Article(id=1149774728900075768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405403, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721232000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-18, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057257150, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057257150, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057257150, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257150, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4947, endPage=4956, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774729093013755, articleId=1149774728900075768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Mining-induced Ground Subsidence in Gaojialiang Coal Mine of Inner Mongolia, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The conflict between coal resource extraction and ecological environmental protection is particularly pronounced in the Gaojialiang coal mine of Inner Mongolia. To accurately characterize the deformation extent and evolutionary patterns of mining-induced ground subsidence within the study area, small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology combined with Sentinel-1 radar remote sensing data were utilized to obtain the annual average deformation velocity and time-series cumulative deformation over three primary panels. Additionally, the Kriging interpolation method was employed to predict and supplement data in decoherence regions, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the deformation field. The results show that three distinct subsidence zones are identified, spatially correlated with the mined-out areas of panels 203, 301, and 401, respectively. The subsidence is characterized by slow deformation, with a peak annual average deformation velocity of approximately -34 mm/a. The temporal initiation and spatial propagation of subsidence in the three panels align closely with the actual mining sequence and operational conditions. Among these, panel 401 exhibited the largest subsidence area, covering approximately 4.56 km2, with a maximum cumulative deformation of -189 mm, followed by panels 301 and 203 in descending order. Ground fractures identified through high-resolution optical remote sensing imagery are consistent with field investigations, predominantly distributed in the zones of maximum deformation intensity. Based on the deformation characteristics and fractures distribution, three high-risk geohazard zones are delineated within the study area. The primary driver of ground subsidence is attributed to longwall mining activities, while geological structures and precipitation infiltration also contributed to the deformation process. SBAS-InSAR technology has good application effects in monitoring large-scale mining-induced ground subsidence, and can provide crucial technical and data support for geological disaster prevention and ecological environment restoration in Gaojialiang mining area.

, correspAuthors=Jin-zhu JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin-lei XUE, Jian-ting CUI, Zhao-feng WANG, Guang-zhu LI, Zhi-qian WANG, Hai-wei HAO, Jun-fu FAN, Jin-zhu JI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774751637398113, articleId=1149774728900075768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=内蒙古高家梁煤矿采空地面塌陷特征及影响因素分析, columnId=1179786558778520038, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿治工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

内蒙古高家梁煤矿的煤炭资源开采和生态环境保护矛盾尖锐,为了及时查明矿区采空地面塌陷的形变程度和演变特征,基于哨兵一号(Sentinel-1)雷达遥感数据,通过短基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar,SBAS-InSAR)技术,获取研究区采空地面塌陷的年均位移速度和累积形变量时间序列等结果,并采用克里金插值法对结果中失相干地区进行科学合理的预测补充。结果表明:监测到的3个塌陷区,分别与203、301和401盘区采空区范围吻合,研究区塌陷以缓慢塌陷为主,最大年均位移速度约为-34 mm/a;监测到的3个盘区塌陷开始时间以及扩张方向与实际情况保持一致,其中401盘区的塌陷范围约为4.56 km2且最大累积形变量约为-189 mm,301盘区和203盘区依次减少;通过高分辨率遥感影像识别到的地裂缝与野外实地验证情况基本吻合,地裂缝集中分布在3个盘区形变最剧烈的区域,经分析后圈定研究区内3个地质灾害高风险区域;采煤工作是研究区采空地面塌陷主要影响因素,此外还与地质环境和降水有关。SBAS-InSAR技术在大范围矿区采空地面塌陷监测方面有着良好应用效果,可为高家梁煤矿地质灾害防治和生态环境修复工作提供一定的技术和数据支撑。

, correspAuthors=籍进柱, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 籍进柱(1989—),男,壮族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:遥感地质与矿山地质环境。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WjJB8NG7OIURzP2k1ZPeAw==, magXml=VazuQck9Xt02Qc6bhXzskw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2xA6MEigYPIVb5pvt0uN9g==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zozisdXzLfTk/zgY3Xy4cA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

薛鑫磊(2000—),男,汉族,山东烟台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿山地质环境。E-mail:

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薛鑫磊(2000—),男,汉族,山东烟台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿山地质环境。E-mail:

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薛鑫磊(2000—),男,汉族,山东烟台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿山地质环境。E-mail:

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蓝色代表塌陷区;红色代表抬升区

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Parameters of 22 Sentinel-1 images

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编号 日期 轨道 编号 日期 轨道
1 2018-01-06 020033 12 2020-10-10 034733
2 2018-04-12 021433 13 2020-11-27 035433
3 2018-07-17 022833 14 2021-04-08 037358
4 2018-10-09 024058 15 2021-07-01 038583
5 2019-01-13 025458 16 2021-10-17 040158
6 2019-04-19 026858 17 2022-01-09 041383
7 2019-07-24 028258 18 2022-04-03 042608
8 2019-10-28 029658 19 2022-08-01 044358
9 2020-01-08 030708 20 2023-04-22 048208
10 2020-04-01 031933 21 2023-07-15 049433
11 2020-07-18 033508 22 2023-10-19 050833
), ArticleFig(id=1179786775338828183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774728900075768, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

22幅Sentinel-1影像参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 日期 轨道 编号 日期 轨道
1 2018-01-06 020033 12 2020-10-10 034733
2 2018-04-12 021433 13 2020-11-27 035433
3 2018-07-17 022833 14 2021-04-08 037358
4 2018-10-09 024058 15 2021-07-01 038583
5 2019-01-13 025458 16 2021-10-17 040158
6 2019-04-19 026858 17 2022-01-09 041383
7 2019-07-24 028258 18 2022-04-03 042608
8 2019-10-28 029658 19 2022-08-01 044358
9 2020-01-08 030708 20 2023-04-22 048208
10 2020-04-01 031933 21 2023-07-15 049433
11 2020-07-18 033508 22 2023-10-19 050833
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内蒙古高家梁煤矿采空地面塌陷特征及影响因素分析
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薛鑫磊 1 , 崔建廷 2 , 王兆峰 2 , 李光柱 2 , 王志乾 2 , 郝海伟 2 , 范军富 1 , 籍进柱 1, 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿治工程 2025,25(12): 4947-4956
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿治工程 2025, 25(12): 4947-4956
内蒙古高家梁煤矿采空地面塌陷特征及影响因素分析
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薛鑫磊1 , 崔建廷2, 王兆峰2, 李光柱2, 王志乾2, 郝海伟2, 范军富1, 籍进柱1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古工业大学资源与环境工程学院, 呼和浩特 010051
  • 2 鄂尔多斯市昊华精煤有限责任公司, 鄂尔多斯 101700
  • 3 沙旱区地质灾害与岩土工程防御自治区高等学校重点实验室, 呼和浩特 010051
  • 薛鑫磊(2000—),男,汉族,山东烟台人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿山地质环境。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 籍进柱(1989—),男,壮族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:遥感地质与矿山地质环境。E-mail:
Analysis of Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Mining-induced Ground Subsidence in Gaojialiang Coal Mine of Inner Mongolia
Xin-lei XUE1 , Jian-ting CUI2, Zhao-feng WANG2, Guang-zhu LI2, Zhi-qian WANG2, Hai-wei HAO2, Jun-fu FAN1, Jin-zhu JI1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
  • 2 Ordos Haohua Cleaned Coal Co. , Ltd. , Ordos 101700, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards and Geotechnical Engineering Defense in Sandy and Drought Regions at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405403
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内蒙古高家梁煤矿的煤炭资源开采和生态环境保护矛盾尖锐,为了及时查明矿区采空地面塌陷的形变程度和演变特征,基于哨兵一号(Sentinel-1)雷达遥感数据,通过短基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar,SBAS-InSAR)技术,获取研究区采空地面塌陷的年均位移速度和累积形变量时间序列等结果,并采用克里金插值法对结果中失相干地区进行科学合理的预测补充。结果表明:监测到的3个塌陷区,分别与203、301和401盘区采空区范围吻合,研究区塌陷以缓慢塌陷为主,最大年均位移速度约为-34 mm/a;监测到的3个盘区塌陷开始时间以及扩张方向与实际情况保持一致,其中401盘区的塌陷范围约为4.56 km2且最大累积形变量约为-189 mm,301盘区和203盘区依次减少;通过高分辨率遥感影像识别到的地裂缝与野外实地验证情况基本吻合,地裂缝集中分布在3个盘区形变最剧烈的区域,经分析后圈定研究区内3个地质灾害高风险区域;采煤工作是研究区采空地面塌陷主要影响因素,此外还与地质环境和降水有关。SBAS-InSAR技术在大范围矿区采空地面塌陷监测方面有着良好应用效果,可为高家梁煤矿地质灾害防治和生态环境修复工作提供一定的技术和数据支撑。

高家梁煤矿  /  短基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(SBAS-InSAR)  /  采空地面塌陷  /  特征分析  /  影响因素

The conflict between coal resource extraction and ecological environmental protection is particularly pronounced in the Gaojialiang coal mine of Inner Mongolia. To accurately characterize the deformation extent and evolutionary patterns of mining-induced ground subsidence within the study area, small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology combined with Sentinel-1 radar remote sensing data were utilized to obtain the annual average deformation velocity and time-series cumulative deformation over three primary panels. Additionally, the Kriging interpolation method was employed to predict and supplement data in decoherence regions, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the deformation field. The results show that three distinct subsidence zones are identified, spatially correlated with the mined-out areas of panels 203, 301, and 401, respectively. The subsidence is characterized by slow deformation, with a peak annual average deformation velocity of approximately -34 mm/a. The temporal initiation and spatial propagation of subsidence in the three panels align closely with the actual mining sequence and operational conditions. Among these, panel 401 exhibited the largest subsidence area, covering approximately 4.56 km2, with a maximum cumulative deformation of -189 mm, followed by panels 301 and 203 in descending order. Ground fractures identified through high-resolution optical remote sensing imagery are consistent with field investigations, predominantly distributed in the zones of maximum deformation intensity. Based on the deformation characteristics and fractures distribution, three high-risk geohazard zones are delineated within the study area. The primary driver of ground subsidence is attributed to longwall mining activities, while geological structures and precipitation infiltration also contributed to the deformation process. SBAS-InSAR technology has good application effects in monitoring large-scale mining-induced ground subsidence, and can provide crucial technical and data support for geological disaster prevention and ecological environment restoration in Gaojialiang mining area.

Gaojialiang coal mine  /  small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR)  /  mining-induced ground subsidence  /  characteristic analysis  /  influencing factors
薛鑫磊, 崔建廷, 王兆峰, 李光柱, 王志乾, 郝海伟, 范军富, 籍进柱. 内蒙古高家梁煤矿采空地面塌陷特征及影响因素分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4947 -4956 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405403
Xin-lei XUE, Jian-ting CUI, Zhao-feng WANG, Guang-zhu LI, Zhi-qian WANG, Hai-wei HAO, Jun-fu FAN, Jin-zhu JI. Analysis of Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Mining-induced Ground Subsidence in Gaojialiang Coal Mine of Inner Mongolia[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4947 -4956 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405403
内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市煤炭资源丰富,预测储量超万亿吨,占全国煤炭总储量的1/6,随着矿井开采范围和深度逐渐增加,煤炭开采与生态保护矛盾问题日益尖锐[1],地下煤炭开采后留下的采空区[2],破坏了围岩原有应力平衡[3],极有可能引发地裂缝和地面塌陷等一系列地质灾害[4-5]。高家梁煤矿是采空地面塌陷影响严重的典型区域,已有井工开采十余年的历史,其上覆草地耕地、房屋桥梁以及水利设施等建(构)筑物已受到不同程度的损毁。及时准确地监测采空地面塌陷,对于高家梁煤矿生态环境保护和地质灾害治理有重要意义[6-7]
传统的采空地面塌陷监测方法主要是水准测量和全站仪测量[8],存在费时费力、受天气影响大[9]和难以反映整体地表形变[10]等缺点,合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术作为一种新型地表监测手段[11]近年来得到了快速的发展,相比传统监测方式,具有全天候、高精度、大范围等优点[12-13],广泛应用于监测矿区采空地面塌陷。差分干涉测量技术(differential InSAR, D-InSAR)是传统InSAR技术的延伸[14]。王凤云等[15]基于D-InSAR技术监测山东某煤矿矿震前后采空区地表形变,证明了D-InSAR技术对采空区地表形变的监测能力,但存在处理耗时和低相干点监测精度不高的问题。为了突破D-InSAR技术无法监测时序形变的限制,永久散射体(persistent scatterer InSAR, PS-InSAR)技术[16]和短基线集(small baseline InSAR, SBAS-InSAR)技术[17-19]被提出,二者均有监测精度高、抗相位误差干扰和揭示监测目标时序形变规律[20]等优点。孟凡超等[21]基于PS-InSAR技术对平南锡基坑铅锌矿采空区地表沉降数据进行提取,研究矿区采空地表塌陷规律,证明了PS-InSAR技术的合理性,但PS-InSAR技术需要选取散射特性稳定、回波信号较强的PS点[22],相比之下,SBAS-InSAR技术更适合应用于建筑物较少的矿区,孙超等[23]基于SBAS-InSAR技术对建新煤矿采空区沉陷范围和时空分布特征进行研究,结果表明,SBASInSAR技术可有效监测长时间微小的矿区地表沉陷信息,为矿区灾害防治提供科学依据。
鉴于此,采用SBAS-InSAR技术并基于22幅哨兵一号(Sentinel-1)升轨雷达遥感影像对高家梁煤矿整体采空地面塌陷情况进行研究,获取研究区内3个盘区的采空地面塌陷空间分布、位移速度和时序变化等结果,并对结果进行讨论分析,圈定区内地质灾害高风险区域,确定采空地面塌陷的影响因素,为高家梁煤矿灾害防治和环境保护[24]提供数据支持和技术参考。
高家梁煤矿位于内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市中南部的全国第三大产煤县伊金霍洛旗纳林陶亥镇境内[图1(a)],煤炭资源量多、质好、易采。矿区近似规则的长方形,东西宽约4.56 km,南北长约10.55 km,面积47.01 km2,开采方式为地下开采。全井田共划分为 16 个盘区,2018年至今开采二水平3-1煤层和4-2 中煤层,对应的开采盘区为从2018年开采到2019年停采的203盘区、从2018年开采到2022年停采的301盘区和从2020年开采至今的401盘区,主采工作面为 30101、30102、30103、30104、40101、40102、40103、40104、20102、20103、20104工作面[图1(b)],均采用长壁后退式采煤方法,顶板管理采用全部垮落法。
井田岩石以碎屑沉积岩为主,层状结构,岩体各向异性,煤层顶底板岩石的力学强度较低,稳固性较差,煤矿开采后,局部易发生煤层顶板冒落以及煤层底板软化变形等矿山工程地质问题。采空区引发了一定程度的地面塌陷伴生地裂缝,无明显塌陷坑,裂缝宽度局部可达50 cm,裂缝间距约15~40 m,裂缝可见深度 0.50~2.00 m,长度 100~200 m,呈离层错动台阶状,台阶落差一般为 0.5~1.5 m,其延伸方向与采空区长轴方向一致,经现场调查,目前形成36处采空区,面积共计12.41 km2
选取2018—2023年覆盖研究区的22幅分辨率为5×20 m且极化方式为VV+VH的C波段宽幅干涉模式的升轨Sentinel-1雷达影像为主要数据,每幅影像的日期和轨道如表1所示,辅以相应的精密轨道数据和数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM) 数据(图2)进行轨道误差消除和干涉图地形相位消除,上述数据均从阿拉斯加卫星设施(ASF)提供的数据获取中心(https://search.asf.alaska.edu/)下载。
准备覆盖研究区的时间分别为t1,t2,…,tNN幅SAR影像,选取1幅作为超级主影像,其余N-1幅为辅影像,为保证干涉对的相干性,设置时间-空间基线阈值,形成满足阈值要求的若干干涉子集[25],然后差分干涉处理每个组合内的像对。假设tC为公共主影像对应时刻,tAtB时刻相对于公共主影像时刻所获取的第i幅差分干涉图的任意像元x的差分干涉相位[26]可表示为
φ i , x i n t= φ i , x t B- φ i , x t A= 4 π ( d i , x t B - d i , x t A ) λ+ φ i , x t o p o+ φ i , x a t m+ φ i , x o r b+ φ i , x n o i
式(1)中: φ i , x t B为任意像元xtB时刻的相位; φ i , x t A为任意像元xtA时刻的相位;λ为雷达波长; d i , x t B d i , x t A为任意像元x分别在tBtA时刻相对于参考影像在雷达视线方向形变量; φ i , x t o p o φ i , x a t m φ i , x o r b φ i , x n o i分别为地形残差相位、大气延迟相位、轨道误差相位和噪声误差相位。
在去除上述各种相位误差分量后,得到干涉图数量个方程,方程中有SAR影像数量个未知量,为不违反形变的物理规律,采用奇异值分解法(SVD)和最小二乘法进行求解方程,得到两幅SAR影像获取时间之间的平均位移速度,进而在时间域上积分得到整个时间序列的形变相位值。
利用SBAS-InSAR技术监测高家梁煤矿采空地面塌陷的数据处理流程如图3所示。22幅数据裁剪后依次以每一幅数据作为超级主影像,进行基线估算,设置最大空间基线为临界基线的45%,最大时间基线为365 d,计算各组像对的空间基线和时间基线。根据时空基线图设置2020年1月8日的影像为超级主影像,其他影像与其配准生成连接图,经差分干涉生成、相位解缠、轨道精炼和重去平、形变速度和残余地形估算、地形残余相位和大气相位去除、形变序列估算、地理编码等多项处理步骤[27]后获得最终的形变结果。
基于22幅Sentinel-1影像,通过SBAS-InSAR方法获取2018—2023年研究区采空地面塌陷在雷达视线(LOS)方向的年均形变速度和时间序列累积形变量等详细情况,共获取344 975个空间分布较为均匀的有效观测点。SBAS-InSAR方法虽然较传统InSAR方法失相干现象有所缓解,但还是存在一些因为地形因素而缺少监测数据的失相干地区,为了监测的完整性,通过克里金插值法,考虑空间相关性质,预测补充得到了更科学、更贴合实际的情况的完整监测结果。
由于2018年1月以来,主要开采二水平3-1煤层和4-2中煤层,可采煤层主要分布在301、203和401盘区,因此着重分析这3个盘区的采空地面塌陷情况,其余盘区暂不考虑。
研究区年均形变速度和各速度区间占比情况分别如图4(a)图4(b)所示,其中负值代表塌陷,正值代表抬升。研究区在2018—2023年形成3个主要的塌陷区域,且其范围分别与203、301和401盘区采空区范围高度吻合。研究区344 975个有效观测点的整体形变速度分布在-34~20 mm/a,其中塌陷观测点有176 632个,即塌陷区面积占研究区总面积的51.2%,塌陷速度区间为-5~0 mm/a的区域占整体塌陷区域的58.6%,表明研究区塌陷以缓慢塌陷为主,速度区间为-10~-5 mm/a、-20~-10 mm/a、-30~-20 mm/a、-40~-30 mm/a的占比依次减少,分别为20.45%、16.48%、4.39%和0.08%。203盘区形变速度范围是-20~0 mm/a,盘区中心形变速度较快,达到-10 mm/a以上,相较于其他两个盘区,203盘区整体沉降速度较慢; 301盘区形变速度范围是-30~0 mm/a,沉降中心位于盘区中心偏南;401盘区是整体形变速度最快的盘区,最大平均形变速度达到-34 mm/a,基本位于盘区采煤推进方向中心线附近,且形变速度向周围递减。
研究区形变时间序列如图5所示,累积塌陷形变量时间序列以2018年1月6日为监测起点,即后续形变都是较监测起点的相对累积量。从图5中可以看出,随着工作的进行,采空地面塌陷逐渐严重,203盘区和301盘区从2018年4月开始塌陷,而401盘区从2020年开始塌陷,与实际开采时间顺序吻合,且随着采煤工作的进行,塌陷范围和形变量逐渐增大。301盘区采空地面塌陷从南向北逐渐扩张,203盘区采空地面塌陷由北向南逐渐扩张,401盘区采空地面塌陷由东北向西南方向逐渐扩张,与各盘区实际开采方向相符合,其中401盘区是采空地面塌陷最为严重的盘区,不仅采空地面塌陷范围最大,达到4.56 km2,且平均累积形变量也是最大的盘区,最大累积形变量达到-189.3 mm,位于401盘区与开采方向平行的中心线上;301盘区采空地面塌陷累积形变范围次之,为2.94 km2,最大累积形变量为-140 mm;203盘区采空地面塌陷范围最小,为1.59 km2,最大累积形变量为-110 mm。
为了进一步定量分析3个盘区在监测时间段内的沉降情况,特别是沉降漏斗的形成过程和演变特征,基于上述沉降结果图,在每个盘区的中心位置及其四周沿平行盘区长轴和垂直盘区长轴的两个方位均选取特征点,并绘制每个特征点在整个监测时间内的累积形变曲线。共选取19个特征点(T1~T19),其分布位置如图6(a)所示,其中T1~T5位于203盘区,T6~T10位于301盘区,T11~T19位于401盘区。
特征点T1、T2、T3、T4、T5分别位于203盘区的中心、北边界、南边界、西边界、东边界附近。从203盘区特征点累积形变量时序曲线[图6(b)]可知,5个特征点总体都经历了剧烈沉降和趋于稳定两个阶段,其中除了特征点T5,其余4个特征点所在区域都从2018年1月开始发生沉降,T5则从2019年4月开始发生沉降,这是由于T5所在的20312工作面位于203盘区东边界,不仅最后开采也受其他工作面采动影响最小,5个特征点的沉降都在2019年末逐渐稳定,与203盘区停采时间一致。从最终累积形变量来看,特征点T1最终累积形变量约为-99 mm,明显多于其余特征点,符合沉降漏斗的基本特征,此外特征点T2和T4的最终形变量分别相比T3和T4较大,说明203盘区沉降中心往西北方向偏移。
特征点T6、T7、T8、T9、T10分别位于301盘区的中心、北边界、南边界、西边界、东边界附近。从301盘区特征点累积形变量时序曲线[图6(c)]可知,301盘区沉降演变过程与203盘区相似,特征点T6最终形变量约为-130 mm,明显多于四周特征点,T10位于301盘区东边界的30103工作面,开采时间靠后且受其他工作面采动影响小,因此沉降开始时间较晚,但其最终沉降量较大,这表明301盘区沉降中心向东偏移。
401盘区不同于以上两个盘区,该盘区沉降面积最大,其中特征点T11、T12、T13、T14、T15展示401盘区东北部分的沉降演变特征,而特征点T16、T17、T18、T19和T13则展示401盘区西南部分的沉降演变特征。综合分析401盘区最终形变量图和特征点累积形变量时序曲线[图6(d)]可知,401盘区形成了两个明显的沉降盆地,其中东北方向的沉降中心位于最终累积形变量约为-101 mm的特征点T11附近,其四周特征点的最终累积形变量则较少,位于401盘区东北边界特征点T12和T15开始发生沉降的时间最早,这是由于其临近盘区采动导致的,整体来看401所有特征点从2020年开始发生剧烈沉降,与盘区实际开采时间相对应。西南方向的沉降漏斗的沉降中心位于特征点T16附近,最终沉降量约为-140 mm,明显多于四周的特征点,符合沉降漏斗基本特征,此外特征点T17和T18的最终累积形变量较大,说明沉降中心往西南方向偏移。
根据上述实验结果,对研究区采空塌陷情况进行基于光学遥感影像的地质灾害识别与野外实地验证。
高分辨率的光学遥感影像可清晰记录地表的特征,地理信息系统的专业软件更是有着三维地形分析等工具使得影像上的地物更具直观性。基于高分辨率光学遥感影像,通过目视解译的方法对研究区内地质灾害进行识别。研究区内采空地面塌陷引起的地质灾害主要为地裂缝,光学遥感影像上地裂缝的色调以深色调为主,与周围地物之间的色调差别明显,长短不一,单条出现或者多条平行、不规则排列,呈明显的线状或者条带状分布,有一定的粗糙感,特别在植被较少的裸地上表现更为清晰,解译时按上述特征沿着地物边缘准确的勾绘出地裂缝界限。图7(a)为识别到的典型地裂缝在光遥感影像上的图像。然而,基于目视解译的光学遥感地裂缝识别的结果人为因素影像较大,需要实地验证来验证识别结果的精确度,野外实地调查结果表明,研究区采空地面塌陷引起的地质灾害主要以地裂缝为主,分布位置与遥感识别的裂缝位置基本吻合。图7(b)为上述识别的典型地裂缝位置的实际地裂缝拍摄照片。
统计识别的地裂缝位置和分布信息,叠加到研究区2023年10月累积形变量和采空区分布图进行综合分析,共计识别到研究区内地裂缝29条,且有一定分布规律,其中203盘区有12条,集中分布在盘区西边界附近;301盘区有5条,集中分布在盘区东南边界附近;401盘区有12条,集中分布在盘区东北边界附近。从累积形变量图中可看出地裂缝分布位置的等值线相较于其他区域更为密集,即地裂缝集中分布区域的地表形变更为剧烈,具体分析各盘区裂缝集中分布区域的形变量可知,203、301和401盘区地裂缝集中区域形变量范围为-92~30、-73~32、136~24 mm,形变量变化范围大小与地裂缝数量呈正相关。综合考虑上述地裂缝分布位置以及累积形变量等值线密集程度,圈定3个地质灾害高风险区域[图7(c)],3个区域分别位于203盘区东边界附近,301盘区西南边界附近和401盘区东北边界附近。
(1)采煤工作。研究区累积形变时间序列(图5)中301盘区和203盘区从2018年开始发生形变,401盘区是从2020年开始发生形变,与矿区提供资料中的各盘区实际开采时间保持一致。301盘区采空地面塌陷区域从南向北扩张,203盘区从北向南扩张,401盘区从西南向东北扩张,与采煤工作实际开采方向和顺序相同,且在图6中特征点加速形变的时间与工作面采煤工作时间吻合,因此采煤工作是研究区采空地面塌陷的主要影响因素。
(2)降水。从特征点累积形变曲线中部分未发生形变和形变趋于稳定的曲线段可知,夏季降水充沛的时期(6、7、8月),特征点的形变情况会有所缓解甚至略有抬升,在冬季缺水的时期(11、12、次年1月),特征点形变情况则更为严重,这是因为矿区的直接充水含水层以孔隙、裂隙含水层为主,直接充水含水层的富水性弱,补给条件差,迳流条件不良,以大气降水为主要补给来源,夏季的降水较多,地下水充足则会缓解研究区塌陷情况。
(3)地质环境。研究区煤层顶底板岩石的岩性以砂质泥岩为主,次为粉砂岩及细粒砂岩,岩石的抗压强度多数小于30 MPa,因此井田内各煤层顶底板岩石的稳固性较差。上述监测结果中研究区3个盘区的采空地面塌陷情况为,401盘区整体累积形变量最大,301盘区次之,203盘区最小,根据矿区钻探成果,研究区含煤地层为侏罗系中下统延安组(J1-2y),主要由各粒级的砂岩、泥岩和煤层组成,发育有水平纹理和波状纹理,总体上西北部的煤层厚度较大,东南部厚度变小,这导致了上述监测结果中不同盘区整体累积形变量的差异。
基于22幅Sentinel-1雷达影像,通过SBAS-InSAR技术,获取2018到2023年的高家梁煤矿采空地面塌陷平均形变速度和累积形变量等详细情况,并选取19个特征点对研究区各盘区的采空地面塌陷特征进一步研究,圈定3个地质灾害高风险区域,进而分析研究区采空地面塌陷影响因素,得到如下结论。
(1)研究区整体形变速度范围分布在-40~20 mm/a,其中塌陷区面积占研究区总面积的51.2%,塌陷速度区间为-5~0 mm/a的区域占整体塌陷区域的58.6%,速度区间为-10~-5 mm/a、-20~-10 mm/a、-30~-20 mm/a、-40~-30 mm/a的占比逐渐减少,依次为20.45%、16.48%、4.39%和0.08%,研究区形变以缓慢塌陷为主。
(2)监测到各盘区开采时间与塌陷区扩张方向与实际开采时间和方向吻合,其中401盘区塌陷范围和最大累积形变量最大(4.56 km2、-189.3 mm),301盘区次之(2.94 km2、-140 mm),203盘区最小(1.59 km2、-110 mm)。19个典型特征点累积形变曲线表明,研究区在监测时段内共形成4个沉降漏斗,基本分布在各盘区中心区域或有所偏移,其中位于401盘区西南方向的沉降漏斗范围广、形变量大。
(3)基于高分辨率遥感影像的地裂缝识别结果,经野外实地验证后发现与实际地裂缝位置较为吻合,裂缝分布集中在3个区域,这3个区域的在最终累积形变量图上的等值线都极为密集,形变比较剧烈,综合分析以上结果,圈定3个地质灾害高风险区域,矿区后续应重点加强对高风险区域的监测与治理。
(4)采煤工作是引起研究区采空地面塌陷的重要原因,此外地质环境和降水也对研究区采空地面塌陷有影响。研究成果可为高家梁煤矿地质灾害防治和环境保护提供一定数据和技术支持。
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2024MS04025)
  • 鄂尔多斯市昊华精煤有限责任公司委托项目(PH2023000056)
  • 自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(ZTY2024078)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405403
  • 接收时间:2024-07-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-18
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
基金
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2024MS04025)
鄂尔多斯市昊华精煤有限责任公司委托项目(PH2023000056)
自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(ZTY2024078)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古工业大学资源与环境工程学院, 呼和浩特 010051
    2 鄂尔多斯市昊华精煤有限责任公司, 鄂尔多斯 101700
    3 沙旱区地质灾害与岩土工程防御自治区高等学校重点实验室, 呼和浩特 010051

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* 籍进柱(1989—),男,壮族,河北邯郸人,博士,副教授。研究方向:遥感地质与矿山地质环境。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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