Article(id=1149774726660321911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403344, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1737820800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256616, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256616, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256616, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256616, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4864, endPage=4880, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774727142666875, articleId=1149774726660321911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Laterite Weathering Crust of Basalt in Northwest Hainan Island, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Basalt laterite weathering profile is very suitable for studying the geochemical behavior of elements under extreme weathering. A laterite weathering profile developed on the Middle Pleistocene Duowen Formation basalt in Lingao County, northwestern Hainan Island was reported. Detailed analysis of main-trace elements, pH, Eh and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were carried out on 84 profile samples. The migration and redistribution behavior of elements in the profile was studied by mass balance calculation. The laterite weathering profile of Lingao in Hainan Island has high Fe2O3(17.0%~41.6%) and Al2O3(15.3%~28.4%), low SiO2(10.6%~43.6%), and very high chemical index of alteration (CIA) (average 99.3). It reflects that the weathering profile has experienced strong chemical weathering with Fe and Al enrichment, and desiliconization under extreme weathering conditions. The mass balance calculation results show that alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are mostly lost along the whole pofile with a high degree. Among the transition metals, Sc, Cu and Zn are leached to a high degree in the section, V and Ni are enriched in the top and Ⅳ layer of the saprolite, respectively, and high field strength element (HFSE) are leached with different degrees in the profile. Among the redox sensitive elements, Fe mainly precipitates and accumulates in the form of Fe (OH)3 at the top of the saprolite. Cr exists as water-insoluble Cr2O3 in the profile and is enriched at the top of the saprolite. Mn and Co exist in the form of soluble Mn2+ and Co2+, and their enrichment is caused by the dissolution of oxides containing Mn2+ and Co2+ during weathering. U precipitates and accumulates in the form of UO2 at the bottom of the saprolite, while U in other layers exists in the form of soluble UO2CO3 and $\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$. The enrichment behavior is related to the adsorption of iron hydroxide in the profile. The slight enrichment of uranium throughout the profile may be due to groundwater introduction. It is found that the formation of ferrite laterite in Lingao section should be caused by the obvious leaching of Al and the enrichment of Fe at the top of the saprolite, while the ferrite laterite in Wenchang section is the product of both Fe and Al enrichment, which is helpful to understand the difference between the laterite weathering products of basalt in northeast and northwest Hainan Island, and has certain indicative significance for the development and utilization of mineral resources in the future.

, correspAuthors=Ling WEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yang CHEN, Guang-hua ZENG, Ling WEN, Guo-qiang XU, Ding-yong LIANG, Juan DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774760101507858, articleId=1149774726660321911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=海南岛西北部玄武岩红土型风化壳中元素地球化学特征研究, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

玄武岩红土型风化剖面非常适合研究极端风化作用下元素的地球化学行为,报道发育于海南岛西北部临高县第四纪中更新世多文组玄武岩之上的红土型风化剖面,对84件剖面样品开展了细致的主-微量元素、pH、Eh和阳离子交换量(CEC)分析,通过质量平衡计算,揭示剖面中元素的迁移和再分配规律。海南岛临高红土型风化剖面具有较高的Fe2O3(17.0%~41.6%)和Al2O3(15.3%~28.4%),较低的SiO2(10.6%~43.6%)组成,土壤层和残积层的化学蚀变指数(CIA)极高(平均99.3),反映了该风化剖面经历了极端风化条件下富Fe和Al、脱Si的强烈化学风化作用。质量平衡计算结果表明:碱金属-碱土金属大多沿整个剖面发生了程度较高的丢失,过渡族金属元素中Sc、Cu和Zn在剖面中淋失程度较高,V和Ni分别在残积层顶部和Ⅳ层富集,高场强元素(HFSE)在剖面中呈不同程度的淋失状态;氧化还原敏感性元素中Fe主要以Fe(OH)3的形式在残积层顶部发生沉淀和富集。Cr在剖面中以不溶于水的Cr2O3形式存在,并在残积层顶部富集。Mn和Co以可溶的Mn2+和Co2+形式存在,二者的富集是由于风化过程中含有Mn2+和Co2+的氧化物被溶解导致的。U在残积层底部以UO2的形式沉淀并富集,其他层位的U以可溶的UO2CO3$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$形式存在,富集行为与剖面中次生铁的氢氧化物的吸附作用有关,整个剖面U的轻微富集现象可能是地下水中U的带入导致;临高剖面形成铁质红土应是Al的明显淋失和Fe在残积层顶部的富集所致,而文昌剖面的铁铝质红土是Fe和Al同时富集的产物,有助于认识海南岛东北部和西北部玄武岩红土型风化产物的差异,为今后矿产资源开发利用提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=文玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 文玲(1984—),女,汉族,海南海口人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地球化学。E-mail:
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陈旸(1990—),女,汉族,湖北咸宁人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地球化学。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=ZyYsNZzFMw844mKbdttQxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786887649702900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=CN, label=图6, caption=临高红土型风化剖面微量元素蛛网图(标准化数据PAAS自文献[33],临高多文组玄武岩数据自文献[16,29,31-32]), figureFileSmall=tqrSEtyRU84CBtoL7A/cvg==, figureFileBig=ZyYsNZzFMw844mKbdttQxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786887712617461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=A-CN-K diagram and SAF diagram of Lingao laterite weathering profile (modified according to ref.[9,35], PAAS data according to ref.[33], Lingao Duowen basalt data according to ref.[16,29,31-32]), figureFileSmall=HRqvL67R+BKp+v6mDZCU+w==, figureFileBig=DN8rYvIFoBCwLoWj1yvHIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786887771337718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=CN, label=图7, caption=临高红土型风化剖面A-CN-K三角图和SAF三角图(底图据文献[9,35],PAAS数据自文献[33],临高多文组玄武岩数据自文献[16,29,31-32])

Ka为高岭石;Chl为绿泥石;Gi为三水铝石;Sm为蒙脱石;Illite为伊利石;Mu为白云母;Pl为斜长石;Kfs为钾长石

, figureFileSmall=HRqvL67R+BKp+v6mDZCU+w==, figureFileBig=DN8rYvIFoBCwLoWj1yvHIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786887821669367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=In-depth variations of the ratio of Fe2O3, TiO2, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta to Th in the Lingao laterite weathering profile relative to the Lingao Duowen Formation basalt, figureFileSmall=sL7tFHuRWAdG3Yz34SgDbw==, figureFileBig=m4TJBk4qlIuTeHsnHGo0wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786887872001016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=CN, label=图8, caption=临高红土型风化剖面中Fe2O3、TiO2、Zr、Hf、Nb和Ta与Th比值相对临高多文组玄武岩的变化, figureFileSmall=sL7tFHuRWAdG3Yz34SgDbw==, figureFileBig=m4TJBk4qlIuTeHsnHGo0wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786887926526969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variation of elemental mass across the Lingao laterite weathering profile, figureFileSmall=xox33QQoaiwbTVWVQgjNCg==, figureFileBig=D1NqSZsfN5fKVxYJvSDfyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786887985247226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=CN, label=图9, caption=临高红土型风化剖面元素质量变异图, figureFileSmall=xox33QQoaiwbTVWVQgjNCg==, figureFileBig=D1NqSZsfN5fKVxYJvSDfyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786888069133307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=pH-Eh diagrams of redox elements in Lingao laterite weathering profile (modified according to ref.[39]), figureFileSmall=0br6iGCl2aprqEHdN8Dvig==, figureFileBig=m6oNgbtoXraep01ChpvCPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786888140436476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=CN, label=图10, caption=临高红土型风化剖面氧化还原敏感性元素pH-Eh相图(底图据文献[39])

P O 2为O2的压强; P H 2为H2的压强

, figureFileSmall=0br6iGCl2aprqEHdN8Dvig==, figureFileBig=m6oNgbtoXraep01ChpvCPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786888203351037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Scatter diagram of HFSE (China's Loess Plateau loess data according to ref.[50], Lingao Duowen basalt data according to ref.[16,29,31-32]), figureFileSmall=KY8O+/qqVtxDWuFR62rDdw==, figureFileBig=tN7UeSFKejevsa26AKgxaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786888266265598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=CN, label=图11, caption=HFSE散点图(中国黄土高原黄土数据自文献[50],临高多文组玄武岩数据自文献[16,29,31-32]), figureFileSmall=KY8O+/qqVtxDWuFR62rDdw==, figureFileBig=tN7UeSFKejevsa26AKgxaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786888333374463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Major elements and trace elements concentrations and chemical properties of samples in lingao laterite weathering profile

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1179786888396289024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726660321911, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

临高红土型风化剖面主量元素、微量元素组成和化学性质指标

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海南岛西北部玄武岩红土型风化壳中元素地球化学特征研究
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陈旸 1, 2 , 曾广骅 1, 3 , 文玲 1, 3, * , 许国强 1, 4 , 梁定勇 1, 3 , 杜鹃 1, 5
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(12): 4864-4880
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(12): 4864-4880
海南岛西北部玄武岩红土型风化壳中元素地球化学特征研究
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陈旸1, 2 , 曾广骅1, 3, 文玲1, 3, * , 许国强1, 4, 梁定勇1, 3, 杜鹃1, 5
作者信息
  • 1 海南省海洋地质资源与环境重点实验室, 海口 570206
  • 2 海南省海洋地质调查院, 海口 570206
  • 3 海南省地质调查院, 海口 570206
  • 4 三亚水文地质工程地质勘察院, 三亚 572022
  • 5 海南省地质局, 海口 570206
  • 陈旸(1990—),女,汉族,湖北咸宁人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:地球化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 文玲(1984—),女,汉族,海南海口人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地球化学。E-mail:
Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Laterite Weathering Crust of Basalt in Northwest Hainan Island
Yang CHEN1, 2 , Guang-hua ZENG1, 3, Ling WEN1, 3, * , Guo-qiang XU1, 4, Ding-yong LIANG1, 3, Juan DU1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1 The Key Laboratory of Marine Geological Resources and Environment of Hainan Province, Haikou 570206, China
  • 2 Marine Geological Survey of Hainan Province, Haikou 570206, China
  • 3 Hainan Geological Survey, Haikou 570206, China
  • 4 Sanya Hydrogeological and Engineering Geological Survey Institute, Sanya 572022, China
  • 5 Hainan Geological Bureau, Haikou 570206, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403344
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玄武岩红土型风化剖面非常适合研究极端风化作用下元素的地球化学行为,报道发育于海南岛西北部临高县第四纪中更新世多文组玄武岩之上的红土型风化剖面,对84件剖面样品开展了细致的主-微量元素、pH、Eh和阳离子交换量(CEC)分析,通过质量平衡计算,揭示剖面中元素的迁移和再分配规律。海南岛临高红土型风化剖面具有较高的Fe2O3(17.0%~41.6%)和Al2O3(15.3%~28.4%),较低的SiO2(10.6%~43.6%)组成,土壤层和残积层的化学蚀变指数(CIA)极高(平均99.3),反映了该风化剖面经历了极端风化条件下富Fe和Al、脱Si的强烈化学风化作用。质量平衡计算结果表明:碱金属-碱土金属大多沿整个剖面发生了程度较高的丢失,过渡族金属元素中Sc、Cu和Zn在剖面中淋失程度较高,V和Ni分别在残积层顶部和Ⅳ层富集,高场强元素(HFSE)在剖面中呈不同程度的淋失状态;氧化还原敏感性元素中Fe主要以Fe(OH)3的形式在残积层顶部发生沉淀和富集。Cr在剖面中以不溶于水的Cr2O3形式存在,并在残积层顶部富集。Mn和Co以可溶的Mn2+和Co2+形式存在,二者的富集是由于风化过程中含有Mn2+和Co2+的氧化物被溶解导致的。U在残积层底部以UO2的形式沉淀并富集,其他层位的U以可溶的UO2CO3$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$形式存在,富集行为与剖面中次生铁的氢氧化物的吸附作用有关,整个剖面U的轻微富集现象可能是地下水中U的带入导致;临高剖面形成铁质红土应是Al的明显淋失和Fe在残积层顶部的富集所致,而文昌剖面的铁铝质红土是Fe和Al同时富集的产物,有助于认识海南岛东北部和西北部玄武岩红土型风化产物的差异,为今后矿产资源开发利用提供科学依据。

海南岛西北  /  红土型风化剖面  /  玄武岩  /  元素地球化学行为

Basalt laterite weathering profile is very suitable for studying the geochemical behavior of elements under extreme weathering. A laterite weathering profile developed on the Middle Pleistocene Duowen Formation basalt in Lingao County, northwestern Hainan Island was reported. Detailed analysis of main-trace elements, pH, Eh and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were carried out on 84 profile samples. The migration and redistribution behavior of elements in the profile was studied by mass balance calculation. The laterite weathering profile of Lingao in Hainan Island has high Fe2O3(17.0%~41.6%) and Al2O3(15.3%~28.4%), low SiO2(10.6%~43.6%), and very high chemical index of alteration (CIA) (average 99.3). It reflects that the weathering profile has experienced strong chemical weathering with Fe and Al enrichment, and desiliconization under extreme weathering conditions. The mass balance calculation results show that alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are mostly lost along the whole pofile with a high degree. Among the transition metals, Sc, Cu and Zn are leached to a high degree in the section, V and Ni are enriched in the top and Ⅳ layer of the saprolite, respectively, and high field strength element (HFSE) are leached with different degrees in the profile. Among the redox sensitive elements, Fe mainly precipitates and accumulates in the form of Fe (OH)3 at the top of the saprolite. Cr exists as water-insoluble Cr2O3 in the profile and is enriched at the top of the saprolite. Mn and Co exist in the form of soluble Mn2+ and Co2+, and their enrichment is caused by the dissolution of oxides containing Mn2+ and Co2+ during weathering. U precipitates and accumulates in the form of UO2 at the bottom of the saprolite, while U in other layers exists in the form of soluble UO2CO3 and $\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$. The enrichment behavior is related to the adsorption of iron hydroxide in the profile. The slight enrichment of uranium throughout the profile may be due to groundwater introduction. It is found that the formation of ferrite laterite in Lingao section should be caused by the obvious leaching of Al and the enrichment of Fe at the top of the saprolite, while the ferrite laterite in Wenchang section is the product of both Fe and Al enrichment, which is helpful to understand the difference between the laterite weathering products of basalt in northeast and northwest Hainan Island, and has certain indicative significance for the development and utilization of mineral resources in the future.

northwest of Hainan Island  /  laterite weathering profile  /  basalt  /  geochemical behavior of elements
陈旸, 曾广骅, 文玲, 许国强, 梁定勇, 杜鹃. 海南岛西北部玄武岩红土型风化壳中元素地球化学特征研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4864 -4880 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403344
Yang CHEN, Guang-hua ZENG, Ling WEN, Guo-qiang XU, Ding-yong LIANG, Juan DU. Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Laterite Weathering Crust of Basalt in Northwest Hainan Island[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4864 -4880 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403344
化学风化是地表岩石在大气、水、生物作用下发生化学反应,而使其成分和结构发生质的变化,形成溶解物质(如可溶性硅酸、重碳酸盐等)和不溶残余(如高岭石、伊利石、铁氧化物等)的过程[1]。母岩的元素组成在化学风化过程中发生迁移和重分配,是表生地球化学循环的重要环节。化学风化过程中元素的地球化学行为研究受到越来越多中外学者的重视,总结出多个元素在风化过程中的行为特征,如碱金属和碱土金属在早期风化过程中严重流失[2-3],Mn、Cr、Fe、U等变价元素的地球化学行为与氧化还原条件联系紧密[4-6],而高场强元素(HFSE),如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等,则被认为是风化作用下的稳定元素[7-9],对Mg、Fe、Li等元素同位素分馏的研究也有助于理解元素在风化作用下的地球化学行为[10-13]。然而,前人研究主要集中于温带风化条件下的酸性岩浆岩,对于热带极端风化条件下基性岩的研究较少。热带地区的研究表明,化学风化过程中元素的地球化学行为不同于温带地区,如稳定元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等)在极端风化条件下也可以发生一定程度的迁移[7,14-15]。极端风化是风化过程的最高阶段,对极端风化作用下剖面中元素的地球化学行为的研究,有助于理解元素的迁移和沉积规律。
海南岛北部新生代火山活动强烈,火山岩分布极广,出露面积大[16]。该区属海洋性热带季风气候,具有高温多雨、湿热同季的特点,出露于地表的基性火山岩在极端风化条件下形成红土型风化壳[17]。海南岛东北部玄武岩上主要发育含铝土矿的铝铁质红土,西北部则大多发育含褐铁矿的铁质红土[18]。玄武岩在热带气候下容易风化[19],形成的红土型风化剖面非常适合研究风化过程中元素地球化学行为[7,9,20-21]。文献[17-18,20-24]对海南岛北部玄武岩红土型风化剖面的类型和分带、元素迁移和富集规律、矿物成分、成矿作用和风化成壤过程进行了一系列研究。然而这些研究多围绕土壤发生展开,对剖面元素地球化学研究也多集中在东北区域,关于西北部红土型风化剖面的研究较为薄弱。鉴于此,选择海南岛西北部玄武岩红土型风化剖面进行元素地球化学研究,给出高精度的剖面元素组成信息,通过质量平衡计算,揭示海南岛西北部玄武岩在风化过程中元素的迁移和再分配规律。研究成果有助于认识热带极端风化条件下元素的地球化学行为,并为当地矿产资源开发利用提供科学依据。
海南岛是中国第二大岛,位于中国南海西北部,隔琼州海峡与中国大陆相望,属大陆型岛屿[25]。在大地构造位置上,海南岛处于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印支地块交汇处,通常被认为是华夏地块的一部分[26-27]。研究区位于海南岛西北部临高县博厚镇,属海洋性热带季风气候,年平均气温在23~25 ℃,气温最高月份平均温度为28.3 ℃,气温最低月份平均温度为16.9 ℃,年平均降雨量在1 100~1 800 mm。
琼北新生代火山岩主要分布在王五-文教断裂以北,在平面上呈“7”字形展布,出露面积约6 630 km2,占全岛陆域面积19.5%,形成时代自古近纪始新世延续至第四纪全新世[16](图1,底图根据文献[28]修改)。更新世是琼北火山活动最为活跃的时期,这一时期形成的多文组火山岩是海南岛北部分布最广泛的火山岩,最大厚度可达250 m,主要由玄武岩类夹少量火山碎屑岩构成[16,29]。本次研究的玄武岩红土型风化壳发育于第四纪中更新世多文组玄武岩之上,剖面坐标109°49'03″E,19°55'32″N,为本次工作开挖暴露。该剖面连续且有明显的垂向分带特征,剖面顶部有植被覆盖,自上而下可被划分为3层(图2):①土壤层(0~60 cm),砖红色,质地松散,部分土壤呈团粒状,零星可见豆鲕状褐铁矿;②残积层(60~415 cm),根据颜色和质地可进一步细分为4层,I层(60~110 cm)发育大量豆状褐铁矿,多呈不规则棱角状,粒径3~10 mm,个别可达2~3 cm。Ⅱ层(110~290 cm)为褐铁矿层,呈黄褐-砖红色,矿石多呈砾块状或豆鲕状。Ⅲ层(290~360 cm)呈灰白-砖红色,黏土含量较上一层明显增加。Ⅳ层(360~415 cm)质地较上一层变硬,呈灰白夹杂黄色;③半风化层,>415 cm,可见灰黑色半风化玄武岩。
本次研究采集84件剖面样品,样品均匀且连续分布于剖面,间隔5 cm,包括土壤层样品12件,残积层样品71件,半风化玄武岩样品1件,样品层位如图2所示。对84件样品进行了系统配套的主量元素、微量元素、pH、氧化还原电位和阳离子交换量分析,所采样品均经过标准流程进行风干、去渣、研磨、过筛等处理至粒径为200目的粉末,所有测试分析均在中国地质大学(武汉)“生物地质与环境地质”国家重点实验室完成。主量元素所使用的分析仪器为日本岛津公司生产的扫描型X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF-1800),采用碱熔玻璃片方法制样,同时对样品的烧失量进行测试。微量元素分析所用仪器为德国安捷伦公司生产的电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS,Agilent 7900),将50 mg的粉末样品置于Teflon溶样器中,采用HF+HNO3溶样法在195 ℃条件下消解48 h,然后用2% HNO3稀释至100 g,定容于干净的聚乙烯塑料瓶以待ICP-MS测试,详细的样品处理和分析过程参见文献[30]。分析经国家标准样品和重复样监测,绝大多数主量元素的分析精度优于1%~5%,绝大多数微量元素的分析精度优于5%~10%。土壤pH(酸碱度)和Eh(氧化还原电位)采用电位法测量,所使用的仪器分别为pH计(C16A0157)和笔式氧化还原电位计(LH-M300)。阳离子交换量(CEC)使用三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法测定,所使用的仪器为紫外可见分光光度计(SP-1920UV)。
84件样品的主量元素分析结果如表1所示,沿剖面的变化特征如图3所示。在主量元素特征上,剖面中SiO2(10.6%~43.6%,平均26.7%±7.76%,误差为标准误差,下同)在土壤层中含量从上至下先显著上升再逐渐下降,随后在残积层中随深度增加缓慢上升,至半风化玄武岩层达到最高值,但仍小于临高多文组玄武岩(52.0%,数据自文献[16,29,31-32],下同)。Fe2O3(17.0%~41.6%,平均28.8%±6.68%)、Al2O3(15.3%~28.4%,平均20.3%±3.31%)、TiO2(2.60%~4.97%,平均3.74%±0.62%)和MnO(0.05%~0.59%,平均0.33%±0.15%)在剖面中含量较高,是临高多文组玄武岩的1~3倍(分别为11.8%、14.2%、2.04%和0.14%)。Fe2O3在残积层上部(70~150 cm)含量最高,往下含量逐渐降低,与SiO2在剖面中的变化趋势大致呈互为消长的镜像关系。相较临高多文组玄武岩(P2O5为0.31%),P2O5(0.08%~0.53%,平均0.26%±0.11%)含量波动较大,主要富集在残积层顶部。MnO在剖面中波动较大,在残积层Ⅲ层和Ⅳ层有明显降低。土壤层和残积层中K2O(0.03%~0.17%)、Na2O(0.01%~0.07%)、CaO(0.00%~0.14%)和MgO(0.02%~0.17%)的含量极低,显著低于临高多文组玄武岩(分别为0.97%、3.19%、8.30%和6.63%)。烧失量LOI(11.0%~16.3%,平均14.5%±1.01%)含量变化较为稳定,且在残积层中的含量大于土壤层。
84件样品的微量元素分析结果如表2所示,沿剖面的变化特征如图4所示。多个微量元素在近乎整个剖面上的含量均大于临高多文组玄武岩,包括V、Co、Ni、Cu、Pb、Ga、As、Zr、Cs、Hf、Th和U,而Rb、Sr和Y在近乎整个剖面上的含量小于临高多文组玄武岩。根据元素性质和在风化剖面上的含量变化,大致将微量元素分为四类来描述。
(1)碱金属和碱土金属(Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba)。Li[2.91~13.8 μg/g,平均(5.94±2.76) μg/g]、Rb[2.27~11.8 μg/g,平均(5.55±2.09) μg/g]和Cs[0.42~3.57 μg/g,平均(1.39±0.67) μg/g]在剖面中的变化趋势较为一致,在土壤中含量相对较高,进入残积层后含量明显下降,并大致保持稳定,但Li元素在残积层的Ⅳ层再次富集。Be元素[0.78~3.18 μg/g,平均(1.46±0.65) μg/g]在剖面上部和中部的含量大致稳定,与Li元素类似,在Ⅳ层明显富集。Sr含量[3.39~185 μg/g,平均(12.0±19.6) μg/g]含量在剖面上部整体较为稳定,在残积层Ⅳ层含量逐渐增加,至半风化玄武岩层达到最高值。Ba含量[104~728 μg/g,平均(247±101) μg/g]整体上较为稳定,在半风化玄武岩层最高。
(2)第一过渡族元素(Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Zn、Cu)。Zn[81.4~221 μg/g,平均(110±16.9) μg/g]和Ni[116~494 μg/g,平均(199±96.0) μg/g]的含量在剖面上部较为稳定,进入Ⅳ层后开始增加。V[178~536 μg/g,平均(364±79.0) μg/g]、Cr[241~900 μg/g,平均(490±180) μg/g]与Fe2O3的含量变化趋势高度相似,主要富集在残积层顶部。Co[20.5~309 μg/g,平均(139±63.0) μg/g]的含量变化趋势与MnO十分类似,在进入Ⅲ层后含量急剧下降并保持稳定。Sc[0.42~3.57 μg/g,平均(17.9±4.01) μg/g]在剖面的含量总体保持稳定,仅在局部来回波动。
(3)高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf)。Zr[180~345 μg/g,平均(258±33.0) μg/g]和Hf(5.72~10.2 μg/g,平均7.96±1.06 μg/g)在剖面上的变化趋势高度相似,整体上与TiO2类似。Nb[5.17~67.6 μg/g,平均(37.8±16.1) μg/g]的含量在土壤层中变化较大,呈先降低再升高趋势,在残积层上部较为稳定,从中部往下缓慢下降且来回波动。Ta[0.36~16.8 μg/g,平均(2.54±2.22) μg/g]在剖面中含量低且稳定,仅在土壤层顶部、200 cm和360 cm处有显著高值。
(4)放射性元素(Th和U)。Th[4.02~10.2 μg/g,平均(7.85±0.98) μg/g]的含量整体较为稳定,沿剖面呈轻微下降趋势,U[1.01~4.07 μg/g,平均(2.79±0.51) μg/g]除在残积层顶部(70~150 cm)轻微富集外,在其他层位的含量均较为稳定。
所有样品的化学性质指标分析结果如表3所示,沿剖面的变化特征如图5所示。剖面的pH介于4.00~7.43,平均值5.68±0.57,总体呈弱酸性,从上至下pH大体上逐渐增高,侧面反映了剖面从上至下淋溶程度逐渐减弱:土壤层平均5.76±0.15,残积层中Ⅰ层平均5.31±0.10,Ⅱ层平均5.35±0.44,Ⅲ层平均5.87±0.26,Ⅳ层平均6.68±0.25,半风化层6.89。
土壤氧化还原能力的大小可用Eh来衡量,剖面中样品的Eh范围为22~384 mV,平均(270±119) mV。从总体上来看,土壤层和残积层的上部和中部的Eh总体比较稳定,但从340 cm向下,Eh急剧降低,并一直保持低位,各层位Eh平均值分别为:土壤层(341±22) mV,残积层中Ⅰ层(337±11) mV,Ⅱ层(307±61) mV,Ⅲ层(242±141) mV,Ⅳ层(47±73) mV,半风化层282 mV。
剖面的CEC介于56.5~194 mmol/kg,平均(120±30.2) mmol/kg,波动较大,总体上从上至下呈先下降后上升的趋势:土壤层平均(157±24.8) mmol/kg,残积层中Ⅰ层平均(130±5.95) mmol/kg,Ⅱ层平均(111±29.6) mmol/kg,Ⅲ层平均(100±17.4) mmol/kg,Ⅳ层平均(118±13.6) mmol/kg,半风化层194 mmol/kg。
与临高多文组玄武岩(Al2O3为14.2%、Fe2O3为11.8%和SiO2为52.0%[16,29,31-32])和PAAS(后太古宙平均页岩,Al2O3为18.90%、Fe2O3为7.20%和SiO2为62.80%[33])相比,剖面的主量元素组成表现出明显的高Fe2O3、Al2O3,和低SiO2的特征,符合极端风化条件下的脱Si、富Fe和Al的风化作用的结果。将剖面的微量元素组成与临高多文组玄武岩和PAAS进行对比(图6),相对于PAAS,剖面的HFSE(Nb、Zr、Hf、Ti)含量明显偏高,可能与其受剖面中Ti-Fe氧化物控制有关;相对于临高多文组玄武岩,剖面显示出明显的碱金属-碱土金属(Rb、K、Sr)的亏损,与玄武岩遭受风化作用后这类元素极易流失的事实相吻合,其余微量元素的配分则大体相似,显示了对母岩的继承性。
化学蚀变指数(CIA)常用于评价化学风化的强度[19],剖面中土壤层和残积层的CIA值范围为97.9~99.6,平均99.3±0.3,半风化玄武岩样品的CIA为77.1。土壤层和残积层的CIA值明显大于半风化玄武岩样品、临高多文组玄武岩(40.7[16,29,31-32])和PAAS(70.4[33]),如图7(a)所示,剖面中普遍极高的CIA值反映了炎热、潮湿的热带、亚热带条件下的极端化学风化作用[19,34-35]。IOL(红土化指数)和 SAF(SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3)三角图可对沉积物的风化程度进行评价[9],更高的IOL对应于更强烈的化学风化,土壤层和残积层的IOL范围为51.9~84.5,平均65.5±8.8,半风化玄武岩的IOL为46.2,临高多文组玄武岩的IOL值为33.3。如图7(b)所示,半风化玄武岩和少数的土壤层与残积层样品处于高岭石化末期,绝大部分剖面样品落在弱红土化和中度红土化区间,并明显的趋向Fe2O3
岩石在风化的过程中发生元素的迁入和迁出现象,总是伴随着旧矿物的分解和新矿物的形成,进而导致母岩的质量和体积发生不同程度的改变。直接对比不同层位样品的元素含量并不能真实地反映出风化过程中各元素相对于母岩发生富集和贫化的程度,为准确地了解成矿过程中元素的富集或流失行为,需对风化作用前后元素的组成变化进行质量平衡计算。在地表风化和蚀变过程中,HFSE(Ti、Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf)的地球化学性质通常相对稳定,可作为质量平衡计算的标准元素[3,36]。除Ti常作为玄武岩风化剖面研究的稳定元素外[37],Ma等[21]认为Th是海南文昌玄武岩红土型风化剖面中最稳定的元素,而Jiang等[20]认为Nb是同一地区另一玄武岩红土型风化剖面中最稳定的元素。本次研究采用Th元素作为质量平衡计算的标准元素,主要依据有:一是与Ma等[21]相似,当假定Th为剖面中最稳定元素时,Ti、Fe、Zr、Hf、Nb和Ta表现出不同程度的丢失(图8),而假定其他元素为标准元素时,部分元素表现出富集现象,说明Th在研究剖面中最为稳定;二是研究表明,海南岛东北部土壤中的Th并未受风尘带入物质的影响[20],该剖面据本次剖面仅约100 km,而风尘影响具有区域性,因此有理由认为本次剖面中Th的含量也未受风尘带入物质的影响。综上所述,本次研究采用Th元素作为质量平衡计算的标准元素,假设其在风化作用前后的绝对含量基本保持不变,关于不同样品中各元素相对母岩的富集或流失程度T的计算公式为
$T=\frac{w(i, \text { 风化剖面 })}{w(i, \text { 母岩 })} \frac{w(\mathrm{Th}, \text { 母岩 })}{w(\mathrm{Th}, \text { 风化剖面 })}-1$
式(1)中:w为元素含量;i为某一元素。
研究剖面发育于中更新世多文组玄武岩之上,多文组玄武岩是海南岛北部分布最广泛的玄武岩,本次研究仅采用分布在研究区周边(临高县内)的多文组玄武岩元素组成的加权平均值代表临高多文组玄武岩化学成分(数据来自文献[16,29,31-32])。根据上述计算原理,以临高多文组玄武岩作为母岩进行质量计算,对剖面元素质量变异图(图9)观察发现,元素在剖面中的富集和淋失规律与水溶液条件下元素的迁移行为相符,说明以临高多文组玄武岩代表母岩合理。Nesbitt[38]将微量元素的迁移强度划分为:T为-0.7~-1的强迁移、-0.4~-0.7的中等迁移和0~-0.4的弱迁移。根据质量平衡计算结果,相对临高多文组玄武岩,剖面中的强迁移元素有SiO2、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、P2O5、Li、Be、Rb、Sr和Y,中等迁移元素有Al2O3、Sc、Cu、Zn、Ga、Zr、Nb、Ba、Lu和Ta,弱迁移元素有TiO2、Fe2O3、MnO、V、Cr、Co、Ni和Hf。此外,U在整个剖面相对临高多文组玄武岩保持富集状态。
碱金属Na、K和碱土金属Mg、Ca、Sr不仅含量明显低于新鲜玄武岩,而且沿整个剖面发生程度极高的丢失,平均T值分别为-0.99、-0.97、-0.99、-1.00和-0.98。这一现象与碱性金属元素在地表条件下的强活动性有关,表明玄武岩中的这些碱性金属元素在热带极端风化条件下近乎完全被淋滤出剖面。同时,上述5个碱性元素T值相互间的相关性均大于0.98,说明它们在风化过程中具有十分相似的地球化学行为。
虽然碱金属Li、Rb和碱土金属Be、Ba在整个剖面仍表现为淋失,但淋失程度略小于前述同类元素(平均分别为-0.80、-0.88、-0.74和-0.68),并都在残积层底部(Ⅳ层)淋失程度减弱,这一现象可能与黏土矿物的吸附作用有关,与野外观察中Ⅳ层黏土含量最高的事实相符,也可能与进入Ⅳ层后pH由弱酸性转变为弱碱性有关。这4个元素在淋失程度上具有Rb>Li>Be>Ba的顺序(平均T值分别为-0.88、-0.80、-0.74和-0.68)。
Fe、Mn、U、Co、Cr等元素被统称为氧化还原敏感性元素,它们通常以不同价态存在于自然界中。Fe在残积层顶部发生富集(70~150 cm,该层平均TFe为0.25),与残积层顶部豆状、块状褐铁矿普遍发育的现象相符。Fe在其他层位发生轻微淋失、在残积层顶部发生富集的行为指示其迁移方向并非整体向下,可能存在侧向或向上迁移,与前人的认识一致[23]。从pH-Eh条件可知,Fe在残积层顶部主要以Fe(OH)3的形式沉淀[图10(a),底图根据文献[39]修改]。Cr在还原环境下不易溶解,在氧化环境则形成可溶的含氧阴离子[4]。Cr在剖面中以不溶于水的Cr2O3形式存在[图10(b),底图根据文献[39]修改],残积层顶部Cr的富集是Cr2O3的沉淀导致。
Co与Mn沿剖面的质量变异特征高度相似,二者T值的相关系数高达0.83,在剖面中的富集多发生在残积层I层和Ⅱ层范围内,但波动较大(该层TCoTMn范围在-0.47~0.66),在土壤层和残积层Ⅲ层和Ⅳ层则表现为一定程度的淋失。Co元素通常以Co2+的形式存在于溶液中,而Co3+的溶解度非常低[4]。在玄武岩的化学风化过程中,Mn容易从原生矿物中浸出[3],一般来说,Mn2+是可溶的,当它被氧化成Mn3+或Mn4+时,则以不溶性氧化物或氢氧化物的形式析出[40-41]。根据pH-Eh图[图10(a)图10(c),底图根据文献[39]修改]可知,剖面中Mn和Co均以可溶的Mn2+和Co2+形式存在,推测Mn和Co的富集可能是由于风化过程中含有Mn2+或Co2+的氧化物或氢氧化物水解导致,而Mn和Co高度的相关性指示二者行为相似或发生类质同象。
U在整个剖面质量变异较为稳定,并表现为轻微的富集,平均TU为0.43,在残积层上部富集程度更为明显一些(70~150 cm,该层TU平均为0.93)。U在自然界中主要以+6价和+4价两种价态存在,其中,U6+的溶解度较高,容易随水迁移,U4+的溶解度较低,不容易迁移[42-43]。剖面中的U多以6价(UO2CO3$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$)的形式存在,仅在残积层Ⅳ层呈4价(UO2)沉淀[图10(d),底图根据文献[39]修改]。次生铁的氧化物/氢氧化物或黏土矿物表面对$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$具有强烈的吸附作用[40,44],剖面中U与Fe的T值相关性高达0.92,与Al呈负相关,可排除黏土矿物的吸附作用。因此,残积层Ⅳ层U的富集由UO2沉淀导致,其他层位U的富集与次生铁的氢氧化物的吸附有关。至于U在整个剖面的轻微富集现象,推测与地下水中的U的带入有关。花岗岩会造成地下水U含量偏高[45],海南岛中部发育大量花岗岩,中间高四周低的地形使得沿海地区接受中部地下水的补给[46]。同时,农业活动中磷肥施用量的增加也可能会造成地下水的U含量升高[47]
在通常的地表风化条件下,Ti、Nb、Ta、Zr和Hf大多以副矿物和新生矿物的形式保留下来,如锆石、金红石、榍石等,地球化学行为相对稳定[9]。但在本次研究剖面中观察到的现象并非如此,上述元素在剖面中均呈轻微淋失状态,说明在极端风化条件下这些一般被认为稳定的元素也会发生明显移动。Zr和Hf在剖面上的质量变化趋势高度一致,且淋失程度较为稳定,TZrTHf范围分别为-0.51~-0.22和-0.48~-0.12,平均值分别为-0.42和-0.37。Nb和Ta的变化趋势类似,平均淋失程度分别为-0.50和-0.49,但波动较大,TNbTTa范围分别为-0.93~-0.17和-0.94~2.17,且在残积层下部淋失程度明显大于其他层位。Ti在整个剖面上亦表现为淋失,淋失程度为-0.52~-0.19,平均-0.37。上述稳定元素在剖面上的淋失可能是由分布不均的副矿物(寄主矿物)风化释放导致。
由于地球化学行为稳定且相似,在风化过程中HFSE之间的比值一般不会发生明显变化[48-49]。在本次剖面中,Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta、Th/Ti和102TiO2/Zr的比值保持相对稳定,平均值分别为32.5±1.26、17.0±3.98、2.13±0.29和1.45±0.13,与临高多文组玄武岩接近(平均值分别为35.6、14.9、1.32和1.32)。中国北方黄土高原的黄土物质具有较高的Zr/Hf(38.66)和Th/Ti(14.48)较低的Nb/Ta(12.40)和102TiO2/Zr(0.46)[50],然而剖面中绝大部分样品的Zr/Hf、Nb/Ta和102TiO2/Zr比值呈较为稳定的线性关系(图11),所以判断风尘物质输入对剖面中HFSE的影响是微不足道的。
过渡金属中Sc、Cu和Zn在剖面中淋失程度较高,淋失程度Sc ≈Zn >Cu,平均T值分别为-0.66、-0.66和-0.49。V在残积层顶部富集(70~140 cm,该层TV平均值为0.16),在其他层位轻度淋失,其行为与Fe高度相似(T值相关性0.93),应与V和Fe的类质同象有关。Ni在剖面上部和中部表现为轻微且稳定的淋失,但在残积层Ⅳ层表现出微弱富集,平均富集程度0.32。基性岩中橄榄石和辉石具有相对较高的Ni含量,由于在基性岩风化过程中橄榄石和辉石最先风化,导致Ni在风化过程的初始阶段便开始释放,随后向下迁移,以次生镍矿物和次生含镍矿物沉淀下来,富集在剖面底部[51-52]。值得注意的是,以上过渡族元素在进入Ⅳ层后均有淋失程度明显减弱甚至富集的现象,可能与进入Ⅳ层后pH由弱酸性转变为弱碱性有关。
剖面中的Al元素总体保持淋失状态,TAl为-0.67~0.05,平均-0.50,从上至下淋失程度逐渐减弱,表明Al在风化作用初期的迁移较弱,更强烈的流失发生在风化作用后期。一般风化条件下,Al是高惰性元素,铝硅酸盐很难分解,但在热带环境下,有机络合离子可明显提高Al的活性,从而加速矿物分解和Al的淋失[1,3,21]。在红土型风化壳的极端化学风化作用下,Si大量流失,淋失程度大于Al,在-0.92~-0.44,平均-0.82。
海南岛东北部和西北部玄武岩红土型风化剖面的矿物成分、结构构造和化学组成类同,但岛东北发育铁铝制红土,岛西北发育铁质红土[18]。前人多从矿物组成、成矿环境等方面对两地风化产物进行对比,缺少对两地风化产物差异的系统研究。本次研究以质量平衡计算为基础,将岛西北临高县玄武岩红土型风化剖面与Jiang等[20]在岛东北文昌市玄武岩红土型风化剖面的研究成果对比发现,Si在两侧剖面的地球化学行为较为一致,在整个剖面均呈现较高的淋失状态(文昌TSi约-0.6,临高TSi=-0.82);Al在文昌剖面整体上表现为富集,最大富集程度接近0.4,而在临高剖面整体表现为较高程度的淋失;在文昌剖面中TFe在-0.2~0.2来回波动,而在临高剖面残积层顶部集中富集(平均TFe为0.25),其余层位轻微淋失。研究表明,Fe在两侧剖面的淋失-富集程度相似,但Al的行为差异显著,临高剖面形成铁质红土应是Al的明显淋失和Fe在残积层顶部的富集所致,而文昌剖面的铁铝质红土是Fe和Al同时富集的产物,至于临高剖面中Al明显淋失的原因有待进一步研究。岛东北的铁铝质红土矿产资源以中国著名的三水型铝土矿-文昌市蓬莱铝土矿为代表,为风化残积型大型铝土矿,岛西北的铁质红土矿产资源以研究区所属的“临高-澄迈褐铁矿”为代表,属风化淋滤型大型褐铁矿,二者矿体均赋存于新生代玄武岩风化壳中[28],是海南省重要矿产资源,以上认识有助于理解二者成矿机制的差异,为今后矿产资源开发利用提供科学依据。
玄武岩红土型风化剖面非常适合研究极端风化作用下元素的地球化学行为,通过对海南岛西北部玄武岩红土型风化剖面的高精度地球化学研究,揭示了剖面中元素的迁移和再分配规律。得出如下结论。
(1)剖面具有较高的Fe2O3(17.0%~41.6%,平均28.8%±6.68%)和Al2O3(15.3%~28.4%,平均20.3%±3.31%),较低的SiO2(10.6%~43.6%,平均26.7%±7.76%)组成,土壤层和残积层的CIA值极高(平均99.3),反映了该玄武岩风化剖面经历了热带条件下脱Si、富Fe和Al的极端化学风化作用。
(2)剖面中元素含量明显的升高或降低与剖面分界线的划分相吻合。主量元素中Fe2O3、Al2O3、TiO2和MnO的含量高于临高多文组玄武岩,SiO2和碱金属-碱土金属的含量显著低于临高多文组玄武岩,P2O5在剖面中的含量则波动较大。除碱金属-碱土金属外,绝大多数微量元素(V、Co、Ni、Cu、Pb、Ga、As、Zr、Cs、Hf、Th和U)在近乎整个剖面上的含量均大于临高多文组玄武岩。
(3)以Th作为标准元素进行质量平衡计算发现,剖面中的强迁移元素有SiO2、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、P2O5、Li、Be、Rb、Sr和Y,中等迁移元素有Al2O3、Sc、Cu、Zn、Ga、Zr、Nb、Ba、Lu和Ta,弱迁移元素有TiO2、Fe2O3、MnO、V、Cr、Co、Ni和Hf,U在整个剖面相对母岩保持富集状态。
(4)碱金属-碱土金属大多沿整个剖面发生了程度较高的丢失,过渡族金属元素中Sc、Cu和Zn在剖面中淋失程度较高,V和Ni分别在残积层Ⅳ层富集,HFSE在剖面中呈不同程度的淋失状态。
(5)氧化还原敏感性元素的地球化学行为较为复杂:Fe主要以Fe(OH)3的形式在残积层顶部发生沉淀和富集;Cr在剖面中以不溶于水的Cr2O3形式存在,并在残积层顶部富集;Mn和Co均以可溶的Mn2+和Co2+形式存在,二者的富集是由于风化过程中含有Mn2+和Co2+的氧化物被溶解导致的;U在残积层Ⅳ层以UO2的形式沉淀并富集,其他层位的U以可溶的UO2CO3$\mathrm{UO}_{2}^{2+}$形式存在,富集行为与剖面中次生铁的氢氧化物的吸附作用有关,整个剖面U的轻微富集现象可能是地下水中U的带入导致。
(6)研究区所属的“临澄褐铁矿区”和琼东北的“蓬莱三水型铝土矿区”是海南省重要矿产资源,在质量平衡计算的基础上对比前人研究成果,临高剖面形成铁质红土应是Al的明显淋失和Fe在残积层顶部的富集所致,而文昌剖面的铁铝质红土是Fe和Al同时富集的产物。这一认识有助于理解海南岛东北部和西北部玄武岩红土型风化产物成矿机制差异,为今后矿产资源开发利用提供科学依据。
  • 海南省自然科学基金(421RC754)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403344
  • 接收时间:2024-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07
  • 修回日期:2025-01-26
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海南省自然科学基金(421RC754)
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    1 海南省海洋地质资源与环境重点实验室, 海口 570206
    2 海南省海洋地质调查院, 海口 570206
    3 海南省地质调查院, 海口 570206
    4 三亚水文地质工程地质勘察院, 三亚 572022
    5 海南省地质局, 海口 570206

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* 文玲(1984—),女,汉族,海南海口人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地球化学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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