Article(id=1149774732075163928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403533, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715529600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-13, revisedDate=1737993600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257906, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257906, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257906, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257906, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5103, endPage=5109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774732406513947, articleId=1149774732075163928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=A Method for Camera Intrinsic Parameters Calibration Based on Subpixel Iteration Algorithm, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the accuracy of in-camera parameter calibration and reduce the error caused by inaccurate estimation of corner coordinates, a subpixel iterative corner optimization algorithm was proposed. By modeling the camera image, integrating the distortion mathematical model, and using the subpixel iterative algorithm, the gradient value changes of points in the search window were calculated and the corner coordinates were iteratively optimized to provide more accurate initial values for calibration. Combining with the optimized corner coordinates, Zhang's calibration method was used to solve the internal parameters, and the influence of corner points on the acquisition of diagonal points and camera calibration was discussed through experiments. The calibration accuracy was characterized by reprojection error, and the effectiveness of the iterative algorithm was tested. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of corner acquisition and the calibration accuracy of camera parameters by using fewer iterations.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-qian WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao-yang SUN, Zhi-qian WANG, Cheng-wu SHEN, Xu LIU, Wen-jia MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774756582482755, articleId=1149774732075163928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于亚像素迭代算法的相机内参数标定方法, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高相机内参数标定的精度,减小角点坐标估计不精确带来的误差,提出了一种亚像素迭代角点优化算法,通过对相机成像进行建模,融合畸变数学模型,并使用亚像素迭代算法,计算搜索窗口内点的梯度值变化,迭代优化角点坐标,为标定提供更为精确的初值,结合优化后的角点坐标,利用张氏标定法,求解内参数,实验验证并讨论角点数对角点采集和相机标定的影响,并用重投影误差表征标定精度,将所提算法与其他算法进行对比,对迭代算法的有效性进行验证。实验结果表明:在使用算法后,迭代30次即可获得稳定结果,误差相较于无迭代算法降低77%,可有效提高相机内参数标定精度,降低迭代次数,减少运行时间。

, correspAuthors=王志乾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王志乾(1969—),男,汉族,吉林吉林人,博士,研究员。研究方向:光电测量、数字信号处理。E-mail:
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孙浩洋(2000—),男,汉族,吉林通化人,硕士研究生。研究方向:光电测量。E-mail:

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孙浩洋(2000—),男,汉族,吉林通化人,硕士研究生。研究方向:光电测量。E-mail:

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孙浩洋(2000—),男,汉族,吉林通化人,硕士研究生。研究方向:光电测量。E-mail:

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Laser Journal, 2021, 42(1): 104-108., articleTitle=Hand-eye calibration optimization algorithm based on minimizing reprojection error, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179790517727540095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, awardId=20230201039GX, language=CN, fundingSource=吉林省科技发展计划项目(20230201039GX), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179790513692619586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790513701008195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, companyId=1179790513692619586, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790513709396804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, companyId=1179790513692619586, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所, 长春 130033)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179790513847808837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790513856197446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, companyId=1179790513847808837, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790513868780359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, companyId=1179790513847808837, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179790516062401389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Camera imaging model[8], figureFileSmall=k/fODbv2bW9USEU00h/nCA==, figureFileBig=p3B8wggCdC7yzVn8KBRqIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790516234367854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, language=CN, label=图1, caption=相机成像模型[8]

uv为像素坐标系的横纵坐标;f为焦距

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The influence of angle points on calibration

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不同角点数 内部参数 重投影误差
fx/pixel fy/pixel u0/pixel v0/pixel k1 k2
3×4 3 467.1 3 459.8 1 299.8 1 027.6 -0.006 0.069 0.32
5×7 3 679.7 3 677.0 1 309.0 976.6 -0.014 0.189 0.73
8×11 3 483.9 3 484.4 1 287.9 1 004.5 -0.011 0.133 0.28
11×13 3 500.5 3 496.8 1 321.2 1 046.4 -0.030 0.290 0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1179790517199057786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

角点数对标定的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同角点数 内部参数 重投影误差
fx/pixel fy/pixel u0/pixel v0/pixel k1 k2
3×4 3 467.1 3 459.8 1 299.8 1 027.6 -0.006 0.069 0.32
5×7 3 679.7 3 677.0 1 309.0 976.6 -0.014 0.189 0.73
8×11 3 483.9 3 484.4 1 287.9 1 004.5 -0.011 0.133 0.28
11×13 3 500.5 3 496.8 1 321.2 1 046.4 -0.030 0.290 0.65
), ArticleFig(id=1179790517287138171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the effect of subpixel iteration algorithm on accuracy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 图片数量 角点数 重投影误差/pixel 用时/ms
无迭代 16 1 408 1.24 1 310
迭代 16 1 408 0.28 2 370
), ArticleFig(id=1179790517408772988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

亚像素迭代算法对精度影响的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 图片数量 角点数 重投影误差/pixel 用时/ms
无迭代 16 1 408 1.24 1 310
迭代 16 1 408 0.28 2 370
), ArticleFig(id=1179790517484270461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Convergence rate of different algorithms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 性能 像素值
1 0.6 0.2
粒子群算法 迭代次数 45 81 144
用时/s 4.01 7.22 14.31
遗传算法 迭代次数 43 125 258
用时/s 4.48 12.70 27.47
亚像素迭代算法 迭代次数 12 15 35
用时/s 0.82 1.03 2.78
), ArticleFig(id=1179790517542990718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774732075163928, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同算法的收敛速度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 性能 像素值
1 0.6 0.2
粒子群算法 迭代次数 45 81 144
用时/s 4.01 7.22 14.31
遗传算法 迭代次数 43 125 258
用时/s 4.48 12.70 27.47
亚像素迭代算法 迭代次数 12 15 35
用时/s 0.82 1.03 2.78
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基于亚像素迭代算法的相机内参数标定方法
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孙浩洋 1, 2 , 王志乾 1, * , 沈铖武 1 , 刘旭 1, 2 , 马文家 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(12): 5103-5109
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(12): 5103-5109
基于亚像素迭代算法的相机内参数标定方法
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孙浩洋1, 2 , 王志乾1, * , 沈铖武1, 刘旭1, 2, 马文家1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所, 长春 130033
  • 2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 孙浩洋(2000—),男,汉族,吉林通化人,硕士研究生。研究方向:光电测量。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王志乾(1969—),男,汉族,吉林吉林人,博士,研究员。研究方向:光电测量、数字信号处理。E-mail:
A Method for Camera Intrinsic Parameters Calibration Based on Subpixel Iteration Algorithm
Hao-yang SUN1, 2 , Zhi-qian WANG1, * , Cheng-wu SHEN1, Xu LIU1, 2, Wen-jia MA1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403533
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为提高相机内参数标定的精度,减小角点坐标估计不精确带来的误差,提出了一种亚像素迭代角点优化算法,通过对相机成像进行建模,融合畸变数学模型,并使用亚像素迭代算法,计算搜索窗口内点的梯度值变化,迭代优化角点坐标,为标定提供更为精确的初值,结合优化后的角点坐标,利用张氏标定法,求解内参数,实验验证并讨论角点数对角点采集和相机标定的影响,并用重投影误差表征标定精度,将所提算法与其他算法进行对比,对迭代算法的有效性进行验证。实验结果表明:在使用算法后,迭代30次即可获得稳定结果,误差相较于无迭代算法降低77%,可有效提高相机内参数标定精度,降低迭代次数,减少运行时间。

标定  /  迭代  /  内参数  /  重投影误差

In order to improve the accuracy of in-camera parameter calibration and reduce the error caused by inaccurate estimation of corner coordinates, a subpixel iterative corner optimization algorithm was proposed. By modeling the camera image, integrating the distortion mathematical model, and using the subpixel iterative algorithm, the gradient value changes of points in the search window were calculated and the corner coordinates were iteratively optimized to provide more accurate initial values for calibration. Combining with the optimized corner coordinates, Zhang's calibration method was used to solve the internal parameters, and the influence of corner points on the acquisition of diagonal points and camera calibration was discussed through experiments. The calibration accuracy was characterized by reprojection error, and the effectiveness of the iterative algorithm was tested. The experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the accuracy of corner acquisition and the calibration accuracy of camera parameters by using fewer iterations.

calibration  /  iteration  /  internal parameter  /  reprojection error
孙浩洋, 王志乾, 沈铖武, 刘旭, 马文家. 基于亚像素迭代算法的相机内参数标定方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5103 -5109 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403533
Hao-yang SUN, Zhi-qian WANG, Cheng-wu SHEN, Xu LIU, Wen-jia MA. A Method for Camera Intrinsic Parameters Calibration Based on Subpixel Iteration Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5103 -5109 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403533
随着计算机视觉技术的飞速发展,相机标定作为连接二维图像世界与三维物理世界的桥梁,其重要性日益凸显。在机器人视觉引导[1]、工业检测、三维重建[2]、增强现实及虚拟现实等众多领域,高精度的相机标定是实现精确图像理解和三维空间重建的关键技术[3-4]。然而,传统的相机标定方法往往受限于像素级别的精度,难以满足日益增长的高精度需求。因此,探索基于更高精度级别的相机标定方法,成为当前计算机视觉领域的研究热点。
目前主要的标定方法有传统标定法、自标定法、主动视觉标定法和基于深度学习的相机标定法[5-6]。传统标定法通过精确设计的标定物和复杂的算法,获得较高的标定精度,但计算量大。自标定法通过建立图像之间的对应关系计算相机参数,灵活性强,但精度低,鲁棒性差。主动视觉标定法则算法相对简单鲁棒性高,其通过控制相机进行特定运动,并利用这些运动的特殊性来计算相机参数,但需要实时追踪相机位置变化。基于深度学习的相机标定法利用深度神经网络来自动估计相机参数,自动化、准确性和鲁棒性方面有显著优势,但与其他方法相比数据依赖性强,计算资源要求高。在计算机视觉应用中,对标定精度要求高,通常使用传统标定法。目前常用的标定方法为张氏标定法[7],张氏标定法将棋盘格作为标定物,相较于其他方法简化了操作流程,提高了标定精度。张氏标定法虽然具有操作简便、精度较高的优点,但在实际应用中,仍然易受到图像分辨率和噪声等因素的影响,降低了标定精度。
现沿用棋盘格标定,提出一种基于亚像素迭代算法的相机内参数标定方法,通过计算特征点迭代窗口的梯度值变化,进一步优化角点检测结果,能够在一定程度上抑制噪声的干扰,有效减少迭代次数,降低算法使用时间,提高标定精度,改善了张氏标定法,对高精度机器视觉系统的标定具有实际应用价值。
为了合理地表达出视觉测量系统获取外界信息的工作方式,建立如图1[8]所示的相机成像模型以表征图像的形成过程。
相机成像涉及4种坐标系[8]:世界坐标系Ow-xwywzw,相机坐标系Oc-xcyczc,图像坐标系Od-xdyd,像素坐标系Ouv-uv。设世界坐标系中一点P在世界坐标系下的坐标为Pw(xw,yw,zw),相机坐标系下的坐标为P(xc,yc,zc),像素坐标系下的坐标为p(xd,yd),世界与相机坐标系下坐标之间的关系可表示为
$\left[\begin{array}{c} x_{\mathrm{c}} \\ y_{\mathrm{c}} \\ z_{\mathrm{c}} \\ 1 \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc} \boldsymbol{R}_{3 \times 3} & \boldsymbol{T}_{3 \times 1} \\ \boldsymbol{O}_{3 \times 3} & 1 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c} x_{\mathrm{w}} \\ y_{\mathrm{w}} \\ z_{\mathrm{w}} \\ 1 \end{array}\right] $
式(1)中:R为一个3×3的旋转矩阵;T为一个3×1的平移向量;O为3×3的零矩阵。
相机实际成像过程中存在畸变,仅考虑径向畸变的情况下,从理想的图像坐标系点pd(xd,yd)到实际图像坐标的点设为p'd=(x'd,y'd)转换过程为
x ' d = x d ( 1 + k 1 r 2 + k 2 r 4 ) y ' d = y d ( 1 + k 1 r 2 + k 2 r 4 )
式(2)中:r2= x d 2+ y d 2;k1k2为径向畸变系数。
综上所述,点P从世界坐标系下到像素坐标系下坐标(u,v)的转换关系可表示为
$\begin{aligned} z_{\mathrm{c}}\left[\begin{array}{l} u \\ v \\ 1 \end{array}\right]= & {\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \frac{1}{1+k_{1} r^{2}+k_{2} r^{4}} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{1}{1+k_{1} r^{2}+k_{2} r^{4}} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right] \times } \\ & {\left[\begin{array}{cccc} f_{x} & 0 & u_{0} & 0 \\ 0 & f_{y} & v_{0} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc} \boldsymbol{R} & \boldsymbol{T} \\ \boldsymbol{O} & 1 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c} x_{\mathrm{w}} \\ y_{\mathrm{w}} \\ z_{\mathrm{w}} \\ 1 \end{array}\right] } \end{aligned}$
式(3)中:zc为尺度因子;u0,v0为相机中心;fx= f d x;fy= f d y;fxfyu0v0k1k2为相机内部参数。
为提高相机标定的精度,需要对相机采得棋盘格的角点坐标进行优化。亚像素迭代算法原理在于通过对初始角点位置的微小调整,利用更精确的灰度信息,来获取更准确地角点亚像素坐标。传统的角点检测算法[9-14]多是基于像素级别的灰度变化来定位角点,而亚像素优化则进一步利用亚像素角点到周围像素点的矢量应垂直于图像的灰度梯度,从而提高了角点位置的准确度。
以待优化的点q为中心,创建迭代搜索窗口,迭代算法原理图如图2所示,q点为待优化的棋盘格角点,p为迭代搜索窗口中任一点,如图2(a)所示,当点p在点q附近邻域中的均匀区域内,则点p的梯度为0;如图2(b)所示,当点p在棋盘格边缘上时,点p的梯度向量垂直于向量pq,两者的点积为0。
利用以上两个条件并使用最小二乘法[15]求得点q,即可获得精度更高的亚像素角点坐标,设窗口内点ppi可得
Gi(pi-q)=0
式(4)中:Gi为点pi的梯度;pi-q为以qpi为终的向量。
综上可知,式(4)始终成立。将式(4)展开移项并左右同时左乘 G T i,则式(4)变为
$\boldsymbol{G}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{G}_{i} q=\boldsymbol{G}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{G}_{i} p_{i}$
q唯一,点pi可在迭代窗口内随机选取,因此对于各点处的梯度要求和,同时由于各点离中心距离不同,引入高斯权重,式(5)变为
$q=\sum_{i=0}^{n}\left(\boldsymbol{G}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{G}_{i} \omega_{i}\right)^{-1}\left(\boldsymbol{G}_{i}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{G}_{i} \omega_{i} p_{i}\right)$
式(6)中:ωi为点pi的高斯权重;n为迭代搜索窗口中点p的个数。
由此可求得一个亚像素点q,继续进行迭代并以此点q为中心点,再次选取迭代窗口得到一组新的点pi,对点pi求梯度,用最小二乘法求解,循环迭代算法得到角点精度坐标更高的点q
张氏标定法是利用平面标定板进行相机标定的方法,通过计算单应性矩阵同时利用旋转矩阵的单位正交性求解内参数。
首先,在无畸变的理想情况下求解fxfyu0v0。根据针孔成像原理和式(3)得到,从世界坐标Pw(xw,yw,zw)到像素坐标(u,v)的变换如式(7),设A为相机的内参数矩阵,矩阵R的第i列向量为ri。在不考虑畸变的情况下式(3)变为
$\left[\begin{array}{c} u \\ v \\ 1 \end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{z_{\mathrm{c}}} \boldsymbol{A}\left[\begin{array}{lll} \boldsymbol{r}_{1} & \boldsymbol{r}_{2} & \boldsymbol{T} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c} x_{\mathrm{w}} \\ y_{\mathrm{w}} \\ z_{\mathrm{w}} \\ 1 \end{array}\right]$
H为内参数矩阵和旋转平移矩阵的积,H=[ h 1 h 2 h 3]。将式(7)写成乘积的形式为
$\left[\begin{array}{c} u \\ v \\ 1 \end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{z_{\mathrm{c}}}\left[\begin{array}{lll} \boldsymbol{h}_{1} & \boldsymbol{h}_{2} & \boldsymbol{h}_{3} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c} x_{\mathrm{w}} \\ y_{\mathrm{w}} \\ z_{\mathrm{w}} \\ 1 \end{array}\right]$
由式(7)和式(8)可以得到h1=Ar1h2=Ar2,利用相机成像的两个约束条件:旋转向量r1r2分别为绕xy轴的旋转量,因此这两个向量是正交的,以及旋转矩阵是单位向量,由此可得 r T 1r2=0和 r T 1r1= r T 2r2=1。利用h1h2A代替r1r2则可以得到式(9)和式(10)。
$\boldsymbol{h}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{A}^{-\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{A}^{-1} \boldsymbol{h}_{2}=0$
$\boldsymbol{h}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{A}^{-\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{A}^{-1} \boldsymbol{h}_{1}=\boldsymbol{h}_{2}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{A}^{-\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{A}^{-1} \boldsymbol{h}_{2}$
设中间变量B=A-TA-1,可得式(11),由式(3)可得内参数矩阵A并代入式(11)中可得式(12),其中fx= f d x, fy= f d y
B= 1 z cA-TA-1 1 z c B 11 B 12 B 13 B 21 B 22 B 23 B 31 B 32 B 33
B= 1 z c 1 f x 2 0 - u 0 f x 2 0 1 f y 2 - v 0 f y 2 - u 0 f x 2 - v 0 f y 2 u 0 2 f x 2 + v 0 2 f y 2 + 1
由式(12)可知,B矩阵是对称的结构,设b= [ B 11 B 12 B 22 B 13 B 23 B 33 ] T。令单应性矩阵H列向量分解的第i个列向量为hi=[hi1 hi2 hi3]T,代入式(9)、式(10)可得
h T iBhj= h i 1 h j 1 h i 1 h j 2 + h i 2 h j 1 h i 2 h j 2 h i 3 h j 1 + h i 1 h j 3 h i 3 h j 2 + h i 2 h j 3 h i 3 h j 3 B 11 B 12 B 22 B 13 B 23 B 33= v T i jb
因此,两个基本的约束条件式(9)、式(10)可以被重写为两个齐次方程,即
$\left[\begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{h}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{B} \boldsymbol{h}_{2} \\ \boldsymbol{h}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{B} \boldsymbol{h}_{1}-\boldsymbol{h}_{2}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{B} \boldsymbol{h}_{2} \end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{v}_{12}^{\mathrm{T}} \\ \boldsymbol{v}_{11}^{\mathrm{T}}-\boldsymbol{v}_{22}^{\mathrm{T}} \end{array}\right] \boldsymbol{b}=\mathbf{0}$
如果拍摄了n张模型平面的图片,可以将n个式(14)这样的方程放在一起,可得
Vb=0
式(15)中:V为2n×6的矩阵;b有6个参数,要求n≥3,至少需要3张图片,可以得到唯一解b。则可以根据式(16)~式(19)计算出相机内参矩阵A的所有参数。
v0= B 12 B 13 - B 11 B 23 B 11 B 12 - B 12 2
fx= 1 z c B 11
fy= B 11 z c ( B 11 B 22 - B 12 2 )
u0=-zcB13 f x 2
以上过程是获取初始相机内参数fxfyu0v0的过程。
在求解畸变的过程中,切向畸变过小因此忽略,由式(2)和坐标变换关系可得其数学模型如式(20)所示。
u ' = u + ( u - u 0 ) [ k 1 r 2 + k 2 r 4 ] v ' = v + ( v - v 0 ) [ k 1 r 2 + k 2 r 4 ]
式(20)中:(u',v')为像素坐标的测量值;(u,v)为像素坐标理想状态下的真值;r2= x d 2+ y d 2,其中(xd,yd)为理想状态下的图像坐标系的坐标;k1k2为径向畸变系数。
将式(20)转换为矩阵形式可得
( u - u 0 ) r 2 ( u - u 0 ) r 4 ( v - v 0 ) r 2 ( v - v 0 ) r 4 k 1 k 2= u ' - u v ' - v
式(21)记作:Dk=d,其中k= [ k 1 k 2 ] T= ( D T D ) - 1DTd。可求得畸变系数。在求得内参数后使用极大似然估计[16]优化参数。
考虑图像点的测量误差,在本文相机标定过程中,使用重投影误差[17]来评估相机标定的结果,重投影误差是指真实三维空间点在图像平面上的投影和实际计算求得的像素点差值。计算重投影误差的公式为
error= x ' - x 2 2 n
式(22)中:x'为标定后求得的角点坐标;x为理想的角点坐标;n为全部的角点数。
实验使用海康公司的MV-CA050-20UM型号工业相机,分辨率为2 592×2 048像素,像元尺寸4.8 μm×4.8 μm,焦距f为16 mm。图3为相机标定算法流程图,首先对检测到的角点进行迭代算法优化得到亚像素角点坐标,再根据优化得到的标定板角点求解每组图片的单应性矩阵,利用旋转矩阵的正交性和单位性,利用最小二乘法求解出相机的内部参数,然后利用求解出的内部参数去标定畸变参数获得相机内参的初始值,最后使用极大似然估计算法优化所有参数并输出。
图4为拍摄标定板装置,用来拍摄多幅标定板图片。通过一系列实验对所提出的标定算法进行了全面的验证,以确保其有效性和准确性。具体实验步骤如下。
步骤1 设计实验,验证并讨论标定板的棋盘格角点数对相机标定精度的影响。
步骤2 对迭代算法中两个重要的条件:迭代窗口和迭代次数对相机标定精度的影响进行实验,选取最佳的迭代条件,验证迭代优化算法的有效性。
步骤3 对工业相机内部参数标定算法进行验证,对其重投影误差进行分析。
图5为角点数不同的标定板,边缘的角点不予考虑,在确保其他条件相同的情况下,改变角点数,本实验分别为12、35、88、143个角点的标定板进行相机内参数的标定。
表1展示了角点数对标定误差的影响,使用重投影误差评价标定结果。固定相机位置不变,在确保光照环境相同的情况下对图5(a)~图5(d)不同角点数的标定板拍摄相同数量、不同位置的4组图片,并进行标定。重投影误差数据表明角点数过多或过少对标定误差都有较大影响,当角点数为3×4时焦距与主点的误差并不大,但畸变系数误差差值百分比达45%,误差较大。角点数为5×7时焦距的误差差值百分比为5.6%,主点和畸变的误差较小,角点数为11×13时焦距误差较小,但畸变系数与重投影误差较大。综上所述,当选择8×11角点数的棋盘格标定板时,可以得到重投影误差最小的相机内参数,减小误差对实验的影响,使得接下来的实验具有参考价值。
使用Python语言编程,分别以迭代次数和迭代窗口长度为变量,在其他条件不变的情况下拍摄的16张图片使用本节算法进行相机标定,并通过重投影误差评价两者对标定结果的影响。
图6展示了迭代窗口长度的选取和迭代次数的不同对相机标定的影响。分别选取6组不同的迭代窗口分别为(2,2)、(3,3)、(5,5)、(10,10)、(20,20)、(30,30)和迭代次数10、20、30、40、50。实验数据表明:(2,2)~(3,3)的误差平均下降27.4%,(3,3)~(5,5)的误差平均下降33.8%,(5,5)~(10,10)的误差平均下降27.8%,而在(10,10)~(20,20)的误差平均下降只有5.18%,且在多次迭代后已稳定收敛。
综上所述,实验表明最佳的迭代窗口应为(10,10),迭代次数选取30次,可以有效降低误差,减小计算时间,减小对标定精度的影响。
标定板为拥有8×11个角点的标定板,实验共拍摄了16张不同位置的标定板图片,共有角点1 408个。表2展示了所提出的亚像素迭代算法优化角点坐标对相机标定的影响,比较无迭代算法优化角点和有迭代算法优化角点的结果,使用了亚像素迭代算法后重投影误差从1.24 pixel下降为0.28 pixel,重投影误差下降了77%。实验结果表明,与无迭代算法相比,本实验采用的亚像素迭代算法对标定板角点坐标的优化,能够显著减少重投影误差,提高相机内参数标定精度与相机测量精度。
为了验证算法的有效性,比较该算法与其他优化算法在角点优化中的效果,在相同的实验平台和同组图片下将亚像素迭代算法分别与粒子群算法和遗传算法两种基础优化算法进行相机内参数优化比较,考察亚像素迭代算法相较于其他优化算法在相同精度下的收敛速度,记录下3种算法在迭代过程中达到相同精度(像素值分别为1、0.6、0.2)时所用时间和迭代次数,如表3所示。当重投影误差达到1以内,粒子群算法需要45次迭代,4.01 s;遗传算法需要43次迭代,4.48 s;而亚像素迭代算法在12次迭代,0.82 s就将误差缩小到1范围内。
当算法将误差进一步缩小到0.2范围时,其他两种算法的迭代次数与用时是亚像素迭代算法的数倍。综上所述,当达到相同的收敛精度下,亚像素迭代算法所需运行时间远小于其他算法。亚像素迭代算法收敛速度快,运算时间短及精度较高等特点,是可以满足实际应用的标定方法。
针对传统角点计算精度低,迭代次数多等问题,提出一种亚像素迭代算法优化角点坐标并结合张氏标定法的相机标定算法,并得到以下结论。
(1)该方法通过计算以角点为中心选取的区域内点的梯度变化值,迭代计算亚像素角点坐标,并通过合理设置迭代优化窗口长度,减少迭代次数获得了相比传统方法更精确的标定板角点。
(2)为验证该方法的有效性,将其应用于相机内参数优化中,在使用该方法后相机内参数误差降低了77%,并与其他优化方法相比较,迭代35次,运行2.78 s达到0.2像素误差范围内,算法具有减少迭代参数且运行时间少了一个数量级的优势。由于亚像素迭代算法收敛速度快,运算时间短及精度较高等特点,可以满足实际应用。但本方法仅能对形如棋盘格的规则角点标定板具有以上特点,未来将优化算法,改善其在无规则标定板下的标定性能。
  • 吉林省科技发展计划项目(20230201039GX)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403533
  • 接收时间:2024-05-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-13
  • 修回日期:2025-01-28
基金
吉林省科技发展计划项目(20230201039GX)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所, 长春 130033
    2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

通讯作者:

* 王志乾(1969—),男,汉族,吉林吉林人,博士,研究员。研究方向:光电测量、数字信号处理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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