Article(id=1149774727381742207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403908, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716739200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-27, revisedDate=1738684800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256789, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256789, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4938, endPage=4946, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774727843115652, articleId=1149774727381742207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Pressure Relief Height of Roof Cutting and Relieving along the Lateral Structure of Empty Roadway, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the process of coal seam mining, it is easy to cause problems such as large roof overhang area and long collapse step, which affects the failure form of the surrounding rock of the roadway and the deterioration and failure of the supporting body. In view of the occurrence of thick and hard roofs in the 113105 working face of the Bojiang Haizi Mine and the instability of the narrow coal pillars along the empty roadway, the use of roof cutting and pressure relief is an effective way to effectively solve the problem of roof overhang, and the design of its key parameters has an important impact on the pressure relief effect. In order to explore the influence of different roof cutting pressure relief heights on the roof stress evolution law above the narrow coal pillar along the empty roadway, the effect of lateral roof cutting of roadway was studied by combining theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field observation. Based on the slip-revolve stability theory of masonry beams, the mechanical model of the roof of the coal pillar under different roof cutting heights was constructed, and the bearing stress distribution equation of the coal pillar after different roof cutting heights was obtained. FLAC3D software was used to simulate the stress distribution and displacement evolution characteristics of the coal pillar roof under different roof cutting heights. The simulation results show that the slitting surface formed after the implementation of roof cutting technology effectively blocks the stress propagation path, and the vertical stress peak value in the coal body on both sides of the roadway decreases, and the pressure relief effect gradually increases with the increase of the roof cutting height, when the roof cutting height reaches 19 m, the stress of the coal pillar roof decreases by 17.22 MPa, and the pressure relief rate is 43.4%. The displacement of the roof of the coal pillar gradually decreases with the increase of the roof cutting height, and the reduction rate gradually decreases. The field test shows that according to the designed roof cutting height, the stress of the surrounding rock is significantly reduced, and the deformation degree of the roadway meets the normal mining requirements.

, correspAuthors=Min TU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao-xiang ZHANG, Min TU, Qing-chong ZHAO, Jia-xin DANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774767634477202, articleId=1149774727381742207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=沿空巷道侧向结构切顶卸压高度研究, columnId=1179786558778520038, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿治工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

煤层回采过程中易造成顶板悬露面积大、垮落步距长,影响巷道围岩破坏形态及支护体劣化失效等问题。针对泊江海子矿113105工作面厚硬顶板赋存及沿空掘巷窄煤柱失稳问题,采用切顶卸压是有效解决顶板悬顶问题的一种有效途径,其关键参数的设计对于卸压效果有着重要的影响。为探究不同切顶卸压高度对沿空掘巷窄煤柱上方顶板应力演化规律的影响,采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场观测相结合的手段对巷道侧向切顶效果进行研究。基于砌体梁的滑落和回转变形稳定性理论构建不同切顶高度下煤柱顶板力学模型,得出不同切顶高度后煤柱承载应力分布方程。运用FLAC3D软件模拟不同切顶高度条件下煤柱顶板应力分布及位移演化特征。模拟结果显示:在顶板实施切顶技术后形成的切缝面有效阻断了应力的传播路径,巷道两侧煤体内的垂直应力峰值有所降低,伴随切顶高度增加其卸压的效果逐步增加,当切顶高度达到19 m时,煤柱顶板应力下降17.22 MPa,卸压率为43.4%。煤柱顶板位移量随切顶高度增加逐渐减少,减少速率逐渐降低。现场试验表明,依照所设计的切顶高度,围岩应力明显降低,巷道变形程度满足正常开采需求。

, correspAuthors=涂敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 涂敏(1964—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:矿山压力与岩层控制。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=puSfcuLOypK1tUqc1+Be3Q==, magXml=b6X1f7YuJeYiqBamm7voTg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sAZr61xg/gzuRNfN0PKAgQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gE/mjKT23fxKUwq9thYT2A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张陶香(1998—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿山压力与岩层控制。E-mail:

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张陶香(1998—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿山压力与岩层控制。E-mail:

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张陶香(1998—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿山压力与岩层控制。E-mail:

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=煤柱失稳), Keyword(id=1179786917328597292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=切顶高度), Keyword(id=1179786917404094767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=厚硬顶板), Keyword(id=1179786917496369457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=砌体梁)], refs=[Reference(id=1179786920092643702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=5, pageStart=970, pageEnd=978, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=侯朝炯, journalName=中国矿业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=侯朝炯. 深部巷道围岩控制的关键技术研究[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2017, 46(5): 970-978., 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θ1θ2分别为组合岩块Bi和岩块Ci的回转角度;a为岩块间接触面高度,m;l1l2分别为组合岩块Bi和岩块Ci长度,m;W1W2分别为组合岩块Bi和岩块Ci在采空区的下沉量,mm;h为切顶高度,m;QC铰接处竖向摩擦力,kN/m PBPC分别为力学模型中关键岩块BiCi承受的外部荷载和自身重力之和,kN/m;ZC为采空区对岩块Ci的支撑力,kN/m

, figureFileSmall=pKGkFZE95hcRlTFvATCvhQ==, figureFileBig=nYRn22NCDg9xfoMsPBKk3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918310064454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Numerical simulation model, figureFileSmall=iMOwlY2NehxB5h/d3S9FSg==, figureFileBig=Jw7kkrVlzmFu1KRcXXYXPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918377173320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图5, caption=数值模拟模型, figureFileSmall=iMOwlY2NehxB5h/d3S9FSg==, figureFileBig=Jw7kkrVlzmFu1KRcXXYXPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918456865098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Vertical stress contours of the roof at different roof cutting heights, figureFileSmall=6l9t6sAAWpcVOToXG+IESw==, figureFileBig=FOFbVBKwY9eM3DePLkYRVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918523973963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同切顶高度顶板垂直应力云图, figureFileSmall=6l9t6sAAWpcVOToXG+IESw==, figureFileBig=FOFbVBKwY9eM3DePLkYRVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918595277133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Analysis of the plastic zone of coal pillars at different roof cutting heights, figureFileSmall=qI8ZKaEegvaOuoY/H6Rl3A==, figureFileBig=zOrsFjRV76uyP/YDnbBC2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918666580303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同切顶高度煤柱塑性区分析, figureFileSmall=qI8ZKaEegvaOuoY/H6Rl3A==, figureFileBig=zOrsFjRV76uyP/YDnbBC2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918721106257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Goaf filling effect under different roof cutting heights, figureFileSmall=LYAnk9LXfh4DaCcyG+McPw==, figureFileBig=k6oKZygHONBpA1oO/b5GmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918784020819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同切顶高度下采空区填充效果, figureFileSmall=LYAnk9LXfh4DaCcyG+McPw==, figureFileBig=k6oKZygHONBpA1oO/b5GmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918846935381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Stress evolution of coal pillar roof under different roof cutting heights, figureFileSmall=0k5uylSpwhS5f3BMblH52w==, figureFileBig=wV4jf3AxlsT9M7sxJlaCKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918905655639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同切顶高度下煤柱顶板应力演化, figureFileSmall=0k5uylSpwhS5f3BMblH52w==, figureFileBig=wV4jf3AxlsT9M7sxJlaCKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786918968570201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=The maximum subsidence of the coal pillar roof, figureFileSmall=ya97XxmB/PtCfrRBg0eb9A==, figureFileBig=Yjwtgx0lh9j+0yvBSPX1jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919023096155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图10, caption=煤柱顶板最大下沉量, figureFileSmall=ya97XxmB/PtCfrRBg0eb9A==, figureFileBig=Yjwtgx0lh9j+0yvBSPX1jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919073427805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The maximum amount of subsidence of the roadway roof, figureFileSmall=kpm6n0ymvXa4v0jnRioSnA==, figureFileBig=jIhgKLa6R8SbUCb4ISDs8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919136342367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图11, caption=巷道顶板最大下沉量, figureFileSmall=kpm6n0ymvXa4v0jnRioSnA==, figureFileBig=jIhgKLa6R8SbUCb4ISDs8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919195062625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Topping site arrangement, figureFileSmall=Np4coP/cLHbVUAryhArfrg==, figureFileBig=id39RETpFJeXgGb+b0wXoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919245394273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图12, caption=切顶现场布置, figureFileSmall=Np4coP/cLHbVUAryhArfrg==, figureFileBig=id39RETpFJeXgGb+b0wXoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919308308835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Deformation of the roadway after the roof height is 14 m, figureFileSmall=Rr+5w7sFiPc7e/gPNEeEJg==, figureFileBig=Xz+kVBwplwDqW5u+Ux5Rcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919375417701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图13, caption=切顶高度14 m后巷道变形量, figureFileSmall=Rr+5w7sFiPc7e/gPNEeEJg==, figureFileBig=Xz+kVBwplwDqW5u+Ux5Rcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919467692392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Deformation of the roadway after the roof height is 19 m, figureFileSmall=vpGZBNEB84y6oAKyToVigQ==, figureFileBig=aGITWO+NL3Hibsk9wE0z5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919589327209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=图14, caption=顶高度19 m后巷道变形量, figureFileSmall=vpGZBNEB84y6oAKyToVigQ==, figureFileBig=aGITWO+NL3Hibsk9wE0z5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786919652241771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of rock formations

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岩性 密度/
(kg·m-3)
弹性模
量/GPa
黏聚力/
MPa
抗拉强度/
MPa
粗砂岩 2 675 18.90 2.60 2.34
砾岩 2 683 10.80 0.80 0.68
砂质泥岩 2 513 17.80 1.41 1.35
中砂岩 2 674 27.20 2.21 2.50
3-1煤 1 385 2.30 1.20 0.38
粉砂岩 2 589 7.54 4.70 1.17
细砂岩 2 545 26.20 3.60 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1179786919719350637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727381742207, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩层力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 密度/
(kg·m-3)
弹性模
量/GPa
黏聚力/
MPa
抗拉强度/
MPa
粗砂岩 2 675 18.90 2.60 2.34
砾岩 2 683 10.80 0.80 0.68
砂质泥岩 2 513 17.80 1.41 1.35
中砂岩 2 674 27.20 2.21 2.50
3-1煤 1 385 2.30 1.20 0.38
粉砂岩 2 589 7.54 4.70 1.17
细砂岩 2 545 26.20 3.60 0.90
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沿空巷道侧向结构切顶卸压高度研究
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张陶香 , 涂敏 * , 赵庆冲 , 党嘉鑫
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿治工程 2025,25(12): 4938-4946
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿治工程 2025, 25(12): 4938-4946
沿空巷道侧向结构切顶卸压高度研究
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张陶香 , 涂敏* , 赵庆冲, 党嘉鑫
作者信息
  • 安徽理工大学煤矿安全高效开采省部共建教育部重点实验室, 淮南 232001
  • 张陶香(1998—),男,汉族,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生。研究方向:矿山压力与岩层控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 涂敏(1964—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:矿山压力与岩层控制。E-mail:
Pressure Relief Height of Roof Cutting and Relieving along the Lateral Structure of Empty Roadway
Tao-xiang ZHANG , Min TU* , Qing-chong ZHAO, Jia-xin DANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal Mining Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403908
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煤层回采过程中易造成顶板悬露面积大、垮落步距长,影响巷道围岩破坏形态及支护体劣化失效等问题。针对泊江海子矿113105工作面厚硬顶板赋存及沿空掘巷窄煤柱失稳问题,采用切顶卸压是有效解决顶板悬顶问题的一种有效途径,其关键参数的设计对于卸压效果有着重要的影响。为探究不同切顶卸压高度对沿空掘巷窄煤柱上方顶板应力演化规律的影响,采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场观测相结合的手段对巷道侧向切顶效果进行研究。基于砌体梁的滑落和回转变形稳定性理论构建不同切顶高度下煤柱顶板力学模型,得出不同切顶高度后煤柱承载应力分布方程。运用FLAC3D软件模拟不同切顶高度条件下煤柱顶板应力分布及位移演化特征。模拟结果显示:在顶板实施切顶技术后形成的切缝面有效阻断了应力的传播路径,巷道两侧煤体内的垂直应力峰值有所降低,伴随切顶高度增加其卸压的效果逐步增加,当切顶高度达到19 m时,煤柱顶板应力下降17.22 MPa,卸压率为43.4%。煤柱顶板位移量随切顶高度增加逐渐减少,减少速率逐渐降低。现场试验表明,依照所设计的切顶高度,围岩应力明显降低,巷道变形程度满足正常开采需求。

切顶卸压  /  煤柱失稳  /  切顶高度  /  厚硬顶板  /  砌体梁

In the process of coal seam mining, it is easy to cause problems such as large roof overhang area and long collapse step, which affects the failure form of the surrounding rock of the roadway and the deterioration and failure of the supporting body. In view of the occurrence of thick and hard roofs in the 113105 working face of the Bojiang Haizi Mine and the instability of the narrow coal pillars along the empty roadway, the use of roof cutting and pressure relief is an effective way to effectively solve the problem of roof overhang, and the design of its key parameters has an important impact on the pressure relief effect. In order to explore the influence of different roof cutting pressure relief heights on the roof stress evolution law above the narrow coal pillar along the empty roadway, the effect of lateral roof cutting of roadway was studied by combining theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and field observation. Based on the slip-revolve stability theory of masonry beams, the mechanical model of the roof of the coal pillar under different roof cutting heights was constructed, and the bearing stress distribution equation of the coal pillar after different roof cutting heights was obtained. FLAC3D software was used to simulate the stress distribution and displacement evolution characteristics of the coal pillar roof under different roof cutting heights. The simulation results show that the slitting surface formed after the implementation of roof cutting technology effectively blocks the stress propagation path, and the vertical stress peak value in the coal body on both sides of the roadway decreases, and the pressure relief effect gradually increases with the increase of the roof cutting height, when the roof cutting height reaches 19 m, the stress of the coal pillar roof decreases by 17.22 MPa, and the pressure relief rate is 43.4%. The displacement of the roof of the coal pillar gradually decreases with the increase of the roof cutting height, and the reduction rate gradually decreases. The field test shows that according to the designed roof cutting height, the stress of the surrounding rock is significantly reduced, and the deformation degree of the roadway meets the normal mining requirements.

top cutting and pressure relief  /  the pillar of coal is unstable  /  cut top height  /  thick hard top plate  /  masonry beams
张陶香, 涂敏, 赵庆冲, 党嘉鑫. 沿空巷道侧向结构切顶卸压高度研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4938 -4946 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403908
Tao-xiang ZHANG, Min TU, Qing-chong ZHAO, Jia-xin DANG. Pressure Relief Height of Roof Cutting and Relieving along the Lateral Structure of Empty Roadway[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4938 -4946 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403908
切顶卸压技术是厚硬顶板条件下煤层开采工况的常用的顶板处理措施[1],其通过切落工作面的长悬臂梁,解决巷道及支护结构长期处于高应力高扰动状态的问题,最大程度上提高巷道的稳定性[2-5]。而切顶参数的设计合理性对采空区顶板垮落效果、巷道围岩应力集中程度等具有明显影响[6-7]
近年来,学者们对厚硬岩层切顶卸压展开了大量研究。何满潮等[8]提出了“短臂梁支护”及“切顶卸压新工艺”, 在保持传统沿空留巷优势的基础上,降低留巷围岩的应力。张子健等[9]分析了切顶高度变化对窄煤柱变形及围岩稳定性的作用机理,发现切顶高度与窄煤柱变形量呈负相关,切顶高度的增加,有效抑制煤柱的变形量。赵义等[10]采用理论分析和现场实践的方法研究停采线切顶卸压护巷的机理,得出切顶卸压技术在工作面前方形成弱化区域对阻断顶板与巷道间的应力传递有重要作用。王文杰[11]针对深部采空侧巷道变形问题,设计不同的切顶卸压方案并进行数值模拟对比,分析出合理切顶高度和角度有效减小了保护煤柱支承应力和巷道变形。曹其嘉等[12]建立浅孔爆破切顶卸压沿空留巷力学模型,分析厚硬顶板断裂产生的弱面与合理切顶卸压参数的关系。闫小滨[13]基于预裂爆破切顶卸压技术原理,缩短了采空区悬臂梁长度,减小了煤柱承载的顶板压力。朱文庆等[14]根据极限平衡理论及半平面解法推导影响应力降低区内的超前支承压力峰值位置的关键因素。采用终采线处进行深孔爆破切顶方法,实现破坏超前支承压力的传递路径的目的。张金贵等[15]采用理论分析计算了边界留设煤柱承载强度与稳定性系数,通过数值模拟分析得出切顶卸压后工作面二次采动过程,煤柱能有效支撑侧向应力和上覆岩层重量的叠加影响。王方田等[16]通过构建切顶前后沿空留巷顶板力学结构模型,推导工作面超前支承压力范围内切顶前后巷道的顶板下沉量方程。张东升等[17-18]采用相似材料模拟试验方法划分出4种沿空留巷老顶破断结构,分析了关键块体的超前断裂位置对煤柱稳定性的影响规律,并针对性地提出了稳定措施。赵一鸣等[19]针对深埋巷道采空侧顶板长悬臂导致的围岩应力劣化难题,基于树脂模型和现场试验相结合的方法,研究了采空侧悬臂长度和围岩应力分布特征的关系,确定有利于围岩稳定的悬臂梁合理长度,提出了采空侧顶板结构破断卸压改善围岩稳定性的控制技术。文献[20-21]提出利用定向水压力改变岩体应力状态切断悬梁结构的控制思路,建立岩体力学模型确定水压力参数。文献[22-23]研究表明,爆破切顶技术切落坚硬顶板岩层存在的悬顶结构,可减少动力灾害的发生的频率,系统介绍了合理爆破参数对开采条件的影响(如炮眼布点、炸药装载量等),同时探讨爆破切顶的主要优势。
综上可知,厚硬顶板工作面在沿空掘巷侧形成长悬臂,侧向应力集中系数增高加剧煤柱破坏,通过切顶可减小悬臂梁长度优化煤柱所处应力空间。据此,以泊江海子113105工作面侧向长悬臂顶板结构为研究对象,通过理论分析,数值模拟,现场实践相结合的方法,分析不同切顶高度下煤柱顶板应力与位移的变化情况,为此类地质条件下切顶卸压提供理论与技术指导。
泊江海子矿113105采煤面是以3-1煤为开采主体,其平均厚度为4.6 m,煤层的倾斜平均角度为3°,煤层埋藏深度670 m,工作面倾向长度为210 m,其中113105工作面与113106工作面间留设宽度9.8 m的保护煤柱,采煤方法为后退式走向长壁采煤法。
该工作面顶板主要以砂岩和砾岩为主, 巷道掘进期间矿压显现剧烈,各岩层性质如图1所示。由于113106工作面厚硬顶板在开采过程中出现了横向长悬臂现象,煤柱由于承受支撑侧向应力和上覆岩层重量的叠加影响,造成113105工作面回风巷道变形严重。对长悬臂梁进行切顶卸压,可以在工作面前方形成弱化区域有效阻断上层应力传播,优化煤柱所处的应力空间从而缓解巷道变形。113105工作面概况如图2所示,巷道设计尺寸为5.2 m×3.6 m。
根据沿空掘巷受力构造分析,当上区段工作面从开切眼进行回采至出现初次来压后,基本顶呈现“O-X”状态,随工作面不断向前回采,基本顶周期性破断,最终出现“弧三角板”,造成沿空巷道窄煤柱失稳、片帮、底鼓及顶板下沉。切顶卸压就是采用深孔预裂爆破技术,利于爆破裂缝在巷道上方和采空区上方厚硬顶板之间形成结构弱面,切断顶板之间载荷传播途径,削弱采空侧上方厚硬顶板持续断裂回转产生的附加载荷对煤柱侧的影响,使煤柱上垂直压力峰值降低并向深部移动。随着切顶高度的增加,上覆岩层组合悬臂梁结构不断叠加与切顶高度保持一致,如图3所示。
在此砌体梁结构中视煤柱直接顶上方至切顶高度断裂处组合叠加形成完整岩块Bi(i=1,2,…)和岩块Ci(i=1,2,…),随着切顶高度的增加组合岩块也随之叠加至相同高度,如图3所示。建立切顶后基本顶断裂于煤柱上方且形成“砌体梁”结构时力学简化模型[24],如图4所示。
图4中取OBOC处弯矩等于0。一般认为岩块断裂条件基本一致,因此可假设l1= l2= l,则可推导出铰接处竖向摩擦力QC的计算公式为
QC= 1 2 ( W 2 - W 1 ) ( P B + P C - Z C ) h + W 2 - 2 W 1 - a + P C - Z C
由关键岩块回转后的接触几何关系可知,块体接触应是等高的,因此,岩块间接触面高度a的表达式为
2a=h-W1
由全结构计算得到的位移规律θ2约等于 θ 1 4,结合几何关系可得W2= 5 W 1 4。依据全砌体梁结构计算,近似认为ZC=PC。则铰接处竖向摩擦力QC的表达式可化简为
QC= l s i n θ 1 4 h - 2 l s i n θ 1PB
通过对煤柱受力状态分析[25],得出组合岩块长度与高度的关系式为
l=htan(θ)+c
式(4)中:θ为切顶角度;c为有效承载作用点距悬臂梁断裂点的距离,m。
根据图4中几何关系,垂直方向力平衡,则有
F1= 4 h - 3 [ h t a n ( θ ) + c ] s i n θ 1 4 h - 2 [ h t a n ( θ ) + c ] s i n θ 1PB
式(5)中:F1为断裂岩块作用在煤柱上的力。
对顶板断裂结构分析,可得断裂岩块作用在煤柱上的力F1,为计算简便视载荷均匀作用于煤柱,进一步解析出顶板断裂岩块作用于煤柱的荷载P1,可表示为
P1= 4 h - 3 s i n θ 1 [ h t a n ( θ ) + c ] b { 4 h - 2 s i n θ 1 [ h t a n ( θ ) + c ] }PB
113105工作面回风巷道不仅承受顶板断裂岩块作用与煤柱上的载荷,同时还承受工作面采动影响下传递到煤柱的载荷P0
P0=(k-1)bγH
式中:k为采动应力集中系数;γ为上覆岩层平均重度,kN/m;H为开采深度,m;b为煤柱宽度,m。
煤柱承担的总荷载P由顶板断裂岩块作用在煤柱的荷载P1和工作面传递到煤柱的荷载P0共同组成,可表示为
P= 4 h - 3 s i n θ 1 [ h t a n ( θ ) + c ] b { 4 h - 2 s i n θ 1 [ h t a n ( θ ) + c ] }PB+(k-1)bγH
由式(8)可知,切顶悬臂梁破断后煤柱所承受的荷载主要取决于切顶的高度、开采高度以及上覆岩层平均重度、外部载荷等因素。为探究切顶高度对煤柱顶板位移及应力演化规律的影响,采用数值模拟的方式深入分析。
为研究不同高度爆破切顶前后工作面巷道变形受力特征,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件建立数值模型,对不同高度切顶前后采场顶板的应力分布情况进行模拟。模型尺寸为305 m×300 m×214 m,模型网格细化为1 m,在煤层周边进行局部加密,数值模拟模型如图5所示。模型考虑重力g=10 m/s2,侧压系数λ=1.3,根据煤层埋深670 m,在采场上方岩层施加16.7 MPa的补偿荷载。为研究不同切顶高度对煤柱顶板的影响,结合现场实际情况以岩层高度为标准划分,切顶高度分别为6、14、19、34、48 m。各岩层力学参数如表1所示。
对不同切顶高度模拟分析可知,巷道侧向未切顶时的竖直方向应力云图如图6(a)所示。煤柱所处空间应力集中程度较高。说明在工作面回采结束后,煤柱上方顶板岩层形成悬顶结构,高位岩层载荷通过悬顶结构转移到实体煤侧和煤柱侧,导致巷道两帮均出现较高的应力集中区。由于煤柱处在采动应力和侧向压力叠加区,其受力程度远大于实体煤侧,在这种情况下不仅使巷道的支护难度增大,同时也很难保持其稳定性。由图6可知,随着切顶高度的增加,煤柱所处空间应力集中程度逐渐削弱。说明由于切缝的存在,巷道右侧的长悬臂梁已经被完全切断,从而更好的抑制其应力传递效果。此外,在切缝的作用下更好地优化了煤柱所处应力空间,使得巷道围岩的整体稳定性和抗剪程度得到提升。 当切顶卸压高度达到19 m时煤柱顶板应力下降17.22 MPa,卸压率为43.4%,煤柱应力集中程度明显削弱。继续增大切顶高度后,煤柱顶板应力下降程度未得到有效提升。
不同切顶高度下煤柱内的塑性破坏区分布特征图7所示。煤柱的破坏形式均为倒V形共轭破坏,随着切顶高度的增加,煤柱区域的弹性核区面积逐渐增大。切顶高度为6 m时,煤柱弹性核有效区中部出现“细条型”弹性核区,宽度为1.2 m,占煤柱宽度的12%,煤柱内存在较小的残余强度支撑围岩;切顶高度增加至14 m时,煤柱内的弹性单元体数量开始大幅增加,弹性核区宽度为3 m,占煤柱宽度的30%,煤柱承载能力明显提高;切顶高度继续增加至19 m时,煤柱内部的弹性核区宽度增加至4.5 m,占煤柱宽度的45%,煤柱承载能力较大,有利于巷道围岩稳定性控制。切顶高度继续增加至48 m时,煤柱内部的弹性核区宽度增加至4.8 m,煤柱承载能力提升效果不明显。说明切顶卸压有效切断了煤柱与顶板应力传递,增大巷道的稳定性,切顶高度增加有效提升了煤柱承载能力,但切顶高度达到19 m后煤柱承载能力提升效果不够明显,考虑到切顶高度越大,装药量越多,施工难度越大,综合对比选择切顶高度19 m最为合理。
进一步运用3DEC模拟软件模拟分析切顶后采空区充填状态。如图8所示,伴随切顶高度的增大采空区矸石填充效果越充实。当切顶高度增加至19 m以上时,采空区垮落岩体充填效果维持稳定。表明当切顶高度增加到19 m时,采空区的充填空间已经趋于饱和状态。
结合图9可知,未切顶时,煤柱内垂直应力峰值为39.62 MPa。切顶高度6 m时,煤柱内垂直应力峰值为35.06 MPa,此时煤柱大部分发生塑性破坏,煤柱具有承载能力较差,表明切顶6 m之前未有效切断采空区上位顶板坚硬岩层与煤柱上方岩层的应力传递。当切顶高度14 m时,煤柱内垂直应力峰值为27.56 MPa,窄煤柱内垂直应力峰值减少了30.43%,垂直应力集中程度明显减小,说明切顶高度达到14 m后,成功切断采空区上位顶板坚硬岩层与煤柱上方岩层的应力传递,但采空区垮落矸石数量无法有效填充采空区,造成充填岩体与上覆岩层之间存在离层区,同时充填体未被有效压实导致采空区垮落矸石之间存在较大孔隙度,从而使顶板和充填岩体之间无法构建良好的支撑体系,切顶效果未达到理想状态。当切顶高度19 m时,煤柱内垂直应力峰值为22.4 MPa,窄煤柱内垂直应力峰值减少了43.4%,随着岩体切落范围的扩大,有效抑制了上部岩层的破断、旋转和下沉。同时切顶高度的增加有利于采空区冒落矸石建立稳固的支撑结构,从而和顶板共同构建良好的支撑体系,对巷道围岩变形起到更好的支护作用。减小覆岩层连续破断对巷道稳定性的影响, 优化了煤柱侧所处的应力空间,有效减少巷道顶板岩层中气体和粉尘的释放提高巷道的安全性。切顶高度达到34 m和48 m时,此时煤柱内垂直应力峰值分别为21.2 MPa和20.78 MPa,窄煤柱内垂直应力峰值减少了46.4%和47.55%,说明采空区垮落岩体的填充效果切随着顶高度的增加而增加,当切顶高度达到一定程度,采空区垮落岩石的填充效果随着切顶高度的增加而减少,同时巷道侧向顶板组合悬臂梁高度相应增加,煤柱顶板所承受的应力增加。当采用切顶高度34 m和48 m方案时发现窄煤柱内垂直应力峰值降低较少,巷道围岩的卸压效果不够显著,考虑到切顶高度越大,经济效益越低,施工难度越大,综合对比选择切顶高度19 m方案最为合理。
图10可知,切顶高度低于6 m时,煤柱顶板变形量降幅缓慢。主要原因在于切顶未能有效破坏采空区厚硬顶板的完整性,导致上覆岩层载荷仍可以向113105工作面传递,煤柱所处应力空间未得到有效改善,切顶卸压效果未达到预期目标。切顶高度从6 m增加到19 m时,煤柱顶板最大变形量降幅效果显著。这表明切顶缝有效阻断了上覆岩层的应力传播路线, 随着切顶高度增加采空区垮落岩体和顶板共同构建的支护体系进一步强化,煤柱内的弹性区间扩大,巷道的稳定性提升。当切顶高度增加到19 m以上时,由于采空区充填空间达到饱和状态,同时顶板悬顶面积的增大使得煤柱顶板的承载也增加,因此该切顶高度下卸压效果不明显,煤柱顶板位移量无明显变化。
图11可知, 巷道顶板变形量由于不同切顶高度的影响存在明显的差异。未切顶时煤柱顶板最大变形量为580.6 mm。当以高度6 m切顶后,巷道顶板最大变形量为538.8 mm,比未切顶前降低7.19%,顶板下沉量减幅程度较低未达到预期目标。当以高度14 m切顶后,巷道顶板最大变形量为464.4 mm,比未切顶前降低19.97%。当以高度19 m切顶后,巷道顶板最大变形量为363.3 mm,比未切顶前降低37.4%,巷道顶板下沉量降幅显著。分别以高度34 m和48 m切顶后,巷道顶板最大变形量为338.7 mm和323.4 mm,比未切顶前降低41.6%和42.2%,巷道顶板下沉量趋于稳定,切顶卸压效果被进一步削弱。由上可以分析出,切顶高度6 m时, 切顶未有效切断顶板上方岩层的应力传递。切顶高度14 m时,切顶有利于工作面采空区顶板下沉增加顶板垮落范围,促进了矸石对顶板的承载效应。切顶高度19 m时,切断采空区上位顶板坚硬岩层与煤柱上方岩层的应力传递,将长悬臂梁切断为短悬臂梁有利于优化煤柱所处应力环境,加强巷道的稳定性。切顶高度34 m和48 m时, 由于采空区充填空间达到饱和,同时顶板悬顶面积的增大使得煤柱顶板的承载也增加,因此该切顶高度下巷道顶板下沉量趋于稳定。
现场切顶方案确定为:切顶角度为75°,切顶高度确定为切顶至砾岩层(平均切顶高度19 m)。对113105工作面巷道右侧采空区侧向悬顶进行预裂爆破,设置孔间距为0.8 m,设置炮孔距煤柱煤壁100~400 mm,现场布置如图12所示。
切顶高度14 m后,巷道围岩变形得到缓解,选取切顶段下200 m巷道以每10 m距离布置监测点 (共21个测点),得出该巷道内受采动影响产生的顶板下沉量和两帮移近量的监测数据。切顶高度14 m后巷道变形量如图13所示。
图 13可知,在切顶高度14 m时,巷道两帮移近量单点测点最小值为540 mm,最大值1 520 mm,平均移近量为1 065 mm。巷道顶板下沉量单点测点最小值为310 mm,最大值为1 100 mm, 平均移近量为790 mm。
切顶高度19 m后,巷道围岩完整性得到有效保护,选取切顶段下220 m巷道以每10 m距离布置监测点 (共23个测点),得出该巷道内受采动影响产生的顶板下沉量和两帮移近量的监测数据。切顶高度19 m后巷道单点测点数据变化如图14所示。
图14可知,切顶高度19 m情况下,巷道顶板下沉量最大值为 880 mm, 其平均移近量408 mm对比于切顶高度14 m后的巷道平均移近量减小了382 mm。两帮移近量最大值为1 160 mm,平均移近量629 mm与切顶高度14 m后的巷道平均移近量相比下降了411 mm。巷道围岩变形被进一步的有效缓解、巷道完整性得到更好的保护。
(1)基于砌体梁的S-R稳定性理论,构建不同切顶高度下砌体梁结构模型,推导出不同切顶高度下煤柱应力分布解析式。
(2)数值模拟结果表明,随着切顶高度的增加,煤柱应力降低速率随切顶高度增加逐渐削弱,在切顶高度19 m后煤柱应力趋于稳定。当切顶高度达到19 m时煤柱顶板应力下降17.22 MPa,卸压率为43.4%。说明切顶后有效阻断上覆岩层应力传播,优化煤柱所处应力空间。
(3)通过3DEC模拟结果表明,随着切顶高度的增加有利于采空区冒落矸石和煤柱共同建立稳固的支撑结构。切顶高度达到一定限度时,采空区垮落岩石的填充效果逐渐削弱,同时巷道右侧顶板组合悬臂梁高度增大,煤柱顶板承担的外部荷载提升,致使卸压效果降低。
(4)通过对回风顺槽巷道进行现场监测。当巷道侧向悬臂切顶后,围岩应力有了较大幅度的下降,巷道变形得到有效抑制,使其达到正常的开采条件,保证了矿井生产的高效。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074008)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074007)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403908
  • 接收时间:2024-05-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-27
  • 修回日期:2025-02-05
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074008)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074007)
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    安徽理工大学煤矿安全高效开采省部共建教育部重点实验室, 淮南 232001

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* 涂敏(1964—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:矿山压力与岩层控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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