,对于维护FRP材料健康状况、预防突发性故障具有巨大的发展潜力,本文中通过总结声发射技术在FRP领域中的应用,发现声发射具有以下技术特点。
(1)讨论了峰值幅度和峰值频率单独使用会存在相应的误差。讨论了高振幅/高频率信号与纤维断裂相关的原因,并讨论了高振幅/高频率信号为何也能指示层间裂纹扩展。此外,还讨论了通过RA值利用峰值振幅随时间上升的有效方法。声发射参数在FRP检测过程中存在衰减与重叠现象,可以采用信号还原方法对信号进行还原,讨论了单参数使用过程中会存在相应的误差,可以采用多参数结合以及采用新的参数分析法,来提高各个参数的准确性。
(2)对现有主流波形分析方法进行了对比介绍,波形分析可以去除信号中的噪声降低数据采集对环境的依赖,也可通过特征提取分析损伤模式。适合处理数据量大的声发射信号。多尺度细化分析波形,通过伸缩和平移等运算实现信号的局部变换,可以有效降低噪声信号的干扰,对于真实信号提取分类具有重要意义。
(3)可以通过使用多个参数并通过监督/无监督模式识别技术对声发射信号进行聚类来消除使用单个参数的误差,讨论了可用的和流行的模式识别技术的数量。
(4)采用高级数据分析技术(如机器学习和深度学习)结合声发射数据,可以预测损伤发展,做到科学决策。还可以实现损伤的实时监测和预警,对FRP 监测的发展与应用具有重大意义。
随着信号处理和人工智能的不断进步,声发射技术在FRP材料监检测领域呈现出新的发展趋势:
(1)随着人工智能和机器学习技术的发展,声发射数据的处理和分析可能会更加智能化和自动化,从而提高检测的效率和准确性。
(2)由于FRP与金属材料的特性不同,其声发射产生机制和波传播规律也不同。因此,FRP材料的声发射检测需要特定的方法,如存储完整波形、使用特定传感器和传感器阵列、设定特定阈值、选择合适的加载模式以及改进的数据分析技术。这些方法的发展和完善将是未来的一个重要研究方向。
(3)声发射技术对于复合材料的监检测的未来发展可能会涉及更多跨学科的研究,结合材料科学、机械工程、数据分析和计算机科学等领域的知识,以实现更全面的监测和分析。
(4)为了提高声发射技术的可靠性和比较性,未来可能会有更多的标准化和规范化工作,包括测试方法、数据处理和结果解释等方面。
  • 中国石化国内上游导向项目(YTBXD-DMXX-2023-1-03-001-XB)
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2025年第25卷第11期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404015
  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
  • 修回日期:2024-10-29
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中国石化国内上游导向项目(YTBXD-DMXX-2023-1-03-001-XB)
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    1 中石化西北油田分公司, 乌鲁木齐 830011
    2 中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院, 青岛 266580

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* 杨东海(1984—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:多相流理论与分离技术,油气储运安全理论与技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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