Article(id=1149774727155245282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403854, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716480000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-24, revisedDate=1738339200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256734, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256734, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256734, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256734, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5190, endPage=5199, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774727390126307, articleId=1149774727155245282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Evaluation on the Service Quality of Rail Transit Feeder Bus under the Competition of Shared Motorcycles, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the current problem of rail transit feeder buses being affected by competition from shared motorcycles, which has led to a significant loss of passenger flow, the service quality of feeder buses was studied and evaluated in order to enhance the competitiveness of feeder buses. Firstly, a questionnaire was designed to collect passenger satisfaction data, and the object importance of each service index of the feeder bus in the passenger perspective was obtained through the random forest algorithm. The subject importance degree of each service indicator under the experts' perspective was obtained through the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), and the competitive importance degree of the service indicators under the competition with shared motorcycles was obtained. Next, the evaluator weight determination method based on the stakeholder perspective was used to weight the combination of the three importance degrees to obtain the comprehensive importance degree of the feeder bus service indicators, and the importance-performance analysis(IPA) matrix was constructed to classify the indicator improvement priority. Finally, the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to confirm the specific priority of the service indicators to be improved by combining the comprehensive importance degree and satisfaction degree. The results show that waiting time, transfer fare and ride congestion are the three most effective indicators for improving the service quality of rail-connected buses, and the priority weights for improvement are 0.368, 0.235, and 0.164, respectively. Among them, the waiting time shows high importance under all three perspectives, and is the most prioritized key factor for improvement. Two service indicators, transfer fare and travel time, have high importance in the expert and competitive perspectives, respectively, suggesting that perspectives other than passenger perceptions can also reveal the key role of different indicators in improving service quality. A proposed comprehensive assessment method based on the importance of service indicators in multiple perspectives and the quantification of improvement priority, which can more accurately assess the service quality of feeder buses and provide the direction of improvement.

, correspAuthors=Feng-xiang GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jing CAI, Zhuo-qi LI, Ran ZHANG, Feng-xiang GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774740572823945, articleId=1149774727155245282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=共享电单车竞争下的轨道交通接驳公交服务质量评价, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对当前轨道交通接驳公交受共享电单车竞争影响,导致客流大幅流失的问题,为提升接驳公交的竞争力,对其服务质量进行研究和评估。首先,设计问卷对乘客满意度数据进行收集,利用随机森林算法获取接驳公交各服务指标在乘客视角下的客体重要度,通过层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)得到各服务指标在专家视角下的主体重要度,并获取服务指标在与共享电单车竞争下的竞争重要度。其次,采用基于利益相关者视角的评价者权重确定方法对3种重要度进行加权组合,得到接驳公交服务指标综合重要度,构建重要性-绩效分析(importance-performance analysis,IPA)矩阵对指标进行改进优先级分类。最后,利用TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)结合综合重要度和满意度,确认待改进服务指标的具体优先度。结果表明:候车时间、换乘票价和乘车拥挤度是对提高轨道接驳公交服务质量最有效的3个指标,改进的优先度权重分别为0.368、0.235、0.164;其中候车时间在3种视角下都表现出高的重要度,是最需要优先改进的关键因素;换乘票价和乘车时间两个服务指标分别在专家和竞争视角下的重要度较高,表明除乘客感知外,其他视角也能揭示不同指标在提升服务质量中的关键作用。所提出的基于多视角下的服务指标重要度综合评估方法,以及改进优先度的量化,能更准确地评估接驳公交的服务质量并提供改进方向。

, correspAuthors=郭凤香, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郭凤香(1979—),女,汉族,黑龙江海林人,博士,教授。研究方向:交通安全和驾驶行为。E-mail:
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蔡晶(1989—),女,汉族,云南个旧人,博士,讲师。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

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蔡晶(1989—),女,汉族,云南个旧人,博士,讲师。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179799618733880231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Feeder bus service quality indicator system[2,4-5,13-15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标类别 服务质量指标 来源
便利性 乘车时长 Nikel等[5]、Ecem等[2]、Sun[13]
运行车速 Weng等[14]、Sun[13]
换乘票价 Weng等[14]、刘欢[15]
换乘便利性 Nikel等[5]、Weng等[14]
Gamal等[4]、刘欢[15]、Sun[13]
舒适性 车内环境卫生 Nikel等[5]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]
Sun[13]
车内拥挤程度 Nikel等[5]、Weng等[14]
Gamal等[4]、刘欢[15]、Sun[13]
司机服务态度 Nikel等[5]、Gamal等[4]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]、Sun[13]
无障碍设施 Nikel等[5]、Gamal等[4]、Ecem等[2]
易用性 到站步行时间 Nikel等[5]、Ecem等[2]、Sun[13]
首末发车时间 Nikel等[5]、刘欢[15]
候车时间 Nikel等[5]、Weng等[14]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]、Sun[13]
线路及站点
布设合理性
Weng等[14]、Gamal等[4]
公交出行信息 Nikel等[5]、Gamal等[4]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]
安全性 行驶平稳程度 Gamal等[4]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]
Sun[13]
车内安全 Weng等[14]、Gamal等[4]
Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]、 Sun[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1179799618851320744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

接驳公交服务质量指标体系[2,4-5,13-15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标类别 服务质量指标 来源
便利性 乘车时长 Nikel等[5]、Ecem等[2]、Sun[13]
运行车速 Weng等[14]、Sun[13]
换乘票价 Weng等[14]、刘欢[15]
换乘便利性 Nikel等[5]、Weng等[14]
Gamal等[4]、刘欢[15]、Sun[13]
舒适性 车内环境卫生 Nikel等[5]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]
Sun[13]
车内拥挤程度 Nikel等[5]、Weng等[14]
Gamal等[4]、刘欢[15]、Sun[13]
司机服务态度 Nikel等[5]、Gamal等[4]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]、Sun[13]
无障碍设施 Nikel等[5]、Gamal等[4]、Ecem等[2]
易用性 到站步行时间 Nikel等[5]、Ecem等[2]、Sun[13]
首末发车时间 Nikel等[5]、刘欢[15]
候车时间 Nikel等[5]、Weng等[14]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]、Sun[13]
线路及站点
布设合理性
Weng等[14]、Gamal等[4]
公交出行信息 Nikel等[5]、Gamal等[4]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]
安全性 行驶平稳程度 Gamal等[4]、Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]
Sun[13]
车内安全 Weng等[14]、Gamal等[4]
Ecem等[2]、刘欢[15]、 Sun[13]
), ArticleFig(id=1179799618922623913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sample characteristics statistics

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属性 类别 样本量 占比/%
性别 74 31.76
159 68.24
年龄/岁 <16 2 0.86
16~30 105 45.06
31~45 39 16.74
46~60 36 15.45
>60 51 21.89
受教育程度 初中及以下 33 14.16
高中/中专 53 22.75
本科/专科 132 56.65
研究生以及上 15 6.44
主要接驳方式 接驳公交 151 64.81
共享自行车 8 3.43
共享电单车 32 13.73
步行 28 12.02
自驾或打车 14 6.01
一周搭乘接驳公交次数/次 1~5 148 63.52
6~10 65 27.90
>10 20 8.58
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619027481514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样本特征统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
属性 类别 样本量 占比/%
性别 74 31.76
159 68.24
年龄/岁 <16 2 0.86
16~30 105 45.06
31~45 39 16.74
46~60 36 15.45
>60 51 21.89
受教育程度 初中及以下 33 14.16
高中/中专 53 22.75
本科/专科 132 56.65
研究生以及上 15 6.44
主要接驳方式 接驳公交 151 64.81
共享自行车 8 3.43
共享电单车 32 13.73
步行 28 12.02
自驾或打车 14 6.01
一周搭乘接驳公交次数/次 1~5 148 63.52
6~10 65 27.90
>10 20 8.58
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619102978987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of common indicators between feeder buses and shared motorcycles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接驳公交服务指标 共享电单车服务指标
乘车时长 骑行时长
运行车速 骑行速度
换乘票价 换乘票价
换乘便利性 换乘便利性
车内拥挤度 骑车舒适度
到站步行时间 到借/还车点步行时间
候车时间 借/还车时间
线路及站点布设合理性 借/还车点位置合理性
车内安全性 骑车安全性
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619170087852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

接驳公交与共享电单车的共同指标对照

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接驳公交服务指标 共享电单车服务指标
乘车时长 骑行时长
运行车速 骑行速度
换乘票价 换乘票价
换乘便利性 换乘便利性
车内拥挤度 骑车舒适度
到站步行时间 到借/还车点步行时间
候车时间 借/还车时间
线路及站点布设合理性 借/还车点位置合理性
车内安全性 骑车安全性
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619249779629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Meaning of competition comparison scale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度值 与共享电单车相比,我对接驳公交
在服务要素xi的服务表现感受
1 明显不满意
2 稍微不满意
3 同样满意
4 稍微满意
5 明显满意
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619337860014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

竞争对比标度含义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度值 与共享电单车相比,我对接驳公交
在服务要素xi的服务表现感受
1 明显不满意
2 稍微不满意
3 同样满意
4 稍微满意
5 明显满意
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619409163183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Reliability data of the questionnaire

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
服务质量指标 指标Cronbach α系数 总Cronbach α系数
乘车时长 0.821 0.927
运行车速 0.749
换乘票价 0.944
换乘便利性 0.858
车内环境卫生 0.852
车内拥挤程度 0.893
司机服务态度 0.872
无障碍设施 0.664
到站步行时间 0.895
首末发车时间 0.813
候车时间 0.900
线路及站点布设合理性 0.892
公交出行信息 0.878
行驶平稳程度 0.881
车内安全 0.890
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619543380912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

问卷信度数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
服务质量指标 指标Cronbach α系数 总Cronbach α系数
乘车时长 0.821 0.927
运行车速 0.749
换乘票价 0.944
换乘便利性 0.858
车内环境卫生 0.852
车内拥挤程度 0.893
司机服务态度 0.872
无障碍设施 0.664
到站步行时间 0.895
首末发车时间 0.813
候车时间 0.900
线路及站点布设合理性 0.892
公交出行信息 0.878
行驶平稳程度 0.881
车内安全 0.890
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619677598641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Validity data of the questionnaire

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KMO 0.845
Bartlett球形度检验 近似卡方 6 354.452
自由度df 780
显著性P <0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619761484722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

问卷效度数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KMO 0.845
Bartlett球形度检验 近似卡方 6 354.452
自由度df 780
显著性P <0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619824399283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Importance and satisfaction results of feeder bus service indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
服务质
量指标
主体
重要度
客体
重要度
竞争
重要度
综合
重要度
满意度 服务质量指标 主体
重要度
客体
重要度
竞争
重要度
综合
重要度
满意度
乘车时长 0.077 0.069 0.250 0.114 3.455 到站步行时间 0.054 0.045 0.159 0.075 3.635
运行车速 0.067 0.040 0.045 0.057 3.376 首末发车时间 0.064 0.074 0.052 3.470
换乘票价 0.093 0.033 0.062 2.425 候车时间 0.090 0.247 0.409 0.189 2.735
换乘便利性 0.084 0.060 0.061 3.703 线路及站点
布设合理性
0.079 0.060 0.136 0.088 3.664
车内环境卫生 0.056 0.051 0.043 3.672 公交出行信息 0.048 0.050 0.038 3.314
车内拥挤程度 0.081 0.112 0.069 2.966 行驶平稳程度 0.053 0.042 0.039 3.856
司机服务态度 0.039 0.040 0.031 4.099 车内安全 0.057 0.045 0.042 4.209
无障碍设施 0.059 0.033 0.041 3.591
), ArticleFig(id=1179799619946034100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

接驳公交服务指标重要度与满意度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
服务质
量指标
主体
重要度
客体
重要度
竞争
重要度
综合
重要度
满意度 服务质量指标 主体
重要度
客体
重要度
竞争
重要度
综合
重要度
满意度
乘车时长 0.077 0.069 0.250 0.114 3.455 到站步行时间 0.054 0.045 0.159 0.075 3.635
运行车速 0.067 0.040 0.045 0.057 3.376 首末发车时间 0.064 0.074 0.052 3.470
换乘票价 0.093 0.033 0.062 2.425 候车时间 0.090 0.247 0.409 0.189 2.735
换乘便利性 0.084 0.060 0.061 3.703 线路及站点
布设合理性
0.079 0.060 0.136 0.088 3.664
车内环境卫生 0.056 0.051 0.043 3.672 公交出行信息 0.048 0.050 0.038 3.314
车内拥挤程度 0.081 0.112 0.069 2.966 行驶平稳程度 0.053 0.042 0.039 3.856
司机服务态度 0.039 0.040 0.031 4.099 车内安全 0.057 0.045 0.042 4.209
无障碍设施 0.059 0.033 0.041 3.591
), ArticleFig(id=1179799620013142965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Results of the optimization sequence of the feeder bus service indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接驳公交服务指标 相对接近度 优先度权重 优化次序
乘车时长 0.231 0.107 4
运行车速 0.089 0.041 6
换乘票价 0.507 0.235 2
车内拥挤程度 0.353 0.164 3
首末发车时间 0.067 0.031 7
候车时间 0.794 0.368 1
公交出行信息 0.116 0.054 5
), ArticleFig(id=1179799620130583478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774727155245282, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

接驳公交服务指标优化排序结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接驳公交服务指标 相对接近度 优先度权重 优化次序
乘车时长 0.231 0.107 4
运行车速 0.089 0.041 6
换乘票价 0.507 0.235 2
车内拥挤程度 0.353 0.164 3
首末发车时间 0.067 0.031 7
候车时间 0.794 0.368 1
公交出行信息 0.116 0.054 5
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共享电单车竞争下的轨道交通接驳公交服务质量评价
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蔡晶 , 李卓奇 , 张然 , 郭凤香 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(12): 5190-5199
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(12): 5190-5199
共享电单车竞争下的轨道交通接驳公交服务质量评价
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蔡晶 , 李卓奇, 张然, 郭凤香*
作者信息
  • 昆明理工大学交通工程学院, 昆明 650550
  • 蔡晶(1989—),女,汉族,云南个旧人,博士,讲师。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 郭凤香(1979—),女,汉族,黑龙江海林人,博士,教授。研究方向:交通安全和驾驶行为。E-mail:
Evaluation on the Service Quality of Rail Transit Feeder Bus under the Competition of Shared Motorcycles
Jing CAI , Zhuo-qi LI, Ran ZHANG, Feng-xiang GUO*
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Traffic Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650550, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403854
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针对当前轨道交通接驳公交受共享电单车竞争影响,导致客流大幅流失的问题,为提升接驳公交的竞争力,对其服务质量进行研究和评估。首先,设计问卷对乘客满意度数据进行收集,利用随机森林算法获取接驳公交各服务指标在乘客视角下的客体重要度,通过层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)得到各服务指标在专家视角下的主体重要度,并获取服务指标在与共享电单车竞争下的竞争重要度。其次,采用基于利益相关者视角的评价者权重确定方法对3种重要度进行加权组合,得到接驳公交服务指标综合重要度,构建重要性-绩效分析(importance-performance analysis,IPA)矩阵对指标进行改进优先级分类。最后,利用TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)结合综合重要度和满意度,确认待改进服务指标的具体优先度。结果表明:候车时间、换乘票价和乘车拥挤度是对提高轨道接驳公交服务质量最有效的3个指标,改进的优先度权重分别为0.368、0.235、0.164;其中候车时间在3种视角下都表现出高的重要度,是最需要优先改进的关键因素;换乘票价和乘车时间两个服务指标分别在专家和竞争视角下的重要度较高,表明除乘客感知外,其他视角也能揭示不同指标在提升服务质量中的关键作用。所提出的基于多视角下的服务指标重要度综合评估方法,以及改进优先度的量化,能更准确地评估接驳公交的服务质量并提供改进方向。

交通运输规划与管理  /  服务质量评价  /  随机森林算法  /  接驳公交  /  指标重要度

Aiming at the current problem of rail transit feeder buses being affected by competition from shared motorcycles, which has led to a significant loss of passenger flow, the service quality of feeder buses was studied and evaluated in order to enhance the competitiveness of feeder buses. Firstly, a questionnaire was designed to collect passenger satisfaction data, and the object importance of each service index of the feeder bus in the passenger perspective was obtained through the random forest algorithm. The subject importance degree of each service indicator under the experts' perspective was obtained through the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), and the competitive importance degree of the service indicators under the competition with shared motorcycles was obtained. Next, the evaluator weight determination method based on the stakeholder perspective was used to weight the combination of the three importance degrees to obtain the comprehensive importance degree of the feeder bus service indicators, and the importance-performance analysis(IPA) matrix was constructed to classify the indicator improvement priority. Finally, the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to confirm the specific priority of the service indicators to be improved by combining the comprehensive importance degree and satisfaction degree. The results show that waiting time, transfer fare and ride congestion are the three most effective indicators for improving the service quality of rail-connected buses, and the priority weights for improvement are 0.368, 0.235, and 0.164, respectively. Among them, the waiting time shows high importance under all three perspectives, and is the most prioritized key factor for improvement. Two service indicators, transfer fare and travel time, have high importance in the expert and competitive perspectives, respectively, suggesting that perspectives other than passenger perceptions can also reveal the key role of different indicators in improving service quality. A proposed comprehensive assessment method based on the importance of service indicators in multiple perspectives and the quantification of improvement priority, which can more accurately assess the service quality of feeder buses and provide the direction of improvement.

transportation planning and management  /  quality of service evaluation  /  random forest algorithm  /  feeder bus  /  importance of indicators
蔡晶, 李卓奇, 张然, 郭凤香. 共享电单车竞争下的轨道交通接驳公交服务质量评价. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5190 -5199 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403854
Jing CAI, Zhuo-qi LI, Ran ZHANG, Feng-xiang GUO. Evaluation on the Service Quality of Rail Transit Feeder Bus under the Competition of Shared Motorcycles[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5190 -5199 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403854
随着中国经济的飞速崛起和城市轨道交通的大力建设,轨道交通接驳公交作为解决市民出行“最后一公里”问题的重要工具应运而生。然而在一些中等规模城市,由于共享电单车的普及使用,加上自身的服务质量较低,接驳公交的竞争力明显不足,导致客流急剧下降。以昆明市为例,分析2019—2020年交通结构数据得知,共享电单车的普及促进了轨道交通客流量的增加,但使公交的分担率下降了3.5%[1]。共享电单车的日均客流量也高于公交,尤其在出行高峰期,其用于接驳地铁的占比还要高于公交接驳占比。除昆明市外,南宁、长沙、南昌等地市民利用共享电单车接驳的趋势更加明显。针对上述问题,有必要对接驳公交本身的服务质量进行评估,找出与共享电单车竞争时,接驳公交亟须改进提升的服务要素,为后续优化决策提供改进方向和依据。
中外学者注意到公共交通对缓解拥堵压力起到的重要作用,对公共交通的服务质量开展了大量研究。Ecem等[2]认为在评估服务质量时,重要因素之一是客户满意度,因此在进行服务质量评价之前,首先是确认能引起乘客关注,可以充分揭示当前服务质量状况的评价指标。Calvo等[3]研究发现,信息可用性、乘车安全、乘车舒适度、系统可达性4个指标对哥伦比亚快速公交乘客满意度有较高的预测效果。Gamal等[4]结合隐含狄利克雷分布(latent Dirichlet allocation, LDA)模型和基础理论方法从用户对公交系统的评论中确认了有关服务质量的36个主题。多数文献在分析服务质量时,所选取的指标都存在较高的一致性,如公交服务频率,该指标被认为是影响服务质量的关键指标。但也有部分研究选取的服务质量指标存在区别,尤其是针对不同类型公交[5]。因此,需要针对研究对象特点找到有研究价值的指标。
对公交服务质量的评价主要是通过收集乘客满意度和分析各项服务指标的重要度,来识别服务质量的现存问题。其中指标满意度主要通过直接问卷调查获得[6]。指标重要度的获取,除问卷调查外,还经常利用机器学习和神经网络算法预测指标对总体目标值的贡献程度来表示。Rui等[7]采用梯度提升决策树方法来揭示由个人感知驱动的实际乘车表现与乘客满意度之间的关系,并得到不同感知指标影响实际乘车表现的重要程度。朱兴林等[8]使用树增强朴素贝叶斯(tree augmented naive Bays, TAN)网络预测计算各服务因素对乘客满意度的影响能力。
在进行服务质量评价时,结合多视角计算满意度或重要度能使评价结果更加全面、准确。房德威等[9]利用“隐性重要性-显性重要性”矩阵为服务质量因素进行分类,并利用问卷数据和有序Logit模型分别获取指标的两种重要性。董亚男等[10]进行顾客满意度研究时考虑竞品的影响,加入竞争视角,并基于顾客的比较回答计算产品的竞争满意度,结果表明,利用综合满意度能更好发现产品的提升机会。
上述研究中,关于服务指标的选取和服务质量评价的研究已比较成熟,但部分学者通过发放问卷同时获取乘客对公交服务指标的满意度和重要度,被调查者容易混淆两者概念,无法得到准确的结果[3,11]。同时,大部分学者评价服务质量时只考虑了单一视角,只能关注到与自身出行利益最相关的要素,部分指标容易被忽略。因此需要结合多视角综合评价。在对公共交通进行优化时,投入的成本往往是有限的,因此确认服务质量指标的优先次序,对后续利用有限成本制定优化决策至关重要。现有关于公交服务质量的研究中,部分是仅根据指标满意度或重要度的大小提出改进建议[12],或是结合两者对指标进行笼统的分类[11],缺少量化排序的过程,无法把握指标间优先度的具体差距。
鉴于此,提出一种综合的服务质量指标重要度计算方法,首先通过问卷调查获取乘客对轨道接驳公交服务各指标的满意度和总体满意度,用随机森林算法计算各指标对总体满意度的贡献,得到乘客视角的客体重要度;再向专业学者询问调查,通过层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)法得到主体重要度;再通过向共享电单车用户发放共享电单车和接驳公交使用对比问卷,得到三视角下的接驳公交服务指标的竞争重要度;最后基于利益相关者视角的评价者权重确定方法进行线性加权,得到综合重要度。考虑将调查得到的满意度与计算得到的综合重要度结合,利用重要性-绩效分析(importance-performance analysis,IPA)方法对指标进行直观分类,确认需要优化的指标。在此基础上,利用TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)方法量化排序,确认指标具体的优先度,为后续优化决策提供参考。
本文数据通过发放调查问卷收集,研究借鉴成熟问卷和有效指标,根据调查区域和接驳公交的实际情况,对调查指标进行适当增减,设计出最终的调查问卷,调查指标如表1[2,4-5,13-15]所示。根据调查指标,设计出46个对应题项,采用李克特5级量表表示乘客对题项描述的同意程度,即:1为“非常不同意”、2为“不同意”、3 为“一般”、4 为“同意”、5为“非常同意”。乘客根据感知情况对每个问项对应的分值进行选择。
以昆明市接驳公交为研究对象,2023年12月5日—2024年1月17日,在昆明市的星耀路站、珥季路站、大学城南站等通勤客流较大地铁站附近的接驳公交站进行驻站问卷调查,公交线路涉及官渡区、五华区、盘龙区和呈贡区。调查时间为15:00—19:00。共计发放问卷268份,其中有效问卷233份,问卷有效率86.94%。对调查数据进行频数统计,分析结果如表2所示。受调查的人群中大部分为女性,高达68.24%,符合公交乘客多为女性的事实;受调查的人群中16~30岁的青年人最多,占45.06%,其次是60岁以上的老年人,占21.89%,符合高峰通勤时青年人出行较多,同时老年人也是乘坐公交的主力的事实;调查对象中有近65%的乘客主要靠接驳公交换乘地铁,符合调查接驳公交服务质量的要求。然而,还有超过15%的乘客更倾向于利用共享自行车或共享电单车作为接驳工具,这暗示着共享两轮车在一定程度上与接驳公交存在竞争关系。
抽取部分在“主要接驳方式”中选择共享电单车的乘客,进行额外调查,即接驳公交与共享电单车使用对比调查。对比问卷从接驳公交服务质量调查问卷中选取了其中9个两者共有的服务要素,部分服务要素在共享电单车上有不同的描述,对比调查的具体指标如表3所示。由于高峰乘坐公交时,乘客的舒适度主要取决于乘车拥挤度[16],因此假设将车内拥挤度视作乘车舒适度,与骑车舒适度进行比较。
竞争对比问卷通过1~5标度法比较乘客对两种接驳方式的同类型服务指标的满意程度,不同数值表达的具体含义如表4所示。对比问卷结果通过方差检验,各服务指标的得分存在显著差异。计算接驳公交各服务指标的对比得分均值,将平均值与中间值比较相减,得到指标与中间值的距离,也可称为指标改进度。当改进度<0时,说明接驳公交在该指标的服务质量不如共享电单车,应该得到进一步的重视;当改进度≥0时,说明接驳公交在该指标的服务质量与共享电单车无异,或者更高,无需做进一步的处理。
利用问卷得到乘客满意度数据后,需要通过回归或分类方法对总体满意度进行预测,得到各指标的重要程度。
随机森林算法是一种以决策树为基础的集成式算法,集合Bootstrap重采样和随机属性选择的优点,使其具有优秀的回归和分类效果。Chang等[17]通过比较一系列的机器学习算法的表现,发现随机森林算法在单一分类器中表现最好。由于随机森林算法能够处理高维数据,并能够在分析数据的同时评估变量的重要性,与本文数据特点和需求契合,因此选定随机森林算法预测计算指标重要度。
对一组指标进行多方面评价时,每类评价者都有不同的侧重,看待问题的角度也不一样。因此,基于文献[18]中提到的基于利益相关者视角的评价者权重确定方法对多视角重要度计算结果进行赋权,对专家、接驳公交乘客和共享电单车骑行者的建议和诉求进行客观分配。
选取有n类评价者o1,o2,…,onm个评价指标x1,x2,…,xm的群体评价体系,其中评价值xij=xj(oi)(i=1,2,…,n; j=1,2,…,m)表示评价者oi对指标xj的评价结果。评价值矩阵可表示为
X= x 11 x 12 x 1 m x 21 x 22 x 2 m x n 1 x n 2 x n m
矩阵X中所有评价值均假设为经过极大化和规范化处理。如果某两类评价者给出的评价值比较接近,则说明他们可能具有相同的利益,或者看待问题的角度一致。因此,利用两向量之间的接近程度对利益相关系数进行定义。
定义1 评价者oiod(i,d=1,2,…,n)之间的利益相关系数可表示为
rid= x i x d x i x d
式(2)中:xi=(xi1,xi2,…,xim);xd=(xd1,xd2,…,xdm); x i x d分别为xixd的模。
由于评价值经过正向化处理,利益相关系数越大,越说明两位评价者有相同的看法。
定义2 评价者oiod(i,d=1,2,…,n)之间的净利益系数可表示为
cid=2rid-1
式(3)表示两位评价者之间的共同利益与竞争抵消后剩余的相对利益,其中cid的大小表示利益或竞争关系的强弱。
假设1 每位评价者的目的都是突出自己的评价优势,充分利用与自己利益相关程度大的评价者的优势也能帮助实现这一目的。根据假设,求解式(4)~式(6)规划模型。
max j = 1 mzij w j ( i )
zij= d = 1 ncidxdj
s.t. 0.5m-1 w j ( i )≤0.5; j = 1 m w j ( i )=1
式中: w j ( i )=( w 1 ( i ), w 2 ( i ),…, w m ( i )),表示在oi视角下对其优势最大的权重向量。
由此可以得到所有评价者在oi视角下的综合评价值为
y d ( i )= j = 1 mxdj w j ( i )
式(7)中: y d ( i )= [ y 1 ( i ) , y 2 ( i ) , , y n ( i ) ] T, y d ( i )=ydi,可得到综合评价值矩阵为
$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{Y} & =\left[\begin{array}{cccc} \boldsymbol{y}^{(1)}, \boldsymbol{y}^{(2)}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{y}^{(n)} \end{array}\right] \\ & =\left[\begin{array}{cccc} y_{11} & y_{12} & \cdots & y_{1 n} \\ y_{21} & y_{22} & \cdots & y_{2 n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ y_{n 1} & y_{n 2} & \cdots & y_{n n} \end{array}\right] \end{aligned}$
最佳评价结果y*,可通过寻找与向量[y(1),y(2),…,y(n)]夹角之和最小的向量y*获得,即求式(8)的最优解。
max i = 1 n [ y T y ( i ) ] 2
s.t. y *=1
得到最优的综合评价值y*=( y 1 *, y 2 *,…, y n *)后,利用式αi= y i * i = 1 n y i *即可计算各类评价者在评价群体中的权重αi
IPA分析法从问题的重要度和绩效两个方面进行研究,应用在服务质量分析时,绩效即是指标满意度。以满意度和重要度的平均值为原点,将指标划分在4个区域,按照优先级由高到低依次为:优先改进区、次要改进区、保持优势区和锦上添花区。
TOPSIS方法基本原理是通过分别计算方案到最优解和最劣解的距离来判断当前方案的优劣程度。依据满意度和重要度,采用TOPSIS排序法,对乘客的乘车需求进行量化分析,形成改善服务指标优先级。具体过程如下。
(1)构建由M个接驳公交服务指标的N个评价属性组成的评价矩阵A,其中amn为第m个服务指标的第n个属性的评价值。将评价矩阵A归一化后得到矩阵B
(2)确定各评价属性的正理想解 a n +和负理想解 a n -。由于需要确定改进的指标次序,满意度越小,而重要度越大的指标,越接近最优,因此需要将满意度的评价值正向化。
(3)计算各服务指标的评价值到各属性正理想解和负理想解的欧氏距离。
(4)使用正理想距离计算各服务指标与最优解的相对接近程度,得到接驳公交服务指标的改进优先级。
经过整理筛选后的调查问卷数据包含233条样本,为了确认问卷数据能否反映调查的真实效果,需要对信度和效度进行检验。信度可用来表示问卷的可靠性,判断问卷各题项测量的内容是否一致。通过SPSS软件计算Cronbach α系数以验证问卷的信度,结果如表5所示,各分量表的Cronbach α系数都高于0.6,总量表的Cronbach α系数高于0.9,说明问卷具有较高的内部一致性。
效度用来表示问卷的有效性,运用因子分析法对问卷的结构效度进行分析。通过SPSS软件计算KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin)值和Bartlett球形度检验以验证问卷的效度,结果如表6所示。问卷KMO值大于0.8,且Bartlett球形度检验中,显著性小于0.05,拒绝原假设,说明问卷调查结果具有良好的有效性。
预测模型的自变量为15个接驳公交服务指标的满意度,因变量为接驳公交的总体满意度。因为因变量表示乘客对接驳公交服务的满意程度,分为5个程度,可视作分类问题,因此采用随机森林方法建立分类预测模型。
为了防止随机森林预测过程过拟合或欠拟合,需要对模型的各类超参数进行调整,以提高模型的预测准确率。对模型准确率影响较大的参数包括决策树数量、决策树最大深度、最大特征数等。使用MATLAB进行参数寻优和模型运行,按照8∶2的比例将数据集划分为训练集和测试集。
图1为决策树数目对袋外误差的关系曲线,当决策树数目在150时,误差趋于稳定,误差最小,因此将模型决策树数量定为150个。模型其他参数也通过相同的方法确定,于是模型中决策树最大深度取值为10,叶子节点的最大数量取值为50,最大特征数采用对总特征数取对数的方法确定。另外,采用10折交叉验证,以确保模型结果的稳定性。
按照当前参数设置下随机森林分类模型的预测准确率为0.81。由于模型中特征较多,部分特征间存在相关性,会导致预测误差偏大,如果减少相关性较大的特征,会进一步提升准确率[19]
各服务因素对整体服务质量满意度的相对重要度如图2所示。其中候车时间的重要度最高,达到24.70%,说明这一指标是最能影响乘客对接驳公交总体满意度感受的因素,缩短乘客候车时间能明显提高总体服务质量。其余的重要指标包括车内拥挤度(11.2%)、首末发车时间(7.4%)、乘车时间(6.9%)等。
对比数据统计结果如图3所示。一些指标得分均值低于中间值3,表明在这些服务方面,接驳公交与共享电单车存在一定的差距。同时可以发现,得分最低的候车时间和乘车时长两个指标,在上述乘客视角中都相当重要。计算接驳公交的各服务指标的改进度,并归一化,即可得到指标的竞争重要度,如表7所示。换乘票价、换乘便利性等已经表现得相对优秀的指标通常不需要有更强的竞争力,因此这些指标不具有竞争重要性。其中,乘车拥挤度虽然在乘客视角中具有较高的重要性,但在比较中,骑行电单车虽然避免了拥挤,但也存在如骑行的疲劳感、天气影响等不便因素,同样影响着骑行的舒适度。因此车内拥挤度在此没有表现出额外重要。此外,乘坐接驳公交相比与暴露在危险道路环境中的骑行行为,也表现出更高的安全性。
竞争重要度作为指标综合重要度的重要组成部分,能够反映出接驳公交在与共享电单车竞争中的优势与劣势,如果改善竞争中劣势指标的服务质量,能更有针对性地提高接驳公交的竞争力。
利用AHP计算接驳公交服务指标的主体重要度。采用专家评价法,邀请10位对城市公共交通系统有所研究和见解的学者,对接驳公交15个服务指标在影响服务质量的重要程度进行打分。采用5标度法打分,根据15个二级服务指标重要度平均值得分,两两比较得到相对重要度值dij,构建出判断矩阵D,并已通过一致性检验。采用和积法计算服务指标的权重,得到15个服务指标的主体重要度如表7所示。
D= d 11 d 12 d 1 j d 21 d 22 d 2 j d i 1 d i 2 d i j
在确认接驳公交服务指标的主体重要度α1、客体重要度α2和竞争重要度α3后,需要将三者集合成一个综合的重要度,并充分保留各自特征。将3种重要度视为三类不同立场评价者的评价结果,根据基于利益相关者视角的赋权方法客观分配权重。
首先将三类重要度的结果规范化,得到初始的评价值矩阵X。然后根据式(2)和式(3)计算评价者两两之间的利益相关系数rid和净利益系数cid,得到利益相关系数矩阵R和净利益系数矩阵C,可分别表示为
R= 1 0.678 0.608 0.678 1 0.813 0.608 0.813 1
C= 1 0.356 0.216 0.356 1 0.627 0.216 0.627 1
利用MATLAB计算式(4)~式(6)中在oi视角下,对其优势最大的权重向量 w j ( i ),然后得到综合评价值矩阵为
Y= 0.6415 0.4338 0.4730 0.2635 0.0823 0.1459 0.2971 0.0811 0.1704
最后求解式(8),得到最终综合评价值y*,以及各类重要度的权重αi=(0.596, 0.184, 0.220),其中i=1, 2, 3。
通过加权求和得到的指标综合重要度与满意度如表7图4所示。在实例调查结果中,乘客视角下的客体重要度能反映出候车时间和车内拥挤度两个指标更为重要,是乘客在乘车过程中最注重的两项服务内容。而在与共享电单车的竞争对比分析中,进一步突出了候车时间和乘车时长在竞争中的重要性。由于共享电单车在接驳场景中比公交车更易得,无需太多等候时间,且总旅行时间也有一定优势,所以接驳公交更需要在这两个方面加强改进,以提升与共享电单车竞争的优势。由于实例中昆明市的接驳乘客较少有感受到换乘优惠的作用,在客体重要度中体现不出其重要性,但实际上换乘优惠能降低乘客出行成本,增加乘客满意度,也能吸引乘客换乘公交[20],该指标的重要性不容忽视。
计算综合重要度和满意度的平均值,并以综合重要度为横轴,满意度为纵轴,构建IPA矩阵,对指标服务质量和改进优先级进行初步分类。接驳公交服务指标分类情况如图5所示。
候车时间、车内拥挤程度和乘车时长3个指标处于第四象限的优先改进区,这类指标的重要度高于平均值,而满意度却低于平均水平,其服务质量最低。因此,它们在接驳公交服务质量的提升方面拥有最高的改进优先级,应该将有限的资源投入这类指标的优化中。换乘票价、运行车速、公交出行信息和首末发车时间这4个指标位于第三象限的次要改进区,该区域的指标虽然重要度不高,但服务表现得不好,仍然需要一定程度的改进优化,对服务质量的提升也有帮助。到站步行时间、线路及站点布设合理性这两个指标的重要度和满意度都高于平均值,属于第一象限的优势保持区,可以不做进一步的改进,但由于该区域的指标重要度较高,也不能掉以轻心,需要继续保持。其余指标都属于第二象限的锦上添花区,该区域指标的服务质量最高,可根据实际情况,适当减少部分用于维持高质量服务的运营成本。
通过IPA分析可知,昆明市接驳公交目前需要改进优化的指标包括:候车时间、车内拥挤程度、乘车时长、换乘票价、运行车速、公交出行信息和首末发车时间。但这7个待优化指标的具体优先度,以及指标之间的差距还无法从IPA分析图中得出,因此需要利用TOPSIS进行排序。将满意度数据正向化后得到不满意度,并将综合重要度和不满意度归一化,最终得到7个待优化指标的改进优先次序,以及优先度权重,如表8所示。候车时间的优先度权重达0.368,是昆明市接驳公交服务优化的首要目标,这与实地调查随访过程中乘客主要反馈和投诉的内容一致,当前昆明市接驳公交通常存在发车间隔长,班次少的问题。其后,换乘票价、车内拥挤程度和乘车时长的改进优先度都较高,分别为0.235、0.164、0.107,也暴露出了昆明接驳公交运营现状的问题。
(1)需要得到改进的指标有7个,其中改进优先度最高的3个服务指标依次是:候车时间、换乘票价和车内拥挤程度。候车时间在乘客视角、学者视角和竞争中都表现出较高的重要度,足以说明其对改善整体服务质量的必要性。由于乘客的接驳距离普遍较短,与共享电单车的竞争更激烈,因此运营企业更应该加大接驳公交的发车班次,减少乘客的候车时间,保证乘客们的乘车体验,并吸引更多人群,提高接驳公交的竞争力。换乘票价在专业学者眼中具有很高的重要性,如北京、上海、重庆、成都等城市均有不同程度的换乘优惠,且能有效地吸引乘客选择接驳公交换乘地铁。因此,公交运营企业应该与地铁运营单位和政府开展合作,争取补贴,利用换乘优惠加强接驳公交与地铁的联动,提升接驳公交的换乘优势。车内拥挤程度会受到多方面的影响,发车频率和车辆运力是主要因素,运营企业要注重动态调整运力,将高峰期的拥挤度控制在合理范围内,保证乘客乘车舒适度。
(2)考虑接驳公交与共享电单车的竞争因素,建立包括专家、乘客、竞争3个视角下服务指标重要度的综合评判方法。能体现接驳公交在实际运营中的综合需求,更准确把握接驳公交的优化方向,比文献[9]中使用的重要度计算标准更加适用。尤其是竞争重要度的考虑能反映出当前接驳公交在中竞争的劣势,这同样也适用于其他竞争关系。
(3)采用随机森林分类算法对乘客视角下的客体重要度进行准确预测,将3个视角重要度视作代表不同利益的评价结果,利用基于利益的评价者权重确定方法为其进行客观赋权,保证了重要度评判结果的客观性和准确性。
(4)与传统的IPA分析相比,通过IPA矩阵直观展示服务指标的改进策略后,利用TOPSIS方法进一步为指标排序,量化改进指标间的相对距离,便于运营公司制定优化决策和把握改进力度。
  • 云南省基础研究专项-面上项目(202401AT070347)
  • 云南省基础研究专项-青年项目(202301AU070186)
  • 云南省教育厅科学研究项目(2023J0095)
  • 云南交通运输厅安全统筹中心技术服务项目(KKF0202202392)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403854
  • 接收时间:2024-05-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-24
  • 修回日期:2025-02-01
基金
云南省基础研究专项-面上项目(202401AT070347)
云南省基础研究专项-青年项目(202301AU070186)
云南省教育厅科学研究项目(2023J0095)
云南交通运输厅安全统筹中心技术服务项目(KKF0202202392)
作者信息
    昆明理工大学交通工程学院, 昆明 650550

通讯作者:

* 郭凤香(1979—),女,汉族,黑龙江海林人,博士,教授。研究方向:交通安全和驾驶行为。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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