Article(id=1149774729923485957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406279, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724169600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-21, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257394, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257394, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257394, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4957, endPage=4966, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774730200310023, articleId=1149774729923485957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Sedimentary Model of the Central Submarine Channel: Evidence from Seismic Sedimentology, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The evolution of submarine channels and their sedimentary units under a million-year scale is related to factors such as sediment supply, sea-level change, paleotopography and tectonic movements. However, the changing rate of sea level has not been deeply associated with the type, scale, and sand-body distribution of submarine channels and their surrounding sedimentary units. Taking the central Oligocene submarine channel in the northern Atlantic basin as an example, based on three-dimensional seismic data cube, seismic-facies characteristics of submarine channels with their sedimentary units were characterized. 90°-phasing transformation and stratal slicing techniques were used to depict the planar distribution of submarine channel with sedimentary units. Frequency spectral decomposition was used to analyze the evolution of sedimentary units and the distribution of sand bodies. The sedimentary model of submarine channels with changing rate of sea level at a million-year scale was established. The results indicate that from the early to late Oligocene, a composite system of sandy submarine channel-terminal fan, a composite system of sandy-muddy filled submarine channel-crevasse fan and a composite system of muddy submarine channel are developed in sequence. The mass transport deposits are always accompanied. Sedimentary evolution process is mainly controlled by global sea level and can be divided into a slow sea-level dropping period of early Oligocene, a rapid sea-level rise period of middle Oligocene and a rapid sea-level dropping period of late Oligocene. The slow sea-level fall is conducive to the transportation of coarse terrestrial clastics through submarine channels into the oceanic basin, which is an important prerequisite for the formation of sandy submarine channels, terminal fans and large associated mass transport deposits. Therefore, sand bodies are most developed in the lower Oligocene.

, correspAuthors=Tao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yang-yang QU, Tao LI, Wang-shui HU, Yang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774764044148900, articleId=1149774729923485957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=中央深水水道沉积模式: 来自地震沉积学的证据, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

深水水道及其沉积单元百万年尺度的演化与物源供给、海平面升降、古地形和构造运动等因素有关,海平面升降的速率对深水水道及其周缘沉积单元的类型、规模和砂体分布的控制作用未曾深入探究。以北亚特兰大盆地渐新统中央深水水道为例,基于三维地震数据体分析深水水道沉积单元地震相特征,利用90°相位转换和地层切片技术刻画深水水道沉积单元平面分布,利用分频融合技术分析沉积单元演化和砂体分布规律,建立百万年尺度下不同海平面升降速率背景的深水水道沉积模式。结果表明:早渐新世至晚渐新世依次发育砂质深水水道-末端扇复合体系、砂泥质充填深水水道-决口扇体系和泥质深水水道体系,块体搬运沉积始终伴生发育,沉积演化过程主要受全球海平面控制,可以划分为早渐新世海平面缓慢下降期、中渐新世海平面快速上升期和晚渐新世海平面快速下降期,海平面缓慢下降有利于陆源粗碎屑物质通过深水水道向大洋盆地输送,是形成砂质深水水道-末端扇-大型伴生块体搬运的重要前提,故而下渐新统砂体最为发育。

, correspAuthors=李涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李涛(1982—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:含油气盆地分析。E-mail:
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曲洋洋(1993—),女,满族,辽宁盘锦人,硕士研究生。研究方向:构造地质学。E-mail:

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2 长江大学油气资源与勘探技术教育部重点实验室, 荆州 434023, bio={"content":"

曲洋洋(1993—),女,满族,辽宁盘锦人,硕士研究生。研究方向:构造地质学。E-mail:

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曲洋洋(1993—),女,满族,辽宁盘锦人,硕士研究生。研究方向:构造地质学。E-mail:

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, companyId=1179789853836325515, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1179789853945377422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179789853957960335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, companyId=1179789853945377422, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Technology, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179789853962154640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, companyId=1179789853945377422, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 长江大学油气资源与勘探技术教育部重点实验室, 荆州 434023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179789855686013620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Paleogeography of Oligocene central submarine channel in the northern graben of northern Atlantic, figureFileSmall=VQFn4hmyjldRkvqzudLQUg==, figureFileBig=Jm9CSqiwfN/Ob0unUEZtBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789855748928181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=CN, label=图1, caption=北亚特兰大盆地北部地堑渐新统中央深水水道古地貌, figureFileSmall=VQFn4hmyjldRkvqzudLQUg==, figureFileBig=Jm9CSqiwfN/Ob0unUEZtBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789855807648438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Stratigraphic column of the northern graben in northern Atlantic, figureFileSmall=4ix4Xy4AZtatA0uOposyWQ==, figureFileBig=Fpn27QLsOxFkjIIaHMxtFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789855862174391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=CN, label=图2, caption=北亚特兰大盆地北部地堑地层柱状图, figureFileSmall=4ix4Xy4AZtatA0uOposyWQ==, figureFileBig=Fpn27QLsOxFkjIIaHMxtFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789855925088952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Seismic section of 0°and 90°-phased cubes, figureFileSmall=14ZBOBx7d135FSumEw0P9g==, figureFileBig=TC6RB3W1yoQcpHPZJSobwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789855992197817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=CN, label=图3, caption=0°和90°相位转换地震剖面, figureFileSmall=14ZBOBx7d135FSumEw0P9g==, figureFileBig=TC6RB3W1yoQcpHPZJSobwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789856050918074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spectral decomposition of the seismic cube, figureFileSmall=/otVl4VlCqSAy2I7uQue6A==, figureFileBig=IMnisfnDUufpSeT4T+t3uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789856130609851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=CN, label=图4, caption=地震数据体分频, figureFileSmall=/otVl4VlCqSAy2I7uQue6A==, figureFileBig=IMnisfnDUufpSeT4T+t3uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789856189330108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Seismic stratal slice and seismic sedimentological interpretation of the lower Oligocene strata, figureFileSmall=v0I3Uz1aQBku4TNr7uYxBg==, figureFileBig=MMxQ6l4PEBwLGa2yujwDeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789856243856061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=CN, label=图5, caption=下渐新统地震属性沿层切片和地震沉积学解释

“-”表示负振幅;“+”表示正振幅

, figureFileSmall=v0I3Uz1aQBku4TNr7uYxBg==, figureFileBig=MMxQ6l4PEBwLGa2yujwDeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789856306770622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Seismic stratal slice and seismic sedimentological interpretation of the middle Oligocene strata, figureFileSmall=t575Jtwi8RX71t5lcb7EoQ==, figureFileBig=8CqAiDqR2rqUW76FGizh9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789856365490879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=CN, label=图6, caption=中渐新统地震属性沿层切片和地震沉积学解释

“-”表示负振幅;“+”表示正振幅

, figureFileSmall=t575Jtwi8RX71t5lcb7EoQ==, figureFileBig=8CqAiDqR2rqUW76FGizh9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789856440988352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Seismic stratal slice and seismic sedimentological interpretation of the upper Oligocene strata, figureFileSmall=9N0Cbd2iQ4vyrKQOU6zr9g==, figureFileBig=v4o3FiXCqvsfxanjZchd9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179789856541651649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=CN, label=图7, caption=上渐新统地震属性沿层切片和地震沉积学解释

“-”表示负振幅;“+”表示正振幅

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Seismic facies features of sedimentary units

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积单元 地震反射特征 地震相剖面
深水水道 U形谷、平行不连续弱反射或平行连续强反射
末端扇、
决口扇
平行、连续、强振幅
深海平原 平行、连续、弱振幅
块体搬运 杂乱反射、强弱振幅相间
), ArticleFig(id=1179789856982053577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729923485957, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沉积单元地震相特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉积单元 地震反射特征 地震相剖面
深水水道 U形谷、平行不连续弱反射或平行连续强反射
末端扇、
决口扇
平行、连续、强振幅
深海平原 平行、连续、弱振幅
块体搬运 杂乱反射、强弱振幅相间
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中央深水水道沉积模式: 来自地震沉积学的证据
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曲洋洋 1, 2 , 李涛 1, 2, * , 胡望水 1, 2 , 张洋 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(12): 4957-4966
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(12): 4957-4966
中央深水水道沉积模式: 来自地震沉积学的证据
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曲洋洋1, 2 , 李涛1, 2, * , 胡望水1, 2, 张洋1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100
  • 2 长江大学油气资源与勘探技术教育部重点实验室, 荆州 434023
  • 曲洋洋(1993—),女,满族,辽宁盘锦人,硕士研究生。研究方向:构造地质学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李涛(1982—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:含油气盆地分析。E-mail:
Sedimentary Model of the Central Submarine Channel: Evidence from Seismic Sedimentology
Yang-yang QU1, 2 , Tao LI1, 2, * , Wang-shui HU1, 2, Yang ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Geosciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Technology, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406279
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深水水道及其沉积单元百万年尺度的演化与物源供给、海平面升降、古地形和构造运动等因素有关,海平面升降的速率对深水水道及其周缘沉积单元的类型、规模和砂体分布的控制作用未曾深入探究。以北亚特兰大盆地渐新统中央深水水道为例,基于三维地震数据体分析深水水道沉积单元地震相特征,利用90°相位转换和地层切片技术刻画深水水道沉积单元平面分布,利用分频融合技术分析沉积单元演化和砂体分布规律,建立百万年尺度下不同海平面升降速率背景的深水水道沉积模式。结果表明:早渐新世至晚渐新世依次发育砂质深水水道-末端扇复合体系、砂泥质充填深水水道-决口扇体系和泥质深水水道体系,块体搬运沉积始终伴生发育,沉积演化过程主要受全球海平面控制,可以划分为早渐新世海平面缓慢下降期、中渐新世海平面快速上升期和晚渐新世海平面快速下降期,海平面缓慢下降有利于陆源粗碎屑物质通过深水水道向大洋盆地输送,是形成砂质深水水道-末端扇-大型伴生块体搬运的重要前提,故而下渐新统砂体最为发育。

分频融合  /  地震相  /  北部地堑  /  渐新世  /  地震属性

The evolution of submarine channels and their sedimentary units under a million-year scale is related to factors such as sediment supply, sea-level change, paleotopography and tectonic movements. However, the changing rate of sea level has not been deeply associated with the type, scale, and sand-body distribution of submarine channels and their surrounding sedimentary units. Taking the central Oligocene submarine channel in the northern Atlantic basin as an example, based on three-dimensional seismic data cube, seismic-facies characteristics of submarine channels with their sedimentary units were characterized. 90°-phasing transformation and stratal slicing techniques were used to depict the planar distribution of submarine channel with sedimentary units. Frequency spectral decomposition was used to analyze the evolution of sedimentary units and the distribution of sand bodies. The sedimentary model of submarine channels with changing rate of sea level at a million-year scale was established. The results indicate that from the early to late Oligocene, a composite system of sandy submarine channel-terminal fan, a composite system of sandy-muddy filled submarine channel-crevasse fan and a composite system of muddy submarine channel are developed in sequence. The mass transport deposits are always accompanied. Sedimentary evolution process is mainly controlled by global sea level and can be divided into a slow sea-level dropping period of early Oligocene, a rapid sea-level rise period of middle Oligocene and a rapid sea-level dropping period of late Oligocene. The slow sea-level fall is conducive to the transportation of coarse terrestrial clastics through submarine channels into the oceanic basin, which is an important prerequisite for the formation of sandy submarine channels, terminal fans and large associated mass transport deposits. Therefore, sand bodies are most developed in the lower Oligocene.

spectral decomposition  /  seismic facies  /  northern graben  /  Oligocene  /  seismic attribute
曲洋洋, 李涛, 胡望水, 张洋. 中央深水水道沉积模式: 来自地震沉积学的证据. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4957 -4966 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406279
Yang-yang QU, Tao LI, Wang-shui HU, Yang ZHANG. Sedimentary Model of the Central Submarine Channel: Evidence from Seismic Sedimentology[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4957 -4966 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406279
深水水道是深海环境中主要的粗粒碎屑沉积物搬运通道和卸载场所,是大陆边缘沉积物“源—渠—汇”系统中的重要单元,截至目前是全球最常见且分布最广的深水油气储集层,一直是沉积动力学机制的热点和难点[1-2]。中外学者利用三维地震资料揭示了与深水水道相关的沉积单元,如侧向加积体、块状搬运体沉积、堤岸沉积和决口扇等[3-4]。由于复杂的重力流沉积水动力机制,深水水道的构型和周缘沉积单元的沉积特征通常比较复杂[5-6]
深水水道及其沉积单元百万年尺度的演化与物源供给、海平面升降、古地形和构造运动等因素有关[7-12]。李全等[10]基于下刚果盆地提出构造抬升是深水水道形成的原动力,海平面变化和气候变化控制着三级和司机层序的发育。陈宇航等[11]认为鲁伍马盆地水道-朵叶体主要受冰室气候、物源供给和深水底流控制。杨志力等[12]结合西沙海域得出陆源碎屑供源的深水水道主要受古地形和海平面升降的影响,水道的迁移控制水道间的切割叠置关系。然而,目前所报道的沉积模式均为多因素耦合,单因素控制作用研究较少,海平面升降的速率对深水水道及其周缘沉积单元的类型、规模和砂体分布的影响未曾深入探究。
近年来,高分辨率三维地震采集处理技术促进了地震沉积学的发展,通过三维地震数据、现代沉积和古代露头的联合反演确定沉积体的沉积环境、几何形态、内部结构和沉积过程[13-15]。由于地震垂向分辨率难以识别的薄层地质体可以通过地震横向分辨率来识别,通过井地震结合来预测岩性圈闭分布和储层砂体形态[16-17]。目前,地震沉积学技术主要包括90°相位转换、地层切片和三原色(RGB)分频融合等,有效服务于地震地貌学和地震岩性学的研究[18-20]
大西洋两岸沉积地层中普遍发育深水水道且蕴含丰富的油气资源,其沉积特征具有普遍性和代表性,现以北亚特兰大盆地北部地堑西北部渐新统中央深水水道为研究类比对象,基于研究区三维地震数据体,结合典型二维地震剖面分析深水水道沉积单元地震反射特征,建立地震相图版;利用90°相位转换和地层切片技术提取下渐新统、中渐新统和上渐新统振幅属性切片,刻画深水水道沉积单元平面分布;利用分频融合技术,融合渐新统振幅属性切片分析沉积单元演化,融合渐新统低频、中频和高频地震数据体均方根振幅属性切片分析砂体分布规律,建立百万年尺度下不同海平面升降速率背景下深水水道沉积单元沉积模式。旨在丰富深水沉积动力学理论体系,也致力于完善深水油气储集层勘探开发实践方案。
北亚特兰大盆地是大西洋著名的裂谷盆地,位于欧洲大陆西部海域,夹持于纳维亚大陆和大不列颠大陆之间,北部地堑位于盆地北部挪威大陆架和赛德兰台地之间(图1)。在冥古界石英岩和片麻岩组成的变质岩基底之上,北部地堑共沉积了泥盆系-新近系地层[21]。北亚特兰大盆地中生代以来共发育三期大规模的伸展构造运动,形成了北部地堑和周边构造单元的古地貌,并于早白垩世进入尾声,之后盆地进入裂后稳定沉降阶段,物源主要来自周边地貌高地[22]。受挪威-格陵兰海洋壳扩张的影响,挪威大陆造受挤压并抬升形成背斜,成为北亚特兰大盆地的重要物源区。而北部地堑及其周边地区受挤压形成向斜并快速沉降成为沉积中心[23]。自古近纪开始,较高的全球海平面开始下降,挪威大陆的环海山脉是北部地堑的主要物源,古新统、始新统和渐新统主要发育暗色的深海-半深海泥岩,中新统和上新统下部主要发育陆架三角洲砂砾岩和浅灰色泥岩,上新统上部和第四系主要发育滨浅海-深海暗色泥岩(图2)[22-23]
渐新统沉积时期,北部地堑发育一条自东部大陆架流向大西洋盆地西北部的中央深水水道。水道总体上北西-南东向延伸,规模巨大,呈“S”形展布,总长度约25 km,由两条陆坡分支下切谷汇聚成单条大型水道,下切深度逐渐加深,弯曲度逐渐增加。研究区位于北部地堑西北部中央深水水道的下游(图1)。研究区水道在地震剖面上横截面呈“U”形,以上渐新统最为明显,最大下切深度为200 m,以沉积作用为主。下渐新统和中渐新不具备大型水道外形,如图3(a)所示。
在砂泥岩剖面中,非90°相位地震数据体自然伽马测井与岩性不具备对应关系,只能定性的反映地层界面和地震反射终止关系[13,16,24]。地震资料的90°相位转换通过增强岩性测井与地震振幅之间的相关性,将地震数据的最大振幅响应转换为薄层的中点,在薄层地质体分析中具有优越性,在三维空间内便于地质体岩性边界刻画和解释[17,24]。本次研究在无井条件下进行地震数据体相位估算,得出原始地震数据体目的层段平均相位为0°,90°相位转换后地震反射轴可以作为薄层解释的岩性单元,地震轴之间的零极性为岩性界面[图3(a)图3(b)]。由于没有钻井,仅能通过已知的地层界面上下岩性特征判断,中新统底部为一套区域性河道滞留砂砾岩沉积,与90°相位地震剖面的负极性对应,可以确定正振幅代表泥岩相,负振幅代表砂岩相,如图3(b)所示。
地震地貌学作为地震沉积学的重要组成部分,采用现代沉积学和地震属性切片识别和刻画重要沉积单元的分布[25]。为了分析沉积相和储层分布,地层切片技术可以在两个地震参考界面之间生成具有地质意义的地震属性分布图[26]。与时间切片相比,沿层切片和层间等比例切片具有层序等时性。振幅属性可以反映同一沉积时期不同地质体的相边界[25-26]。采用下渐新统、中渐新统和上渐新统最能反映沉积单元分布的层间等比例振幅属性切片进行分析。
地震数据体的频率组分能够提供关于不同厚度地质体的信息,通过地震分频技术将全频数据体分解为多个单频体,提取地质体在某一频率的特定地质信息[27-28]。研究区地震数据体主频为30 Hz,频带宽为30 Hz,具有多个谱峰,具备分频的条件,可以分解为22、29、35 Hz单频体(图4)。
地震数据体分频后可以再次被融合,利用三原色成像技术进行叠合表征[29-30]。将下渐新统、中渐新统和上渐新统振幅属性切片进行融合,反映水道在不同地质时期时空演化。利用均方根振幅属性与砂岩厚度良好的相关性,将三个单频体渐新统均方根振幅属性切片进行融合,反映水道主要沉积单元砂体分布。
地震相是地震剖面上岩石沉积相地震响应的总和,地震反射特征反映了岩石形成的沉积环境[7]。通过地震剖面识别,研究区主要发育4种与深水水道沉积体系相关的沉积单元,主要包括深水水道、末端扇(或决口扇)、块体搬运和深海平原,不同类型沉积单元地震相特征如表1所示。
深水水道规模很大,宽度1 000~2 000 m,下切深度150~200 m,在水道的不同位置沉积物充填类型不同,可以划分为砂质水道充填和泥质水道充填。在顺物源地震剖面上呈现明显的U形下切特征,内部充填多为平行不连续弱振幅反射或平行连续弱振幅反射,分别指示砂质充填和泥质充填,包络于高角度连续强反射之间。深水水道在下渐新统和中渐新统分布较广。
扇体是深水水道重要的共生沉积单元,其中决口扇分布于水道的侧缘,末端扇分布于水道的尾部。在地震剖面上呈现平行连续强振幅,包络于周缘杂乱反射或平行连续弱振幅反射内部。末端扇相对分布较广,具有席状外形,在下渐新统广泛分布;决口扇规模较小,具有透镜体外形,偶见于中渐新统。
深海平原是大洋盆地深处平缓的海床,水深约3 000~6 000 m,沉积地层岩性以泥岩为主,为远洋低能原地细粒沉积。在地震剖面上呈现平行连续弱振幅反射,指示较好的成层性和安静的水体环境,在渐新统广泛分布。
块体搬运是深水水道的伴生沉积单元,广泛发育在陆坡和大洋盆地,包括滑动、滑塌和碎屑流等重力流沉积过程,内部包含大量的滑塌水道和滑塌浊积体。在地震剖面上呈现杂乱反射,强弱振幅相间,局部发育小型水道外形,指示较强且混沌的水动力条件,在整个渐新统均广泛分布。
基于地震数据横向分辨率高的优点,利用渐新统顶底两个等时界面线性内插,提取振幅属性研究深水水道及其沉积单元地貌形态和空间展布[25-26]
下渐新统振幅属性切片显示,研究区东南部早渐新世发育深水水道-末端扇复合沉积体系,周缘有块体搬运沉积伴生。
深水水道延伸较短,长度约6 km,最大宽度约0.8 km,具有明显的水道外貌,水道内部以负振幅为主,指示砂质水道充填。末端扇主要发育两期朵叶体,向西部和西北部延伸,面积约20 km2,以负振幅为主,指示砂质扇体沉积,负振幅之间的正振幅可以解释为扇体废弃水道。块体搬运位于深水水道-末端扇体系的北部,内部正振幅和负振幅相间分布,正振幅具有明显的S形,是滑塌水道的地貌特征。滑塌浊积体呈零星点状分布的负振幅,位于滑塌水道的凹岸,如图5(a)图5(b)所示。
中渐新统振幅属性切片显示,研究区中渐新世发育深水水道沉积体系,周缘有块体搬运沉积伴生。深水水道较早渐新世继续向北部延伸,长度约14 km,最大宽度约1.4 km,规模较上一期扩大,内部整体为正振幅,下游可见负振幅,指示水道整体为泥质充填,末端为砂质充填。深水水道末端不发育扇体,西侧局部发育小型扇体,可以解释为决口扇,面积约3 km2,整体为负振幅砂岩相。块体搬运发育于深水水道的北部,振幅特征与早渐新世类似,但滑塌浊积体的数量和规模相对减小,如图6(a)图6(b)所示。
上渐新统振幅属性切片显示,研究区晚渐新世发育深水水道沉积体系,周缘有块体搬运沉积伴生。深水水道长度约14 km,较中渐新世宽度增加,最大宽度约2 km,规模较上一期扩大,内部整体为正振幅,指示水道整体为泥质充填,末端不发育扇体,侧缘不发育决口扇。块体搬运发育于深水水道北部,滑塌浊积体数量进一步减少,如图7(a)图7(b)所示。
通过融合下渐新统(R)、中渐新统(G)和上渐新统(B)振幅属性切片,可以分析深水水道沉积体系的演化过程。切片显示,红色部分占有面积最大,绿色占比次之,蓝色比例最小,指示早渐新世沉积规模最大。早渐新世至晚渐新世,除了块体搬运沉积,研究区渐新统依次发育砂质深水水道-末端扇复合体系、砂泥质充填深水水道-决口扇体系和泥质深水水道体系,深水水道沉积体系水道长度和宽度均有增加,扇体逐渐不发育,如图8(a)图8(b)所示。
通过融合22 Hz低频数据体(R)、29 Hz中频数据体(G)和35 Hz高频数据体(B)均方根振幅属性切片,可以分析深水水道沉积体系的砂体分布,红色、绿色和蓝色所代表的砂岩厚度依次减小。与均方根振幅属性切片相比,融合后的切片更能反映沉积体形态和厚度,如图9(a)图9(b)所示。切片显示,渐新统砂岩主要发育于深水水道、末端扇、决口扇和块体搬运。其中,多期块体搬运滑塌浊积体、下渐新统深水水道右翼末端扇和中渐新统深水水道末端均方根振幅值较高,砂岩厚度较大。
较大的沉积尺度下,对于构造相对稳定的被动大陆边缘漂移期的深水沉积环境,海平面变化对深水水道的发育影响更大。根据Haq全球海平面变化曲线,自早渐新世初期以来,全球海平面共经历3次明显的升降过程,早渐新世全球海平面缓慢下降,中渐新世全球海平面迅速上升,晚渐新世全球海平面快速下降(图10)[31]。海平面在陆架边缘频繁波动,在不同的沉积坡折处形成多期陆架边缘三角洲。海平面下降几十米时,海岸线会向海方向迁移数公里,海平面升降的速度直接决定了陆架边缘三角洲是否能够将沉积物通过深水水道通道输送至大洋盆地内部,间接影响了深水水道内部充填和周缘沉积单元的发育。北亚特兰大盆地北部地堑西北部渐新统沉积演化过程可以划分为早渐新世海平面缓慢下降期、中渐新世海平面快速上升期和晚渐新世海平面快速下降期。
早渐新世海平面下降较慢,陆架边缘三角洲沉积物补偿充足,陆架边缘系统和深水水道根部切谷直接连接,有助于大量碎屑物质通过深水水道输送至深水环境中,从而形成大规模的末端扇。同时,在切谷不发育的陆架区域,海平面下降的牵引作用使陆架边缘三角洲的粗碎屑物质只能以滑塌形式进入大洋盆地,在深水水道的侧缘形成滑塌浊积体较为发育的块体搬运沉积,如图10(a)所示。
中渐新世海平面快速上升,海平面迅速越过陆架坡折,陆架边缘三角洲物源供给不足向陆退积,与切谷分离,海水是主要的搬运介质,进入深水水道的碎屑物质通量减少,同时重力流中泥质含量增加,更多的砂质碎屑物质被截留在陆架上,少量的粗粒碎屑物质被输送至水道远端并在侧缘随机形成小规模决口扇,水道近端被陆源细粒碎屑物质和海水中的细粒沉积物充填。此时,陆架边缘也缺少砂质沉积物,块体搬运形成的滑塌浊积体相对减少。另外,由于重力流下蚀和侧蚀作用,深水水道深度和宽度有所增加,如图10(b)所示。
晚渐新世海平面快速下降,海平面迅速退至陆坡。由于陆源响应相对滞后,陆架边缘三角洲虽然向海进积却与切谷分离,两者之间缺乏搬运介质,进入深水水道的粗粒和细粒碎屑均减少,切谷内不充填陆源碎屑物质,当后期海平面再次上升时被海水中的细粒沉积物充填。与此同时,块体搬运沉积规模也会减小。此外,由于海水侵蚀作用,深水水道规模继续扩大,如图10(c)所示。
海平面下降的速率决定了深水水道根部与陆架边缘三角洲的接触关系,缓慢下降有利于陆源粗碎屑通过深水水道向大洋盆地输送,是形成砂质深水水道-末端扇-大型伴生块体搬运的重要前提。相比之下,海平面快速下降导致物源与通道接触不良,深水水道以泥质充填为主。相反,海平面上升虽然削弱物源供给,但是三角洲与深水水道之间仍有搬运介质接触,仍有少量砂质物源能够到达大洋盆地。
基于以上发育过程,可以推断砂体发育于海平面缓慢下降时期形成的深水水道-末端扇、海平面快速上升时期的深水水道远端和不同时期的块体搬运滑塌浊积体中,海平面缓慢下降阶段是砂体最为发育的时期。
基于三维地震资料,建立深水水道沉积单元地震相图版,综合运用90°相位转换、地层切片和多属性分频融合技术,分析沉积单元类型、演化和砂体分布规律,得到以下结论。
(1)北亚特兰大盆地北部地堑西北部渐新统主要发育深水水道、末端扇、决口扇、块体搬运和深海平原,早渐新世至晚渐新世依次发育砂质深水水道-末端扇复合体系、砂泥质充填深水水道-决口扇体系和泥质深水水道体系,深水水道沉积体系水道长度和宽度均有增加,扇体逐渐不发育,块体搬运沉积始终伴生发育。
(2)百万年尺度下,北亚特兰大盆地北部地堑西北部渐新统沉积演化过程主要受全球海平面控制,可以划分为早渐新世海平面缓慢下降期、中渐新世海平面快速上升期和晚渐新世海平面快速下降期。海平面下降的速率决定了深水水道根部与陆架边缘三角洲的接触关系,缓慢下降有利于陆源粗碎屑通过深水水道向大洋盆地输送,是形成砂质深水水道-末端扇-大型伴生块体搬运的重要前提。
(3)北亚特兰大盆地北部地堑西北部渐新统砂体发育于海平面缓慢下降时期形成的深水水道-末端扇、海平面快速上升时期的深水水道远端和不同时期的块体搬运滑塌浊积体中,海平面缓慢下降阶段是砂体最为发育的时期。
  • 国家科技重大专项(2017ZX05032-002-005)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406279
  • 接收时间:2024-08-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-21
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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国家科技重大专项(2017ZX05032-002-005)
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    1 长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100
    2 长江大学油气资源与勘探技术教育部重点实验室, 荆州 434023

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* 李涛(1982—),男,汉族,河北井陉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:含油气盆地分析。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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