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Article(id=1149774735875203434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405183, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057258813, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057258813, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057258813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057258813, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5266, endPage=5272, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774736248496500, articleId=1149774735875203434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Water Jet Lithium-oil Depolymerization Based on CFD-DEM Coupling, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lithium slag holds significant potential for recycling and reuse. The barriers in the recycling process were addressed, such as surface protectants and surface by-products (diffusion pump oil and lithium hydroxide), that impeded efficiency, and the risk of uncontrolled reactions leading to explosions. A method of using water jet impact to desorb surface protectants and by-products from lithium slag and prevent reactive explosions was proposed. Based on the binding relationship between the lithium slag, surface protectants, and lithium hydroxide by-products, a bridging model for oil-lithium-hydroxide lithium particles was proposed. Subsequently, a water jet computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) triple-component coupled depolymerization action model was proposed to explore the depolymerization characteristics of the oil-lithium-hydroxide lithium bridging model under different water jet pressures. The results show that the destruction time of particle adhesive bonds in the oil-lithium-hydroxide lithium model is inversely proportional to the jet pressure. At a jet pressure of 0.1 MPa, a particle adhesive bond destruction rate of over 95% can be achieved within 0.05 s. When the jet pressure exceeds 0.5 MPa, the time to reach a 95% bond destruction rate is just 0.015 s. This method effectively removes the surface protectant of the lithium slag and promptly eliminates lithium hydroxide and the foam it forms while ensuring safety, efficiency, and continuous digestion operations. These findings provide significant guidance for the application of water jet technology in the recovery of reactive metals and can be specifically applied to the high-efficiency, controlled, and safe recycling field of lithium slag.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-bin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Pei-xuan YAN, Zhong-bin LIU, Di PENG, Biao YANG, Zhi-heng WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774765742842107, articleId=1149774735875203434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于CFD-DEM耦合的水射流锂-油解聚特征研究, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

锂渣具有很高的回收再利用价值,针对锂渣回收过程中存在的表面保护剂与表面生成物(扩散泵油与氢氧化锂)阻碍回收效率以及在回收过程中存在反应不受控制出现爆炸等问题。提出通过水射流对锂渣表面保护剂与表面生成物进行冲击脱附并防止反应爆炸的方法,依据锂渣、表面保护剂与生成物氢氧化锂结合关系提出油-锂-氢氧化锂颗粒桥接模型,并在此基础上进一步建立水射流计算流体力学-离散单元法(computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method,CFD-DEM)3组份耦合解聚模型,探讨在不同压力下水射流对油-锂-氢氧化锂桥接模型的冲击解聚特征。结果表明:油-锂-氢氧化锂颗粒黏结键破坏时间与射流压力关系呈反比关系,油-锂-氢氧化锂桥接模型中颗粒黏结键在0.1 MPa射流压力冲击0.05 s后,破坏率能达到95%以上;当射流压力达到0.5 MPa及以上时,黏结键破坏率达到95%时,用时仅0.015 s,可有效去除锂渣表面保护剂的同时,能及时去除氢氧化锂及其形成的泡沫,实现处理安全、高效、连续消化作业。研究成果对水射流技术应用于活泼金属的回收具有较强的指导意义,可应用于锂渣的高效可控安全消化回收领域。

, correspAuthors=柳忠彬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 柳忠彬(1972—),男,汉族,四川彭州人,博士,教授。研究方向:环保装备、流体机械及工程。E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WJ+hBp7v+p3WrxWRM/iikg==, magXml=eMXY6fZOPc52Mv66qctMMQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=UmujJaGRA2bihoMDO7cmqA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=P+/pRrF9nFXv5DIlC+xw/Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

严培轩(1997—),男,汉族,四川绵阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环保装备及工程。E-mail:。

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严培轩(1997—),男,汉族,四川绵阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环保装备及工程。E-mail:。

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严培轩(1997—),男,汉族,四川绵阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环保装备及工程。E-mail:。

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Hangzhou: Zhejiang University of Technology, 2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179799791325294927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, awardId=SUSE652A010, language=CN, fundingSource=四川轻化工大学“652”科研创新团队项目(SUSE652A010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179799791388209488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, awardId=22ZDYF0164, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省凉山州重点研发计划(22ZDYF0164), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179799791446929745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, awardId=GK202410, language=CN, fundingSource=过程装备与控制工程四川省高校重点实验室开放基金(GK202410), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179799787349094659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799787357483268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, companyId=1179799787349094659, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799787361677573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, companyId=1179799787349094659, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 四川轻化工大学机械工程学院, 宜宾 644000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179799787428786438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799787437175047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, companyId=1179799787428786438, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 The Sichuan Key Laboratory of Mine Tailings Resource Utilization, Yibin 644000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799787449757960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, companyId=1179799787428786438, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 四川省矿山尾渣资源化利用工程实验室, 宜宾 644000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179799787525255434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799787533644043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, companyId=1179799787525255434, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 The Sichuan Key Laboratory of Process Equipment & Control Engineering, Yibin 644000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799787542032652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, companyId=1179799787525255434, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 过程装备与控制工程四川省高效重点实验室, 宜宾 644000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179799789391720755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sketch of Bonding model, figureFileSmall=CfBY9NLKSo9HnH0udLn3ng==, figureFileBig=9dp0gvHYdXajclXea1a0Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799789463023924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Bonding模型简图

A、B为两个颗粒;R为黏结板半径;L为黏结板长度;Fi为作用在黏结点上的力;Mn为作用在黏结点上的力矩;Ms为作用在黏结点上的剪切力矩;ti与ni为接触面上的单位矢量

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label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of granular materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 泊松比 密度/(kg·m-3) 杨氏模量/Pa
锂渣 0.381 530 7.82×109
油颗粒 0.500 863 1.6×109
氢氧化锂颗粒 0.280 1 450 7.5×107
), ArticleFig(id=1179799790662594886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

颗粒材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 泊松比 密度/(kg·m-3) 杨氏模量/Pa
锂渣 0.381 530 7.82×109
油颗粒 0.500 863 1.6×109
氢氧化锂颗粒 0.280 1 450 7.5×107
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Particle bonding parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
法向结合强度/
Pa		 切向结合强度/
Pa		 法向刚度系数/
(N·m-1)		 切向刚度系数/
(N·m-1)
4 000 2 000 1×108 1×108
), ArticleFig(id=1179799790788424008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

颗粒黏结参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
法向结合强度/
Pa		 切向结合强度/
Pa		 法向刚度系数/
(N·m-1)		 切向刚度系数/
(N·m-1)
4 000 2 000 1×108 1×108
), ArticleFig(id=1179799790863921481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Particle contact parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 恢复系数 静摩擦系数 滚动摩擦系数
锂渣-油 0.100 0.6 0.35
油-油 0.003 0.4 0.15
锂渣-氢氧化锂 0.350 0.3 0.10
氢氧化锂-氢氧化锂 0.002 0.3 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1179799790935224650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

颗粒接触参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 恢复系数 静摩擦系数 滚动摩擦系数
锂渣-油 0.100 0.6 0.35
油-油 0.003 0.4 0.15
锂渣-氢氧化锂 0.350 0.3 0.10
氢氧化锂-氢氧化锂 0.002 0.3 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1179799790993944907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Number of oil-fluid bonding bonds generated

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏结键总数 Li-Oil黏结键数 Oil-Oil黏结键数
3 272 278 2 994
), ArticleFig(id=1179799791056859468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

油液黏结键生成数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏结键总数 Li-Oil黏结键数 Oil-Oil黏结键数
3 272 278 2 994
), ArticleFig(id=1179799791128162637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Number of lithium hydroxide bonding bonds generated

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏结键总数 Li-LiOH黏结键数 LiOH-LiOH黏结键数
2 415 377 2 038
), ArticleFig(id=1179799791199465806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774735875203434, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

氢氧化锂黏结键生成数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
黏结键总数 Li-LiOH黏结键数 LiOH-LiOH黏结键数
2 415 377 2 038
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基于CFD-DEM耦合的水射流锂-油解聚特征研究
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严培轩 1 , 柳忠彬 1, 2, 3, * , 彭帝 1, 2, 3 , 杨彪 1 , 王志恒 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(12): 5266-5272
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(12): 5266-5272
基于CFD-DEM耦合的水射流锂-油解聚特征研究
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严培轩1 , 柳忠彬1, 2, 3, * , 彭帝1, 2, 3, 杨彪1, 王志恒1
作者信息
  • 1 四川轻化工大学机械工程学院, 宜宾 644000
  • 2 四川省矿山尾渣资源化利用工程实验室, 宜宾 644000
  • 3 过程装备与控制工程四川省高效重点实验室, 宜宾 644000

    • 严培轩(1997—),男,汉族,四川绵阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环保装备及工程。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 柳忠彬(1972—),男,汉族,四川彭州人,博士,教授。研究方向:环保装备、流体机械及工程。E-mail:。
Characteristics of Water Jet Lithium-oil Depolymerization Based on CFD-DEM Coupling
Pei-xuan YAN1 , Zhong-bin LIU1, 2, 3, * , Di PENG1, 2, 3, Biao YANG1, Zhi-heng WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
  • 2 The Sichuan Key Laboratory of Mine Tailings Resource Utilization, Yibin 644000, China
  • 3 The Sichuan Key Laboratory of Process Equipment & Control Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405183
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摘要
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锂渣具有很高的回收再利用价值,针对锂渣回收过程中存在的表面保护剂与表面生成物(扩散泵油与氢氧化锂)阻碍回收效率以及在回收过程中存在反应不受控制出现爆炸等问题。提出通过水射流对锂渣表面保护剂与表面生成物进行冲击脱附并防止反应爆炸的方法,依据锂渣、表面保护剂与生成物氢氧化锂结合关系提出油-锂-氢氧化锂颗粒桥接模型,并在此基础上进一步建立水射流计算流体力学-离散单元法(computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method,CFD-DEM)3组份耦合解聚模型,探讨在不同压力下水射流对油-锂-氢氧化锂桥接模型的冲击解聚特征。结果表明:油-锂-氢氧化锂颗粒黏结键破坏时间与射流压力关系呈反比关系,油-锂-氢氧化锂桥接模型中颗粒黏结键在0.1 MPa射流压力冲击0.05 s后,破坏率能达到95%以上;当射流压力达到0.5 MPa及以上时,黏结键破坏率达到95%时,用时仅0.015 s,可有效去除锂渣表面保护剂的同时,能及时去除氢氧化锂及其形成的泡沫,实现处理安全、高效、连续消化作业。研究成果对水射流技术应用于活泼金属的回收具有较强的指导意义,可应用于锂渣的高效可控安全消化回收领域。

水射流  /  颗粒分离  /  锂-油  /  流体力学-离散单元法(CFD-DEM)

Lithium slag holds significant potential for recycling and reuse. The barriers in the recycling process were addressed, such as surface protectants and surface by-products (diffusion pump oil and lithium hydroxide), that impeded efficiency, and the risk of uncontrolled reactions leading to explosions. A method of using water jet impact to desorb surface protectants and by-products from lithium slag and prevent reactive explosions was proposed. Based on the binding relationship between the lithium slag, surface protectants, and lithium hydroxide by-products, a bridging model for oil-lithium-hydroxide lithium particles was proposed. Subsequently, a water jet computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) triple-component coupled depolymerization action model was proposed to explore the depolymerization characteristics of the oil-lithium-hydroxide lithium bridging model under different water jet pressures. The results show that the destruction time of particle adhesive bonds in the oil-lithium-hydroxide lithium model is inversely proportional to the jet pressure. At a jet pressure of 0.1 MPa, a particle adhesive bond destruction rate of over 95% can be achieved within 0.05 s. When the jet pressure exceeds 0.5 MPa, the time to reach a 95% bond destruction rate is just 0.015 s. This method effectively removes the surface protectant of the lithium slag and promptly eliminates lithium hydroxide and the foam it forms while ensuring safety, efficiency, and continuous digestion operations. These findings provide significant guidance for the application of water jet technology in the recovery of reactive metals and can be specifically applied to the high-efficiency, controlled, and safe recycling field of lithium slag.

water jet  /  particle separation  /  lithium-oil  /  computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method(CFD-DEM)
严培轩, 柳忠彬, 彭帝, 杨彪, 王志恒. 基于CFD-DEM耦合的水射流锂-油解聚特征研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5266 -5272 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405183
Pei-xuan YAN, Zhong-bin LIU, Di PENG, Biao YANG, Zhi-heng WANG. Characteristics of Water Jet Lithium-oil Depolymerization Based on CFD-DEM Coupling[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5266 -5272 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405183
正文
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锂资源已经成为各国关注的战略性资源[1-2],具有很高的经济价值[3]。中国对锂资源的需求很大[4],目前仅靠国内生产的锂还无法满足50%的需求量,并且对锂资源的回收利用率还很低[5],因此对锂渣的回收利用显得十分有必要。锂渣是生产金属锂及其相关制品时的副产品,包含大量锂、钾、钠及其氧化物。相关数据表明,生产1 t金属锂及其制品时约会产生0.18 t锂渣[6]。在锂渣回收流程中,锂渣会被浸入扩散泵油中以防止其与空气中湿气、氧气直接接触。处理所使用的扩散泵油是一种深度脱蜡的润滑油,其拥有良好的热稳定性、氧化稳定性以及较高的黏度。将锂渣从扩散泵油中取出进行回收处理时,其表面会覆盖一层稳定的油膜。油膜会阻碍回收效率,还会使锂渣与水的接触面变小而导致反应温度在锂渣局部骤然升高,锂渣整体出现较大的温差,从而导致爆炸发生,让反应过程变的不受控制且具有危险性。为了提高回收效率,使回收过程变得安全可控,提出使用水射流辅助作用于锂渣回收,水射流不仅能快速去除油膜使水与锂进行反应,还能将反应过程中产生的气泡与氢氧化锂及时带离锂渣表面,极大提升了锂渣回收的效率与安全性。
水射流技术广泛应用于表面清洁与除油领域,Qiu等[7]、Ahn等[8]通过数值模拟与响应面法的方式,展开了水射流对表面清洁的参数优化与影响因素评估研究,对去除表面油膜提供了很好的理论参考。刘鹏安等[9]、邵思杰等[10]展开了水射流技术对弹药表面油膜去除的应用研究,高速水流的剪切作用使得油膜与弹药表面分离,从而达到去除油膜的目的。王勇等[11]采用水射流技术对含油钻屑进行除油研究,确定了水射流对钻屑除油时的最佳工艺。Guha等[12]、Careddu等[13]、Careddu等[14]、Miao等[15]通过实验和数值模拟等方式研究了水射流在去除油液方面的操作及清洁效果。综上可知,前人研究多集中在基于实验或数值模拟研究水射流在去除表面油膜中的应用,但关于水射流除油脱附机理尚鲜见报道。基于此,采用计算流体力学-离散单元法(CFD-DEM)耦合的方式,探讨和解释水射流除油脱附机理,并分析在不同喷射压力下水射流对油颗粒以及氢氧化锂颗粒的脱附效率。
1 理论模型
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1.1 黏附机理
颗粒间的黏附机理涉及包括机械、热力学和化学等诸多领域。通常黏附机理主要包含机械联锁、吸附相互作用、静电力吸附和扩散机制[16]。油液与氢氧化锂和锂渣之间的黏附力主要受到锂渣表面的粗糙度和分子间相互作用力(范德华力、液桥力、氢键和化学键)的共同影响。因此,油-锂-氢氧化锂颗粒桥接模型中的黏附机理主要包含机械联锁作用和吸附相互作用。
采用Hertz-Mindlin with Bonding模型来构建颗粒团,该模型将油颗粒与锂颗粒通过黏结键相互固定黏结形成油-颗粒团。油-锂颗粒团在受到外力的作用时会发生形变,当外力足够大时黏结键将被破坏油颗粒与锂颗粒之间发生破碎,使油颗粒脱离锂颗粒。Bonding模型在粒子之间产生可以承受法向力和切向力的黏结键并且假设黏结键为一个虚拟的平板[17],如图1所示。
当颗粒间产生相互作用后,颗粒黏结力Fn、Ft和力矩Mn、Mt随着时间步从0开始增加。其计算公式分别为
δ F n = - v n k n A δ t
δ F t = - v t k t A δ t
δ M n = - ω n k t J δ t
δ M t = - ω t k n J 2 δ t
A = π R 2
J = 1 2 π R 4
式中:A为黏结键横截面积;Fn为法向黏结力;Ft为切向黏结力;Mn为法向黏结力矩;Mt为切向黏结力矩;kn为法向黏结刚度;kt为切向黏结刚度;vn为颗粒法向相对速度;vt为颗粒切向相对速度;ωn为颗粒法向相对角速度;ωt为颗粒切向相对角速度;δt为时间步长;J为黏结键横截面的极惯性矩;R为黏结键横截面半径。
当颗粒间的键达到最大应力时,判定键断裂[18]。
σ m a x < - F n A + 2 M t J R
τ m a x < - F t A + 2 M n J R
式中:σmax为最大正应力;τmax为最大切向应力。
基于上述理论模型,在EDEM软件中生成了具有包衣结构的颗粒团,颗粒与颗粒之间通过黏结键相连(黄色为油颗粒、银色为锂颗粒、灰色为氢氧化锂颗粒),其中油颗粒与氢氧化锂颗粒直径为1 mm,锂颗粒直径为20 mm,整个颗粒团直径为24 mm,如图2所示。
1.2 水射流脱附模型
将油液与氢氧化锂视为一种颗粒黏附在锂渣表面,因此整个锂渣的去油反应过程可以看作液固两相流。采用FLUENT与EDEM软件进行流固耦合计算,从而实现在水射流作用下油与氢氧化锂在锂渣表面的脱附过程模拟。
在Fluent中采用VOF模型,流体遵循质量守衡与动量守恒定律,其对应的数学模型分别为连续性方程与Navier-Stokes方程,如式(9)、式(10)所示。
∂ ρ ∂ t + ∂ ( ρ u i ) ∂ x i = 0
∂ ∂ t(ρui)+ ∂ ∂ x j(ρuiuj)=- ∂ p ∂ x i+ ∂ τ i j ∂ x j+ρgi+F'i
式中:p为静压力;ρ为密度;ui、uj、uk为速度分量;τij为应力张量;gi为重力体积力;F'i为外部体积力;xi为i方向上的坐标;xj为j方向上的坐标。
由于水流要有良好的圆形扩散能力,所以湍流模型选用Realizable k-ε模型[19-20],其控制方程为
∂ ∂ t(ρLk)+ ∂ ∂ x i(ρLkui)= ∂ ∂ x j μ + μ t σ k ∂ k ∂ x j+Gk+Gb-ρLε-YM+Sk
∂ ∂ t(ρLε)+ ∂ ∂ x i(ρLεui)= ∂ ∂ x j μ + μ t σ ε ∂ ε ∂ x j+ρLC1Sε-ρLC2 ε 2 k + μ t ε / ρ L+C1ε ε kC3εGb+Sε
式中:ρL为液体密度;xi、xj为各坐标分量;μ液体黏度;μt为液体涡黏系数;k为湍流动能;ε为湍流耗散率;Gk为由于平均速度梯度而引起的湍动能k的产生项;Gb为由于浮力而引起的湍流动能k的产生项;YM为可压湍流中脉动扩张的贡献;C1、C2、C1ε为常量;σk、σε为湍动能k和耗散率ε的湍流普朗特数;Sk和Sε为用户自定义的源项。
在Fluent-EDEM耦合仿真中,流场对颗粒主要通过曳力实现能量的交换,选取Freestream Equation模型来求解流体与颗粒的相互作用力[21]。Freestream Equation模型不考虑空隙率的影响,球形颗粒的计算公式为
F f = 0.5 C d ρ g A p ( v f - v p ) v f - v p
式(13)中:Ff为曳力;Ap为球形颗粒的投影面积;Cd为曳力系数;vf为气相流体速度;vp为固相颗粒速度;ρg为流体密度。
Cd= 24 R e , R e ≤ 0.5 24 ( 1.0 + 0.15 R e 0.687 ) R e , 0.5 < R e ≤ 1000 0.44 , R e > 1000
式(14)中:Re为雷诺数,其计算公式为
R e = ε g ρ g d p v f - v p μ g
式(15)中:dp为颗粒粒径;εg为空隙率;μg为气流黏度。
2 仿真模型
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由于实际的回收设备结构过于复杂,本次仿真仅对主要的回收工艺进行简化建模。将颗粒团置于喷嘴下方200 mm处进行水射流冲击仿真实验,仿真所用压力为0.1~0.7 MPa,依次观察在不同喷射压力下颗粒的脱附情况。图3为仿真模型示意图,由喷嘴、载物板和含油锂渣组成。
根据水射流冲击颗粒团模型,Fluent中的计算区域采用Fluent Meshing进行网格划分,设置喷嘴入口为压力入口,喷嘴壁面为wall,其余表面均为压力出口,出口压力为一个标准大气压(0.101 325 MPa),在壁面处设置为标准无滑移壁面。液体介质为水,采用压力与速度耦合的SIMPLEC算法。油颗粒与氢氧化锂颗粒粒径为1 mm,锂渣颗粒粒径为20 mm。EDEM中颗粒相的时间步长为1×10-5s,Fluent中时间步长为1×10-3 s。
颗粒材料属性、颗粒黏结参数和材料接触参数[22-25],如表1~表3所示。
3 结果与分析
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3.1 油膜颗粒脱附过程
以0.5 MPa的喷射压力冲击油-锂颗粒团为例,油-锂颗粒团在水流作用下的颗粒变形过程及颗粒速度分布如图4所示。
由图4可知,油-锂颗粒团在受到水流冲击后的分解过程可以分为4个阶段:颗粒团受水流冲击阶段、颗粒团变形阶段、颗粒团破碎阶段及颗粒分离阶段。
图4(a)为颗粒团受水流冲击阶段,水流首先与最外层油颗粒接触,水流的冲击带来的能量使油颗粒具有一定的速度。
图4(b)为颗粒团变形阶段,水流继续冲击,冲击力向颗粒团内部蔓延,油颗粒的速度水流作用下持续变大并且在剪切力作用下颗粒团发生形变,对抗黏结键之间的黏附力。
图4(c)为颗粒团破碎阶段,在水流不断冲击下颗粒速度方向开始出现变化,速度方向由原来的水平向下开始倾斜向四周扩散并且其作用于颗粒团上的剪切力使颗粒之间的黏结键发生断裂,使油颗粒逐渐脱离锂渣颗粒表面。
图4(d)为颗粒分离阶段,在此阶段油-锂颗粒团油锂之间的黏结键基本全部断裂,颗粒团表面的油颗粒基本全部脱离锂颗粒,达到了去除油颗粒的效果。
3.2 喷射压力对油膜颗粒脱附的影响
为了研究不同压力对油颗粒分解程度的影响,分别使用不同的入口压力对颗粒团进行冲击,入口压力分别为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7 MPa。为了更好的描述水流作用下的油颗粒分离程度,使用黏结键破坏率k来描述油颗粒的分离程度,其计算公式为
k = 被 破 坏 的 黏 结 键 数 黏 结 键 总 数 × 100 %
当k=0时代表颗粒团中没有黏结键断裂,k越大则代表颗粒团中黏结键破坏量越大。油液颗粒团中黏结键生成数量,如表4所示。
黏结键破坏率与入口压力之间的关系如图5、图6所示。
由图5、图6可以看出,在相同时间内颗粒黏结破坏程度随着入口压力的增加而增大;在0.1 MPa的喷射压力下,水流冲击0.05 s后对各颗粒间黏结键的破坏率能够达到95%以上;当喷射压力达到0.5 MPa后,黏结键的破坏率达到95%用时0.015 s。随着喷射压力的不断增大,对黏结键的破坏速率在不断提升。在水流与颗粒团接触初期,颗粒间黏结破坏率存在一段短暂的缓慢增长过程,此时对应图4(a)和图4(b)的颗粒团受水流冲击阶段和颗粒团变形阶段;之后随着水流的继续深入,其所带来的能量大于颗粒间的黏附力,使得颗粒间的黏结键迅速瓦解,结键破坏率迅速增大从而达到去除油颗粒的效果,此时对应图4(c)和图4(d)的颗粒团破碎阶段和颗粒分离阶段;在黏结键迅速瓦解之后,黏结键破坏率的增速减小,黏结键破坏率趋向平稳,整个去油过程基本完成。
3.3 喷射压力对氢氧化锂颗粒脱附的影响
当水流突破油膜与锂渣接触时,会产生式(17)所示的化学反应,在锂渣表面生成一层氢氧化锂。
2 L i + 2 H 2 O = 2 L i O H + H 2 ↑
由于生成的氢氧化锂会黏附在锂渣表面且自身的扩散性较弱,若无外力干扰会阻碍锂渣内部锂与水的反应。所以水射流的作用不仅仅是去除油膜,还会使氢氧化锂脱离锂表面,促进锂与水的反应。
为了研究喷射压力对氢氧化锂颗粒脱附的影响,以锂渣表面附着一层氢氧化锂颗粒为仿真模型,分别使用不同的喷射压力对颗粒团进行冲击,由于氢氧化锂与油液的性质有所差异所以生成的颗粒间黏结键数有所不同,表5为氢氧化锂颗粒团中黏结键生成数量。
黏结键破坏率与入口压力之间的关系如图7、图8所示。
在水射流作用下,锂渣表面生成的氢氧化锂会在水流作用下离开锂渣,使其内部的物质与水进行反应,加快处理锂渣的速度。由图7、图8可知,随着水流入口压力的增大,氢氧化锂与锂渣颗粒团中黏结键的破坏时间也在逐渐减小;射流对黏结键的破坏同样经历了黏结键破坏率从短暂的缓慢增长到黏结键破坏率迅速增大再到黏结键破坏率趋向平稳的3个阶段。
3.4 实验验证
为检验仿真的可靠性,使用锂渣回收设备进行水射流冲击实验,图9为含油锂渣受水流冲击时的状态。
通过对实验过程的观察,在水射流去除油膜后,锂与水接触开始反应,初期的反应较为剧烈,会快速产生一层密集的氢氧化锂汽泡覆盖在锂渣表面,在水流的冲击作用下,汽泡被带离锂渣表面;随着水流持续喷射,反应过程逐渐平稳,锂渣表面没有汽泡产生,水流不断将表层的氢氧化锂冲走,使水与内部锂元素进行反应,直至锂元素消耗殆尽。
上述实验结果表明,水射流对锂渣的冲击效果与仿真结果相一致,水射流能够将油膜去除并将反应产生物氢氧化锂带离锂渣表面,加快反应速率,提升锂渣回收效率。
4 结论
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为了研究水射流对锂渣的去油过程以及喷射压力对表面保护剂与表面生成物的去除效率,利用CFD-DEM耦合方法模拟水射流对锂渣的冲击过程并用多种喷射压力对颗粒团进行冲击仿真,探究并解释水射流的去油过程和不同压力对表面保护剂与表面生成物的去除效率。得出如下结论。
(1)由颗粒黏结键在不同压力下的破坏率曲线可知,油-锂-氢氧化锂颗粒黏结键破坏时间与射流压力关系呈反比关系。
(2)在0.1 MPa射流压力下,水流冲击0.05 s后,破坏率能够达到95%以上,当喷射压力达到0.5 MPa及以上时,黏结键的破坏率达到95%时,用时仅0.015 s。
基金
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  • 四川轻化工大学“652”科研创新团队项目(SUSE652A010)
  • 四川省凉山州重点研发计划(22ZDYF0164)
  • 过程装备与控制工程四川省高校重点实验室开放基金(GK202410)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405183
  • 接收时间：2024-07-10
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-10
  • 修回日期：2025-02-14
基金
四川轻化工大学“652”科研创新团队项目(SUSE652A010)
四川省凉山州重点研发计划(22ZDYF0164)
过程装备与控制工程四川省高校重点实验室开放基金(GK202410)
作者信息
    1 四川轻化工大学机械工程学院, 宜宾 644000
    2 四川省矿山尾渣资源化利用工程实验室, 宜宾 644000
    3 过程装备与控制工程四川省高效重点实验室, 宜宾 644000

通讯作者:

* 柳忠彬(1972—),男,汉族,四川彭州人,博士,教授。研究方向:环保装备、流体机械及工程。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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