Article(id=1149774726735819384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404447, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718294400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-14, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256634, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256634, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256634, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5003, endPage=5012, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774727180415612, articleId=1149774726735819384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis and Optimization of Adiabatic Support Structure Based on Thermal-solid Interaction, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problems of large heat leakage and unclear stress of the adiabatic support structure in the cryogenic storage tank, a finite element model of a 37.4 m3 storage tank was established by the method of thermal-solid interaction, and the heat transfer, stress and deformation of the tank were analyzed, and the supporting structure was optimized. The results show that the daily evaporation rate of liquid nitrogen is 0.10%/d when the heat leakage through the supporting structure is 62.18 W, and the heat leakage of the supporting structure decreases with the decrease of ambient temperature. The influence of liquid temperature on the storage tank is mainly concentrated in the support structure and the inner tank, and the stress and deformation of the support structure increase greatly after considering the influence of temperature, and the maximum stress of the inner tank is less affected, and the deformation is increased by 11.81 times. When storing liquid hydrogen, the heat transfer of the support structure increases by 26% compared with liquid nitrogen. The topology of the supporting structure under the sliding end was optimized with the minimum heat transfer as the optimization goal. The heat transfer of the “Y” type support structure is reduced by 27.20% and the maximum stress is reduced by 7.73%.

, correspAuthors=Hua DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mu-ze LI, Hua DING, Zhao-yang HAO, Chang-jing TAO, Xiao-zhong LUO, Hong-wei LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774772898329051, articleId=1149774726735819384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于热-固耦合的绝热支撑结构分析及优化, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对低温储罐的绝热支撑结构漏热量大及受力情况不明了的问题,通过热-固耦合的方法,建立了某37.4 m3储罐有限元模型,分析了其传热、应力与变形情况,并对支撑结构进行了优化。结果表明:通过支撑结构的漏热量为62.18 W,造成的液氮日蒸发率为0.10%/d,随着环境温度的降低,支撑结构的漏热量呈下降趋势;液体温度对储罐的影响主要集中在支撑结构及内罐体,考虑温度影响后,支撑结构的应力与变形都出现较大增加,内罐体最大应力受影响较小,变形量增加11.81倍;储运液氢时,支撑结构的传热量较液氮增加26%,以最小传热量为优化目标对滑动端下支撑结构进行拓扑优化,得到“Y”形支撑结构的传热量降低27.20%,最大应力降低7.73%。

, correspAuthors=丁华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 丁华(1976—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,博士,教授。研究方向:低温液体储运。E-mail:
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李沐泽(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:低温压力容器。E-mail:

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李沐泽(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:低温压力容器。E-mail:

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李沐泽(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:低温压力容器。E-mail:

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Shanghai: East China University of Science and Technology, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790792643199844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=21, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=蒲子银, 李长俊, 郭益, journalName=低温工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒲子银, 李长俊, 郭益, 等. 基于热-结构耦合的液氦储罐地震响应特性研究[J]. 低温工程, 2023(4): 21-29., articleTitle=基于热-结构耦合的液氦储罐地震响应特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790792701920101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=21, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Pu Ziyin, Li Changjun, Guo Yi, journalName=Cryogenics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pu Ziyin, Li Changjun, Guo Yi, et al. Research on seismic response characteristics of liquid helium storage tanks based on thermal-structural coupling[J]. Cryogenics, 2023(4): 21-29., articleTitle=Research on seismic response characteristics of liquid helium storage tanks based on thermal-structural coupling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790792764834662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=8, pageStart=40, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=16, authorNames=张卫义, 李星波, 姚欣, journalName=压力容器, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张卫义, 李星波, 姚欣, 等. LNG 卧式储罐拉带式支撑应力分析及结构优化[J]. 压力容器, 2022, 39(8): 40-49., articleTitle=LNG 卧式储罐拉带式支撑应力分析及结构优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790792823554919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=8, pageStart=40, pageEnd=49, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Zhang Weiyi, Li Xingbo, Yao Xin, journalName=Pressure Vessel Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Weiyi, Li Xingbo, Yao Xin, et al. Stress analysis and structure optimization of tension band support for LNG horizontal storage tank[J]. Pressure Vessel Technology, 2022, 39(8): 40-49., articleTitle=Stress analysis and structure optimization of tension band support for LNG horizontal storage tank, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790792882275176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=18, issue=5, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Kwon H W, Hwang I C, journalName=Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kwon H W, Hwang I C. Design and optimization of vibration-resistant and heat-insulating support structure of fuel cylinder for LNG vehicles[J]. Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas, 2014, 18(5): 6-11., articleTitle=Design and optimization of vibration-resistant and heat-insulating support structure of fuel cylinder for LNG vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790792953578345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=469, pageEnd=479, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=19, authorNames=朱宇豪, 谢福寿, 郭琬, journalName=真空与低温, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱宇豪, 谢福寿, 郭琬, 等. 基于三点支撑结构的车载液氢瓶热响应特性研究[J]. 真空与低温, 2023, 29(5): 469-479., articleTitle=基于三点支撑结构的车载液氢瓶热响应特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179790793016492906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=469, pageEnd=479, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Zhu Yuhao, Xie Fushou, Guo Wan, journalName=Vacuum and Cryogenics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Yuhao, Xie Fushou, Guo Wan, et al. 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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Zhangjiagang CIMC Sanctum Cryogenic Equipment Co. , Ltd. , Zhangjiagang 215600, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1179790787115107081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, companyId=1179790787098329863, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 张家港中集圣达因低温装备有限公司, 张家港 215600)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1179790789174510384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Geometry diagram of cryogenic storage tanks, figureFileSmall=L6B8V4oybn5omSN6ZbaPNw==, figureFileBig=KNVACsQHKHgw72yEh0wWWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790789245813553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=图1, caption=低温储罐几何结构图, figureFileSmall=L6B8V4oybn5omSN6ZbaPNw==, 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figureFileSmall=wjlZL7BDMNvXLLBIBc4nJQ==, figureFileBig=gFOxedexHtf94rQzZ6sQBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790789858181945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=图5, caption=储罐温度分布云图, figureFileSmall=wjlZL7BDMNvXLLBIBc4nJQ==, figureFileBig=gFOxedexHtf94rQzZ6sQBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790789912707898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Heat flux distribution diagram of supporting structure, figureFileSmall=zhi8H+y30zr3z3+wpEBOCA==, figureFileBig=fv3BHKYaq3JxTviEveGa/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790789979816763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=图6, caption=支撑结构热通量分布云图

S1为移动端上支撑;S3为固定端上支撑;S2为移动端下支撑;S4为固定端下支撑

, figureFileSmall=zhi8H+y30zr3z3+wpEBOCA==, figureFileBig=fv3BHKYaq3JxTviEveGa/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790046925628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Temperature distribution diagram of outer tank body, figureFileSmall=S7cCwUn+92c7H2B+uBgN2g==, figureFileBig=2mmMkxcIdJmxQCuvhW2Sig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790105645885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=图7, caption=外罐体温度分布云图, figureFileSmall=S7cCwUn+92c7H2B+uBgN2g==, figureFileBig=2mmMkxcIdJmxQCuvhW2Sig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790160171838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Environmental temperature variation chart, figureFileSmall=xMwpaWBe1x3oZNpzJujheA==, figureFileBig=KZyYd79EhMxifjjU0u/wvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790227280703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=图8, caption=环境温度变化图

Tout为外罐体最低温度

, figureFileSmall=xMwpaWBe1x3oZNpzJujheA==, figureFileBig=KZyYd79EhMxifjjU0u/wvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790286000960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Static analysis diagram of storage tank, figureFileSmall=yiXVrqfGCsw8hP4enfueoA==, figureFileBig=wgzTpVopwInyosywO3W1KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790348915521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=图9, caption=储罐静力分析云图, figureFileSmall=yiXVrqfGCsw8hP4enfueoA==, figureFileBig=wgzTpVopwInyosywO3W1KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790424412994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Static analysis diagram of low-temperature storage tank, figureFileSmall=/rrxCRNSFSVfZvBCJoxUQw==, figureFileBig=nJ8JP2qL+iiv6dl2JPyCSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790483133251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=图10, caption=低温储罐静力分析云图, figureFileSmall=/rrxCRNSFSVfZvBCJoxUQw==, figureFileBig=nJ8JP2qL+iiv6dl2JPyCSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790541853508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Equivalent stress and deformation of each component, figureFileSmall=9lvOqWGMVX8fS881vW8MQg==, figureFileBig=R9qZnhIWKFimhXSYggOrQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179790790608962373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=图11, caption=各部件等效应力与变形

S1为移动端上支撑;S3为固定端上支撑;S2为移动端下支撑;S4为固定端下支撑

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S1为移动端上支撑;S3为固定端上支撑;S2为移动端下支撑;S4为固定端下支撑

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S1为移动端上支撑;S3为固定端上支撑;S2为移动端下支撑;S4为固定端下支撑

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Performance parameters of low-temperature storage tank materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 弹性模
量/GPa
密度/
(kg·m-3)
泊松
导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)
热膨胀系数/
(μm·m-1·K-1)
S30408 205 7 930 0.29 14.9 13.6
Q345R 206 7 850 0.30 16.2 11.0
玻璃钢 25 2 000 0.22 0.4 16.0
), ArticleFig(id=1179790791330382673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

低温储罐材料性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料 弹性模
量/GPa
密度/
(kg·m-3)
泊松
导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)
热膨胀系数/
(μm·m-1·K-1)
S30408 205 7 930 0.29 14.9 13.6
Q345R 206 7 850 0.30 16.2 11.0
玻璃钢 25 2 000 0.22 0.4 16.0
), ArticleFig(id=1179790791393297234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Load application scheme for storage tanks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷类型 施加情况
重力载荷 沿Z向设置标准地球重力加速度,为9.81 m/s2
压力载荷 对外罐体施加0.1 MPa法向向内的真空层压力,对内罐体施加0.33 MPa的气体压力与0.1 MPa的真空层压力,方向沿壁面法向向外
液体静压力 按照92%充注率考虑,将液体静压力法向向外施加于内罐体壁面
固定约束 支座底部设置为固定约束,约束其所有自由度
), ArticleFig(id=1179790791452017491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726735819384, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

储罐载荷施加方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
载荷类型 施加情况
重力载荷 沿Z向设置标准地球重力加速度,为9.81 m/s2
压力载荷 对外罐体施加0.1 MPa法向向内的真空层压力,对内罐体施加0.33 MPa的气体压力与0.1 MPa的真空层压力,方向沿壁面法向向外
液体静压力 按照92%充注率考虑,将液体静压力法向向外施加于内罐体壁面
固定约束 支座底部设置为固定约束,约束其所有自由度
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基于热-固耦合的绝热支撑结构分析及优化
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李沐泽 1 , 丁华 1, * , 郝朝阳 1 , 陶昶景 1 , 罗晓钟 2 , 刘宏伟 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(12): 5003-5012
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(12): 5003-5012
基于热-固耦合的绝热支撑结构分析及优化
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李沐泽1 , 丁华1, * , 郝朝阳1, 陶昶景1, 罗晓钟2, 刘宏伟2
作者信息
  • 1 江苏大学汽车与交通工程学院, 镇江 212013
  • 2 张家港中集圣达因低温装备有限公司, 张家港 215600
  • 李沐泽(1999—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士研究生。研究方向:低温压力容器。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 丁华(1976—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,博士,教授。研究方向:低温液体储运。E-mail:
Analysis and Optimization of Adiabatic Support Structure Based on Thermal-solid Interaction
Mu-ze LI1 , Hua DING1, * , Zhao-yang HAO1, Chang-jing TAO1, Xiao-zhong LUO2, Hong-wei LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  • 2 Zhangjiagang CIMC Sanctum Cryogenic Equipment Co. , Ltd. , Zhangjiagang 215600, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404447
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针对低温储罐的绝热支撑结构漏热量大及受力情况不明了的问题,通过热-固耦合的方法,建立了某37.4 m3储罐有限元模型,分析了其传热、应力与变形情况,并对支撑结构进行了优化。结果表明:通过支撑结构的漏热量为62.18 W,造成的液氮日蒸发率为0.10%/d,随着环境温度的降低,支撑结构的漏热量呈下降趋势;液体温度对储罐的影响主要集中在支撑结构及内罐体,考虑温度影响后,支撑结构的应力与变形都出现较大增加,内罐体最大应力受影响较小,变形量增加11.81倍;储运液氢时,支撑结构的传热量较液氮增加26%,以最小传热量为优化目标对滑动端下支撑结构进行拓扑优化,得到“Y”形支撑结构的传热量降低27.20%,最大应力降低7.73%。

绝热支撑  /  低温储罐  /  热-固耦合  /  拓扑优化

In order to solve the problems of large heat leakage and unclear stress of the adiabatic support structure in the cryogenic storage tank, a finite element model of a 37.4 m3 storage tank was established by the method of thermal-solid interaction, and the heat transfer, stress and deformation of the tank were analyzed, and the supporting structure was optimized. The results show that the daily evaporation rate of liquid nitrogen is 0.10%/d when the heat leakage through the supporting structure is 62.18 W, and the heat leakage of the supporting structure decreases with the decrease of ambient temperature. The influence of liquid temperature on the storage tank is mainly concentrated in the support structure and the inner tank, and the stress and deformation of the support structure increase greatly after considering the influence of temperature, and the maximum stress of the inner tank is less affected, and the deformation is increased by 11.81 times. When storing liquid hydrogen, the heat transfer of the support structure increases by 26% compared with liquid nitrogen. The topology of the supporting structure under the sliding end was optimized with the minimum heat transfer as the optimization goal. The heat transfer of the “Y” type support structure is reduced by 27.20% and the maximum stress is reduced by 7.73%.

adiabatic support  /  cryogenic storage tanks  /  thermal-solid interaction  /  topology optimization
李沐泽, 丁华, 郝朝阳, 陶昶景, 罗晓钟, 刘宏伟. 基于热-固耦合的绝热支撑结构分析及优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5003 -5012 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404447
Mu-ze LI, Hua DING, Zhao-yang HAO, Chang-jing TAO, Xiao-zhong LUO, Hong-wei LIU. Analysis and Optimization of Adiabatic Support Structure Based on Thermal-solid Interaction[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 5003 -5012 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404447
氢能储运已成为阻碍其大规模应用的薄弱环节[1],液氢密度大,在远距离运输中具有显著优势,低温压力容器作为储运设备已成为当前的研究重点。2023年,中国首台民用液氢槽车在张家港中集圣达因低温装备有限公司研制成功,槽车储运低温液体,储罐必须具有良好的绝热性和稳定性,这对储罐的支撑结构提出了更高的要求。
支撑结构作为内外罐体的连接结构,对储罐的稳定运行具有重要作用,目前,中外学者已开展了相关研究。李少杰[2]针对50 m3低温储罐的八点支撑结构进行传热分析,发现其传热量约占总传热量的40%,造成的液氮日蒸发率达0.09%/d。Choi等[3]设计了一款液氢罐,分析发现支撑结构的传热量约占总传热量的82%。支撑结构的传热量居高不下,对储罐的保冷性能有严重影响,李敬法等[4]提出针对液氢等低温液体储运,需要研发绝热效果更好的支撑结构以降低储罐与外界环境的传热量,从而实现安全低成本储运。Norouzifard等[5]提出了一种复合支架,通过添加复合材料使得支撑结构的传热量在静载状态下减少约80%,振动状态下减少约72%。张晓兵等[6]针对车载液氢瓶,提出了一种既能满足承载又能降低漏热的支撑结构。Guan等[7]采用改进的遗传算法对低温管道支架进行优化,使得支架的最大应力降低约40%。Dong等[8]通过对40%液位的液化天然气运输船支撑结构进行晃动工况下的强度评估,发现挡波板可以有效降低支撑结构的最大应力。王晓东[9]针对液氮储罐的八点支撑结构布局进行探究,得到了不同下支撑角度对内罐体最大应力的影响。但上述研究多忽略了液体温度对储罐受力的影响。蒲子银等[10]通过分析两点式支撑结构液氦储罐的力学特性,发现考虑温度的地震响应谱应力较忽略温度增加约19.5%。张卫义等[11]针对LNG储罐的两点式拉带支撑结构进行了热-固耦合分析,通过优化降低了其最大应力。Kwon等[12]以车载瓶为研究对象,分析了储罐的传热与应力分布,并对支撑结构的内外径进行了参数优化。朱宇豪等[13]设计了一种三点式支撑结构,能够使液氢瓶在多载荷影响下保持良好的响应特性。
综上可知,低温储罐通过支撑结构的漏热量较多,对八点支撑结构的研究较少,且在研究中忽略了液体极低的温度会引起显著的冷缩效应,使得罐体的受力情况更为复杂的问题。因此,有必要针对储罐对其在温度、压力、重力等多载荷作用下的响应特性进行研究,以期在保障安全的前提下,优化支撑结构以降低其传热量。
在低温储罐的热-固耦合分析中,储罐的传热属于常物性、无内热源的稳态传热,其温度场控制方程按式(1)设定,边界条件按式(2)设定。
2 T = 0 q i = - k = 1 3 λ i j T j ,   i , j , k = x , y , z
t i n = t c - λ T n o u t = h ( t i n - t f )
式中:Ñ为哈密尔顿算子;T为温度,K;qi为热流密度分量,J/(m2·s);λij为支撑导热系数分量,表示j方向的温度变化引起的i方向的热流密度大小,W/(m·K);h为对流换热系数,W/(m2·K);tin为内罐体表面温度,K;tout为外罐体表面温度,K;tf为环境温度,K;λ为外罐体导热系数,W/(m·K);n为边界外法线方向;tc为液体温度,K。
热-固耦合模型的微分控制方程按式(3)设定,边界条件按式(4)设定。
σ i i + τ j i j + τ k i k + f i = 0 u i i + u j j - τ i j G i = 0 u x - 1 E i [ σ i - μ ( σ j + σ k ) ] - α i T = 0     i , j , k = x , y , z
( u i ) w = 0 , i = x , y , z ( u i ) d = 0 , i = z
式中:σi为正应力,MPa;τij为切应力,MPa;ui为位移,mm;αi为热膨胀系数,1/K;μ为泊松比;Ei为弹性模量,GPa;Gi为切变模量,GPa;T为温度,K;下标w、d分别为外罐外表面及支撑结构外表面。
以某移动式37.4 m3低温储罐为研究对象,开展传热与应力分析。储罐主要由内外罐体、支撑结构与加强结构等组成。内罐体材料为S30408,长度为8 870 mm,直径为2 150 mm,外罐体材料为Q345R,长度为11 452 mm,直径为2 357 mm,内外罐体的加强结构采用与内外罐体相同的材料。罐体采用八点支撑结构形式,固定端通过在内罐体补强板上设置卡环限制内、外罐体的相对滑动,如图1所示,罐体上支撑角度α=45°,下支撑角度β=30°,支撑结构材料为玻璃钢,储罐的材料参数如表1所示。
在低温储罐的热-固耦合分析中,建立如图2所示的有限元模型,其中,内罐体、外罐体、加强环、外罐体下加强板采用壳单元离散,其余结构采用实体单元离散。
为了同时保证计算精度与求解速度,对模型进行网格无关性验证,以路径P的应力分布为基准,对支撑及加强结构分别划分10、8、6、4 mm大小的网格。如图3所示,当网格为6 mm时,沿路径P的应力分布趋于收敛,计算精度得到保证,最终得到520 366的网格进行计算。
为保证分析结果的可信度,通过理论计算对模型进行准确性验证。对真空区域施加-0.1 MPa的真空压力,并提取内罐体后封头到封头应力影响区外的筒体段应力曲线。
内罐体属于薄壁圆筒,由薄膜理论可得
σ1= P R t
式(5)中:P为设计压力;σ1为第一主应力;R为内罐半径;t为壁厚。
图4所示,内罐筒体段的第一主应力为25.72 MPa,与理论计算值27.42 MPa相差约6.2%。因此,所使用的有限元模型是准确的。
储罐的绝热方式为高真空多层绝热,传热主要由以下3部分组成:通过绝热层的传热、通过支撑结构的传热与通过管道的传热。储罐在运行过程中产生漏热,会导致低温液体吸热蒸发,压力升高,降低运输过程中的安全性,如果支撑结构的漏热量过大会导致罐体出现结霜、结露现象,因此需要对储罐进行传热分析。
所选储罐用于储运液氮,在传热边界条件施加中,将内罐体表面温度设为-196 ℃,考虑到外罐体会与外界环境发生热交换,因此,将外罐体表面设为自然对流换热边界,温度为22 ℃,对流换热系数取10 W/m2图5展示了储罐的整体温度分布云图,可以看出,储罐的温度梯度主要集中在支撑结构,温度由内罐体向外罐体逐渐升高,其中,固定端上支撑结构的最低温度为-195.70 ℃,接近液氮温度,说明支撑结构起到了较好的绝热效果。
图6反映了支撑结构的热通量分布,支撑结构的最大热通量为2 059.10 W/m2,位于固定端下支撑,由于固定端支撑结构的受力情况更为复杂,故在设计时会呈现出更显著的厚度。因此,固定端支撑结构的漏热量高于滑动端支撑结构。通过数值积分方法得到通过支撑结构传入内罐体的总漏热量为62.18 W,其中,通过固定端上支撑结构的漏热量最多,达到9.32 W。
低温液体的静态日蒸发率是评估储罐保冷性能的重要指标,通过式(6)计算得到,由于支撑结构漏热导致的液氮静态日蒸发率为0.10%/d。
α L N 2= Q h L N 2 ρ L N 2 V24×100%
式(6)中: α L N 2为液氮的静态日蒸发率;∑Q为储罐漏热量,J; ρ L N 2为液氮的密度,取808 kg/m3; h L N 2为液氮的汽化潜热,取200 840 J/kg;V为储罐的有效容积,取37.4 m3
图7为外罐体温度分布云图,可以看到,外罐体的主体部位温度与环境温度相同,在靠近支撑结构处出现快速降低。套管式外套筒能有效延长热桥,减少支撑结构漏热,外罐体的最低温度位于固定端上支撑处,温度为10.03 ℃,在当前环境中,不会发生结霜、结露现象。
为探究不同环境温度对储罐传热过程的影响,分别模拟10、12、14、16、18、20 ℃的环境温度下储罐的传热情况。结果如图8所示,随着温度降低,支撑结构的传热量出现下降趋势,当环境温度低于12 ℃时,外罐体最低温度低于0 ℃,在相对湿度较大的环境中容易发生结霜、结露现象。
对不同工况下的储罐开展静力学分析,其承载情况如表2所示。
图9展示了储罐空载与满载工况下的等效应力与变形分布云图。空载工况下,罐内未盛装介质,但已进行抽真空处理,如图9(a)图9(c)所示,储罐的最大等效应力出现在外罐体与外封头连接部位,达到150.78 MPa,内罐体的最大等效应力出现在罐体与下滑动支撑加强板过渡位置处,最大等效应力为28.63 MPa,由于结构不连续导致变形不协调,在局部位置产生了较大应力。受真空层内压的影响,储罐的最大变形出现在移动端外封头上部,最大变形量为1.45 mm。
当储罐处于满载工况时,考虑充装液体的重力及液体汽化的压力影响,如图9(b)图9(d)所示,最大等效应力依然出现在外罐体与外封头连接部位,相比空载情况,增大了5.62%。由于移动端支撑结构没有设置卡环,由此导致内罐体在Z向约束不足,受液体重力影响,最大等效应力出现在移动端支撑结构与加强环过渡位置处,达到140.63 MPa,增大了3.91倍。最大变形出现在内罐体滑动支撑方向中间部位,最大变形量为1.89 mm。
考虑到结构的变形对温度场影响较小,为提高运算效率,采用间接耦合方法求解,即将求解得到的温度场作为载荷条件施加到静力学分析中耦合求解。
图10为考虑温度影响后的储罐等效应力与变形分布云图,由于低温引起的冷缩效应导致储罐各位置的应力与变形同时增大。如图10(a)图10(b)所示,在固定端下支撑与卡环接触位置处出现较大应力,达到200.21 MPa,相比未考虑温度情况,增大了3.22倍,外罐体的最大等效应力出现在固定端上支撑结构的补强板上,达到199.11 MPa,增大2.12倍。由于罐内满载液体,受液体重力与低温影响,内罐体产生向下挤压,向内收缩的运动趋势,但卡环会抑制内外罐体的相对滑动,由此导致在支撑结构位置处产生了较大应力。
由于低温储罐的八点支撑结构一端为固定端,另一端为滑动端,故内罐体可以发生轴向滑动来抵消遇冷收缩在轴向产生的变形量。如图10(c)图10(d)所示,内罐体的最大等效应力为143.32 MPa,受温度影响较小,内罐体整体变形由固定端向滑动端逐渐增加,最大变形出现在内罐体滑动端封头中间部位,达到24.21 mm,相比较未考虑温度影响,变形量增加11.81倍。
支撑结构作为温度梯度的集中部位,受温度影响较大。如图11~图13所示,在静载状态下,滑动端上支撑结构承载工况简单,受温度影响最小。
由于卡环抑制内外罐体的相对滑动,导致内罐体收缩时在固定端支撑结构的另一侧与加强结构产生较大的剪切应力,使得固定端上支撑结构受温度影响最大,最大等效应力为71.06 MPa,相比未考虑温度的情况,增大了2.15倍。
为探索支撑结构在液氢温区下的响应特性,计算了储罐盛装液氢时的传热与应力分布,以S2为例,结果如图14所示。储罐承装液氢时,支撑结构的温度梯度更大,漏热量相比液氮增加26%。考虑液氢温度后,支撑结构的应力增大1.09倍。
由于液氮密度远高于液氢,故针对液氮储罐,液体重力是影响支撑结构的主要因素,而液氢储罐所承受的温度较液氮储罐更低,由此导致温度对支撑结构的影响升高。
拓扑优化能在概念设计阶段,利用载荷、目标、边界和约束条件对结构进行优化,以达到最合理的材料分配。其中最常用的是变密度法,通过假定一种可以改变密度的材料单元,采用离散化思想,设置密度为[0,1]的连续变量,将连续体拓扑优化问题转化为0~1材料有无的组合问题。
结构的传热性能可由结构的散热弱度来表征,最小散热弱度要求表明:在相同热载荷Q作用下,结构有最低的温度分布。为了确定支撑结构最小传热情况下的材料分布情况,采用变密度法,以最小散热强度为优化目标,进行拓扑优化,所研究问题的数学模型如式(7)所示。
ρ = { ρ 1 , ρ 2 , , ρ N } T Ω m i n C = 1 d Ω T d Ω s . t . K T = F     V = i = 1 N ρ i v i ζ V 0 , 0 ρ i 1 ; i = 1,2 , , N
式(7)中:ρi为单元i的相对密度;ρ为单元相对密度;Ωρ的定义域;N为单元数量;C为结构散热强度;F为热载矢量;K为单元热传导矩阵;vi为第i个离散单元体积;V0V分别为结构初始和优化后的体积;ζ为给定的体积分数。
鉴于滑动端支撑结构受力情况简单,而下支撑结构传热量较高的情况,以滑动端下支撑结构为优化对象,采用二维模型进行求解,模型的边界条件通过传热分析获得,上边界温度为-195.31 ℃,下边界温度为17.03 ℃,热通量为16.86 W/m2。惩罚因子p=3,使用移动渐近线方法(method of moving asymptotes,MMA)方法进行求解,结果如图15所示。
图16所示,经过拓扑优化,得到的“Y”形支撑结构的漏热量降低至6.53 W,降低27.20%,由于支撑结构的传热量降低,由温度引起的热应力也随之降低,其最大等效应力为58.24 MPa,降低7.73%,满足结构需求。
建立八点式支撑结构的低温储罐有限元模型,并对其在温度、重力、压力等多载荷下的响应特性进行研究,通过对滑动端下支撑结构进行最小传热的拓扑优化,降低了其传热量与最大等效应力,得出如下结论。
(1)固定端支撑结构的漏热量明显高于滑动端,最低温度出现在固定端上支撑结构处;随着环境温度的降低,各支撑结构的漏热量呈现下降趋势;当环境温度低于12 时,外罐体容易发生结霜、结露现象。
(2)外罐体受真空层内压影响较大,在罐体与封头过渡位置会产生较大应力;由于滑动端没有设置卡环,内罐体的最大应力与变形都集中在滑动端。
(3)内罐体的最大等效应力受温度影响较小,但其变形量增大了11.81倍;支撑结构作为温度梯度的集中部位,除滑动端上支撑外,其他支撑结构的最大等效应力都出现较大增加,其中,固定端上支撑结构受影响最大,最大等效应力增加了2.15倍。
(4)当储罐储运液氢时,支撑结构的漏热较液氮储罐增加26%,液体重力对支撑结构的影响下降,温度对支撑结构的影响上升。
(5)通过对支撑结构进行最小传热强度的拓扑优化,使得新“Y”形支撑结构的传热量降低27.20%,最大等效应力降低7.73%
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1506203)
  • 张家港产学研项目(ZKYY2231)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404447
  • 接收时间:2024-06-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-14
  • 修回日期:2025-02-11
基金
国家重点研发计划(2020YFB1506203)
张家港产学研项目(ZKYY2231)
作者信息
    1 江苏大学汽车与交通工程学院, 镇江 212013
    2 张家港中集圣达因低温装备有限公司, 张家港 215600

通讯作者:

* 丁华(1976—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,博士,教授。研究方向:低温液体储运。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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