Article(id=1149774729604723353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717430400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-04, revisedDate=1738944000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257319, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257319, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257319, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257319, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4889, endPage=4899, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774729843798683, articleId=1149774729604723353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Genetic Mechanisms and Prediction of Overpressure in Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Eastern Ordos Basin, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Ordos Basin's marine carbonate reservoirs often experience downhole complexities such as gas invasion, lost circulation, and borehole collapse during drilling. It is particularly important to systematically evaluate the overpressure mechanisms and accurately predict formation pressure for the exploration and development of the target strata. The carbonate reservoir of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin was selected as the research target. Overpressure mechanisms were analyzed using the combination of well log curve analysis, effective stress-acoustic velocity method, acoustic velocity-density method, and comprehensive analysis method. A physical model of elastic modulus for carbonate rock matrix, framework, mixed pore fluid, and saturated fluid rock was established, and combined with the effective stress principle, a method for predicting formation pressure was developed, applicable to the Majiagou Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin. Finally, the model's accuracy was verified using field data. The results indicate that hydrocarbon generation is the primary cause of overpressure in the target reservoir, with undercompaction and structural compression as secondary factors. The new model achieves a relative error of less than 10%, demonstrating strong applicability and high predictive accuracy. The research results provide guidance for the study of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Majiagou Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin.

, correspAuthors=Hui ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun-hong LÜ, Hui ZHANG, Jun-cheng ZHANG, Cheng HUI, Jin-tao AN, Cheng QIN, Hai-fei LÜ), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774768884379873, articleId=1149774729604723353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组地层超压成因机制及预测, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

鄂尔多斯盆地海相碳酸盐岩储层钻进过程中易发生气侵、井漏、井壁垮塌等井下复杂情况,系统评价超压成因机制和准确预测地层压力对目标层系勘探开发尤为重要。以鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩储层为研究目标,借助测井曲线组合分析法、有效应力-声波速度法、声波速度-密度法和综合分析法对目的层位进行超压成因分析;通过建立碳酸盐岩基质、骨架、混合孔隙流体及饱和流体岩石的弹性模量物理模型,并结合有效应力原理,形成了适用于鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组的地层压力预测方法;最后通过现场数据验证模型的准确性。结果表明:目的储层超压成因以生烃作用为主,欠压实作用和构造挤压为辅,新模型预测结果的相对误差可控制在10%以下,有较强的适用性和较高的预测精度。研究成果对鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组地层的油气成藏的研究具有一定指导意义。

, correspAuthors=张辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张辉(1971—),女,汉族,山东德州人,博士,教授。研究方向:复杂结构井优化设计与控制技术、岩石力学、管柱力学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=D56cURDUTwKl+WgymramOw==, magXml=CWfk95r7Eu2cjfsdHPhEKw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ketePrun5mMvqnjVuqCDYA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=h/hyrstNgGMNdz0vlC+6Rw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吕坤鸿(1996—),男,汉族,安徽亳州人,博士研究生。研究方向:石油工程岩石力学。E-mail:

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吕坤鸿(1996—),男,汉族,安徽亳州人,博士研究生。研究方向:石油工程岩石力学。E-mail:

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吕坤鸿(1996—),男,汉族,安徽亳州人,博士研究生。研究方向:石油工程岩石力学。E-mail:

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Mineral composition analysis of carbonate rock in the study area

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矿物含量/%
石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 岩盐 硬石膏 黏土
矿物
1 7.5 1.7 66.6 22.1 2.1
2 1.8 1.2 58.5 19.5 13.8 3.2 2.0
3 4.4 0.2 0.3 93.0 2.1
4 2.4 0.8 0.4 89.9 5.5 1.0
5 1.8 0.4 0.4 96.3 1.1
6 1.9 2.0 94.3 0.4 1.4
), ArticleFig(id=1179786903177015456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729604723353, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区碳酸盐岩全岩矿物成分分析

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矿物含量/%
石英 钾长石 斜长石 方解石 白云石 岩盐 硬石膏 黏土
矿物
1 7.5 1.7 66.6 22.1 2.1
2 1.8 1.2 58.5 19.5 13.8 3.2 2.0
3 4.4 0.2 0.3 93.0 2.1
4 2.4 0.8 0.4 89.9 5.5 1.0
5 1.8 0.4 0.4 96.3 1.1
6 1.9 2.0 94.3 0.4 1.4
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Physical parameters of rock components

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矿物或流体 体积模量/GPa 剪切模量/GPa 密度/(g·cm-3)
方解石 71.05 32.23 2.71
白云石 75.93 51.64 2.87
硬石膏 66.09 33.79 2.98
石英 37.56 31.81 2.65
岩盐 26.24 14.00 2.04
干黏土 27.01 17.01 2.68
钾长石 48.02 24.01 2.56
黄铁矿 158.08 149.08 4.99
2.18 1.00
1.15 0.80
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岩石组分物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物或流体 体积模量/GPa 剪切模量/GPa 密度/(g·cm-3)
方解石 71.05 32.23 2.71
白云石 75.93 51.64 2.87
硬石膏 66.09 33.79 2.98
石英 37.56 31.81 2.65
岩盐 26.24 14.00 2.04
干黏土 27.01 17.01 2.68
钾长石 48.02 24.01 2.56
黄铁矿 158.08 149.08 4.99
2.18 1.00
1.15 0.80
), ArticleFig(id=1179786903365759139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729604723353, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The test results of porosity and permeability characteristics of carbonate rock cores in the study area

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编号 质量/g 渗透率/mD 孔隙度/% 颗粒密度/
(g·cm-3)
体积密度/
(g·cm-3)
1 64.13 0.010 1 1.45 2.74 2.70
2 65.20 0.005 9 1.52 2.78 2.74
3 66.80 0.012 2 1.41 2.83 2.79
4 64.35 0.507 9 1.42 2.74 2.70
), ArticleFig(id=1179786903424479396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774729604723353, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究区碳酸盐岩岩心孔渗特征测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 质量/g 渗透率/mD 孔隙度/% 颗粒密度/
(g·cm-3)
体积密度/
(g·cm-3)
1 64.13 0.010 1 1.45 2.74 2.70
2 65.20 0.005 9 1.52 2.78 2.74
3 66.80 0.012 2 1.41 2.83 2.79
4 64.35 0.507 9 1.42 2.74 2.70
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鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组地层超压成因机制及预测
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吕坤鸿 1 , 张辉 1, * , 张俊成 1 , 惠城 2 , 安锦涛 1, 3 , 秦程 1 , 吕海飞 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(12): 4889-4899
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(12): 4889-4899
鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组地层超压成因机制及预测
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吕坤鸿1 , 张辉1, * , 张俊成1, 惠城2, 安锦涛1, 3, 秦程1, 吕海飞1
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 102249
  • 2 中国石油长庆油田油气工艺研究院, 西安 710018
  • 3 中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区石油学院, 克拉玛依 834000
  • 吕坤鸿(1996—),男,汉族,安徽亳州人,博士研究生。研究方向:石油工程岩石力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张辉(1971—),女,汉族,山东德州人,博士,教授。研究方向:复杂结构井优化设计与控制技术、岩石力学、管柱力学。E-mail:
Genetic Mechanisms and Prediction of Overpressure in Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Eastern Ordos Basin
Kun-hong LÜ1 , Hui ZHANG1, * , Jun-cheng ZHANG1, Cheng HUI2, Jin-tao AN1, 3, Cheng QIN1, Hai-fei LÜ1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • 2 Oil & Gas Technology Institute, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an 710018, China
  • 3 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404152
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鄂尔多斯盆地海相碳酸盐岩储层钻进过程中易发生气侵、井漏、井壁垮塌等井下复杂情况,系统评价超压成因机制和准确预测地层压力对目标层系勘探开发尤为重要。以鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩储层为研究目标,借助测井曲线组合分析法、有效应力-声波速度法、声波速度-密度法和综合分析法对目的层位进行超压成因分析;通过建立碳酸盐岩基质、骨架、混合孔隙流体及饱和流体岩石的弹性模量物理模型,并结合有效应力原理,形成了适用于鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组的地层压力预测方法;最后通过现场数据验证模型的准确性。结果表明:目的储层超压成因以生烃作用为主,欠压实作用和构造挤压为辅,新模型预测结果的相对误差可控制在10%以下,有较强的适用性和较高的预测精度。研究成果对鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组地层的油气成藏的研究具有一定指导意义。

鄂尔多斯盆地  /  碳酸盐岩  /  异常高压  /  超压成因  /  地层压力预测

The Ordos Basin's marine carbonate reservoirs often experience downhole complexities such as gas invasion, lost circulation, and borehole collapse during drilling. It is particularly important to systematically evaluate the overpressure mechanisms and accurately predict formation pressure for the exploration and development of the target strata. The carbonate reservoir of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin was selected as the research target. Overpressure mechanisms were analyzed using the combination of well log curve analysis, effective stress-acoustic velocity method, acoustic velocity-density method, and comprehensive analysis method. A physical model of elastic modulus for carbonate rock matrix, framework, mixed pore fluid, and saturated fluid rock was established, and combined with the effective stress principle, a method for predicting formation pressure was developed, applicable to the Majiagou Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin. Finally, the model's accuracy was verified using field data. The results indicate that hydrocarbon generation is the primary cause of overpressure in the target reservoir, with undercompaction and structural compression as secondary factors. The new model achieves a relative error of less than 10%, demonstrating strong applicability and high predictive accuracy. The research results provide guidance for the study of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Majiagou Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin.

Ordos Basin  /  carbonate rock  /  abnormal over-pressure  /  origin of over-pressure  /  formation pressure prediction
吕坤鸿, 张辉, 张俊成, 惠城, 安锦涛, 秦程, 吕海飞. 鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组地层超压成因机制及预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4889 -4899 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404152
Kun-hong LÜ, Hui ZHANG, Jun-cheng ZHANG, Cheng HUI, Jin-tao AN, Cheng QIN, Hai-fei LÜ. Genetic Mechanisms and Prediction of Overpressure in Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Eastern Ordos Basin[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4889 -4899 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404152
鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组具有地质构造复杂多变、多旋回碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩交替发育共生、异常高压发育广泛、碳酸盐岩成岩作用复杂等特点,且由于碳酸盐岩的特殊岩性造成地层压力预测难度大,盲目钻进使得井壁垮塌严重、溢漏情况频发[1-3]。亟需开展鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩地层压力精准预测研究,明确超压成因机制,为区块钻井工程安全及其成本效益提供有力保障。
中外学者针对地层孔隙压力开展了大量研究,建立了多种预测和检测方法。其中较为成熟且应用广泛的预测方法主要分为三类:一是基于Terzaghi有效应力理论建立关于有效应力的关系模型,进而求取地层压力,主要包括:利用孔隙度和声波测井资料的等效深度法[4],建立声波速度-孔隙度-泥质含量-有效应力之间经验关系的Eberhart-Phillips模型[5],建立有效应力与速度之间经验关系的Bowers模型[6],将岩石密度、温度及成岩作用看作地层压力变量的Dutta法[7],综合考虑声波速度、孔隙度、泥质含量对有效应力影响的樊洪海法[8]等;二是基于测井资料和地层压力关系的预测方法,主要包括利用声波和电阻率测井资料的Eaton法[9]等;三是通过地震纵波速度与地层压力之间的关系求取地层压力的预测方法,主要包括利用地震层速度的Fillippone公式法[10],基于Fillippone公式法改进的Martinez法[11]、刘震法[12]、云美厚法[13]等。
碳酸盐岩成岩作用复杂,除压实作用外,另有诸如胶结、溶蚀等作用;碳酸盐岩自身骨架刚度大,非均质性强,测井和地震相应参数得不到响应,纵波速度、体积压缩系数等无明显变化规律;另外碳酸盐岩储层的异常高压成因受沉积过程中强烈的后生改造作用,导致其响应特征存在多解性。上述特性导致碳酸盐岩地层超压成因机制判断和孔隙压力预测一直是中外研究的难题。
鉴于此,基于鄂尔多斯盆地东部已钻井的地质和测录井资料,开展了碳酸盐岩储层超压成因机制分析,形成了适用于鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组地层的孔隙压力预测方法,并以现场井为例,验证该方法的可靠性,以期为目的层地层压力精确预测和持续勘探实践提供理论支撑。
鄂尔多斯盆地北起河套盆地和阴山南麓,南抵渭河盆地和秦岭山坡,西至六盘山-贺兰山,东达吕梁山,总面积约3.7×105 km2,位处中国中北部,华北台地西缘,为典型的稳定沉降、坳陷迁移、扭动明显的大型多旋回叠合型克拉通盆地,图1为鄂尔多斯盆地构造及研究区位置[14]。受中央古隆起控制,鄂尔多斯盆地东、西部的沉积分异明显,盆地东部奥陶系地层自上而下依次发育冶里组、亮甲山组和马家沟组,下伏为寒武系地层,上覆为石炭系地层。马家沟组发育海退-海侵整体沉积厚度在400~900 m,发育一套灰岩与白云岩、膏盐岩旋回组成的碳酸盐岩沉积,是鄂尔多斯盆地白云岩储层发育的主要层位[15-16]。根据沉积演化及岩性组合特征,马家沟组自上而下依次划分为6个岩性段(马一段~马六段),其中马一段、马三段和马五段主要发育盐岩和硬石膏岩,夹薄层含泥质云岩、白云岩和石灰岩;马二段、马四段和马六段主要发育石灰岩及白云岩,夹薄层含膏岩和盐岩[2,17-18]图2为盆地东部奥陶系马家沟西-东向地质剖面及天然气成藏模式图[18]
综合统计鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组地层压力结构(图3)。采用李伟等[19]的压力分类方案,马五段以常压-弱超压-强超压为主,地层压力系数为0.88~1.96,超压幅度差异较大且与深度无明显对应关系;马四段发育常压-弱超压-强超压,地层压力系数为0.92~1.80,压力纵向分布同样较为复杂,但超压幅度差异小于马五段;马三段发育弱超压-强超压,地层压力系数为1.46~1.81,压力纵向分布较为集中。纵观马五段、马四段及马三段压力分布特征,地层压力存在明显突变现象,超压幅度差异较大且与深度无明显对应关系,说明奥陶系马家沟组地层除欠压实超压机制外,可能还受到沉积体系、构造运动等多重机制的影响,超压非均质性严重。
测井曲线组合分析法通过声波时差、密度、电阻率3条测井曲线的组合特征进行异常高压成因分析[20-21]。具体原理主要体现在:①若声波速度、电阻率、密度测井曲线同步反转,即3条测井曲线偏离正常趋势线后同步增加或减少,可判断超压成因机制为不均衡压实;②若声波速度、电阻率、密度测井曲线不同步反转,且密度测井曲线反转滞后,可判断超压成因机制为流体膨胀、压力传导、构造加载等;③若声波速度、电阻率增加,但密度不变或略有减小,可判断超压成因机制为生烃膨胀;④若声波速度、电阻率、密度测井曲线均不发生反转,可判断超压成因机制可能为构造挤压。
以米探2井、米探3井为例,绘制测井曲线组合分析图(图4图5),可以看出,米探2井、米探3井密度、声波时差、电阻率曲线均发生反转,米探2井反转深度为2 480、2 700、2 800、2 980、3 060 m,米探3井反转深度为2 700、3 020、3 150、3 300、3 360 m,且两口井曲线波动均具有一致性,因此判断马家沟组超压成因存在欠压实作用。测井曲线组合分析法进行超压成因判断不受实测地层压力点较少的限制,可有效判断超压的存在以及识别压力转折带,但鉴于米探2井和米探3井的密度、声波时差、电阻率测井曲线反转变化剧烈,考虑为复合成因造成的结果,需结合其他判别方法作进一步判断。
Bowers[6]提出通过绘制垂向有效应力-声波速度交汇图判别超压成因,该方法目前在中外已得到普遍应用,其基本原理如图6(a)所示。当地层处于正常压力或欠平衡压实状态时,垂直有效应力持续增加或保持不变,此时声波速度-垂直有效应力曲线符合加载关系;当地层受构造挤压、黏土矿物转化、流体膨胀、压力传导等其他机制作用时,虽然不同机制的声波速度随垂直有效应力的变化是不同的,但超压点均位于卸载曲线上。
以鄂尔多斯盆地东部米探2井和米探3井为例,通过测井数据计算上部正常压实段垂直有效应力,进一步结合目的层实测地层压力计算出其垂向有效应力,绘制米探2井和米探3井的奥陶系马家沟组层段的垂向有效应力-声波速度交会图,如图7(a)图8(a)所示,可以看出:①垂向有效应力-声波速度散点大多偏离正常压实趋势线,落在卸载曲线上,反映存在卸载增压;②散点延伸趋势复杂,印证了测井曲线组合分析法关于异常高压成因为多种因素综合作用的判断;③随着垂直有效应力的降低,部分散点对应的声波速度降低,满足压力传导/流体膨胀作用的原理说明;④部分散点延伸趋势与加载曲线相反,具有不均匀压实作用的特点;⑤散点只有少量落在构造挤压成因趋势线上,可判断此成因非主导,需结合声波速度-密度图版法做进一步判断;⑥成岩作用成因超压表现为随着垂直有效应力的降低,声波速度基本不变,研究区的垂向有效应力-声波速度交会图不满足此现象。
声波速度-密度交会图版法[22]具体判别原则为[图6(b)]:①由构造挤压作用形成的异常高压,密度随声波速度的减小而减小,声波速度-密度交汇点延伸趋势与加载曲线相同;②由欠压实作用形成的异常高压,密度随声波速度的减小而减小,但声波速度-密度交汇点延伸趋势与加载曲线相反;③由生烃作用等孔隙流体膨胀机制形成的异常高压,随声波速度的降低,密度基本保持不变;④由黏土矿物转化机制或化学压实作用形成的异常高压,随密度的增加,声波速度基本保持不变或略有减小;⑤由复合成因形成的异常高压,随着异常高压的增强,声波速度减小而密度增大,声波速度-密度曲线介于上述两种异常高压机制之间。
对米探2井和米探3井的声波速度和密度数据进行处理,绘制得到声波速度-密度交会图,如图7(b)图8(b)所示,可以看出,米探2井和米探3井超压段的声波速度-密度散点主要落在卸载曲线上,部分散点延伸趋势与加载曲线相同,少量散点延伸趋势与加载曲线相反,判别奥陶系马家沟组异常高压成因为流体膨胀、欠压实和构造挤压作用叠加,其中流体膨胀作用作主导。
综上所述,基于测井曲线组合分析法、有效应力-声波速度法和声波速度-密度法,并结合鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组的地质背景及实测地层压力特征,认为目的层超压成因以生烃作用为主,欠压实作用和构造挤压作用为辅。
碳酸盐岩的弹性参数由岩石基质弹性模量、岩石骨架弹性模量、孔隙流体弹性模量、饱和岩石弹性模量构成,不同弹性参数有着其相应的岩石物理模型[23]
Xu-Payne模型将碳酸盐岩等效为白云石、方解石、干黏土、孔隙流体和总孔隙度的混合物[24]。但碳酸盐岩实际矿物组成和孔隙类型较为复杂,且模型参数难以获取,导致Xu-Payne模型应用效果不佳。基于研究区测井资料、岩心矿物组分分析和孔隙结构特征微观图(图9),对Xu-Payne模型进行优化(图10):依据岩心矿物组分分析结果(表1)将碳酸盐岩矿物组分等效为白云石、方解石、硬石膏、石英、岩盐、干黏土6种,依据孔隙结构特征微观特征将总孔隙类型划分为黏土裂缝、微裂缝、粒间孔隙、溶蚀孔洞4种,孔隙流体包含水、气两种。具体建模流程如图11所示。
碳酸盐岩基质的体积模量的计算公式为[25]
MVR= M V + M R 2
式(1)中:MVR为组成岩石固体基质的体积模量;MV为体积模量上界限;MR为体积模量下界限。
岩石基质体积量上、下界限可分别表示为
MV= i = 1 HNiKi
MR= 1 i = 1 H N i K i
式中:Ni为组成岩石固体基质的第i种矿物的体积百分比;Ki为对应矿物的体积模量。
将式(2)、式(3)代入式(1),可得Voigt-Reuss-Hill表达式为
MVR= 1 2 i N i K i + 1 i N i K i
常规意义上的岩石组分物理参数如表2所示。一般意义上,碳酸盐岩地层中各深度处的岩石矿物组分特征数据有两种方式可以得到,一方面可根据对井口返出岩屑进行分析,并结合测录井资料得到岩石矿物组分特征数据;另一方面可通过X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)全岩测试分析得到。
等效介质理论将岩石等效弹性性质与孔隙结构特征相结合,主要方法包括:KT(Kuster-Toksöz)模型[26]、MT(Mori-Tanaka)模型[27]、 自相容近似模型(self-consistent approximation,SCA)[28]和微分等效介质理论(differential equivalent medium,DEM)[29]。KT模型与MT模型仅适用于孔隙结构简单、分布稀疏的储层,且模型计算得到的等效弹性模量可能会超出HS(Hashin-Shtrikman)界限[30]。SCA模型和DEM模型数值计算过程相较KT模型与MT模型更为复杂,但考虑了不同孔隙类型的弹性相互作用,使得其在孔隙结构较为复杂的储层更为适用。
研究区碳酸盐岩储层同时发育微裂缝与孔隙,孔隙结构复杂,DEM模型相较于其他等效介质理论能更好地反映碳酸盐岩储层的多种类型孔隙之间的弹性相互作用,并能模拟次生孔隙的形成过程。同时,研究区碳酸盐岩储层基质较为致密,因此包体加入顺序对DEM计算结果影响很小。
(1-φ) d [ K * ( φ ) ] d φ= i = 1 NVi[Ki-K*(φ)]P(*i)(φ)
式(5)中:φ为孔隙度;K*(φ)为岩石的等效体积模量,MPa;初始条件为K*(0)=K1,为岩石骨架的体积模量;Ki为加入的第i种包体(裂隙和孔洞)的体积模量,MPa; P ( * i )为加入的第i种包体的几何因数,由裂隙和孔洞的纵横比决定,当i=1时,式(5)即为经典的DEM模型;对于研究区储层,i=3,即为三重孔隙结构的DEM模型。
对于流体在所有孔隙空间均匀充填的情况,采用Wood公式[31]进行流体混合。
1 K f 1= S w K w+ S g K g
式(6)中:Kf1为Wood公式计算混相流体等效体积模量;SwSg分别为液态流体和气体的饱和度,Sw+Sg=1;Kw为液态流体的体积模量;Kg为气体的体积模量。
对于气、水两相呈斑块状彻底分离的情况,采用Patchy模型[32]进行分析,即
Kf2=SwKw+SgKg
式(7)中:Kf2为Patchy模型计算混相流体等效体积模量。
宏观尺度上分析,研究区碳酸盐岩岩心孔渗特征测试结果(表3)可以看出,岩心渗透率的变化范围为0.005 9~0.507 9 mD,孔隙度的变化范围为1.41%~1.52%,属特低孔低渗地层。微观尺度上分析(图8),盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩孔隙类型主要为晶间孔隙、粒间孔隙、溶蚀孔洞和微裂缝,孔隙连通性虽差,但流体仍具有一定运输能力。因此对地层孔隙流体混合物的充填方式,应考虑充分混合和饱和斑块充填同时存在的情况,马家沟组地层混相流体充填情况应介于两者之间,可将式(6)与式(7)计算得到的混相流体等效弹性模量看作实际弹性模量的上、下限。
对Wood公式和Patchy模型的计算结果进行算术平均,求取含多种混合物流体的等效体积模量。
Kf= 1 2(Kf1+Kf2)
式(8)中:Kf为实际孔隙流体体积模量。
余夫等[33]基于Biot理论和Gassmann方程,得到饱和岩石体积模量为
K=Kfr+α2M
M= α - φ K s - φ K f - 1
α=1- K f r K s
式中:K为不排水条件下岩石的体积弹性模量,Pa;Kfr为岩石骨架的体积弹性模量,Pa;Kf为孔隙内流体的体积弹性模量,Pa;Ks为岩石基质体积弹性模量,Pa;α为系数;φ为孔隙度;M为孔隙流体弹性性质的表征量。
奥陶系地层存在少量的孔隙微裂缝,但孔隙流体相较常规储层排除困难,仍可视为封闭系统。地层超压的大小由岩石骨架形变以及孔隙流体的受力共同决定,采用封套不排水模型耦合超压与地层所受外力之间的关系。孔隙流体只受到部分地应力的作用,流体量不发生变化,地层压力与外部应力的关系可表示为
Pp=
式(12)中:Pp为地层压力,MPa;A为骨架、基质、孔隙流体弹性模量耦合参量,可由Biot-Gassmann方程[34]得到,A=αM;ε为饱和岩石的体积应变。
在构造挤压应力的作用下,饱和流体碳酸盐岩的体积应变为
ε= σ - K
式(13)中: σ -为3个方向地应力之和的平均值, σ -= σ x + σ y + σ z 3,MPa。
将式(13)代入式(12)得到碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测方程为
Pp=αM σ - K
米172井、米探2井和米探3井位于鄂尔多斯盆地东部伊陕斜坡,目的层位为奥陶系马家沟组,最大井斜均小于2°,多次遇到井漏、井塌等复杂情况。利用建立的地层孔隙压力预测模型计算米172井、米探2井和米探3井碳酸盐岩地层的地层孔隙压力,并与实测数据进行了对比,结果如图12所示。可以看出,新模型的地层孔隙压力预测结果与实测情况吻合,相对误差均在10%以内,满足工程需求。因此,所建立的碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力预测模型是可行的,对该地区后续钻井作业具有重要指导意义。
(1)鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组受沉积体系、构造运动等多重机制的影响,超压非均质性严重。通过测井曲线组合分析法、有效应力-声波速度法、声波速度-密度法和超压综合分析等方法,判断目的层系超压成因以生烃作用为主,欠压实作用和构造挤压作用为辅。
(2)基于优化的Xu-Payne模型,根据DEM模型、Wood公式、Patchy模型及Biot-Gassmann方程,并结合有效应力原理,形成了适用于鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩储层的地层压力预测方法,该方法对米级别的裂缝-溶洞大尺度模型和厘米、微米级别的裂隙-溶蚀孔小尺度模型均适用。
(3)以鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系马家沟组为例对新方法进行了验证。应用结果表明,改进后的模型可较准确的预测碳酸盐岩储层地层压力,满足工程需要,为其他地区定量预测碳酸盐岩地层压力提供了一种更为科学、精确的理论和方法。
(4)除生烃作用、欠压实作用和构造挤压作用外,地层微裂缝发育和地层水化学成分变化等因素也可能对超压成因产生重要影响。未来研究中,应进一步探讨这些因素对超压的潜在作用,有助于完善超压成因的综合认识,提升预测的全面性和准确性。
(5)主要针对静态地层压力的预测,但实际油气藏是一个动态变化的系统,受采收率、注水等多种因素的影响。未来研究可结合油气藏动态模拟软件,通过数值模拟更好地捕捉地层压力在动态环境下的变化,增强模型在油气藏开发过程中应对复杂压力变化的能力。
  • 国家重大科研仪器研制项目(52227804)
  • 中国石化石油工程技术研究院基金(35800000-22-ZC0699-0004)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404152
  • 接收时间:2024-06-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-04
  • 修回日期:2025-02-08
基金
国家重大科研仪器研制项目(52227804)
中国石化石油工程技术研究院基金(35800000-22-ZC0699-0004)
作者信息
    1 中国石油大学(北京)石油工程学院, 北京 102249
    2 中国石油长庆油田油气工艺研究院, 西安 710018
    3 中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区石油学院, 克拉玛依 834000

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* 张辉(1971—),女,汉族,山东德州人,博士,教授。研究方向:复杂结构井优化设计与控制技术、岩石力学、管柱力学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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