Article(id=1149774731274056389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1737561600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257716, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257716, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257716, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257716, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5073, endPage=5082, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774731508937422, articleId=1149774731274056389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Encoding and Recognition of SSVEP-BCI EEG Signals Based on Hamming Distance, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) brain computer interface system usually uses a small number of frequencies for encoding, resulting in a limited number of encodings to dozens, which cannot meet the demands of environmental tasks with a large number of instructions. To address this issue, a Hamming distance multi frequency code (HDMFC) paradigm and corresponding recognition algorithm based on Hamming distance were proposed. The Hamming distance was combined with stimulus paradigm encoding and signal recognition algorithms to encode 120 instructions using 8 frequency signals. Data collection and classification experiments were conducted on 7 subjects. The results show that the accuracy of the 120 encoding online experiment based on Hamming distance can reach 90.60%. The research results provide an effective method for increasing the number of SSVEP paradigm codes and improving classification performance, verifying the practicality and effectiveness of Hamming distance in this field.

, correspAuthors=Dan-dan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yao ZHAO, Wen-jie YAN, Xue-dong WANG, Dian-ni HOU, Xing-yu ZHANG, Dan-dan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774746662957226, articleId=1149774731274056389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于海明距离的SSVEP-BCI脑电信号编码与识别, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统的稳态视觉诱发电位(steady-state visual evoked potential,SSVEP)脑机接口系统通常使用少量频率进行编码,导致编码数量限制在几十个,无法满足有大量指令需求的环境作业。为了解决这一问题,提出一种基于海明距离的多频编码(Hamming distance multi-frequency code,HDMFC)范式及相应的识别算法,将海明距离同刺激范式编码和信号识别算法结合,利用8个频率信号可编码120个指令,并对7名受试者进行数据采集和分类实验。结果表明,基于海明距离的120编码在线实验准确率可达90.60%。研究成果为SSVEP范式编码数量的增加和分类效果的提升提供了有效的方法,验证了海明距离在这一领域的实用性和有效性。

, correspAuthors=李丹丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李丹丹(1988—),女,汉族,山西长治人,博士,副教授。研究方向:脑科学与智能计算、脑网络组学。E-mail:
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赵耀(1998—),男,汉族,山西临汾人,硕士。研究方向:脑机接口。E-mail:

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赵耀(1998—),男,汉族,山西临汾人,硕士。研究方向:脑机接口。E-mail:

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赵耀(1998—),男,汉族,山西临汾人,硕士。研究方向:脑机接口。E-mail:

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在编码过程中使用1~8的8个数字以及A~L的12个字母进行编码,每个数字和字母分别代表一个频率信号

, figureFileSmall=SMwRdf0g4bMgKrnZbyTrhA==, figureFileBig=J17bnSeiWtvZc7HPCbHDDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179811190541791887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=HDMFC encoding table, figureFileSmall=XNXmdxlJMtHVUmmPPUdrpg==, figureFileBig=cM22erV9uKSYT8fgk6nWRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179811190600512144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HDMFC编码表

A~L表示基频信号

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HDMFC*Opt表示使用编码优化算法优化编码集后不进行纠错(只使用FBCCA算法识别)的准确率;HDMFC Opt 表示使用编码优化算法优化编码集且使用纠错算法(所提出的基于海明距离的识别算法,该算法在FBCCA的基础上增加纠错)的准确率;HDMFC*Ran表示随机选择编码集后不进行纠错(只使用FBCCA算法识别)的准确率;HDMFC Ran表示随机选择编码集后使用纠错算法(所提出的基于海明距离的识别算法,该算法在FBCCA的基础上增加纠错)的准确率

, figureFileSmall=1BtEnQXk6yN7GcFONRskdw==, figureFileBig=hBoODJM54zHBRrduUtiVtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179811190881530517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Accuracy of HDMFC under Different Time Windows, figureFileSmall=gYArFH7SON9pDu7/LP9/WQ==, figureFileBig=d6G/xnoULmlHjypbzYTwIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179811190990582422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同时间窗下HDMFC的准确率

*表示不进行纠错(使用FBCCA算法识别)的准确率

, figureFileSmall=gYArFH7SON9pDu7/LP9/WQ==, figureFileBig=d6G/xnoULmlHjypbzYTwIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179811191057691287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Accuracy of different time window lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被试 不同时间窗长下的准确率(ACC)/%
0.4 s 0.6 s 0.8 s 1 s
S1 91.70 98.30 96.70 100.00
S2 73.30 75.00 85.00 90.00
S3 81.70 91.70 96.70 100.00
S4 96.70 98.30 100.00 100.00
S5 56.70 88.30 96.70 93.30
S6 70.80 84.15 92.50 93.30
S7 72.08 87.08 90.08 92.70
平均值 77.57 88.98 93.95 95.61
标准差 12.61 7.60 4.73 3.94
), ArticleFig(id=1179811191116411544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同时间窗长的准确率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被试 不同时间窗长下的准确率(ACC)/%
0.4 s 0.6 s 0.8 s 1 s
S1 91.70 98.30 96.70 100.00
S2 73.30 75.00 85.00 90.00
S3 81.70 91.70 96.70 100.00
S4 96.70 98.30 100.00 100.00
S5 56.70 88.30 96.70 93.30
S6 70.80 84.15 92.50 93.30
S7 72.08 87.08 90.08 92.70
平均值 77.57 88.98 93.95 95.61
标准差 12.61 7.60 4.73 3.94
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Accuracy of HDMFC in different frequency bands

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被试 准确率/%
8~15 Hz 11~19 Hz
S1 78.33 88.33
S2 83.33 89.17
S3 85.00 90.83
S4 90.83 96.67
S5 73.33 79.16
S6 71.67 78.33
S7 81.67 90.83
平均值 80.59 87.62
标准差 6.21 6.13
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不同频段下HDMFC的准确率

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被试 准确率/%
8~15 Hz 11~19 Hz
S1 78.33 88.33
S2 83.33 89.17
S3 85.00 90.83
S4 90.83 96.67
S5 73.33 79.16
S6 71.67 78.33
S7 81.67 90.83
平均值 80.59 87.62
标准差 6.21 6.13
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Online experimental results of HDMFC paradigm

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被试 ACC/%
HDMFC-2* HDMFC-2 HDMFC-3* HDMFC-3
S1 70.83 87.50 67.50 90.00
S2 66.67 86.67 60.00 85.83
S3 85.00 83.33 73.33 98.33
S4 94.17 100.00 86.67 96.67
S5 63.33 86.67 56.67 83.33
S6 80.00 98.33 54.17 85.00
S7 88.33 91.67 62.50 89.17
平均值 72.50 90.60 65.83 89.76
标准差 10.41 5.89 10.41 5.36
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HDMFC范式在线实验结果

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被试 ACC/%
HDMFC-2* HDMFC-2 HDMFC-3* HDMFC-3
S1 70.83 87.50 67.50 90.00
S2 66.67 86.67 60.00 85.83
S3 85.00 83.33 73.33 98.33
S4 94.17 100.00 86.67 96.67
S5 63.33 86.67 56.67 83.33
S6 80.00 98.33 54.17 85.00
S7 88.33 91.67 62.50 89.17
平均值 72.50 90.60 65.83 89.76
标准差 10.41 5.89 10.41 5.36
), ArticleFig(id=1179811191464538781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of accuracy between HDMFC-2 and DFBC

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被试 ACC/%
HDMFC-2* HDMFC-2 DFBC* DFBC
S1 69.17 86.67 41.67 56.95
S2 68.33 90.00 72.92 81.95
S3 86.67 95.00 74.30 85.42
S4 92.50 99.17 77.08 55.42
S5 65.00 85.83 91.67 83.75
S6 59.17 80.00 90.97 93.33
S7 64.17 88.33 70.83 68.75
平均值 72.14 89.29 79.27 71.55
标准差 11.54 5.82 5.89 11.95
), ArticleFig(id=1179811191544230558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

HDMFC-2与DFBC的准确率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被试 ACC/%
HDMFC-2* HDMFC-2 DFBC* DFBC
S1 69.17 86.67 41.67 56.95
S2 68.33 90.00 72.92 81.95
S3 86.67 95.00 74.30 85.42
S4 92.50 99.17 77.08 55.42
S5 65.00 85.83 91.67 83.75
S6 59.17 80.00 90.97 93.33
S7 64.17 88.33 70.83 68.75
平均值 72.14 89.29 79.27 71.55
标准差 11.54 5.82 5.89 11.95
), ArticleFig(id=1179811191607145119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of accuracy between HDMFC-3 and DFBC

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被试 ACC/%
HDMFC-3* HDMFC-3 DFBC* DFBC
S1 65.00 88.33 41.67 56.95
S2 58.33 85.83 72.92 81.95
S3 82.50 95.00 74.30 85.42
S4 77.50 96.67 77.08 55.42
S5 58.33 86.67 91.67 83.75
S6 56.67 81.66 90.97 93.33
S7 57.50 85.00 70.83 68.75
平均值 66.43 88.45 79.27 71.55
标准差 9.83 5.05 5.89 11.95
), ArticleFig(id=1179811191670059680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

HDMFC-3与DFBC的准确率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被试 ACC/%
HDMFC-3* HDMFC-3 DFBC* DFBC
S1 65.00 88.33 41.67 56.95
S2 58.33 85.83 72.92 81.95
S3 82.50 95.00 74.30 85.42
S4 77.50 96.67 77.08 55.42
S5 58.33 86.67 91.67 83.75
S6 56.67 81.66 90.97 93.33
S7 57.50 85.00 70.83 68.75
平均值 66.43 88.45 79.27 71.55
标准差 9.83 5.05 5.89 11.95
), ArticleFig(id=1179811191737168545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of accuracy between HDMFC-3 and MFSC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被试 ACC/%
HDMFC-2* HDMFC-2 HDMFC-3 MSFC
S1 69.17 86.67 88.33 65.83
S2 68.33 90.00 85.83 70.83
S3 86.67 95.00 95.00 83.75
S4 92.5 99.17 96.67 93.33
S5 65.00 85.83 86.67 62.92
S6 59.17 80.00 81.66 55.42
S7 64.17 88.33 85.00 68.75
平均值 72.14 89.29 88.45 71.55
标准差 11.54 5.82 5.05 11.95
), ArticleFig(id=1179811191812666018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774731274056389, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

HDMFC-3与MFSC的准确率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被试 ACC/%
HDMFC-2* HDMFC-2 HDMFC-3 MSFC
S1 69.17 86.67 88.33 65.83
S2 68.33 90.00 85.83 70.83
S3 86.67 95.00 95.00 83.75
S4 92.5 99.17 96.67 93.33
S5 65.00 85.83 86.67 62.92
S6 59.17 80.00 81.66 55.42
S7 64.17 88.33 85.00 68.75
平均值 72.14 89.29 88.45 71.55
标准差 11.54 5.82 5.05 11.95
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基于海明距离的SSVEP-BCI脑电信号编码与识别
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赵耀 , 阎文婕 , 王学栋 , 侯殿妮 , 张星宇 , 李丹丹 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(12): 5073-5082
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(12): 5073-5082
基于海明距离的SSVEP-BCI脑电信号编码与识别
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赵耀 , 阎文婕, 王学栋, 侯殿妮, 张星宇, 李丹丹*
作者信息
  • 太原理工大学计算机科学与技术学院, 晋中 030600
  • 赵耀(1998—),男,汉族,山西临汾人,硕士。研究方向:脑机接口。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李丹丹(1988—),女,汉族,山西长治人,博士,副教授。研究方向:脑科学与智能计算、脑网络组学。E-mail:
Encoding and Recognition of SSVEP-BCI EEG Signals Based on Hamming Distance
Yao ZHAO , Wen-jie YAN, Xue-dong WANG, Dian-ni HOU, Xing-yu ZHANG, Dan-dan LI*
Affiliations
  • College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403214
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传统的稳态视觉诱发电位(steady-state visual evoked potential,SSVEP)脑机接口系统通常使用少量频率进行编码,导致编码数量限制在几十个,无法满足有大量指令需求的环境作业。为了解决这一问题,提出一种基于海明距离的多频编码(Hamming distance multi-frequency code,HDMFC)范式及相应的识别算法,将海明距离同刺激范式编码和信号识别算法结合,利用8个频率信号可编码120个指令,并对7名受试者进行数据采集和分类实验。结果表明,基于海明距离的120编码在线实验准确率可达90.60%。研究成果为SSVEP范式编码数量的增加和分类效果的提升提供了有效的方法,验证了海明距离在这一领域的实用性和有效性。

稳态视觉诱发电位(SSVEP)  /  脑机接口(BCI)  /  海明距离  /  多频编码

The traditional steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) brain computer interface system usually uses a small number of frequencies for encoding, resulting in a limited number of encodings to dozens, which cannot meet the demands of environmental tasks with a large number of instructions. To address this issue, a Hamming distance multi frequency code (HDMFC) paradigm and corresponding recognition algorithm based on Hamming distance were proposed. The Hamming distance was combined with stimulus paradigm encoding and signal recognition algorithms to encode 120 instructions using 8 frequency signals. Data collection and classification experiments were conducted on 7 subjects. The results show that the accuracy of the 120 encoding online experiment based on Hamming distance can reach 90.60%. The research results provide an effective method for increasing the number of SSVEP paradigm codes and improving classification performance, verifying the practicality and effectiveness of Hamming distance in this field.

steady state visual evoked potential(SSVEP)  /  brain computer interface(BCI)  /  Hamming distance  /  multi-frequency code
赵耀, 阎文婕, 王学栋, 侯殿妮, 张星宇, 李丹丹. 基于海明距离的SSVEP-BCI脑电信号编码与识别. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5073 -5082 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403214
Yao ZHAO, Wen-jie YAN, Xue-dong WANG, Dian-ni HOU, Xing-yu ZHANG, Dan-dan LI. Encoding and Recognition of SSVEP-BCI EEG Signals Based on Hamming Distance[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5073 -5082 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403214
脑机接口(brain-computer interface,BCI)技术是一种将人脑与计算机或其他外部设备进行直接交互的技术,通过记录、解读和转换大脑活动信号,使人类能够通过思维或意图而不依赖于周围组织或肌肉去控制外部设备。BCI技术涉及计算机科学、神经学、工程学等多个学科领域[1-3],已被广泛应用于医疗和康复领[4-5]
目前主流的BCI范式根据其诱发信号的不同主要被分为:稳态视觉诱发电位(steady-state visual evoked potential,SSVEP) [6-7]、P300事件相关电位[8]、MI运动想象[9]。其中SSVEP稳态视觉诱发电位由于其本身的高信息传速率[10](information transfer rate,ITR)和高信噪比[11]而备受BCI研究者的青睐。然而,尽管SSVEP发展潜力巨大,但基于SSVEP的BCI系统在编码数量方面仍然存在着挑战,这限制了其广泛应用的可能性。因此,提高SSVEP范式的编码数量仍然是一个亟待解决的问题,对BCI技术的进一步发展至关重要。作为目前最受欢迎的脑机接口范式之一,SSVEP在其编码和识别方面都有着广泛而深刻的发展。Ge等[12]提出了一种双频偏置编码(dual-frequency biased coding,DFBC)方法,通过4个频率的两两组合实现了48个目标的打字器,同时针对该编码方式提出了一种自纠错算法,然而DFBC的编码数量仍然较少,且自纠错算法性能不高,无法满足BCI系统的多指令要求。Yuan等[13]通过引入阻塞等待时间与频率进行组合来提升编码数量,但是将阻塞时间融入SSVEP范式编码中,会导致系统响应时间增加,性能下降。Chen等[14]提出了一种频谱密集编码方法,该方法在联合频率相位编码方法的基础上,通过降低频率间隔、扩充频段的方式将编码数量提升至120个,然而该方法需要依赖有监督的识别算法进行信号识别,具有一定的局限性。Zhang等[15]通过时空变频编码方式实现了60个指令的TSFC-SSVEP编码,这种方式通过空间信息和频率信息的改变有效提升了指令数量,但是由于频段的限制,该方法在编码数量上的提升并不尽如人意。值得注意的是,尽管这些研究在提高SSVEP编码数量方面取得了一定进展,但是这些研究忽视了频率组合产生的信息,识别性能不佳。
频率信号的组合不仅可以扩大编码数量,同时,编码之间的差异还可以提供额外的信息,从而进一步增强信号的识别性能。事实上,BCI的信号解析可以被视作一种信息校验,在信息传输过程中,海明校验码展现出优异的纠错能力,为高信息传输率提供了可靠保障[16]。海明校验码的纠错能力主要依靠海明距离实现,海明距离是信息理论中用来描述编码之间差异程度的关键指标。具体而言,海明距离表示任意两个编码之间不同码元的数量。在通信领域,海明距离越大,表示编码之间的差异越显著,信息的可纠错空间也就越大,因此信息可靠性也就越强。当海明距离为2时,海明校验码能够探测信息传输中的错误,但无法进行主动纠正。然而,当海明距离达到3时,海明校验码就具备了一定的纠错能力。
基于此,提出一种基于海明距离的多频编码范式(Hamming distance multi-frequency code,HDMFC),分别利用8和12个频率信号,通过组合4个持续1 s的刺激设计HDMFC范式,使目标数量上升至120个。利用贪心算法对HDMFC范式的编码进行优化,提高基于海明距离的识别算法的效果。使用无训练识别算法滤波器组典型相关分析[17](filter bank canonical correlation analysis,FBCCA)进行信号识别,最终对7名被试进行了离线实验和在线实验,其中,HDMFC-3在线实验的准确率可达到89.76%±5.36%,ITR为76.81±7.65。HDMFC-2在线准确率可达到90.60%±5.89%,ITR可达到76.11±8.00,为提升SSVEP范式编码数量与识别性能提供了创新性的解决方案。
本次研究中,有7名受试者参与实验,受试者均视力正常或矫正视力正常,且无癫痫病或者其他神经疾病,有5名受试者未参与过任何BCI实验,2名受试者之前参与过BCI实验。所有受试者均被告知实验内容并同意进行实验,签署了实验知情同意书。所有受试者未经过任何预训练,以模拟真实情况下的BCI系统应用。离线数据采集与在线实验均在日常环境中进行,没有屏蔽电磁干扰。
采用大小为50英寸(1 in=2.54 cm),刷新频率为60 Hz,像素分辨率为3 840×2 160的液晶显示器来呈现刺激。处理器为Intel i7-12700F,主频2.1 GHz,加速频率4.9 GHz CPU和DDR4 32 G内存。刺激程序在MATLAB 2016a和Psychophysics Toolbox下实现。
每个编码均由4个码元组成。当海明距离为1时,编码不具备纠错能力,而当海明距离为4时,会导致编码数量减少为基频的数量。因此本研究不使用码距为1和4的码集。设码集的码距D={2,3},则码集中编码的设计需要满足式(1)。
a,bC, d(a,b)≥D
式(1)中:d(a,b)为码集中任意两个不同编码ab之间的海明距离;C为由码距为D的编码组成的码集,码集中任意两个编码的码距定义为
d(a,b)= i Nai≠bi, i=1,2,3,4
式(2)中:aibi分别为编码ab的第i个码元。
每个码元对应周期的亮度变化根据式(3)进行调整。
L(t)=255× 1 2 1 + s i n 2 π f k f r e f r e s h
式(3)中:k为帧索引;L为屏幕亮度;f为该码元的频率;frefresh为屏幕刷新率;sin为正弦波。
根据海明距离的不同,设计海明距离为3的HDMFC-3范式和海明距离为2的HDMFC-2范式,范式中每个编码均由4个连续的正弦刺激组成,每个正弦刺激持续时间为1 s。图1展示了HDMFC的离线刺激示意图。在HDMFC-2中,每个正弦刺激的频率都是11~19 Hz中的整数频率。
利用博睿康公司生产的24通道脑电放大器,定位符合国际临床神经生理学联合会制定的《国际10-20系统电极放置法》标准,参考电极为Pz,采样率为300 Hz,采集过程在日常环境中进行,未屏蔽外界电磁干扰。信号分析主要利用枕骨区的6个通道信号(T5、P3、P4、T6、O1、O2),因为枕骨区的SSVEP信号的信噪比最高,将采集到的信号通过50 Hz的陷波滤波器进行过滤,信号记录期间电极阻抗保持在50 kΩ以下,实验仅记录全部离线实验的结果进行处理分析。
为了检验HDMFC方法的性能,分别对HDMFC-3和HDMFC-2进行离线实验和在线实验。每次实验包含2个独立的block。离线实验每个block要求用户注视所有的120个刺激,每个trial开始前会在某个刺激块的下方出现一条红色的提示线,在红线提示期间用户需要将目光移动到红线上方的白色刺激上,等待刺激的闪烁,SSVEP的刺激将会在屏幕上呈现4 s,每一秒都是一个独立的刺激,之后是0.5 s的休息时间,被试者可以眨眼休息。为了降低人眼疲劳对结果的影响,将每个block分为3个子块,每个子块包含40个刺激,之后被试者有一分钟的休息时间。在线实验部分所有的实验范式都采用随机目标提示的方法来提醒用户需要注视的目标,其余实验设置与离线实验保持一致。
非目标编码与目标编码之间的响应距离太小会增加原始信号的识别难度,尤其是在编码数量较多的情况下。通过优化编码可以提升基于海明距离的识别算法的效果,在码集扩充过程中,要分别计算候选码集中所有编码与当前码集的码距大小,尽量降低原始信号与非目标编码之间的响应距离[18]。针对该问题,使用贪心算法寻求该问题的近似最优解,以提高HDMFC范式的性能。贪心算法的伪代码如下。其中,Distance(·)函数用来计算当前编码与当前码集中所有编码的码距之和,UpdateCodeSet(·)函数用来更新当前的码集,初始CodeSize大小为120,初始码集Cinit为空。
Greedy Algorithm
1: initialize CcurCinit, CodeSize,Codecur,Dmax
2: for i∈[1,CodeSize]do
3: Dmax=0,Codecur=null
4: for Code∈DoubleCodeSet do
5: Dnew=Distance(Code,Ccur)
6: fDnew>Dmax then
7: Dmax=Dnew,Codecur=Code
8: End if
9: End for
10: Ccur=UpdateCodeSet(Ccur,Code)
11: End for
12: Return Ccur
码集中编码优化的主要实现过程如下。
步骤1 设置一个初始码集Cinit=null、预期码集大小CodeSize=120、目标编码Codecur以及当前最大码距Dmax,初始化当前码集Ccur等于初始码集CinitDmax=0。
步骤2 计算每一个候选编码与当前编码集Ccur的码距Dcur
依次选择当前候选码集中的每一个编码Code作为当前编码。
计算当前编码Code与当前码集Ccur的码距,将计算的值赋给Dnew
步骤3 更新最大码距Dmax和与Ccur码距最大的编码Codecur
比较当前编码Code与Ccur的码距DnewDmax的大小,如果当前编码与Ccur的码距Dnew大于Dmax,则需要将Dnew的值赋给Dmax,同时将Codecur的值更新为Code。
判断当前编码Code是否为候选码集中的最后一个候选码,如果是则将Codecur添加到Ccur更新当前码集,同时从候选编码集中删除对应的编码Codecur
步骤4 判断当前码集中编码数量是否大于等于CodeSize,是则返回Ccur,否则将Dmax、Codecur重新初始化,然后返回执行步骤2。
由于海明距离的大小与编码数量成反比,对于海明距离为2的HDMFC范式编码,可以使用8个基频信号进行编码,分别使用0~7这8个数字表示。而对于海明距离为3的HDMFC范式编码,8个基频信号无法得到120个海明距离为3的编码,因此需要将基频信号增加到12个,分别用A~L表示这12个基频信号。优化后的HDMFC码集如图2所示。
在SSVEP信号中,由不同刺激频率引起的脑电活动具有不同的频率成分,因此可以通过频域分析方法来提取信号的频率特征。当人眼观看闪烁刺激时,大脑皮层神经元的活动会随着灯的频率变化而发生改变。例如,当刺激以10 Hz频率闪烁时,大脑皮层神经元的活动也会在10 Hz的频率上发生变化,这种与外部刺激频率同步的神经元活动产生的信号就是SSVEP信号。最常用的SSVEP识别算法包括典型相关分析[19](canonical correlation analysis,CCA)、FBCCA以及其他在CCA基础上改进的综合方法[20-21]。CCA将经过处理的脑电信号和外部视觉刺激的信号分别看作两个多变量数据集,通过线性变换将两个数据集映射到新的低维空间中,使得在新空间中两个数据集之间的相关性最大。通常使用fs表示信号的采样率,t表示每个采样时间,频率fi的正弦信号模板Yi定义为
Y i = [ y i 1 f s   y i 2 f s     y i N s f s ] y i ( t ) = s i n ( 2 π f i t ) c o s ( 2 π f i t ) s i n ( 2 N h π f i t ) c o s ( 2 N h π f i t ) ,   t = [ 1 f s , 2 f s , , N s f s ]
式(4)中:fs为信号的采样率;t为每个采样时间;Ns为采样点总数;fi为频率;Nh为谐波数,Nh=5。
在常用的信号识别算法中,FBCCA算法引入带通滤波器的思想,使得谐波信息被更好地利用,使用FBCCA作为信号识别的基础算法,将滤波器组和空间滤波器作为特征提取的方法。通过零相位切比雪夫I无限脉冲滤波器从原始信号中提取子带分量 X s u b(sub=1,2,…,Nfb),进行滤波器组分析后,使用CCA分别对每个子带分量进行处理,将子带分量与所有频率刺激信号预设的参考信号Yi使用Pearson相关系数计算相关系数。
相关系数的计算公式为
$\begin{aligned} \rho_{i}= & \sum_{s_{\mathrm{ub}}=1}^{N_{\mathrm{fb}}} w\left(s_{\mathrm{ub}}\right) \operatorname{CCA}\left(X_{s_{\mathrm{ub}}}^{i}, Y\right), \\ & i=0,1,2,3 ; s_{\mathrm{ub}}=1,2, \cdots, N_{\mathrm{fb}} \end{aligned} $
式(5)中:Nfb为子带数量;CCA为典型相关分析(canonical correlation analysis),是一种统计方法,用来寻找两组变量之间的相关性。
权重w(sub)的定义为
w(sub)= s u b - 1.25+0.25, sub=1,2,…,Nfb
基于文献[17],选择最佳的M子带划分FBCCA方法,对于第m个子带,其上截止频率为90 Hz,下截止频率为m×11 Hz。
HDMFC识别流程如图3所示。首先对原始数据的各个码元分别使用FBCCA算法进行识别,得到每个码元的频率,分别对应f1、f2、f3和f4,然后将各个码元的识别结果按照原始顺序组合,得到初步的识别结果。原始信号识别完毕之后将得到的初步结果与码集中的所有编码对比,记录所有与初始结果有最多相同码元的编码,得到候选纠错编码集,记录的编码需要满足式(7)。
cC, i = 1 Nδ(xi,ci)≥2, i=1,2,…,N
式(7)中:δ(a,b)为判断a,b是否相等;c为码集中的任意编码;xi为原始信号第i个码元的FBCCA识别结果;ci为编码c的第i个码元。
数据校验主要依靠候选纠错编码集进行结果校验:如果候选纠错编码集大小为1,表示有且仅有一个编码与原始信号识别结果存在最多相同的码元,则直接将该编码作为结果返回;如果候选纠错编码集为空,则表示该原始数据与所有的编码最多只有一个相同码元。为了增加相似度大的码元对结果的影响、降低相似度小的码元对结果的影响,将分别对码集中所有编码求其4个码元与原始信号4个码元相似度的平方和,可表示为
index= a r g m a x c( ρ c 1 2+ ρ c 2 2+ ρ c 3 2+ ρ c 4 2)
式(8)中:index为识别结果的编号;ρci为原始信号与ci个码元的相似度。
选择码元平方和的最大值所对应的编码作为结果返回。
若候选纠错编码集非空且元素数量大于1,则需要进行数据校验。数据校验需要将初步结果与候选纠错编码集中所有的编码进行比较,将初始结果中与候选纠错编码集中不同的码元的值替换为次高相似度的频率值,可表示为
argsort( r h o i)[-2], i=0,1,2,3
式(9)中:argsort为排序后返回对应的索引; r h o i为与第i个频率的相似度。
然后再次比对,并更新候选纠错编码集,只保留与校正结果存在最多相同码元的编码。如果校正后的候选纠错编码集中有且仅有一个编码,则将该编码作为最终的结果返回。如果候选纠错编码集中仍存在多个编码,同样采用式(8)的方法进行纠错。此时,式(8)中的c表示候选纠错编码集中的编码,index仍表示识别结果的编号。
为了验证所提出算法的有效性,进行三类实验:①不同时间窗与频段的结果对比;②码集优化算法性能评估;③HDMFC的分类表现及对比实验。
由于HDMFC采用多个子时间窗的组合策略,因此有必要深入研究单位时间窗长度对HDMFC性能的影响。为了探究这一问题,对7名受试者进行了在线实验,并以0.2 s为间隔,范围为0.4~1 s,分别设置多个不同时间窗长条件。在这些不同时间窗长下,记录并分析了每位受试者对8个基频信号的识别结果,这些结果如表1所示,时间窗为0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 s下的准确率分别为77.57%、88.98%、93.95%和95.61%。
表1可知,当时间为0.4 s时仅有S1、S4准确率分别达到91.70%、96.70%,当时间窗为0.8 s和1 s时其平均准确率均高于90%,但由于此实验数据仅包含8个基频信号的数据,刺激数量远小于HDMFC范式,在刺激数量增多时,信号质量会有所下降,较短的时间窗口可能不足以提取足够的信息来识别信号,因此,暂定子时间窗大小为1 s,后续需通过比较不同时间窗下的HDMFC性能来优化最终的时间窗大小。
低频刺激容易导致人眼疲劳,过高的频率又会降低SSVEP信号特征,因此对比8~15 Hz频段和11~19 Hz频段在1 s时间窗下的在线实验性能,最终选择11、12、13、14、15、16、17、19 Hz作为基频信号,不选择18 Hz是为了减少谐波信号的干扰。表2为7名受试者在8~15 Hz和11~19 Hz频段的HDMFC-2分类结果。
结果(表2)表明,选择11~19 Hz频段作为基频信号,在线实验平均准确率为87.62%,性能要优于8~15 Hz频段,这可能是因为11~19 Hz的频段比于8~15 Hz频段的频率高,低频率的信号在实验中更容易导致人眼疲劳、信号质量降低。同时,8~15 Hz中的谐波信息干扰相较于11~19 Hz频段也更强。因此后续实验均是在11~19 Hz频段的基频信号下进行。
为了评估基于海明距离的纠错算法在码集优化方面的性能,研究编码之间响应距离大小对其表现的影响。通过在线实验,比较使用优化算法后的码集与随机选择的码集在识别性能上的差异。在图4中展示了7名受试者在不同码集下的分类效果。在未进行数据校正的情况下,随机选择的码集和经过优化后的码集表现相近。然而,经过数据校正后,所有受试者在优化后的码集上的表现均优于随机选择的码集,平均准确率提升了4.58%。这一结果证明了码距优化算法的有效性,为提高基于海明距离的纠错算法在实际应用中的性能提供了实质性的支持。
为了优化HDMFC的性能,确定HDMFC最终的时间窗长度,对比不同时间窗长度下的HDMFC性能,将所有被试的分类准确率记录如图5所示。可以看出,在0.2~1 s的时间窗长度范围内,随着时间窗长度的增加,所有被试的准确率逐渐提高。在0.8 s的时间窗下的平均准确率为78.44%,较1 s的时间窗的90.60%低了约12%,结果表明,当面对刺激数量较多的情况时,信号质量会下降,从而导致在较短时间窗长度下的识别性能明显下降。因此,根据实验结果,最终确定HDMFC的码元时间窗长度为1 s,这与之前的初步设定一致。这一决策是为了确保在各种情况下都能获得稳定且较高质量的信号,从而优化HDMFC的性能。
基于先前的实验结果,在码元时间窗长为1 s、基频为11~19 Hz条件下,进行了HDMFC的在线实验。实验结果如表3所示,对于HDMFC-2而言,在没有纠错的情况下,原始数据的准确率为72.50%;然而,在经过纠错处理后,准确率达到90.60%,相较于未纠错的情况提升了18.1%。由于HDMFC的编码数量受到海明距离的影响,当基频数量为8时,无法获得包含120个海明距离为3的码集。因此,为了进一步研究,在先前的基础上增加了4个基频信号(18、20、21、23 Hz),共计12个基频信号,对HDMFC-3进行编码和实验。
对于HDMFC-3,纠错前的平均准确率为65.83%。然而,在经过纠错处理后,准确率显著提升至89.76%,相较于纠错前进步了23.93%。这些结果充分证明了HDMFC具备卓越的自纠错能力。这一研究为HDMFC在实际应用中的性能提升提供了有力的支持。
DFBC范式在同时利用有限数量的频率编码大量刺激的情况下,具备自纠错能力。因此,本研究进行了DFBC与HDMFC的深入比较分析。基于前期实验结果,实验采用13、15、17、19 Hz作为基频信号来获取DFBC的原始数据,并对这些数据应用FBCCA分析以实现自纠错处理。HDMFC与DFBC的性能比较结果如表4表5所示。
对HDMFC-3与DFBC的比较结果而言,HDMFC-3在自纠错性能方面明显优于DFBC,其自纠错能力相对DFBC提升了11.2%。同样,HDMFC-2相对于DFBC在自纠错能力上也表现出6.33%的提升。这些对比结果强调了HDMFC引入纠错算法后的有效性。HDMFC与DFBC的性能对比也证实了在纠错算法中引入海明距离的有效性。
同时,MFSC范式通过频率的排列组合来提升编码数量,这与HDMFC编码方式相似,因此对这两种范式的性能进行了综合比较。HDMFC与MFSC的性能比较结果如表6所示。
具体而言,在不进行纠错的情况下,虽然MSFC的基频信号较少HDMFC与传统的MSFC范式在准确率上相当。然而,经过纠错处理后,HDMFC-2的准确率相对于MFSC提升了17.74%,而HDMFC-3的准确率相对于MFSC提升了16.9%。
设计一种基于海明距离的多频编码范式和基于海明距离的纠错识别方法,实现了海明距离为2的120目标编码、海明距离为3的120目标编码方式以及结果校正方法,对两种编码方式和校正方法分别进行了在线实验, HDMFC-3范式的在线实验在纠错之后取得了89.76%的准确率。对于HDMFC-2的在线实验在纠错之后取得了90.60%的准确率。通过对实验结果的分析得出如下结论。
(1)对于相同的视觉刺激范式,适当提高刺激信号的频率有助于提升SSVEP信号的识别识别性能。
(2)优化编码之间的响应距离有助于提升SSVEP实验范式的性能,能够降低非目标信号的干扰,提高信号识别准确率。
(3)在相同时间窗长下,HDMFC范式的识别性能优于其他多目标编码范式。
利用海明距离作为一种度量差异的方法,并将其与多频率编码相结合,挖掘了编码之间的距离信息。实验结果证明了在SSVEP范式设计中引入海明距离的有效性,这不仅为海明距离的新应用提供了新的思路,同时也为SSVEP的纠错方法提供了新的研究方向。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(61906130)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(62176177)
  • 国家重大科技基础设施项目(2023-EL-PT-000371)
  • 国家重大科技基础设施项目(2023-EL-PT-000374)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403214
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
  • 修回日期:2025-01-23
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(61906130)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(62176177)
国家重大科技基础设施项目(2023-EL-PT-000371)
国家重大科技基础设施项目(2023-EL-PT-000374)
作者信息
    太原理工大学计算机科学与技术学院, 晋中 030600

通讯作者:

* 李丹丹(1988—),女,汉族,山西长治人,博士,副教授。研究方向:脑科学与智能计算、脑网络组学。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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