Article(id=1149774730623939252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404610, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718812800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-20, revisedDate=1738771200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257561, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257561, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5240, endPage=5248, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774731253084867, articleId=1149774730623939252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Integrated Air Cargo Schedule Recovery Model Based on Improved Flight Network, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The disruption recovery is regarded as a crucial role in the operation of freighter airlines. To expand the application scenarios of the freight flight network, elements such as mandatory nodes and external arcs were introduced to enhance the applicability of the network. In general, aircraft and cargo were defined in separate networks and are recovered using a sequential solving method. To explore the correlation between each research object and to complete each recovery action, the entity flow was defined to integrate different types of entities in the same network. To solve the problem of crew recovery, constraints such as crew duty and flight qualifications were added to the model, and a mixed integer linear programming model was constructed based on an improved flight network. This model can achieve integrated recovery of aircraft, cargo, and crew. To accurately evaluate the capacity constraints of the cargo aircraft, a unit load device was used to represent the volume of cargo and to improve the relevant models of capacity constraints. An entity aggregation approach was employed to reduce the number of entities to control the model complexity. The model evaluation was performed using operational data provided by a small freighter airline. The results show that the recovery solution causes a 42% reduction in the delay time. In the subsequent simulation experiments, six different disruption scenarios were established for two freighter airlines with multiple fleets. As the disruption rate increases, medium freighter airlines adopt the strategy of re-routing aircraft and rescheduling crew, while large freighter airlines focus on flight delays. The proposed integrated air cargo schedule recovery model based on an improved flight network can solve all the cases exactly in limited time, and the average error is 0.47%.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-hong SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuan-he REN, Xiao-hong SHI, Yue ZHANG, Ying XU, Hai-feng LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774738395984749, articleId=1149774730623939252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进航班网络的航空货运综合调度恢复模型, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中断恢复对货运航空公司的运营起到至关重要的作用。为扩大货运航班网络的应用场景,引入强制节点和外部弧等元素,在通常情况下,飞机和货物均被定义在相互独立的网络中,并通过顺序求解的方法依次恢复,为挖掘各研究对象之间的关联性,并同时完成各项恢复操作,引入实体流将不同类型的实体集成在同一网络中;为解决机组的恢复问题,在模型中添加机组执勤、飞行资质等有关约束,并基于改进的航班网络构建混合整数线性规划模型,该模型能够实现飞机、货物和机组的一体化恢复;为准确评估货机的容量限制,以标准托盘表示货物量,并改进有关的容量约束模型;为降低问题的复杂度,采用实体聚合的方法来缩减网络中实体的数量。使用小规模货运航空公司所提供的运行数据进行模型验证。结果表明:模型提出的恢复方案能够减少42%的延误时间;在进一步的仿真测试中,针对两个具备多机队的货运航空公司,分别设置6种不同的中断场景,随着中断率的提高,中型货运航空公司的恢复策略以重新规划货机路径和机组排班为主,而大型货运航空公司的恢复策略以航班延误为主。提出的基于改进航班网络的航空货运综合调度恢复模型能够在有限时间内求得所有算例的精确解,并且平均误差为0.47%。

, correspAuthors=史晓红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 史晓红(1989—),女,汉族,四川广汉人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:航空交通运输,航线网络。E-mail:
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任轩禾(2000—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空交通运输,交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

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任轩禾(2000—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空交通运输,交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

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任轩禾(2000—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空交通运输,交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

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European Journal of Operational Research, 2018, 275(2): 399-410., articleTitle=The air cargo load planning problem: a consolidated problem definition and literature review on related pro-blems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1179799525909742512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, awardId=2023YFSY0038, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科技计划(2023YFSY0038), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1179799525960074161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, awardId=S202310624276, language=CN, fundingSource=大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202310624276), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1179799521098875759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799521103070064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, companyId=1179799521098875759, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799521111458673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, companyId=1179799521098875759, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179799521178567538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799521186956147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, companyId=1179799521178567538, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Aeronautical Information Service Center, ATMB, CAAC, Beijing 100035, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179799521191150452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, companyId=1179799521178567538, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国民用航空局空中交通管理局航行情报服务中心, 北京 100035)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179799524160717722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structure of the improved flight network, figureFileSmall=1m62qiSiMmPe+bQlPiAeSQ==, figureFileBig=YGdnRMektl0zg6lguiJ+4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799524227826587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=图1, caption=改进的货运航班网络结构

s e i n为汇节点; s e o u为源节点;Me为强制节点集;ig为航班节点

, figureFileSmall=1m62qiSiMmPe+bQlPiAeSQ==, figureFileBig=YGdnRMektl0zg6lguiJ+4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799524282352540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flight strings operated by aircraft, figureFileSmall=hdi805Qp0zWAonvlq2qeuA==, figureFileBig=AzhOtvddRpaNWiAaCZYj2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799524370432925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=图2, caption=飞机执行的航班串, figureFileSmall=hdi805Qp0zWAonvlq2qeuA==, figureFileBig=AzhOtvddRpaNWiAaCZYj2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799524487873438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sets of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
集合 含义
T 实体类型的集合
E(Et) 实体(类型为t)的集合
F 所有航班的集合
Nf 航班节点的集合
M(Me) 实体e的强制节点集合
N 航班网络的节点集合
Λ 航班网络中弧的集合
Λext( Λ e x t e) 实体e的外部弧集合
Top 运行实体(飞机和机组)的集合
DCe 源节点的起飞弧的集合
ACe 汇节点的降落弧的集合
CCe 航班节点间的弧的集合
SEe 航班计划中实体的弧的集合
Eac(e) 航空公司的飞机集合
), ArticleFig(id=1179799524546593695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型的集合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
集合 含义
T 实体类型的集合
E(Et) 实体(类型为t)的集合
F 所有航班的集合
Nf 航班节点的集合
M(Me) 实体e的强制节点集合
N 航班网络的节点集合
Λ 航班网络中弧的集合
Λext( Λ e x t e) 实体e的外部弧集合
Top 运行实体(飞机和机组)的集合
DCe 源节点的起飞弧的集合
ACe 汇节点的降落弧的集合
CCe 航班节点间的弧的集合
SEe 航班计划中实体的弧的集合
Eac(e) 航空公司的飞机集合
), ArticleFig(id=1179799524617896864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 含义
H0(H1) 恢复期的起始(终止)时间
SDTf(SATf) 原计划中航班f的预定起飞(到达)时间
LDTf(LATf) 航班f允许的最晚起飞(到达)时间
EDTf(EATf) 航班f允许的最早起飞(到达)时间
FT f e 分配给飞机e的航班f的计划飞行时长
MinCT f g e( MaxCT f g e) 实体e在航班f与航班g之间允许的最小(最大)中转时间
EDTe 实体e的首个航班允许的最早起飞时间
LATe 实体e到达目的机场的最晚可接受时间
D f e 节点对实体的需求
MFTe(MDTe) 机组的最大飞行(执勤)时长
MNLe 机组的最大降落次数
R e q f t 运行航班f所需实体类型为t的实体数量
C k a p 飞机k的载货能力
C Λ e x t 外部弧Λext的单位成本
C f c a n c e l 航班f的单位取消成本
C e d e l a y 货物订单在单位时间内的延误成本
C t f o l l o w 实体类型为t的单位激励成本
TCext 外部弧的总成本
TC c a n c e l 航班取消的总成本
TC d e l a y 货物订单的总延误成本
TC f o l l o w 实体的总激励成本
), ArticleFig(id=1179799524710171553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 含义
H0(H1) 恢复期的起始(终止)时间
SDTf(SATf) 原计划中航班f的预定起飞(到达)时间
LDTf(LATf) 航班f允许的最晚起飞(到达)时间
EDTf(EATf) 航班f允许的最早起飞(到达)时间
FT f e 分配给飞机e的航班f的计划飞行时长
MinCT f g e( MaxCT f g e) 实体e在航班f与航班g之间允许的最小(最大)中转时间
EDTe 实体e的首个航班允许的最早起飞时间
LATe 实体e到达目的机场的最晚可接受时间
D f e 节点对实体的需求
MFTe(MDTe) 机组的最大飞行(执勤)时长
MNLe 机组的最大降落次数
R e q f t 运行航班f所需实体类型为t的实体数量
C k a p 飞机k的载货能力
C Λ e x t 外部弧Λext的单位成本
C f c a n c e l 航班f的单位取消成本
C e d e l a y 货物订单在单位时间内的延误成本
C t f o l l o w 实体类型为t的单位激励成本
TCext 外部弧的总成本
TC c a n c e l 航班取消的总成本
TC d e l a y 货物订单的总延误成本
TC f o l l o w 实体的总激励成本
), ArticleFig(id=1179799524785669026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Decision variables of the model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
决策变量 含义
二进制变量 x f g e 若实体e流经弧(f,g),则为1,否则为0
yf 若航班取消,则为1,否则为0
连续变量 d t f 航班f的实际起飞时间
a t f 航班f的实际降落时间
d e e l a y 货物的交付延误时长
), ArticleFig(id=1179799524844389283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型的决策变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
决策变量 含义
二进制变量 x f g e 若实体e流经弧(f,g),则为1,否则为0
yf 若航班取消,则为1,否则为0
连续变量 d t f 航班f的实际起飞时间
a t f 航班f的实际降落时间
d e e l a y 货物的交付延误时长
), ArticleFig(id=1179799524949246884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fleets information of airlines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 机型 容量 所属航空公司
1 A330-200 26 A1
2 B777-200 37 A2
3 B747-400 38 A2、A3
4 B757-200 15 A2、A3
5 B737-300 8 A3
6 B737-400 10 A3
7 B767-300 31 A3
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525075076005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

航空公司的机队信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 机型 容量 所属航空公司
1 A330-200 26 A1
2 B777-200 37 A2
3 B747-400 38 A2、A3
4 B757-200 15 A2、A3
5 B737-300 8 A3
6 B737-400 10 A3
7 B767-300 31 A3
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525133796262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Parameters of the experiment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 参数 数值
1 机组的最大飞行时长MFTcr/h 8
2 机组的最大执勤时长MDTcr/h 12
3 机组的最大降落次数MNLcr/次 4
4 飞机的最小中转时间 M i n C T f g a c/h 1
5 货物的单位延误成本 C c g d e l a y/(元·h-1) 2.4
6 航班的单位取消成本 C f c a n c e l/元 1 200
7 外部弧的单位成本 C Λ e x t/(元·次-1) 40
8 实体的单位激励成本 C t f o l l o w -1元/航班;
-0.01元/ULD
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525234459559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

实验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 参数 数值
1 机组的最大飞行时长MFTcr/h 8
2 机组的最大执勤时长MDTcr/h 12
3 机组的最大降落次数MNLcr/次 4
4 飞机的最小中转时间 M i n C T f g a c/h 1
5 货物的单位延误成本 C c g d e l a y/(元·h-1) 2.4
6 航班的单位取消成本 C f c a n c e l/元 1 200
7 外部弧的单位成本 C Λ e x t/(元·次-1) 40
8 实体的单位激励成本 C t f o l l o w -1元/航班;
-0.01元/ULD
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525293179816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Original flight schedule

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机号 航班 机组 起飞
机场
目的
机场
货运量 时间
T00 F00 C00 CTU DEL 14 00:44—03:59
T00 F01 C01 DEL BLR 11 09:25—11:34
T00 F02 C01 BLR DEL 16 14:51—16:59
T01 F03 C02 NRT XIY 14 00:37—04:12
T01 F04 C03 XIY NRT 14 12:29—16:05
T02 F05 C04 KIX CKG 12 00:37—04:02
T02 F06 C05 CKG KIX 11 10:11—13:36
T03 F07 C06 BLR DEL 16 00:50—02:58
T03 F08 C07 DEL BLR 14 11:13—13:22
T03 F09 C08 BLR DEL 11 19:31—21:40
T04 F10 C09 CTU DEL 8 00:45—04:00
T04 F11 C10 DEL CKG 19 10:50—14:24
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525385454505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

原始航班时刻

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机号 航班 机组 起飞
机场
目的
机场
货运量 时间
T00 F00 C00 CTU DEL 14 00:44—03:59
T00 F01 C01 DEL BLR 11 09:25—11:34
T00 F02 C01 BLR DEL 16 14:51—16:59
T01 F03 C02 NRT XIY 14 00:37—04:12
T01 F04 C03 XIY NRT 14 12:29—16:05
T02 F05 C04 KIX CKG 12 00:37—04:02
T02 F06 C05 CKG KIX 11 10:11—13:36
T03 F07 C06 BLR DEL 16 00:50—02:58
T03 F08 C07 DEL BLR 14 11:13—13:22
T03 F09 C08 BLR DEL 11 19:31—21:40
T04 F10 C09 CTU DEL 8 00:45—04:00
T04 F11 C10 DEL CKG 19 10:50—14:24
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525444174762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Recovery of flight itinerary

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计划
路径
恢复
路径
计划
航班
恢复
航班
货物
起始
机场
目的
机场
时间
I00 I00 F00 F00 4 CTU DEL 00:45—04:00
I12 I00 F10 F00 5 CTU DEL 00:45—04:00
I01 I01 F00-F01 F00-F01 5 CTU BLR 00:45—11:34
I02 I02 F01 F01 6 DEL BLR 09:25—11:34
I03 I03 F02 F02 16 BLR DEL 14:51—16:59
I04 I04 F03 F03 14 NRT XIY 03:20—06:55
I05 I05 F04 F04 14 XIY NRT 12:29—16:05
I06 I06 F05 F05 12 KIX CKG 03:23—06:48
I07 I07 F06 F06 11 CKG KIX 10:11—13:36
I08 I08 F07 F07 10 BLR DEL 00:50—02:58
I09 I09 F00-F08 F00-F08 3 CTU BLR 00:45—13:22
I10 I10 F08 F08 11 DEL BLR 11:13—13:22
I11 I11 F09 F09 11 BLR DEL 19:31—21:40
I13 I13 F00-F11 F00-F11 2 CTU CKG 00:45—14:24
I15 I13 F10-F11 F00-F11 3 CTU CKG 00:45—14:24
I14 I14 F07-F11 F07-F11 6 BLR CKG 00:50—14:24
I16 I16 F11 F11 8 DEL CKG 10:50—14:24
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525528060843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

航班行程恢复

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计划
路径
恢复
路径
计划
航班
恢复
航班
货物
起始
机场
目的
机场
时间
I00 I00 F00 F00 4 CTU DEL 00:45—04:00
I12 I00 F10 F00 5 CTU DEL 00:45—04:00
I01 I01 F00-F01 F00-F01 5 CTU BLR 00:45—11:34
I02 I02 F01 F01 6 DEL BLR 09:25—11:34
I03 I03 F02 F02 16 BLR DEL 14:51—16:59
I04 I04 F03 F03 14 NRT XIY 03:20—06:55
I05 I05 F04 F04 14 XIY NRT 12:29—16:05
I06 I06 F05 F05 12 KIX CKG 03:23—06:48
I07 I07 F06 F06 11 CKG KIX 10:11—13:36
I08 I08 F07 F07 10 BLR DEL 00:50—02:58
I09 I09 F00-F08 F00-F08 3 CTU BLR 00:45—13:22
I10 I10 F08 F08 11 DEL BLR 11:13—13:22
I11 I11 F09 F09 11 BLR DEL 19:31—21:40
I13 I13 F00-F11 F00-F11 2 CTU CKG 00:45—14:24
I15 I13 F10-F11 F00-F11 3 CTU CKG 00:45—14:24
I14 I14 F07-F11 F07-F11 6 BLR CKG 00:50—14:24
I16 I16 F11 F11 8 DEL CKG 10:50—14:24
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525599364012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Recovery flight schedule

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机号 航班 机组 起飞
机场
目的
机场
货运量 时间
T00 F10 C09 CTU DEL 0 06:44—09:59
T00 F08 C07 DEL BLR 14 11:13—13:22
T00 F02 C01 BLR DEL 16 14:51—16:59
T01 F03 C02 NRT XIY 14 03:20—06:55
T01 F04 C03 XIY NRT 14 12:29—16:05
T02 F05 C04 KIX CKG 12 03:23—06:48
T02 F06 C05 CKG KIX 11 10:11—13:36
T03 F07 C06 BLR DEL 16 00:50—02:58
T03 F01 C01 DEL BLR 11 09:25—11:34
T03 F09 C08 BLR DEL 11 19:31—21:40
T04 F00 C00 CTU DEL 22 00:45—04:00
T04 F11 C10 DEL CKG 19 10:50—14:24
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525653889965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

恢复的航班计划

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机号 航班 机组 起飞
机场
目的
机场
货运量 时间
T00 F10 C09 CTU DEL 0 06:44—09:59
T00 F08 C07 DEL BLR 14 11:13—13:22
T00 F02 C01 BLR DEL 16 14:51—16:59
T01 F03 C02 NRT XIY 14 03:20—06:55
T01 F04 C03 XIY NRT 14 12:29—16:05
T02 F05 C04 KIX CKG 12 03:23—06:48
T02 F06 C05 CKG KIX 11 10:11—13:36
T03 F07 C06 BLR DEL 16 00:50—02:58
T03 F01 C01 DEL BLR 11 09:25—11:34
T03 F09 C08 BLR DEL 11 19:31—21:40
T04 F00 C00 CTU DEL 22 00:45—04:00
T04 F11 C10 DEL CKG 19 10:50—14:24
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525708415918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Computational results for airlines A2,A3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航空公司 航班数 恢复期/
h
中断率/
%
成本/元 求解时长/
s
误差/
%
飞机 机组 货物 总计 激励成本
A2 43 36 5 1 320 40 492.9 1 852.9 -141.5 88.92 0
10 1 480 80 591.7 2 151.7 -133.5 143.59 0.20
20 2 760 80 571.9 3 411.9 -129.7 296.95 0
65 48 5 2 440 200 1 799.5 4 439.5 -203.8 1 021.75 0.55
10 4 560 200 1 410.1 6 170.1 -172.8 670.95 0.31
20 3 840 200 1 441.7 5 481.7 -194.2 1 238.39 0.33
A3 102 36 5 2 400 320 367.8 3 087.8 -418.1 1 902.86 0.02
10 2 560 0 1 029.4 3 589.4 -425.3 2 498.88 0.13
20 2 960 280 1 561.8 4 801.8 -394.8 3 371.75 0.32
167 48 5 2 640 40 309.8 2 989.8 -518.1 6 859.34 0.05
10 4 200 40 909.9 5 149.9 -507.8 6 389.98 2.02
20 5 520 0 2 542.7 8 062.7 -509.3 6 985.98 1.74
), ArticleFig(id=1179799525767136175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774730623939252, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

航空公司A2、A3的计算结果

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航空公司 航班数 恢复期/
h
中断率/
%
成本/元 求解时长/
s
误差/
%
飞机 机组 货物 总计 激励成本
A2 43 36 5 1 320 40 492.9 1 852.9 -141.5 88.92 0
10 1 480 80 591.7 2 151.7 -133.5 143.59 0.20
20 2 760 80 571.9 3 411.9 -129.7 296.95 0
65 48 5 2 440 200 1 799.5 4 439.5 -203.8 1 021.75 0.55
10 4 560 200 1 410.1 6 170.1 -172.8 670.95 0.31
20 3 840 200 1 441.7 5 481.7 -194.2 1 238.39 0.33
A3 102 36 5 2 400 320 367.8 3 087.8 -418.1 1 902.86 0.02
10 2 560 0 1 029.4 3 589.4 -425.3 2 498.88 0.13
20 2 960 280 1 561.8 4 801.8 -394.8 3 371.75 0.32
167 48 5 2 640 40 309.8 2 989.8 -518.1 6 859.34 0.05
10 4 200 40 909.9 5 149.9 -507.8 6 389.98 2.02
20 5 520 0 2 542.7 8 062.7 -509.3 6 985.98 1.74
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基于改进航班网络的航空货运综合调度恢复模型
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任轩禾 1 , 史晓红 1, * , 张越 1 , 徐颖 2 , 林海峰 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(12): 5240-5248
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(12): 5240-5248
基于改进航班网络的航空货运综合调度恢复模型
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任轩禾1 , 史晓红1, * , 张越1, 徐颖2, 林海峰2
作者信息
  • 1 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618300
  • 2 中国民用航空局空中交通管理局航行情报服务中心, 北京 100035
  • 任轩禾(2000—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:航空交通运输,交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 史晓红(1989—),女,汉族,四川广汉人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:航空交通运输,航线网络。E-mail:
Integrated Air Cargo Schedule Recovery Model Based on Improved Flight Network
Xuan-he REN1 , Xiao-hong SHI1, * , Yue ZHANG1, Ying XU2, Hai-feng LIN2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618300, China
  • 2 Aeronautical Information Service Center, ATMB, CAAC, Beijing 100035, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404610
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中断恢复对货运航空公司的运营起到至关重要的作用。为扩大货运航班网络的应用场景,引入强制节点和外部弧等元素,在通常情况下,飞机和货物均被定义在相互独立的网络中,并通过顺序求解的方法依次恢复,为挖掘各研究对象之间的关联性,并同时完成各项恢复操作,引入实体流将不同类型的实体集成在同一网络中;为解决机组的恢复问题,在模型中添加机组执勤、飞行资质等有关约束,并基于改进的航班网络构建混合整数线性规划模型,该模型能够实现飞机、货物和机组的一体化恢复;为准确评估货机的容量限制,以标准托盘表示货物量,并改进有关的容量约束模型;为降低问题的复杂度,采用实体聚合的方法来缩减网络中实体的数量。使用小规模货运航空公司所提供的运行数据进行模型验证。结果表明:模型提出的恢复方案能够减少42%的延误时间;在进一步的仿真测试中,针对两个具备多机队的货运航空公司,分别设置6种不同的中断场景,随着中断率的提高,中型货运航空公司的恢复策略以重新规划货机路径和机组排班为主,而大型货运航空公司的恢复策略以航班延误为主。提出的基于改进航班网络的航空货运综合调度恢复模型能够在有限时间内求得所有算例的精确解,并且平均误差为0.47%。

货运航空公司  /  不正常运行  /  综合恢复  /  中断管理  /  改进航班网络  /  混合整数线性规划

The disruption recovery is regarded as a crucial role in the operation of freighter airlines. To expand the application scenarios of the freight flight network, elements such as mandatory nodes and external arcs were introduced to enhance the applicability of the network. In general, aircraft and cargo were defined in separate networks and are recovered using a sequential solving method. To explore the correlation between each research object and to complete each recovery action, the entity flow was defined to integrate different types of entities in the same network. To solve the problem of crew recovery, constraints such as crew duty and flight qualifications were added to the model, and a mixed integer linear programming model was constructed based on an improved flight network. This model can achieve integrated recovery of aircraft, cargo, and crew. To accurately evaluate the capacity constraints of the cargo aircraft, a unit load device was used to represent the volume of cargo and to improve the relevant models of capacity constraints. An entity aggregation approach was employed to reduce the number of entities to control the model complexity. The model evaluation was performed using operational data provided by a small freighter airline. The results show that the recovery solution causes a 42% reduction in the delay time. In the subsequent simulation experiments, six different disruption scenarios were established for two freighter airlines with multiple fleets. As the disruption rate increases, medium freighter airlines adopt the strategy of re-routing aircraft and rescheduling crew, while large freighter airlines focus on flight delays. The proposed integrated air cargo schedule recovery model based on an improved flight network can solve all the cases exactly in limited time, and the average error is 0.47%.

freighter airline  /  irregular operations  /  integrated recovery  /  disruption management  /  improved flight network  /  mixed integer linear programming
任轩禾, 史晓红, 张越, 徐颖, 林海峰. 基于改进航班网络的航空货运综合调度恢复模型. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5240 -5248 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404610
Xuan-he REN, Xiao-hong SHI, Yue ZHANG, Ying XU, Hai-feng LIN. Integrated Air Cargo Schedule Recovery Model Based on Improved Flight Network[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5240 -5248 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404610
随着世界经济发展的一体化,航空货运业在世界贸易增长以及中国经济转型升级中的作用日益增强。航空货运具备快速性和可靠性,使跨国企业供应链的时间周期能够有效缩短,并降低货物在运输过程中的损坏风险。此外,作为一种高附加值的运输方式,航空货运在资金成本较高的市场中颇具吸引力,根据波音公司[1]的数据统计:航空货运每年约承运全球贸易1%的货物量,但产品价值却超过35%。预计至2041年,航空货运量将保持4.1%的年增长率。
受各类中断源的影响,中断问题为航空公司的运营带来巨大的挑战。中断源主要分为[2]:航空公司的内部资源和外部环境资源,如飞机故障、机组人员缺勤、恶劣气象条件、地面保障服务受扰[3]、跑道容量受限[4]、空域容量不足[5],以及需求波动导致的运力失配[6-7]等。由于中断难以在规划阶段提前规避,航空公司需要频繁调整航班计划[8],这项工作通常由运控中心的规划员手动调整飞机和货物的路线,甚至取消或增加航班来完成。显然,通过人工的方式难以确保损失最小化,并且耗时耗力。
为提高恢复效率,近年来,中外学者对航空公司中断恢复问题展开了大量研究[3-17]。目前,已有研究多集中于解决客运航空公司的恢复问题(passenger airline recovery, PAR),而关于货运航空公司的恢复研究较少。为解决PAR这一综合问题,原问题通常被分为3个相互关联的子问题[9]:飞机恢复问题(aircraft recovery problem, ARP)、机组恢复问题(crew recovery problem, CRP)、乘客恢复问题(passenger recovery problem, PRP)。
由于飞机和乘客分别作为运输载体与服务对象,对恢复的进程有着至关重要的影响。传统方法将航空公司的恢复问题构建为ARP与PRP的集成问题。Hu等[10]基于航班网络构建数学模型,并开发贪婪随机自适应搜索启发式算法实现模型的高效求解,所提出的模型能够降低航班的恢复成本和受扰乘客的数量。为分析实际航班中转时间的调整对ARP的影响,何坚等[11]分别构建基于轻量级梯度提升机的航班中转时间预测模型和基于有效中转时间的航班恢复模型,并设计特定的列生成算法求解模型。Sun等[12]基于改进的时空网络与候选旅客行程有效地降低所提出的混合整数线性规划模型(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)的复杂度,通过引入实时的多式联运网络极大的减少了受扰乘客的数量与恢复成本。Yan等[13]基于时空网络构建最小运营成本的整数多重网络流模型,使航空公司在受台风影响后能够尽快恢复运行。王楠等[4]在原有的恢复模型中引入跑道容量约束,并利用遗传算法与粒子群算法求解,所提出的模型能够有效降低航空公司的经济损失与旅客滞留。为缓解飞机故障和维修导致的运行中断,Naz等[14]提出将飞机航线与乘客行程相叠加的综合网络,评估飞机座位容量限制下的乘客利润与取消成本,以最佳的权衡运营成本与乘客相关成本。Hu等[15]在调整飞机路径时考虑乘客的意愿,开发最小化航空公司恢复成本与乘客损失的双目标整数规划模型,并结合多向随机变量邻域搜索算法解决此问题。
航班计划的恢复还需充分考虑机组的可用性和执勤时长。为解决一体化的恢复问题,Evler等[16]考虑飞机的周转延误,提出滚动时域调度算法分析模型的恢复性能。朱博等[17]对飞机与机组运行计划的特点进行分析,构建飞机与机组的综合恢复模型,并基于混合集合规划方法开发搜索算法。乐美龙等[18]分析航班、机组、飞机以及机场之间的动态时空衔接,构建飞机和机组的优化恢复模型,并设计一种贪婪随机自适应搜索算法提高模型的求解效率。杨新湦等[19]提出一种基于广度优先搜索的航班网络生成算法,通过控制航班的巡航速度,提高燃油的消耗来缓解乘客延误。
针对货运航空公司的恢复研究,学者们提出了航空货运计划恢复问题(air cargo schedule recovery problem,ACSRP)[6-7,20]。与客运问题相似,ACSRP旨在给定的恢复期内,根据原始时刻表和中断场景动态地调整飞机路径、机组排班以及货物路由,使恢复成本最低。为缓解需求侧的运行中断,Delgado等[6]分别考虑空间灵活性和时间灵活性的机组排班策略,基于时空网络构建MILP模型,结果表明,基于空间灵活性的排班政策能够更有效的降低恢复成本。Delgado等[7]构建基于带时间窗的取货和配送的改进MILP模型,提出两种货物分配策略,并设计列生成算法实现高效的模型求解。Huang等[20]将ACSRP拆分为航班、飞机和货物的3个连续决策问题,提出基于航班网络的集成模型,通过开发基于机器学习的列-行生成算法,消除无效延误决策对模型求解效率的影响。
综上可知,现有研究存在以下不足:①顺序求解的方法导致子问题之间的关联性被忽视,例如飞机的路径规划能够直接影响货物路由和机组排班;②现有的货运航班恢复方法仅针对飞机和货物,未考虑机组;③模型中货物的容量约束多以重量或体积表达;④大量工作集中于启发式算法的开发,而非网络的优化。
针对现有研究的不足,对货运航班网络进行改进,引入强制节点和外部弧等网络元素,扩展网络的应用场景;在网络中构建实体流,使飞机、机组和货物之间的关联性得到有效分析;优化现有的货运航班恢复框架,考虑机组恢复;构建能够同时解决飞机、机组和货物的一体化恢复模型,规避顺序求解的缺陷;根据实际运行中托盘或集装箱的运输方式,改进模型中有关货机容量的约束;提出一种实体聚合方法,减少网络中冗余实体的数量,从而降低问题的复杂度。
与时空网络相比,航班网络具有以下优点:①弧和节点的数量较少;②无需构建复制弧的离散集合;③无需对时间进行离散化处理,精度更高[21]。由于现有的货运航班网络仅包含3种节点类型(源节点、汇节点和航班节点)以及相应节点间的弧,这一缺陷使时间、地点等属性无法显式建模,导致网络的应用场景十分有限。为提高网络的适用性,对货运航班网络G=(N,Λ)改进,在节点集N和弧集Λ中分别引入强制节点集M、强制弧和外部弧Λext,改进后的货运航班网络如图1所示,该网络可以构建飞机定期检修、机组值勤时限等实际场景。
在传统的货运航班网络中,飞机、机组和货物均定义在相互独立的子网络,研究对象之间的关联性无法得到有效分析。为解决此问题,在网络中构建实体流。实体的集合E中,任意实体e能够表示某个具体研究对象,实体的类型tT={ac,cr,cg}分别表示飞机、机组和货物,EtE表示类型为t的实体集合。实体作为网络中各对象的载体,能够起到串联效果,将不同类型的目标构建在同一航班网络中。在改进的航班网络内,所有节点的集合N包含的节点类型有:①源节点 s o u e表示实体e在恢复初期H0的状态;②汇节点 s i n e表示实体e在恢复末期H1的状态;③实体e的强制节点集Me限制实体在恢复期内的运行,如飞机的定期检修,受限实体需要强制通过该节点;④航班节点f表示恢复期内的所有航班。
根据原始航班计划对应的航班集合F、计划起飞时间SDTf以及允许的最早降落时间EATf,航班节点的集合Nf应满足式(1)。
Nf={fF:SDTfH0,EAT≤H1}={f1,f2,…,fn}
综上所示,集合N应满足式(2)。
N=Nf∪(∪eE{ s o u e, s i n e})∪M
弧(i,j)∈Λ描述了实体在节点之间的流动行为。弧的类型取决于两侧节点的类型:①若i= s o u e,则为出发弧,表示实体执行恢复期内的首个航班;②若g= s i n e,则为沉没弧,表示实体执行恢复期内的末尾航班;③若i,gNf,则为航班弧,表示实体执行的连续航班;④若iMegMe,则为强制弧,表示实体通过强制节点;⑤外部弧Λext表示原始航班计划中不存在的实体路径。
通过外部弧能够实现灵活的恢复操作,如飞机定期检修(源节点与航班节点、源节点与汇节点、航班节点与汇节点)、货机改道(源节点与航班节点、源节点与汇节点、航班节点与汇节点、航班节点之间)、航班取消(源节点与汇节点、航班节点与汇节点)等。
ACSRP属于NP-hard问题,将该问题抽象为MILP数学模型。其中,二进制决策变量 x f g eyf用于表示实体的流动。当实体e通过节点f与节点g之间的弧(f,g)时,则 x f g e=1。同理,当航班节点f表示的航班被取消时,则yf=1。为精确计算货物的延误成本,引入连续变量 d e e l a y表示实际降落时间 a t f相较于计划降落时间SATe的延误时长。模型中有关集合、参数和决策变量的含义如表1~表3所示。
所提出的模型表述为式(3)~式(18)。其中,式(3)为目标函数,旨在最小化货物延误成本、航班取消成本、外部恢复成本、激励成本。其中,外部恢复成本表示采取飞机和机组交换的成本。此外,由于实体能够在不造成延误或取消的情况下调整航线,通过为模型设置激励函数,限制实体尽可能执行原始时刻表中规划的路径,值得注意的是,激励成本不计入总成本。
m i n T C d e l a y + T C c a n c e l + T C e x t + T C f o l l o w T C d e l a y = e E c g C e d e l a y d e l a y e T C c a n c e l = f F C f c a n c e l y f T C e x t = e E Λ Λ e x t C Λ e x t x f g e T C f o l l o w = t T e E t ( f , g ) S E e C t f o l l o w x f g e
模型的约束条件为
f : ( f , g ) Λ x f g e- h : ( g , h ) Λ β g h e= D g e, e∈E;g∈N
式(4)中: D g e为节点对实体的需求; β g h e为弧(g,h)的二进制决策变量。
$\sum_{e \in E^{t}}\left[\sum_{g:(f, g) \in \Lambda} x_{f g}^{e}\right]=\left(1-y_{f}\right) R_{\mathrm{eqf}}^{t}, \quad t \in T^{\mathrm{op}} ; f \in F$
$\sum_{g:(f, g) \in \Lambda} x_{f g}^{e} \leqslant\left(1-y_{f}\right), t \in T \backslash T^{\mathrm{op}}, \quad e \in E^{t} ; f \in F$
式(4)为节点的流量守恒约束。式(5)表示没有足够数量的运行实体流经航班节点时,将取消航班。式(6)表示实体无法通过取消的航班节点。
e E c g g : ( f , g ) Λ x f g e e E a c g : ( f , g ) Λ x f g e C a p e, f∈F
式(7)中: C e a p为飞机实体e所能够承运的最大托盘数量。
在实际运行中,货机的容量通常以托盘或集装箱(unit load device, ULD)来衡量。一方面,货物的重量和体积限制在装载和平衡阶段已得到满足;另一方面,货机的实际载运率通常仅为最大容量的60%~70%[22]。显然,根据货物的重量与体积构建飞机的容量约束并不符合实际运行,通过对容量约束进行改进,在式(7)中引入变量 C a p e,表示飞机实体e所能够承运的最大托盘数量。
g : ( m , g ) Λ x m g e=1, e∈E;m∈Me
$a_{1 f}=d_{1 f}+\sum_{e \in E^{\mathrm{ac}}}\left[\sum_{g:(f, g) \in \Lambda} x_{f g}^{e}\right] \mathrm{FT}_{f}^{e}, \quad f \in F$
dtg≥EDTe x s o u e g e, e∈E,( s o u e,g)∈DCe
atf≤LATf+(LATe-LATf) x f s i n e e, e∈E,(f, s i n e)∈ACe
dtgatf+ M i n C T f g e x f g e-LATf(1- x f g e), e∈E,(f,g)∈CCe
dtgatf+ M a x C T f g e x f g e+LDTf(1- x f g e), e∈E,(f,g)∈CCe
式(8)限制受限实体通过强制节点。约束(9)揭示实际降落时间、起飞时间与计划飞行时间之间的数学关系。式(10)表示航班的实际起飞必须晚于允许的最早起飞时间。式(11)表示末尾航班的实际降落必须早于最晚降落时间。式(12)和式(13)分别表示实体执行连续航班应满足最小中转时间和最大中转时间。
x f g e k E a c ( e ) x f g k, (f,g)∈Λ;e∈Ecr
( f , g ) Λ x f g e-1≤MNLe, e∈Ecr
$\sum_{f \in F}\left(\sum_{g:(f, g) \in \Lambda} x_{f g}^{e}\right)\left(a_{\mathrm{t} f}-d_{\mathrm{t} f}\right) \leqslant \mathrm{MFT}^{e}, \quad e \in E^{\mathrm{cr}} $
$\begin{array}{l} \left(\sum_{\left(f, s_{\mathrm{in}}^{e}\right) \in \Lambda} a_{\mathrm{tf}} x_{f s_{\mathrm{in}}^{e}}^{e}\right)-\left(\sum_{\left(s_{\mathrm{ou}}^{e}, g\right) \in \Lambda} d_{\mathrm{tg}} x_{s_{\mathrm{oug}}^{e}}^{e}\right) \leqslant \mathrm{MDT}^{e} \\ \quad e \in E^{\mathrm{cr}} \end{array}$
式(14)~式(17)为机组的有关限制,分别限制机组人员的资质、最大着陆次数、最大飞行时长、以及最大执勤时长。
$\begin{aligned} d_{\text {elay }}^{e} \geqslant & a_{t f}-\mathrm{SAT}^{e}-\left(\mathrm{LAT}_{f}-\mathrm{SAT}^{e}\right)\left(1-x_{f_{\mathrm{in}}^{e}}^{e}\right), \\ & e \in E^{\mathrm{cg}} ; f \in F ;\left(f, s_{\mathrm{in}}^{e}\right) \in \Lambda \end{aligned}$
最后,约束(18)根据航班的实际降落时间线性计算货物延误时间。
模型中实体的数量庞大,由于网络中同一航班的实体具有相同的路径,通过聚合飞机、机组、货物实体能够显著减少实体数量,提高模型的求解效率。为防止信息丢失,被聚合的实体应具有完全相同的飞行路径。据此,实体聚合应满足以下条件:具有相同的最早起飞时间、最晚降落时间、起飞机场、目的机场、中转时间、强制节点。
将飞机、机组或货物的聚合实体e'数量设置为 N b e ',并定义聚合实体的集合E'。针对被聚合的实体,原模型的二进制决策变量 x f g e替换为整数变量 x f g e '∈{0,1,…, N b e '}。对所提出的数学公式进行适当的调整,具体步骤如下。
步骤1 从实体的集合中移除所有聚合实体,并将未被聚合的实体变量数值 N b e设置为1。
E=E\{eE:ee',∀e'E'}
步骤2 将集合重新合并:E=EE'
步骤3 更新式(4)中的参数 D g e
$D_{g}^{e}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} -N_{\mathrm{b}}^{e}, & g \text { 为源节点 } \\ 0, & g \text { 为其他节点 } \\ +N_{\mathrm{b}}^{e}, & g \text { 为汇节点 } \end{array}\right.$
步骤4 更新式(6),为其右端乘 N b e
g : ( f , g ) Λ x f g e≤(1-yf) N b e, t∈T\Top;e∈Et;f∈F
步骤5 更新式(8)右端为 N b e
g : ( m , g ) Λ x m g e= N b e, e∈E;m∈Me
步骤6 对于每个聚合实体e'E',定义二进制变量 f f g e '(g∈DCe')、 l f f e '(f∈ACe')和 C o n f g e '[(f,g)∈CCe']。当且仅当g为首个航班时, f f g e '=1;f为最后一个航班时, l f f e '=1;(f,g)为上游航班与其后续航班的连接弧时, C o n f g e '=1;否则设置 f f g e ' l f f e ' C o n f g e '为0。并在模型中添加约束条件有
N b e ' f f g e ' x s o u e g e ', e'∈E'; g∈DCe'
N b e ' l f f e ' x f s i n e e ', e'∈E'; f∈ACe'
N b e ' C o n f g e ' x f g e ', e'∈E'; (f,g)∈CCe'
步骤7 将式(10)~式(13)中的 x s o u e g e ' x f s i n e e ' x f g e '分别替换为 f f g e ' l f f e ' C o n f g e '。针对运行实体的所需数量 R e q f t,当实体类型t=ac,即实体类型为飞机时, R e q f t=1;当实体类型t=cr,即实体类型为机组时, R e q f t等于所需机组人数,因此式(5)无需做出调整。同理,如果两个或多个飞机实体被聚合,式(5)能够确保一个航班节点最多只能通过一架飞机,从而迫使这些飞机实体通过不同航班节点。同时,该约束也确保式(7)和式(9)的有效性。在货物的线性延误成本函数式(18)中,由于货物的总流量被定义为二进制指派变量 x f s i n e e,因此无需调整。
首先介绍算例的实例和场景构建。其次,以四川川航物流有限公司(A1)的运行数据进行模型验证。在此基础上,根据中国国际货运航空公司(A2)和顺丰航空有限公司(A3)的运行数据测试模型对大规模中断问题的求解效率。有关航班信息、飞机路径、机型参数等数据来自相应航空公司的航班计划。为便于计算,对特定参数进行了理想化设置。
算例被定义为实例与中断场景的集合。其中,实例规模取决于所选恢复期内的飞机数与机场数,中断场景的时间范围与受扰程度分别取决于恢复期长度与中断率。各航空公司的机队信息如表4所示,有关实体和成本的数值设置如表5所示。
用于测试的计算机配备3.2 GHz处理器和32 GB内存,代码的编译通过Python 3.7实现,模型的求解基于混合整数规划求解器IBM ILOG CPLEX v.12.10。
该算例基于航空公司A1的运行数据,该航司的原始航班时刻表如表6所示,中断场景的描述如下:①受恶劣气象条件的影响,航班F03与F05的起飞时间分别延误至03:20和03:23;②由于执勤时长限制,机组C09在结束休息期后允许的最早起飞时间为06:44。
为直观展示信息,图2以航班串的形式表示原始航班计划和最优恢复计划。每个蓝色大圆圈分别表示特定的航班节点,相关信息(机组、货物承运量、起飞机场和目的机场、以及起飞和降落时间)分别位于航班索引的周围。航班串表示在恢复期内分配给特定飞机的所有航班,飞机的机号与最大容量信息位于左侧黑框内。如图2(b)所示,被标红的航班节点表示中断航班,而被标记为橙色的航班节点表示间接延误的受扰航班。
图2(a)可知,若不及时调整航班计划,航班F10需等待机组C09驾驶飞机T04于06:44起飞,并于09:59抵达目的机场DEL,由于不满足最小中转时间,进而造成下游航班F11的延误。在此中断场景下,受扰货物的总延误时长为122.08 h、平均延误时长为2.3 h。
通过模型求解,所提出的航班恢复行程如表7所示。原航班计划中,航班F10的直达行程I12取消,货物转由行程I00运输;航班F10和F11的中转行程I15取消,货物转由航班F00与F11的中转行程I13运输。由此恢复后的航班计划如表8所示,恢复后的货物总延误时长为71.23 h,平均延误时长为1.34 h,减少42%的延误时长。
有关恢复过程的具体描述如下:飞机T00与T04的机型、起飞机场和目的机场相同,并且机组C00满足驾驶资质。在满足容量限制下,首先,航班F10的承运任务转交F00。接着,交换执行航班F00与F10的飞机(交换飞机T00与T04),安排机组C00驾驶飞机T04执飞航班F00。最后,在机组C09休息期结束后,空运机组至机场DEL,由图2(b)可知,机组C09抵达机场DEL的时间为09:59,晚于航班F01的起飞时间。由于航班F08与F01具有相同的起飞机场和目的机场,并且航班F08符合中转时间的限制,通过交换执飞航班F01与F08的飞机T00与T03能够避免下游航班中断。
对于规模较大的货运航空公司,其机队通常由不同机型的货机组成。在解决此类恢复问题时,飞机和货物的重新路由需要考虑不同货机的容量,并且机组排班需要考虑机组的资质。
以规模不同的货运航空公司A2和A3的运行数据进行测试。首先,每日投入运行的货机,A2公司为14架,均具有较强的载货能力,而A3公司为34架,载货能力较为全面。其次,A3公司采用双枢纽混合的运营模式,机队中大载货量与小载货量的货机通常分别执行国际航线与国内航线,而A2公司为单枢纽运营模式,通常以国际航线为主。
根据实际运行情况设置恢复期和中断率,两组实验中各包含6种中断场景。其中,36 h和48 h的恢复期分别表示中期与长期的恢复需求;3种比例的中断率分别表示不同程度的受扰航班比例。基于改进航班网络的航空货运综合恢复模型对算例求解,计算结果中各项成本、求解时长、求解误差值如表9所示。
表9可以看出,以36 h的恢复期为例,从恢复成本来看,随着中断率的提高,对于航空公司A2:飞机相关成本的比例分别为71.24%、68.78%、80.89%,整体呈上升趋势,而货物相关成本的比例分别为26.6%、27.5%、16.76%,整体呈下滑趋势。这表明随着中断程度的加剧,航空公司A2的恢复策略以调整货机路径为主,并且机组的调整随之增加;对于航空公司A3:飞机相关成本的比例分别为77.73%、71.32%、61.64%,呈明显的下滑趋势,而货物相关成本的比例分别为11.91%、28.68%、32.53%,呈显著的上升趋势。这表明随着中断程度的加剧,航空公司A3的恢复策略以航班延误为主。以上现象主要源于航空公司的机队特征和航线结构不同。航空公司A3的机型较多、货机的容量差异较大,并且航线结构较为复杂,使货机可调整的空间较小。相反,航空公司A2的机队所包含的机型较少,容量差异较小,并且航线结构较为简单,使货机易于调整。
从模型的求解效果来看,随着航班数量的增加,求解时间呈非线性增长,这种现象与NP-hard问题的特性相符。所有算例的平均求解误差为0.47%,对于规模较小的航空公司A2,能够在短时间内求得问题的精确解,然而对于大规模航空公司A3,求解时长将显著增加,但仍能够在有限时间内求出问题的精确解。
通过对传统航班网络的表示方法进行分析,研究航空货运综合调度恢复问题,得出如下主要结论。
(1)对传统航班网络进行改进,不仅扩展了网络的应用场景,还有效地解决了以往研究中各对象间相互独立建模的缺陷。
(2)构建涵盖飞机、机组和货物的综合恢复模型,该模型不仅实现了各类实体的高效整合,还针对货机容量约束进行了精准的建模优化。
(3)基于所构建的模型,利用中国货运航空公司的航班数据进行算例测试。实验结果表明,该模型所生成的恢复方案在显著降低延误时长的同时,也充分保证了求解效率的高效性。
  • 四川省科技计划(2023YFSY0038)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202310624276)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404610
  • 接收时间:2024-06-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-20
  • 修回日期:2025-02-06
基金
四川省科技计划(2023YFSY0038)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202310624276)
作者信息
    1 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618300
    2 中国民用航空局空中交通管理局航行情报服务中心, 北京 100035

通讯作者:

* 史晓红(1989—),女,汉族,四川广汉人,博士,讲师,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:航空交通运输,航线网络。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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