Article(id=1149774733853548858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403988, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=1738771200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057258331, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057258331, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057258331, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057258331, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4995, endPage=5002, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774734063264062, articleId=1149774733853548858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=APP-based Car-hailing Distance Counting Method Based on Loosely Coupled Model and Kalman Filter Algorithm, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to resolve the problem that the volume of APP-based car-hailing industry increases and the trip counting results are susceptible to errors due to environmental influences, a novel method of APP-based car-hailing trip counting detection was proposed. The conversion mechanism between global navigation satellite system(GNSS) coordinate system and other coordinate systems was analyzed, and a network car counting device was designed by using loose coupling model and Kalman filter processing for combined navigation. The test results show that the distance counting device has a distance counting error of 0.42% in the straight road section and a distance counting error of 0.56% in the circular road section, and the distance counting accuracy meets the maximum error range required by the Verification Regulation of Taximeters(JJG 517—2016), which provides a new method for solving the distance counting error problem of APP-based car-hailing.

, correspAuthors=Yu-hong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zan HAN, Wu-wei LI, Hong-zhang WU, Yu-hong LI, Kai WANG, Ling-jian ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774766669783339, articleId=1149774733853548858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于松耦合模型和卡尔曼滤波算法的网约车计程方法, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对网约车行业体量增大,计程结果易受环境影响产生误差的问题,提出一种新型的网约车计程检测方法。分析全球卫星导航系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)坐标系与其他坐标系的转换机理,采用松耦合模型和卡尔曼滤波处理进行组合导航,设计一种网约车计程装置。试验结果表明:计程装置在直线路段计程误差为0.42%,圆弧路段计程误差为0.56%,计程精度满足《出租汽车计价器检定规程》(JJG 517—2016)要求的最大误差范围,为解决网约车的计程误差问题提供了新方法。

, correspAuthors=李玉红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李玉红(1989—),女,汉族,山东安丘人,博士,工程师。研究方向:计量检测。E-mail:
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韩赞(1973—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,高级工程师。研究方向:计量检定、检验检测。E-mail:

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韩赞(1973—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,高级工程师。研究方向:计量检定、检验检测。E-mail:

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韩赞(1973—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,高级工程师。研究方向:计量检定、检验检测。E-mail:

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Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 1992, 15(3): 648-653., articleTitle=Unified approach to inertial navigation system error modeling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790664926642664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=3, pageStart=035009, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Chen C, Chang G, journalName=Measurement Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen C, Chang G. Low-cost GNSS/INS integration for enhanced land vehicle performance[J]. Measurement Science and Technology, 2019, 31(3): 035009., articleTitle=Low-cost GNSS/INS integration for enhanced land vehicle performance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790664985362921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=71, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=37, authorNames=韩志刚, 吕绍泽, 王穆涵, journalName=品牌与标准化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩志刚, 吕绍泽, 王穆涵. 出租车计价器使用误差检定结果不确定度评定[J]. 品牌与标准化, 2021(2): 71-72., articleTitle=出租车计价器使用误差检定结果不确定度评定, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790665044083178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=71, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Han Zhigang, Lü Shaoze, Wang Muhan, journalName=Brand and Standardization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han Zhigang, Shaoze, Wang Muhan. Evaluation of uncertainty of verification result of taxi meter's usage error[J]. Brand and Standardization, 2021(2): 71-72., articleTitle=Evaluation of uncertainty of verification result of taxi meter's usage error, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179790662657524163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, awardId=2023YFF0612702, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF0612702), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179790657708245359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790657716633968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, companyId=1179790657708245359, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Xi'an Institute of Metrology Technology, Xi'an 710068, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790657725022577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, companyId=1179790657708245359, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 西安计量技术研究院, 西安 710068)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179790657817297266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790657825685875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, companyId=1179790657817297266, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790657829880180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, companyId=1179790657817297266, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 西安理工大学机械与精密仪器工程学院, 西安 710048)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179790660031889821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Conversion process for different datum coordinates, figureFileSmall=E9aBkSncCs3i0BizmkrOIg==, figureFileBig=v9/xw0yWaOz/z8Z5Sx855g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660086415774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同基准坐标转换流程, figureFileSmall=E9aBkSncCs3i0BizmkrOIg==, figureFileBig=v9/xw0yWaOz/z8Z5Sx855g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660140941727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Northeast sky coordinate system of the device, figureFileSmall=4jZos5LmHYhhgLdW/tk2jA==, figureFileBig=RANJYcS3Kpjd7lVC8FT8sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660203856288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图2, caption=装置的东北天坐标系

PM为测量基准面上的测量主点,是该坐标系模型中的关键参考点

, figureFileSmall=4jZos5LmHYhhgLdW/tk2jA==, figureFileBig=RANJYcS3Kpjd7lVC8FT8sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660266770849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Combined GNSS/INS model, figureFileSmall=cNKbJIsURO1pDkCZqdC9xA==, figureFileBig=PLMJFii2pIVAT2IT3X9GbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660329685410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图3, caption=GNSS/INS组合模型, figureFileSmall=cNKbJIsURO1pDkCZqdC9xA==, figureFileBig=PLMJFii2pIVAT2IT3X9GbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660384211363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Circular route error diagram, figureFileSmall=ZnaYsbMDYwsIYtYXDbNYwg==, figureFileBig=gPKUA4rHijw3BW/uZ8lGlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660442931620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图4, caption=圆形路线误差示意图, figureFileSmall=ZnaYsbMDYwsIYtYXDbNYwg==, figureFileBig=gPKUA4rHijw3BW/uZ8lGlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660518429093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Design solution for APP-based car-hailing counting device, figureFileSmall=Kv+ntj+Ku6r3Gts+/rkqGQ==, figureFileBig=3Kt6tQ8YGyxRLs0XBbPYYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660627480998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图5, caption=网约车计程装置设计方案, figureFileSmall=Kv+ntj+Ku6r3Gts+/rkqGQ==, figureFileBig=3Kt6tQ8YGyxRLs0XBbPYYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660694589863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Trip counter hardware, figureFileSmall=noJHJxH2eUtqoi/gvskENg==, figureFileBig=QOF8fi/3o034hpINj7lV7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660757504424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图6, caption=计程装置硬件, figureFileSmall=noJHJxH2eUtqoi/gvskENg==, figureFileBig=QOF8fi/3o034hpINj7lV7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660816224681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Software process structure diagram, figureFileSmall=xSHX8nf2wU7+QK55SSp+QQ==, figureFileBig=6u6diGw6hqfIPIczFKtAWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660874944938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图7, caption=软件流程结构图, figureFileSmall=xSHX8nf2wU7+QK55SSp+QQ==, figureFileBig=6u6diGw6hqfIPIczFKtAWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790660942053803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Straight-line baseline field test, figureFileSmall=XlvJaYOHyxrmERUP7IJe2Q==, figureFileBig=p8l6xUeXLjepb2e2vSNMwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661009162668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图8, caption=直线基线场测试, figureFileSmall=XlvJaYOHyxrmERUP7IJe2Q==, figureFileBig=p8l6xUeXLjepb2e2vSNMwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661059494317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Guideway trolley, figureFileSmall=1lJEUQXhaK+DmNvbYP4eTA==, figureFileBig=Lw45OeNZSqThlRLlJVcYDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661114020270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图9, caption=导轨小车, figureFileSmall=1lJEUQXhaK+DmNvbYP4eTA==, figureFileBig=Lw45OeNZSqThlRLlJVcYDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661185323439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Test data line graph, figureFileSmall=TPZnlMlYQOulZOcuwze9Og==, figureFileBig=fasLhfwmSc4b0DIGtt4CHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661239849392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图10, caption=测试数据折线图, figureFileSmall=TPZnlMlYQOulZOcuwze9Og==, figureFileBig=fasLhfwmSc4b0DIGtt4CHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661315346865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Calibration arc route fitting, figureFileSmall=u24/8/z+AyE3BsVVNC9r4Q==, figureFileBig=ZusHX/21rjfuXCNdzdZP8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661374067122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图11, caption=标定圆弧路线拟合, figureFileSmall=u24/8/z+AyE3BsVVNC9r4Q==, figureFileBig=ZusHX/21rjfuXCNdzdZP8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661441175987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Meter device test circular route fitting, figureFileSmall=+avK7b2TZvF+3wkIUzxr4w==, figureFileBig=bCzjkwjiZyMbOiFCMN2Ltg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661541839284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=图12, caption=计程装置测试圆弧路线拟合, figureFileSmall=+avK7b2TZvF+3wkIUzxr4w==, figureFileBig=bCzjkwjiZyMbOiFCMN2Ltg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790661613142453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
里程/m 425.2 425.4 424.9 425.1 425.4 425.3 425.0 425.2
), ArticleFig(id=1179790661730582966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测试数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
里程/m 425.2 425.4 424.9 425.1 425.4 425.3 425.0 425.2
), ArticleFig(id=1179790661806080439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Data processing results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均值/m 标准差 不确定度 相对误差/%
425.2 0.17 0.06 0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1179790661873189304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数据处理结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均值/m 标准差 不确定度 相对误差/%
425.2 0.17 0.06 0.52
), ArticleFig(id=1179790661944492473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Straight-line check mileage data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 测试行
驶方向
6号桩(起点
位置)/m
9号桩(终点
位置)/m
差值/m
1 正向 4.6 364.7 360.1
反向 362.1 2.8 359.3
2 正向 2.4 361.3 358.9
反向 364.2 3.2 361.0
3 正向 3.1 362.3 359.2
反向 361.8 2.4 359.4
4 正向 2.1 360.8 358.7
反向 362.4 3.5 358.9
5 正向 2.5 361.6 359.1
反向 362.9 3.3 359.6
6 正向 1.2 360.7 359.5
反向 361.1 2.6 358.5
7 正向 3.6 362.1 358.5
反向 362.5 3.2 359.3
8 正向 1.7 360.5 358.8
反向 361.8 3.2 358.6
9 正向 1.3 360.2 358.9
反向 363.1 3.5 359.6
10 正向 2.4 363.7 361.3
反向 362.1 3.4 358.7
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662045155770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

直线检定里程数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 测试行
驶方向
6号桩(起点
位置)/m
9号桩(终点
位置)/m
差值/m
1 正向 4.6 364.7 360.1
反向 362.1 2.8 359.3
2 正向 2.4 361.3 358.9
反向 364.2 3.2 361.0
3 正向 3.1 362.3 359.2
反向 361.8 2.4 359.4
4 正向 2.1 360.8 358.7
反向 362.4 3.5 358.9
5 正向 2.5 361.6 359.1
反向 362.9 3.3 359.6
6 正向 1.2 360.7 359.5
反向 361.1 2.6 358.5
7 正向 3.6 362.1 358.5
反向 362.5 3.2 359.3
8 正向 1.7 360.5 358.8
反向 361.8 3.2 358.6
9 正向 1.3 360.2 358.9
反向 363.1 3.5 359.6
10 正向 2.4 363.7 361.3
反向 362.1 3.4 358.7
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662112264635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Error calculation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总标准差 总不确
定度
合成不
确定度
总相对
误差/%
计程修
正值/m
0.76 0.17 0.35 0.42 -0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662183567804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

误差计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总标准差 总不确
定度
合成不
确定度
总相对
误差/%
计程修
正值/m
0.76 0.17 0.35 0.42 -0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662242288061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Partially calibrated circumferential coordinate data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坐标点 X/mm Y/mm Z/mm
1 1 644.89 -12 147.62 164.34
2 4 498.20 -11 401.67 166.13
3 8 598.93 -8 732.87 1 663.58
4 12 063.84 2 096.79 167.57
5 -1 302.33 -12 195.15 163.23
6 -4 176.95 -11 524.19 164.19
7 -5 968.24 -10 707.61 163.81
8 -12 216.53 800.42 164.37
9 -10 254.78 -6 706.21 164.59
10 664.21 -12 243.31 163.83
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662296814014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

部分标定圆周坐标数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坐标点 X/mm Y/mm Z/mm
1 1 644.89 -12 147.62 164.34
2 4 498.20 -11 401.67 166.13
3 8 598.93 -8 732.87 1 663.58
4 12 063.84 2 096.79 167.57
5 -1 302.33 -12 195.15 163.23
6 -4 176.95 -11 524.19 164.19
7 -5 968.24 -10 707.61 163.81
8 -12 216.53 800.42 164.37
9 -10 254.78 -6 706.21 164.59
10 664.21 -12 243.31 163.83
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662355534271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Pilottest partial circumference data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坐标点 X/cm Y/cm Z/cm
1 -464.1 1 133.9 -4.2
2 -475.3 1 128.1 -3.8
3 319.9 1 182.0 -4.1
4 1 131.6 465.0 -4.1
5 161.6 1 213.9 -4.1
6 -325.1 1 179.9 -3.9
7 -165.3 1 213.6 -4.1
8 -873.1 -859.5 -3.9
9 1 062.4 -610.2 -3.9
10 -607.1 1 063.9 -4.2
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662414254528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

试验测试部分圆周数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
坐标点 X/cm Y/cm Z/cm
1 -464.1 1 133.9 -4.2
2 -475.3 1 128.1 -3.8
3 319.9 1 182.0 -4.1
4 1 131.6 465.0 -4.1
5 161.6 1 213.9 -4.1
6 -325.1 1 179.9 -3.9
7 -165.3 1 213.6 -4.1
8 -873.1 -859.5 -3.9
9 1 062.4 -610.2 -3.9
10 -607.1 1 063.9 -4.2
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662477169089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Circular fitting results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
圆心 拟合圆
半径/m
圆周误
差/%
圆弧半径
修正值/m
(-0.6,-0.7,-4.0) 12.174 0.56 0.069
), ArticleFig(id=1179790662531695042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774733853548858, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

圆形拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
圆心 拟合圆
半径/m
圆周误
差/%
圆弧半径
修正值/m
(-0.6,-0.7,-4.0) 12.174 0.56 0.069
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基于松耦合模型和卡尔曼滤波算法的网约车计程方法
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韩赞 1 , 李武威 2 , 武宏璋 1 , 李玉红 1, * , 王凯 1 , 朱凌建 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(12): 4995-5002
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(12): 4995-5002
基于松耦合模型和卡尔曼滤波算法的网约车计程方法
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韩赞1 , 李武威2, 武宏璋1, 李玉红1, * , 王凯1, 朱凌建2
作者信息
  • 1 西安计量技术研究院, 西安 710068
  • 2 西安理工大学机械与精密仪器工程学院, 西安 710048
  • 韩赞(1973—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,高级工程师。研究方向:计量检定、检验检测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李玉红(1989—),女,汉族,山东安丘人,博士,工程师。研究方向:计量检测。E-mail:
APP-based Car-hailing Distance Counting Method Based on Loosely Coupled Model and Kalman Filter Algorithm
Zan HAN1 , Wu-wei LI2, Hong-zhang WU1, Yu-hong LI1, * , Kai WANG1, Ling-jian ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Xi'an Institute of Metrology Technology, Xi'an 710068, China
  • 2 School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403988
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针对网约车行业体量增大,计程结果易受环境影响产生误差的问题,提出一种新型的网约车计程检测方法。分析全球卫星导航系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)坐标系与其他坐标系的转换机理,采用松耦合模型和卡尔曼滤波处理进行组合导航,设计一种网约车计程装置。试验结果表明:计程装置在直线路段计程误差为0.42%,圆弧路段计程误差为0.56%,计程精度满足《出租汽车计价器检定规程》(JJG 517—2016)要求的最大误差范围,为解决网约车的计程误差问题提供了新方法。

网约车  /  全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)定位  /  惯性导航系统  /  坐标变换  /  松耦合模型

In order to resolve the problem that the volume of APP-based car-hailing industry increases and the trip counting results are susceptible to errors due to environmental influences, a novel method of APP-based car-hailing trip counting detection was proposed. The conversion mechanism between global navigation satellite system(GNSS) coordinate system and other coordinate systems was analyzed, and a network car counting device was designed by using loose coupling model and Kalman filter processing for combined navigation. The test results show that the distance counting device has a distance counting error of 0.42% in the straight road section and a distance counting error of 0.56% in the circular road section, and the distance counting accuracy meets the maximum error range required by the Verification Regulation of Taximeters(JJG 517—2016), which provides a new method for solving the distance counting error problem of APP-based car-hailing.

APP-based car-hailing  /  global navigation satellite system(GNSS) positioning  /  inertial navigation system  /  coordinate transformation  /  loose-coupled model
韩赞, 李武威, 武宏璋, 李玉红, 王凯, 朱凌建. 基于松耦合模型和卡尔曼滤波算法的网约车计程方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4995 -5002 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403988
Zan HAN, Wu-wei LI, Hong-zhang WU, Yu-hong LI, Kai WANG, Ling-jian ZHU. APP-based Car-hailing Distance Counting Method Based on Loosely Coupled Model and Kalman Filter Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4995 -5002 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403988
随着全球卫星导航系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)的迅速发展,“互联网+”“北斗+”等众多新产品和新业态在共享经济、城市管理等领域不断涌现,以卫星导航为基础的网约车计程方式已逐渐引起人们的广泛关注[1]。网约车作为“互联网-共享经济-共享交通”模式下的核心方式,逐步成为现阶段居民出行的主要交通方式,在一定程度上缓解了道路交通的诸多问题[2],有助于市场化资源的优化配置[3-5]
网约车主要通过记录车辆运营过程的行驶距离和行驶时间确定乘车费用,准确的计程装置是网约车合理收费和规范服务的重要保障[6-8]。然而,传统的出租车计程装置常采用滚轮、气压指示器、直径显示器相结合的模式,分别确定目的地距离、显示汽车当前气压水平及汽车当前的轮胎直径,影响计程的因素较多。现有网约车计程装置常采用手机内置定位模块与电子地图进行计程[9-12],易受高密度建筑、隧道等复杂环境影响,导致计程结果产生误差[13-14],难以满足网约车的准确计价要求。
针对上述计程装置存在的问题,结合GNSS定位和惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system,INS)及该系统组合优化算法[15-16],提出一种新型的网约车计程方法,建立GNSS定位和惯性导航系统融合的定位模型,设计网约车计程装置,为解决网约车的计程误差问题提供新方法。
GNSS是一种利用地球上部署的一系列卫星以及地面控制站为用户提供全天候三维坐标、速度以及时间信息的空基无线电导航定位系统[1],已应用于导航、定位、测量等众多领域。目前,GNSS主要采用世界大地坐标(world geodetic system,WGS)-84坐标系标定对象坐标,计程装置常采用国家大地坐标系(China geodetic coordinate system,CGCS)2000进行定位。因此,GNSS与计程装置结合过程中需两种坐标系进行转换,具体流程如图1所示。
若(x,y,z)为空间直角坐标系中的坐标,(B,L,H)为大地坐标系下的坐标,其中BLH分别为经度、维度和高程,则大地坐标系(B,L,H)与空间直角坐标系(x,y,z)的转换可表示为
N = a 1 - e 2 s i n 2 B x = ( N + H ) c o s B c o s L y = ( N + H ) c o s B s i n L z = [ N ( 1 - e 2 ) + H ] s i n B
式(1)中:a为该坐标系基准的长半径;e为该坐标系基准的偏心率;N为基准所在卯酉圈曲率半径,与坐标系基准的的长半轴a、偏心率e以及该点的大地纬度B有关。
不同基准空间直角坐标系坐标转换,使用布尔莎七参数法。7个参数分别为:3个衡量平移的参数、3个衡量旋转的参数、一个衡量比例的参数,布尔莎七参数法的数学表达式为
X 2 Y 2 Z 2= d X 0 d Y 0 d Z 0+(1+k) 1 γ - β - γ 1 α β - α 1 X 1 Y 1 Z 1
式(2)中:dX0、dY0、dZ0为平移参量;αβγ为旋转参量,旋转扭矩记为R;(X1,Y1,Z1)为转换点的三维坐标;k为比例参数。
上述过程解决了从CGCS2000坐标系到WGS-84坐标系的转换。要解决理想情况下位置偏差检测系统测量坐标到CGCS2000空间直角坐标系坐标转换问题,需建立装置坐标系描述运动位置,实现装置坐标系与空间直角坐标CGCS2000之间的转换。
基于上述过程,在装置坐标系原点建立此处的东北天坐标系(east north up,ENU),用接收机静态测量原点的经纬度为(θ0,φ0),转换到CGCS2000空间直角坐标系坐标为(X0,Y0,Z0)。装置ENU坐标系原点与装置坐标系原点OZ重合,X轴方向沿正东方,Y轴方向沿正北方,坐标系示意图如图2所示。
装置的ENU坐标系与空间直角坐标系CGCS2000都是直角坐标系,通过布尔莎数学模型,可将实际位置在装置坐标系中的坐标转换到CGCS2000坐标系中,装置坐标系坐标到CGCS2000空间直角坐标转换数学模型为
X z i Y z i Z z i= - s i n θ 0 c o s θ 0 0 - s i n φ 0 c o s θ 0 - s i n φ 0 s i n θ 0 c o s φ 0 c o s φ 0 c o s θ 0 c o s φ 0 s i n θ 0 s i n φ 0 X c g c s i - X 0 Y c g c s i - Y 0 Z c g c s i - Z 0
式(3)中:(X0,Y0,Z0)为装置坐标系OZ原点在CGCS2000空间直角坐标系坐标;(Xzi,Yzi,Zzi)为装置的ENU坐标系中待转换坐标;(Xcgcsi,Ycgcsi,Zcgcsi)为转换后的CGCS2000空间直角坐标;θ0φ0分别为坐标系原点的经度和纬度,记东经、北纬为正。
装置采用GNSS/INS组合的方式实现位置信息采集的功能。GNSS信号在卫星与地面接收机之间传播时,数据完整情况受卫星信号影响。考虑网约车主要行驶路段为城市峡谷内,故通过与INS组合定位,提高装置在复杂道路下的定位计程能力,获取高精度定位数据[17-18]
传统意义上,GNSS/INS组合定位模型包括基于伪距、伪距率和基于载波相位两种模型。前者结构简单、方便,但定位精度较低,后者精度较高,但需对采集数据进行处理。综合考虑网约车的工作模式,装置选用基于载波相位的工作模式,完成位置信息获取和计程功能[19-20]
依靠惯性导航系统的运动方程,在东北天坐标系建立运动状态更新方程为
$\left\{\begin{aligned} \Delta \dot{\boldsymbol{q}}^{n} & =-\boldsymbol{\varphi}_{e n}^{n} \Delta \boldsymbol{q}^{n}+\Delta \boldsymbol{v}^{n} \\ \Delta \dot{\boldsymbol{q}}^{n} & =-\boldsymbol{\varphi}_{e n}^{n} \Delta \boldsymbol{q}^{n}+\Delta \boldsymbol{v}^{n} \Delta \dot{\boldsymbol{v}}^{n} \\ & =-\left(\boldsymbol{\varphi}_{i e}^{n}+\boldsymbol{\varphi}_{i n}^{n}\right) \Delta \boldsymbol{v}^{n}-\boldsymbol{R}^{n} \boldsymbol{f}^{n}+\Delta \boldsymbol{g}^{n}+\boldsymbol{C}_{b}^{n} \boldsymbol{b}_{\mathrm{a}} \\ \dot{\boldsymbol{R}}^{n} & =-\boldsymbol{\varphi}_{e n}^{n} \boldsymbol{R}^{n}-\boldsymbol{C}_{b}^{n} \boldsymbol{b}_{\mathrm{g}} \end{aligned}\right.$
式(4)中:Δqn、ΔvnRn分别为位置、速度、姿态的误差向量;上标·为各部分的微分量;下标eib为地心地固坐标系、惯性系、载体系;上标n、下标n为导航系统坐标系; φ i n n为惯性系到导航坐标系的刚体旋转矩阵; φ e n n为地心地固坐标系到n系的旋转向量;babg分别为加速度计、陀螺仪在载体坐标系的偏置;fn为比力在东北天坐标系下的分量;Δgn为重力加速度在东北天坐标系下的偏差; C b n为载体坐标系到东北天坐标系的方向余弦矩阵,也称为姿态转换矩阵。
在GNSS和INS的组合方式中,选用松耦合模型,组合原理如图3所示。
卡尔曼滤波是一种可以提取有效信息的最优化估计算法,算法的状态方程和量测方程分别为
(1)状态方程为
$\boldsymbol{X}_{k}=\boldsymbol{\varphi}_{k, k-1} \boldsymbol{X}_{k-1}+\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{k, k-1} \boldsymbol{W}_{k-1} $
(2)观测方程为
$\boldsymbol{Z}_{k}=\boldsymbol{H}_{k} \boldsymbol{X}_{k}+\boldsymbol{V}_{k}$
式中:φk,k-1tk-1~tk时刻的转移矩阵;WkVk分别为过程噪声和观测噪声;Γk-1为系统噪声的驱动矩阵;Xkk时刻的状态向量;Zkk时刻的观测向量;Hk为观测矩阵,它的作用是将系统状态向量Xk映射到观测空间,建立起系统状态与观测数据之间的联系。
通过分别将惯性导航系统INS和卫星定位系统GNSS得出的速度VINSVGNSS和位置LINSLGNSS做差,即可确定位置信息。最后再进行卡尔曼滤波进行结算,获取高精度的位置信息。
Zk= V I N S - V G N S S L I N S - L G N S S
GNSS和惯性导航系统组合系统,具有包括冗余度在内的各个模块独立时的所有特性,又提高了计程装置的定位能力和抗干扰能力,卫星信号受到干扰时可在更长时间内保持良好的计程性能,进一步减小定位误差。
当车辆行驶路线为曲线时,相邻两个采样点之间为直线距离,不可避免地产生计程误差。因此,对于环岛等曲线道路需采用最小二乘算法进行曲线道路拟合,获取里程数据。
曲线道路的计程误差可表示为
x=L-a'= n π R 180 °-2Rsin n 2
式(8)中:L为采样点AB之间的弧长;a'为采样点AB之间的弦长;n为两采样点之间的圆心角;R为曲线路线拟合圆半径。
速度较小,两采样点之间距离较小,产生误差也较小。速度增大,相同时间内,曲线误差则由采样点AB之间的弦长与弧长关系,转变为AC之间的弦长与弧长关系,误差随之增大。如图4所示。
Levenberg-Marquardt算法结合了贪心算法和梯度下降算法,通过不断调整函数参数,使拟合函数与实际数据之间的误差最小化。其损失函数可表示为
$f(\boldsymbol{p})=\sum\left\{w_{i}\left[y_{i}-f\left(x_{i}, \boldsymbol{p}\right)\right]^{2}\right\} $
式(9)中:p为拟合函数的参数向量;xiyi分别为第i个数据的自变量和因变量;f(xi,p)为拟合函数;wi为可选的权重,用于调整不同数据点的相对重要性。
通过Levenberg-Marquardt算法可以优化拟合函数参数并得到贴合实际数据的拟合函数,再根据拟合参数计算所需的输出结果。
现阶段网约车行业,计程信息以司机手机端信息为主,基于网约车的计程要求,采用模块化设计思想,将不同的定位技术进行融合,对网约车计程装置开发。设计一种新型的计程装置,并开发专用平台,对计程装置采集的信息进行记录并展示。并采用RS232通信模块,对路段进行标定,将该数据作为标准数据对继承装置进行校准。计程装置设计方案如图5所示。
图5可以看出,网约车计程装置集成了GNSS模块、惯性导航系统模块、RS232通信模块以及核心处理器,其中各功能模块均通过降压线进行连接。通过计程装置实时地将定位数据通过4G/5G网络进行上传。在服务器终端,利用GNSS解算算法,进行数据处理。通过局域网络在总控PC端进行数据展示,也可通过4G/5G网络将数据发送至移动端进行数据查看。
网约车计程装置的硬件部分,主要由GNSS模块、INS模块、RS232通信模块以及核心处理器组成,如图6所示。各功能模块通过降压线进行连接。装置工作时,由GNSS和惯性导航系统模块实时采集位置信息,再通过核心处理器将数据上传至服务器。RS232通信模块用于感应道路上安置的标记点,记录相邻标记点之间的行驶距离及时间,主要作用于溯源校准。车辆运营过程中主要利用4G技术以及WIFI模块与移动端连接,通过移动端APP(平板电脑、手机等)对装置内部信息进行设定,包括数据接收服务器IP、端口、通信协议等。设备运行时,直接将位置信息上传至服务器,再由服务器发送至移动端或Web端进行数据展示。
网约车计程装置的软件部分包括操作系统、功能模块、接口与通信协议、隐私保护等功能模块。采用国产欧拉操作系统进行代码编写,内部包括GNSS解算算法、特殊路段解算算法、溯源标定算法等内容。
采用《道路运输车辆卫星定位系统终端通讯协议及数据格式》(JT/T 808—2011)协议与平台进行通信,运行流程如图7所示。采用传输控制协议(transmission control protocol,TCP)通信方式,计程装置复位后,随即与平台建立连接并进行鉴权。确定连接建立后,在装置还未发出正常数据包的情况下,周期性的向平台发送终端心跳消息,平台接收到之后发出通用应答消息,通过设置参数确定发送周期。装置与平台之间保持连接的前提下,装置开始对车辆位置及行驶信息进行采集,并发送至平台。平台接收到装置发回的位置信息,进行处理后发送至PC、Pad端,对车辆行驶的实时状况进行展示。平台和装置均可根据TCP协议主动断开连接,且均可对连接是否断开进行判断。车辆停止,设备上传的位置信息不再发生变化,平台则认为车辆停止运行;车辆熄火,则装置断电关机,与平台之间的通信连接断开,平台通过这一信息可对车辆是否熄火进行判断。
为了验证本文计程装置的有效性和准确性,分别进行了直线路段测试和野外场景的圆弧基线测试。
在直线路段试验过程中,尽可能减少实验场地附近的信号遮挡,保证测试数据准确、不发生数据丢失。同时标定实验场地,得到准确的标定距离。直线路段测试实验,在自然资源部第一大地测量队直线检定基线场地实施。分别选取基线场的6号桩、9号桩作为起始点和终止点进行测试。已知两个信号桩之间精确距离为360.04 m。
选取RS232发送标签作为起点与终点的检测源,分别放置两块不同编号的RS232发射模块于起点和终点,由测试端携带RS232接收器进行信号接收。固定GNSS天线,往返于起点与终点进行测试。将测试结果与实际标定距离进行比对,根据误差大小调整终端设备参数,再进行重复实验完成测试。最后对测试数据的误差检定结果进行不确定度评定,确定其不确定度分量及修正值[21]
圆弧形路段试验过程中,制作圆弧形导轨及配套使用的导轨小车。在做试验前,首先使用全站仪对圆弧基线场进行标定,确定圆弧基线场路线半径及长度。测试时,将计程装置固定在导轨小车上,由小车带动装置进行圆周运动。检测点的设置同直线测试路段,使用RS232通信模块。设备实时采集位置信息,并上传。
GNSS上传位置信息时,同时上传采集点的高度信息。因此,数据处理时,使用MATLAB软件,先通过高度信息,确定唯一平面,然后再进行圆形曲线拟合,同时依靠Levenberg-Marquardt算法,对拟合的圆形进行优化,获取最优圆圆心及半径。
直线检定基线场为标准基线场,测试时将RS232发送标签通电,置于基线场信号桩上方中心位置,标准距离以基线场信号桩之间距离为准,如图8所示。
圆弧形测试基线场,采用自制的圆弧形导轨及导航小车,装载计程装置进行测试,如图9所示。小车由电箱进去驱动,与导轨进行配套使用。在实际测试中,由于GPS天线并未与圆弧完全重合,拟合圆的圆弧半径以装置所测为准。
初期验证性试验,选择操场跑道,并通过数据对计程装置进行进一步调试。装置经调试,基本可实现完整的测试过程,测试数据如表1所示,测试数据折线图如图10所示。
在《网络预约出租汽车车载卫星定位终端计程计时检测方法(试行)》(JJF 1578.3—2016)中,明确规定了网约车计程误差的测算方式、测量环境。对试验结果数据进行处理,总体标准差的计算公式为
σ= i = 1 n ( x i - x - ) 2 n
式(10)中:xi为第i个采样点数据,其中i=1,2,…; x -为所有采样数据的平均值;n为采样点的个数。
验证性试验数据处理结果如表2所示。
直线试验场地为自然资源部第一大地测量队的标准直线检定基线场,所选标定点间距离为360.04 m,计程装置采集数据如表3所示。
经计算,设备计程相对误差值为0.42%,修正值为-0.38 m(表4)。对比《出租车计价器》(JJG 517—1998)计程最大误差范围的要求(计程最大误差:-4%~1%),设备满足行业规范要求,且精度较高。
圆弧形测试场地选取制作的圆弧形基线场地进行,首先使用全站仪对圆弧进行标定。GNSS在对行驶里程进行记录时,通常以两个采样点之间直线距离作为行驶里程进行记录,为尽可能复原圆弧路线,试验中对圆弧形路线测量时,代入高度数据,以空间点集对圆形路线进行拟合,同时采集数据点较多,部分数据采集点如表5所示。
对全站仪采集数据做圆形拟合,得到拟合圆,拟合圆半径值为12.243 m。拟合圆形如图11所示。
使用计程装置在标定的圆弧轨道上进行试验,并进行位置信息采集。为避免测量时系统误差对测量结果带来的影响,在实验进行前,在同一位置将计程装置测试数据与全站仪测试数据进行比对,对装置测试误差进行修正。试验在温度稳定、风力较小的天气条件下进行。试验数据如表6所示。
以圆弧基线场标定数据为标准值,将装置测试数据进行圆形拟合(图12),并与标准值进行比对,计算得圆周误差为0.56%(表7),符合《出租车计价器》(JJG 517—1998)计程最大误差范围的要求。
针对网约车行业计程误差较大、定位不准确的问题,提出一种结合GNSS和惯性导航系统的计程技术,设计高精度抗干扰的计程检测装置。通过直线路段测试和野外圆弧基线场场景试验,得到以下结论。
(1)直线路段测试误差为0.42%,圆弧形路段测试误差为0.56%,误差范围符合《出租车计价器》(JJG 517—1998)中对计程要求的最大误差范围,准确性较高。
(2)所提出的校准方法对规范行业标准,具有一定积极作用,可为网约车计程方法的后续研究奠定基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF0612702)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403988
  • 接收时间:2024-05-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-29
  • 修回日期:2025-02-06
基金
国家重点研发计划重点专项(2023YFF0612702)
作者信息
    1 西安计量技术研究院, 西安 710068
    2 西安理工大学机械与精密仪器工程学院, 西安 710048

通讯作者:

* 李玉红(1989—),女,汉族,山东安丘人,博士,工程师。研究方向:计量检测。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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