Article(id=1149774734184898882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404283, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717776000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-08, revisedDate=1739116800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057258410, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057258410, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057258410, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057258410, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5164, endPage=5172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774734633689417, articleId=1149774734184898882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Lining Mechanics and Countermeasures of Tunnel in Expansive Mudstone: Taking a Tunnel in Inner Mongolia as an Example, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The water absorption and expansion characteristics of the swelling surrounding rock can have adverse effects on the tunnel lining structure, which can easily lead to the induction of various engineering disasters, and impact the progress of the project, as well as the normal operation of the train in subsequent stages. Therefore, the mechanical characteristics and support method selection of such tunnels have always been of great concern. Taking a tunnel passing through expansive mudstone in Inner Mongolia as an example, based on field monitoring and numerical calculation methods, the deformation and failure characteristics of the tunnel lining structure in mudstone tunnel under the original lining conditions were analyzed. Subsequently, the applicability of double-layer preliminary lining in such tunnels was studied from the aspects of support deformation and mechanical properties, and corresponding lining parameter suggestions were proposed. The results indicate that the expansion of mudstone causes the deformation of the original lining structure (single-layer preliminary lining) to reach a magnitude of 309 mm. Such deformation leads to significant encroachment of the lining and necessitated forced arch replacement during the tunnel construction process. In comparison to the single-layer preliminary lining, the double-layer preliminary lining construction method has been found to significantly improve the deformation and stress state of the tunnel in expansive mudstone, achieving a deformation reduction rate that exceeds 63.88%. As the thickness of the secondary preliminary lining increases, the deformation and stress of the preliminary lining gradually decrease, achieving a maximum deformation reduction of 234.5 mm and a compressive stress reduction rate of up to 39% under various conditions. Consequently, the double-layer lining construction method can be considered for tunnels in expansive mudstone, with the thickness of the secondary preliminary lining being reasonably selected based on deformation requirements. The research findings can serve as a valuable reference for similar projects in the future.

, correspAuthors=Hui-jian ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zeng-yin XIA, Hui-jian ZHANG, Jun CHEN, Bin LI, Lei-chao HOU, Zhi-qiang LI, Pan CAO, Gong-ning LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774764992061658, articleId=1149774734184898882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=膨胀性泥岩隧道的支护力学特性及对策:以内蒙古某隧道为例, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

膨胀性围岩的吸水膨胀特性会对隧道支护结构产生不利影响,继而容易诱发各类工程灾害,影响工程进度和后期列车正常运营。因此,此类隧道的力学特性和支护方式的选择一直备受关注。以内蒙古某一穿过膨胀性泥岩的隧道为例,基于现场监测和数值计算方法,分析原支护条件下膨胀性泥岩隧道支护结构的变形破坏特性,进而从支护变形和力学特性方面研究双层初支在此类隧道的适用性,并提出相应的支护参数建议。结果表明:泥岩的膨胀特性引起原支护条件下(单层初支)支护结构变形达到309 mm,导致隧道施工现场出现支护严重侵限和被迫换拱等问题。相对单层初支,双层初支施工方法可以显著改善膨胀性泥岩隧道支护的变形和受力状况,且变形降幅达到63.88%以上。随着二次初支厚度的增加,初支变形和受力逐渐降低,最大变形降幅可达234.5 mm,各工况下的压应力降幅达到39%。因此,可考虑在膨胀性泥岩隧道中采用双层支护施工方法,并结合变形需求合理选择第二层初支厚度。研究成果可为今后类似工程提供重要参考。

, correspAuthors=章慧健, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 章慧健(1982—),男,汉族,浙江淳安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:隧道与地下工程的施工力学行为。E-mail:
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夏曾银(1979—),男,汉族,安徽当涂人,高级工程师。研究方向:隧道与地下工程的施工力学行为。E-mail:

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Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179799769116459537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=53, authorNames=陈俊武, journalName=挤压性围岩隧道双层支护和可让式支护比较研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈俊武. 挤压性围岩隧道双层支护和可让式支护比较研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179799769187762706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Chen Junwu, journalName=A comparative study on double-layer support and yielding support for tunneling in squeezing rocks, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Junwu. A comparative study on double-layer support and yielding support for tunneling in squeezing rocks[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179799769309397523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=19, pageStart=58, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=55, authorNames=袁刚, 徐金峰, 李守仁, journalName=施工技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=袁刚, 徐金峰, 李守仁, 等. 挤压大变形软岩隧道双层初期支护最优施工方案研究[J]. 施工技术, 2023, 52(19): 58-65., articleTitle=挤压大变形软岩隧道双层初期支护最优施工方案研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179799769363923476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=52, issue=19, pageStart=58, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Yuan Gang, Xu Jinfeng, Li Shouren, journalName=Construction Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuan Gang, Xu Jinfeng, Li Shouren, et al. Research on optimal construction scheme of double-layer primary support for tunnel in squeezing rock[J]. Construction Technology, 2023, 52(19): 58-65., articleTitle=Research on optimal construction scheme of double-layer primary support for tunnel in squeezing rock, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179799765152842164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, awardId=52178395, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52178395), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179799760258089211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799760262283516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, companyId=1179799760258089211, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China Railway Tunnel Group Road & Bridge Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Tianjin 300308, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799760274866429, 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label=Fig.9, caption=Compressive stress distribution diagram of the middle section of lining structure, figureFileSmall=eGfxUccTSmw22knTdLxBqw==, figureFileBig=dETEPoS2y/pBVPluLeLg8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799764444004765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=CN, label=图9, caption=支护结构中心断面压应力分布图, figureFileSmall=eGfxUccTSmw22knTdLxBqw==, figureFileBig=dETEPoS2y/pBVPluLeLg8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799764511113631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Designed type and parameters of lining

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护类型 规格 结构尺寸
钢筋网 Φ8 mm,200 mm×200 mm 单层钢筋网
喷射混凝土 C25喷混凝土 厚28 cm
钢架 工20工字钢 纵向间距0.6 m
台阶锁脚 Φ60 mm热轧无缝
钢管,t=5 mm
L=5 m,每处4根,
每榀共计28根
仰拱锁脚 Φ60 mm热轧无缝
钢管,t=5 mm
L=4 m,每榀4根
纵向连接筋 Φ22 mm L=60 cm,间距1 m,
两榀间梅花布置
临时仰拱钢架 工18工字钢 纵向间距1.2 m
临时仰拱纵向连接筋 Φ22 mm L=120 cm,间距1.2 m,
两榀间梅花布置
临时仰拱喷射混凝土 C25喷混凝土 厚10 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1179799764569833889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

设计支护类型及其参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
支护类型 规格 结构尺寸
钢筋网 Φ8 mm,200 mm×200 mm 单层钢筋网
喷射混凝土 C25喷混凝土 厚28 cm
钢架 工20工字钢 纵向间距0.6 m
台阶锁脚 Φ60 mm热轧无缝
钢管,t=5 mm
L=5 m,每处4根,
每榀共计28根
仰拱锁脚 Φ60 mm热轧无缝
钢管,t=5 mm
L=4 m,每榀4根
纵向连接筋 Φ22 mm L=60 cm,间距1 m,
两榀间梅花布置
临时仰拱钢架 工18工字钢 纵向间距1.2 m
临时仰拱纵向连接筋 Φ22 mm L=120 cm,间距1.2 m,
两榀间梅花布置
临时仰拱喷射混凝土 C25喷混凝土 厚10 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1179799764641137059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation parameters of the surrounding rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 容重/
(kN·m-3)
弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比 黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
围岩 21 0.367 0.38 264 31
), ArticleFig(id=1179799764691468709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

围岩计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 容重/
(kN·m-3)
弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比 黏聚力/
kPa
内摩擦角/
(°)
围岩 21 0.367 0.38 264 31
), ArticleFig(id=1179799764750188967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Lining parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 厚度/
cm
弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比 容重/
(kN·m-3)
第一层初支 30 33.1 0.2 2 500
第二层初支 15 35.3 0.2 2 500
20 34.0
25 33.2
30 32.6
), ArticleFig(id=1179799764808909225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

支护参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 厚度/
cm
弹性模量/
GPa
泊松比 容重/
(kN·m-3)
第一层初支 30 33.1 0.2 2 500
第二层初支 15 35.3 0.2 2 500
20 34.0
25 33.2
30 32.6
), ArticleFig(id=1179799764863435179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Specific excavation and lining process

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1179799764917961133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

开挖支护具体过程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1179799764972487087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Deformation and lining effect of single-layer and double-layer preliminary linings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 厚度/
cm
最大拱顶
沉降/mm
降幅/
%
最大水平
收敛/mm
降幅/
%
原支护 30 309 263
双层初支
(第一层/
第二层)
30/15 111.6 63.88 72.4 72.47
30/20 102.0 66.99 66.2 74.83
30/25 86.6 71.97 60.8 76.88
30/30 74.5 75.89 55.0 79.09
), ArticleFig(id=1179799765031207345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774734184898882, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

单层初支与双层初支结构变形及支护效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 厚度/
cm
最大拱顶
沉降/mm
降幅/
%
最大水平
收敛/mm
降幅/
%
原支护 30 309 263
双层初支
(第一层/
第二层)
30/15 111.6 63.88 72.4 72.47
30/20 102.0 66.99 66.2 74.83
30/25 86.6 71.97 60.8 76.88
30/30 74.5 75.89 55.0 79.09
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膨胀性泥岩隧道的支护力学特性及对策:以内蒙古某隧道为例
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夏曾银 1 , 章慧健 2, * , 陈军 1 , 李彬 3 , 侯磊超 1 , 李志强 1 , 曹攀 2 , 刘功宁 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(12): 5164-5172
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(12): 5164-5172
膨胀性泥岩隧道的支护力学特性及对策:以内蒙古某隧道为例
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夏曾银1, 章慧健2, * , 陈军1, 李彬3, 侯磊超1, 李志强1, 曹攀2, 刘功宁2
作者信息
  • 1 中铁隧道局集团路桥工程有限公司, 天津 300308
  • 2 西南交通大学, 交通隧道工程教育部重点实验室, 成都 610031
  • 3 中国铁路设计集团有限公司, 天津 300308

通讯作者:

* 章慧健(1982—),男,汉族,浙江淳安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:隧道与地下工程的施工力学行为。E-mail:
Lining Mechanics and Countermeasures of Tunnel in Expansive Mudstone: Taking a Tunnel in Inner Mongolia as an Example
Zeng-yin XIA1, Hui-jian ZHANG2, * , Jun CHEN1, Bin LI3, Lei-chao HOU1, Zhi-qiang LI1, Pan CAO2, Gong-ning LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Railway Tunnel Group Road & Bridge Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Tianjin 300308, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 3 China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300308, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404283
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膨胀性围岩的吸水膨胀特性会对隧道支护结构产生不利影响,继而容易诱发各类工程灾害,影响工程进度和后期列车正常运营。因此,此类隧道的力学特性和支护方式的选择一直备受关注。以内蒙古某一穿过膨胀性泥岩的隧道为例,基于现场监测和数值计算方法,分析原支护条件下膨胀性泥岩隧道支护结构的变形破坏特性,进而从支护变形和力学特性方面研究双层初支在此类隧道的适用性,并提出相应的支护参数建议。结果表明:泥岩的膨胀特性引起原支护条件下(单层初支)支护结构变形达到309 mm,导致隧道施工现场出现支护严重侵限和被迫换拱等问题。相对单层初支,双层初支施工方法可以显著改善膨胀性泥岩隧道支护的变形和受力状况,且变形降幅达到63.88%以上。随着二次初支厚度的增加,初支变形和受力逐渐降低,最大变形降幅可达234.5 mm,各工况下的压应力降幅达到39%。因此,可考虑在膨胀性泥岩隧道中采用双层支护施工方法,并结合变形需求合理选择第二层初支厚度。研究成果可为今后类似工程提供重要参考。

膨胀性泥岩  /  隧道  /  支护对策  /  双层初支  /  力学特性

The water absorption and expansion characteristics of the swelling surrounding rock can have adverse effects on the tunnel lining structure, which can easily lead to the induction of various engineering disasters, and impact the progress of the project, as well as the normal operation of the train in subsequent stages. Therefore, the mechanical characteristics and support method selection of such tunnels have always been of great concern. Taking a tunnel passing through expansive mudstone in Inner Mongolia as an example, based on field monitoring and numerical calculation methods, the deformation and failure characteristics of the tunnel lining structure in mudstone tunnel under the original lining conditions were analyzed. Subsequently, the applicability of double-layer preliminary lining in such tunnels was studied from the aspects of support deformation and mechanical properties, and corresponding lining parameter suggestions were proposed. The results indicate that the expansion of mudstone causes the deformation of the original lining structure (single-layer preliminary lining) to reach a magnitude of 309 mm. Such deformation leads to significant encroachment of the lining and necessitated forced arch replacement during the tunnel construction process. In comparison to the single-layer preliminary lining, the double-layer preliminary lining construction method has been found to significantly improve the deformation and stress state of the tunnel in expansive mudstone, achieving a deformation reduction rate that exceeds 63.88%. As the thickness of the secondary preliminary lining increases, the deformation and stress of the preliminary lining gradually decrease, achieving a maximum deformation reduction of 234.5 mm and a compressive stress reduction rate of up to 39% under various conditions. Consequently, the double-layer lining construction method can be considered for tunnels in expansive mudstone, with the thickness of the secondary preliminary lining being reasonably selected based on deformation requirements. The research findings can serve as a valuable reference for similar projects in the future.

expansive mudstone  /  tunnel  /  lining countermeasures  /  double-layer preliminary lining  /  mechanical property
夏曾银, 章慧健, 陈军, 李彬, 侯磊超, 李志强, 曹攀, 刘功宁. 膨胀性泥岩隧道的支护力学特性及对策:以内蒙古某隧道为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5164 -5172 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404283
Zeng-yin XIA, Hui-jian ZHANG, Jun CHEN, Bin LI, Lei-chao HOU, Zhi-qiang LI, Pan CAO, Gong-ning LIU. Lining Mechanics and Countermeasures of Tunnel in Expansive Mudstone: Taking a Tunnel in Inner Mongolia as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5164 -5172 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404283
中国地域辽阔,地质条件复杂多变,膨胀性岩土便是其中的一种特殊地质情况。随着中国隧道工程的快速发展,将不可避免地穿越膨胀性岩土地层。膨胀性围岩因其富含黏土矿物而具有显著吸水膨胀特性,产生的膨胀变形会严重威胁隧道围岩和支护结构的稳定性[1-3]。因此,在隧道工程穿越此类地层时,大多会面临不同程度的工程灾害[4-5],如混凝土开裂、初支侵限破坏、隧道底鼓等,甚至引起隧道坍塌[6],而围岩和支护结构的稳定性与施工方法紧密相关[7-8]。因此,开展膨胀性泥岩隧道的支护力学机理和对策研究具有重要意义。
运凯等[9]基于二维计算模式的荷载-结构法,以膨胀压力来模拟膨胀作用,研究膨胀岩隧道的二衬力学特性,并提出优化后的仰拱厚度和仰拱失跨比建议。目前,针对软弱围岩变形问题,采用的隧道支护方法主要分为刚性支护和柔性支护两方面。刚性支护是指采用强度和刚度较大的支护结构来抵御围岩的膨胀变形,常采用的具体施工方法包括增加支护结构厚度和拱架型号等[10-11]。尽管该方法可以在施工初期快速限制围岩变形,由于围岩膨胀是一个长期发展过程,当变形量达到一定值时仍会对支护结构产生巨大形变压力而容易超过支护结构承载能力,进而引发支护严重变形乃至坍塌等问题,且后期维修十分困难[12-13]。同时,刚性支护也存在制作成本较高、施工难度大、自重大等缺陷。鉴于刚性支护存在的问题,柔性支护、刚柔结合支护等逐渐受到学者关注[14]。此类支护是指利用其自身各部件协调受力进而允许围岩发生一定变形量的一种支护方式,主要包括让压锚杆、恒阻吸能锚杆、可伸缩钢拱架、让压限阻器、双层初支等[15-16]。其中,由于双层初支具有“先让后抗”支护特性,既能承受围岩发生的大变形,也能有效减小支护受力[17-18],且该施工方法具有施工方便、成本较低等优势,在现场工程中得到越来越多的应用。然而,目前双层初支的应用主要聚焦于软岩地层中的隧道建设[19-21],而对于该技术在应对膨胀性围岩隧道中的支护效果评价的研究仍鲜见涉及,尤其是针对本文所依托的内蒙古某隧道建设过程中遇到的膨胀性泥岩地层,未见相关文献报道。该隧道在施工过程中多次出现由于泥岩膨胀导致的严重支护侵限问题而被迫进行换拱,严重阻碍施工进度。由于膨胀性泥岩的膨胀特性和工程地质差异,已有研究成果不能简单套用到本工程。
鉴于此,依托内蒙古某膨胀性泥岩隧道工程,采用现场监测和数值模拟方法,并基于温湿等效原理模拟膨胀性泥岩的吸水膨胀作用,进而开展双层初支在膨胀性泥岩隧道的支护力学特性和适用性研究,并提出相应的施工建议,旨在为今后类似工程的设计和施工提供一定的参考。
依托隧道工程位于内蒙古乌兰察布市,为单洞双线高铁隧道,起讫里程为DK32+380~DK36+649,全长4 269 m。隧道最大埋深约141 m,因该隧道长距离穿越膨胀岩地段,评定为Ⅱ级风险隧道。其中,该隧道通过膨胀岩地段总长1 419 m,位于DK35+190~DK36+609位置,占隧道总长的33.24%。全线V级围岩段总长2 349 m,占比全长55.03%。隧道基本情况如图1所示。该隧道采用三台阶临时仰拱法施工,开挖进尺为1.8 m。隧道原设计支护参数如表1所示。
在原隧道设计支护措施下,自隧道出口段施工以来,多次出现初支严重侵限破坏、掌子面挤压变形等问题,且部分支护结构被迫进行拆除和换拱,严重影响工程进度。部分现场隧道变形情况如图2所示。
为进一步获得隧道支护结构变形发展规律,在施工初期对现场初支布置若干监测点用于监测隧道拱顶沉降和两侧部位水平收敛情况,监测点布置示意图如图3所示。
获得的现场隧道初支变形规律如图4所示,规定变形值以向洞内收敛为负,反之为正。
图4可知,随着施工的推进,初支出现了严重变形,尤其是拱顶部位,最大变形量达到309 mm,导致初支出现了开裂破坏。拱腰收敛值相对边墙收敛值更大,达到263 mm。从变形发展趋势来看,拱顶沉降一般在开挖支护完成后的10 d内达到最大值。这是因为开挖扰动引起风化层中的地下水缓慢渗流,围岩并非一下就吸水饱和,因此产生的膨胀也是相对缓慢发展的过程。当围岩吸水饱和后不再继续膨胀,此时初支变形不再显著发展。
综上可知,原设计支护对策在膨胀性泥岩遇水情况时,支护强度是不足够的,支护结构洞内变形量值很大,远远超过了设计预留变形量。因此,必须改变原支护措施,并提出相应的支护对策来控制膨胀性泥岩隧道支护变形,从而减少换拱风险,拟对此开展深入研究。
在软弱岩层中进行隧道建设时,既要考虑开挖施工期间围岩的稳定性[22-23],也要防止支护完成后出现围岩出现大变形。目前针对软弱围岩大变形问题,一般是从两个方面采取防治措施。一方面是加强支护体系,主要措施有:①增强支护结构刚度;②采用多层柔性支护结构(如双层初支);另一方面是提高或改善围岩强度,主要措施有:③采用让压锚杆、大变形恒阻锚杆等特殊支护,增强超前小导管注浆。对于①措施,强调的是采取传统“强支硬顶”的刚性支护理念,即采用大刚度、高强度的支护型式来抑制围岩的变形,由于围岩应力释放较少,支护结构将承受很大的应力,采用刚性支护的“强支硬顶”支护效果往往不尽人意[24]。对于③措施特殊支护结构造价高且施工难度大,支护效果的好坏与施工作业水平紧密相关。在实际工程中,一些学者对措施②中双层初支结构的支护效果进行分析研究[18,25-26],通过二次初支补强一次初支的不足,发现双层初支兼备施工简单、围岩变形控制较好、灵活性高和施工成本可控等优势。然而,双层初支对本依托膨胀性围岩隧道的控制效果仍需深入研究,且已有研究成果不能简单套用,需对此问题做进一步分析。
参考隧道施工图和设计方案来建立数值计算模型,设定隧道埋深为115 m。由圣维南原理可知,为降低边界效应,隧道周边一般取洞径的3~5倍为宜。为便于计算,隧道左右两侧边界取洞径的4倍距离,下边界到仰拱的距离取洞径的3倍距离,最终确定模型横向尺寸(x方向)为130 m。隧道开挖方向即纵向(y方向)尺寸为50 m。建立的计算模型图如图5所示。在模型前、后、左、右、下边界施加法向约束,上边界为自由边界。根据该工程设计和现场勘察资料,采用的围岩计算参数如表2所示。
主要研究双层初期支护对围岩膨胀的控制效果。第二层初期支护的支护参数以及支护时机选择较为灵活,对第二层初期支护厚度为15、20、25、30 cm工况下的支护效果进行对比分析,初支的弹性模量按照式(1)计算。
将初支钢架的作用按照其弹性模量折算给喷射混凝土考虑,计算公式为
E=E0+ S g E g S c
式(1)中:E为折算后的混凝土弹性模量;E0为原混凝土弹性模量;Sg为钢拱架截面积;Eg为钢材弹性模量;Sc为混凝土截面积。
第一层和第二层初期支护分别采用实体单元和shell单元模拟,采用的相应支护结构参数如表3所示。
隧道开挖方案与施工现场保持一致,采用三台阶临时仰拱法开挖,隧道中上台阶开挖后施作临时仰拱,临时仰拱材料采用I18型工字钢+10 cm厚喷射混凝土,开挖循环进尺为1.8 m。
温度场的热膨胀特性和膨胀土遇水膨胀特性的公式描述基本一致[27],基于参数换算能借助温度场来模拟湿度场,并通过数值计算软件中的热-力耦合分析模块,便可以得到土体中湿度变化时膨胀土变形受力特性。热力学的热膨胀方程为
Δεij=αΔij
式(2)中: Δεij为温度变化引起的应变增量;α为热膨胀系数,1/℃;ΔT为温度变化量;δij为Kronecker记号。
湿度影响膨胀土的变形方程为
Δ ε i j ω=βδijΔω=βδijCωΔu
式(3)中:Δ ε i j ω为湿度变化引起的岩土体应变增量;β为湿度膨胀系数; Δω为单位体积的岩土体含水体积变化量;Cω为比水容量;Δu为基质吸力变化量。
联立式(2)和式(3)便可得热膨胀系数与湿度膨胀系数间的关系可表示为
α= β Δ ω Δ T= β C ω Δ u Δ T
因此,在假定温度变化值的情况下,通过确定湿度线性膨胀系数对应的温度线性膨胀系数,便能够使用温度应力场对湿度应力场进行模拟。也即知道围岩湿度场的变化,就可以利用式(4)来建立温度场,以便利用数值软件中的温度应力场来近似模拟膨胀性围岩的膨胀特性。因此利用FLAC3D软件中的温度模块并基于材料升温热膨胀效应来模拟围岩吸水膨胀的过程。结合文献[28]和大量软件试算结果,获得的围岩温度场计算参数如下:初始含水率5%,湿度线膨胀系数0.004 6,温差ΔT为100 ℃,温度线膨胀系数0.001 1。
关于第二层初期支护的施作时机,学者们对此开展了一定的研究[29-30],发现第二层初支如果施作过早,由于第一层初支与围岩的协同作用体系无法得到充分利用,围岩应力释放得不够,此时第二层初支依然受到很大的压力。若较晚施作第二层初支,则不利于控制围岩的变形。因此,选择合理的第二层初支支护时间至关重要。重点分析双层初支对隧道受力变形规律,第二层初支施作时间滞后于第一层初支,以期实现支护承受较小围岩应力的同时并进一步控制变形量的目的。采用的模拟开挖支护具体过程如表4所示。
采用原支护条件下的围岩和支护结构计算参数(表1表2)建模分析。计算模型边界条件设置及围岩膨胀模拟同2.2.2节和2.2.3节,开挖方法与现场保持一致。开挖支护结束后,隧道支护结构的变形如图6所示。
图6所示的初支竖向位移云图可知,按照原设计支护措施,围岩发生膨胀后初支拱顶沉降达到344 mm。而由前述现场监测中初支拱顶沉降最大位移为309 mm,也即数值模拟与现场监测得到的初支变形误差为10.2%,说明二者误差较小,即验证了本文计算方法的合理性。
隧道开挖支护完成后,不同二次初期支护厚度下的支护结构竖向变形云图如图7所示。限于篇幅,此处仅展示支护结构竖向变形图,提取其余支护结构部位变形值如表5所示。
图7表5可以看出,采用双层初期支护后,4种二次初支厚度下,第一层初支最大沉降值分别为111.6、102.0、86.6、74.5 mm,第二层初支最大沉降值分别为91.3、82.0、65.6、47.2 mm。相较于原支护条件下的现场单层支护结构变形量309 mm,初支结构的拱顶变形得到明显降低,最大下降幅度达到234.5 mm。各工况下的支护变形降幅分别达到63.88%、66.99%、71.97%、75.89%,可见第二层初支的施作对于支护变形控制效果非常显著。表5也表明,双层初支对水平收敛控制效果(降幅百分比72.47%~79.09%)略强于拱顶沉降(降幅百分比63.88%~75.89%)。
由于支护结构主要承受压应力,最大主应力值很小,故主要展示初支结构的最小主应力。不同二次初支厚度下的支护结构最小主应力分布规律如图8所示。为进一步揭示不同二次初支厚度下的支护结构受力规律,以隧道中心断面为例,分别在隧道初支关键部位布设监测点,得到的支护结构压应力分布图如图9所示。
图8图9可知,支护结构受力较大区域主要体现在拱顶、拱腰、拱脚部位,第二层初支由于后施作,其受力略小于第一层初支。在第二层初期支护厚度为15、20、25、30 cm时,第一层初期支护承受的最大压应力分别为18.6、15.7、13.1、11.9 MPa。相较于二次初支厚度15 cm时的压应力,其余二次初支厚度下第一层初支最大压应力降幅分别达到15.6%,29.6%,36.0%。而第二层初期支护承受的最大压应力分别为15.4、12.4、10.3、9.4 MPa,其余二次初支厚度下第二层初支最大压应力降幅分别达到19.5%,33.1%,39.0%。也即采用双层初期支护后,第一层初期支护承受的压应力随第二层初期支护厚度的增加而显著降低。总体而言,第一层初支与第二层初支受到的压应力均未超出所使用的混凝土抗压强度范围,即两层初支结构均处于安全状态。
(1)原隧道支护条件下,隧区膨胀性泥岩吸水膨胀引起的隧道初支结构拱顶沉降和水平收敛分别达到309 mm和263 mm,进而导致支护破坏和被迫换拱。与此同时,围岩吸水膨胀是一个较缓慢过程,且支护结构变形约在支护施作完成后的10 d内达到最大值。
(2)采用双层初支后,隧道支护结构变形降幅达到234.5 mm,下降百分比可达到75.89%,说明双层初支可以有效控制初支变形。且相比各二次初支厚度下的围岩拱顶沉降值,双层初支对水平收敛控制效果更为显著。从支护结构的力学演变特性来看,随着第二层初支厚度增加,初支结构所受压应力显著降低,最大降低幅度达到39.0%。相比单层初支,双层初支可以很好地减少结构受力。
(3)双层初支体系很好地弥补了单层初支体系的不足,在实现进一步控制膨胀性泥岩隧道变形的同时,也能很大程度改善支护结构的受力。因此,双层初支可在膨胀性泥岩隧道中应用,其中,第二层初支参数可根据现场施工变形控制要求进行选择。本文研究结果可为此类工程提供一些重要参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52178395)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404283
  • 接收时间:2024-06-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-08
  • 修回日期:2025-02-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(52178395)
作者信息
    1 中铁隧道局集团路桥工程有限公司, 天津 300308
    2 西南交通大学, 交通隧道工程教育部重点实验室, 成都 610031
    3 中国铁路设计集团有限公司, 天津 300308

通讯作者:

* 章慧健(1982—),男,汉族,浙江淳安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:隧道与地下工程的施工力学行为。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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