Article(id=1149774726068925043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500642, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737907200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-27, revisedDate=1741104000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256475, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256475, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256475, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4920, endPage=4925, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774726282834549, articleId=1149774726068925043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Impact of Phase-specific Nursing Interventions Based on Social Cognitive Theory on Cognitive Function, Self-management and Self-efficacy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Hemorrhage, columnId=1156262732384031076, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traumatic brain hemorrhage(TBH) often results in persistent cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions, with traditional rehabilitation models failing to adequately address self-efficacy and environmental interactions. Stage-based nursing interventions grounded in social cognitive theory(SCT) synergize cognitive restructuring, behavioral reinforcement, and environmental support. However, their application in TBH remains understudied. Aiming to examine the impact of SCT-based stage nursing interventions on cognitive function, self-management, self-efficacy, and daily living ability in TBH patients, a total of 105 TBH patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group(n=53) and a control group(n=52) by using a random number method. The control group received conventional rehabilitation therapy, while the intervention group received stage-based nursing interventions based on SCT in addition to conventional therapy. Changes in cognitive function, self-management ability, self-efficacy, and activities of daily living were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. Cognitive function was assessed by using the Montreal cognitive assessment-basic(MoCA-Basic), self-management ability was evaluated by using the appraisal of self-care agency scale-revised(ASAS-R-C), self-efficacy was measured by using the general self-efficacy scale(GSES), and activities of daily living were assessed by using the Barthel index. The results reveal that after the SCT-based stage nursing intervention, the intervention group show significantly higher scores on MoCA-Basic, ASAS-R-C, GSES, and the Barthel index compared to the control group(P<0.05), with substantial improvements observed across all indicators. Stage-based nursing interventions grounded in SCT can significantly enhance cognitive function, self-management, self-efficacy, and activities of daily living in TBH patients, demonstrating considerable clinical value.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-feng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhen WANG, Xiao-feng WANG, Long-fei YOU, Chun-qin ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774729403396759, articleId=1149774726068925043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于社会认知理论的阶段性护理干预对创伤性脑出血患者认知功能、自我管理及自我效能的影响, columnId=1156262732526637414, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·医药、卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

创伤性脑出血(traumatic brain hemorrhage, TBH)患者常遗留认知与行为功能障碍,传统康复模式对自我效能及环境交互的干预不足。基于社会认知理论(social cognitive theory, SCT)的阶段性护理可整合认知重塑、行为强化与环境支持,但其在TBH中的应用效果尚未明确。为研究基于SCT的阶段性护理干预对TBH患者认知功能、自我管理、自我效能及生活能力的影响,将105例创伤性脑出血患者按随机数字法分为干预组53例和对照组52例。对照组接受常规康复治疗,干预组在此基础上实施基于SCT阶段性护理干预。比较两组患者在干预前后认知功能、自我管理能力、自我效能及日常生活能力的变化。使用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment-basic, MoCA-Basic)评估认知功能,自我管理行为量表(appraisal of self-care agency scale-revised, ASAS-R-C)评估自我管理能力,自我效能量表(general self-efficacy scale, GSES)、Barthel指数评分评估自我效能和日常生活能力。结果表明:通过基于SCT阶段性护理干预后,干预组患者在MoCA-Basic、ASAS-R-C、GSES、Barthel指数的评分上均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各项指标均显示出显著改善。基于社会认知理论的阶段性护理干预能显著改善创伤性脑出血患者的认知功能、自我管理、自我效能及日常生活能力,具有较高的临床应用价值。

, correspAuthors=汪小凤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 汪小凤(1989—),女,汉族,安徽合肥人,主管护师。研究方向:神经重症护理。E-mail:
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汪珍(1986—),女,汉族,安徽合肥人,主管护师。研究方向:神经外科护理。E-mail:

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Comparison of general information between the two groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征 干预组
(n=53)
对照组
(n=52)
t/χ2 P
年龄 57.8±12.3 58.5±11.7 0.307 0.759
性别(男/女) 41/12 38/14 0.082 0.775
格拉斯哥昏迷评分 13.6±1.1 13.4±1.2 0.895 0.373
受伤天数/d 5.1±2.0 5.5±2.3 -0.721 0.473
出血量/mL 21.5±3.8 22.1±4.2 -0.752 0.454
基线MoCA-Basic 19.1±2.8 18.8±2.6 0.378 0.707
基线Barthel指数 65.3±8.2 64.8±8.0 0.312 0.756
), ArticleFig(id=1180089224993845701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726068925043, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两组患者一般资料比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征 干预组
(n=53)
对照组
(n=52)
t/χ2 P
年龄 57.8±12.3 58.5±11.7 0.307 0.759
性别(男/女) 41/12 38/14 0.082 0.775
格拉斯哥昏迷评分 13.6±1.1 13.4±1.2 0.895 0.373
受伤天数/d 5.1±2.0 5.5±2.3 -0.721 0.473
出血量/mL 21.5±3.8 22.1±4.2 -0.752 0.454
基线MoCA-Basic 19.1±2.8 18.8±2.6 0.378 0.707
基线Barthel指数 65.3±8.2 64.8±8.0 0.312 0.756
), ArticleFig(id=1180089225060954566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726068925043, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of GSES scores between the two groups before and after intervention($\bar{x}±s$)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 例数 干预前 干预后1个月 t P
干预组 53 65.3±8.2 85.2±6.3 -19.437 <0.001
对照组 52 64.8±8.0 72.4±6.5 -8.632 <0.001
t 0.295 9.854
P 0.768 <0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1180089225128063431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726068925043, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组患者GSES干预前后的得分比较($\bar{x}±s$)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 例数 干预前 干预后1个月 t P
干预组 53 65.3±8.2 85.2±6.3 -19.437 <0.001
对照组 52 64.8±8.0 72.4±6.5 -8.632 <0.001
t 0.295 9.854
P 0.768 <0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1180089225190977992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726068925043, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of Barthel index scores between the two groups before and after intervention($\bar{x}±s$)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 例数 干预前 干预后1个月 t P
干预组 53 22.5±3.1 32.6±2.5 -18.724 <0.001
对照组 52 22.3±3.0 24.8±2.6 -4.216 <0.001
t 0.327 14.533
P 0.744 <0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1180089225262281161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774726068925043, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两组患者Barthel指数干预前后的得分比较($\bar{x}±s$)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 例数 干预前 干预后1个月 t P
干预组 53 22.5±3.1 32.6±2.5 -18.724 <0.001
对照组 52 22.3±3.0 24.8±2.6 -4.216 <0.001
t 0.327 14.533
P 0.744 <0.001
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基于社会认知理论的阶段性护理干预对创伤性脑出血患者认知功能、自我管理及自我效能的影响
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汪珍 , 汪小凤 * , 游龙飞 , 张春芹
科学技术与工程 | 论文·医药、卫生 2025,25(12): 4920-4925
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·医药、卫生 2025, 25(12): 4920-4925
基于社会认知理论的阶段性护理干预对创伤性脑出血患者认知功能、自我管理及自我效能的影响
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汪珍 , 汪小凤* , 游龙飞, 张春芹
作者信息
  • 安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院神经外科, 合肥 238000
  • 汪珍(1986—),女,汉族,安徽合肥人,主管护师。研究方向:神经外科护理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 汪小凤(1989—),女,汉族,安徽合肥人,主管护师。研究方向:神经重症护理。E-mail:
Impact of Phase-specific Nursing Interventions Based on Social Cognitive Theory on Cognitive Function, Self-management and Self-efficacy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Hemorrhage
Zhen WANG , Xiao-feng WANG* , Long-fei YOU, Chun-qin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Department of Neurosurgery, The Chaohu Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 238000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500642
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创伤性脑出血(traumatic brain hemorrhage, TBH)患者常遗留认知与行为功能障碍,传统康复模式对自我效能及环境交互的干预不足。基于社会认知理论(social cognitive theory, SCT)的阶段性护理可整合认知重塑、行为强化与环境支持,但其在TBH中的应用效果尚未明确。为研究基于SCT的阶段性护理干预对TBH患者认知功能、自我管理、自我效能及生活能力的影响,将105例创伤性脑出血患者按随机数字法分为干预组53例和对照组52例。对照组接受常规康复治疗,干预组在此基础上实施基于SCT阶段性护理干预。比较两组患者在干预前后认知功能、自我管理能力、自我效能及日常生活能力的变化。使用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment-basic, MoCA-Basic)评估认知功能,自我管理行为量表(appraisal of self-care agency scale-revised, ASAS-R-C)评估自我管理能力,自我效能量表(general self-efficacy scale, GSES)、Barthel指数评分评估自我效能和日常生活能力。结果表明:通过基于SCT阶段性护理干预后,干预组患者在MoCA-Basic、ASAS-R-C、GSES、Barthel指数的评分上均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各项指标均显示出显著改善。基于社会认知理论的阶段性护理干预能显著改善创伤性脑出血患者的认知功能、自我管理、自我效能及日常生活能力,具有较高的临床应用价值。

创伤性脑出血  /  社会认知理论  /  认知功能  /  自我管理  /  自我效能

Traumatic brain hemorrhage(TBH) often results in persistent cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions, with traditional rehabilitation models failing to adequately address self-efficacy and environmental interactions. Stage-based nursing interventions grounded in social cognitive theory(SCT) synergize cognitive restructuring, behavioral reinforcement, and environmental support. However, their application in TBH remains understudied. Aiming to examine the impact of SCT-based stage nursing interventions on cognitive function, self-management, self-efficacy, and daily living ability in TBH patients, a total of 105 TBH patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group(n=53) and a control group(n=52) by using a random number method. The control group received conventional rehabilitation therapy, while the intervention group received stage-based nursing interventions based on SCT in addition to conventional therapy. Changes in cognitive function, self-management ability, self-efficacy, and activities of daily living were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. Cognitive function was assessed by using the Montreal cognitive assessment-basic(MoCA-Basic), self-management ability was evaluated by using the appraisal of self-care agency scale-revised(ASAS-R-C), self-efficacy was measured by using the general self-efficacy scale(GSES), and activities of daily living were assessed by using the Barthel index. The results reveal that after the SCT-based stage nursing intervention, the intervention group show significantly higher scores on MoCA-Basic, ASAS-R-C, GSES, and the Barthel index compared to the control group(P<0.05), with substantial improvements observed across all indicators. Stage-based nursing interventions grounded in SCT can significantly enhance cognitive function, self-management, self-efficacy, and activities of daily living in TBH patients, demonstrating considerable clinical value.

traumatic brain hemorrhage  /  social cognitive theory  /  cognitive function  /  self-management  /  self-efficacy
汪珍, 汪小凤, 游龙飞, 张春芹. 基于社会认知理论的阶段性护理干预对创伤性脑出血患者认知功能、自我管理及自我效能的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4920 -4925 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500642
Zhen WANG, Xiao-feng WANG, Long-fei YOU, Chun-qin ZHANG. Impact of Phase-specific Nursing Interventions Based on Social Cognitive Theory on Cognitive Function, Self-management and Self-efficacy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Hemorrhage[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4920 -4925 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500642
创伤性脑出血(traumatic brain hemorrhage, TBH)是一种严重的脑损伤类型,主要由头部受到外力撞击引起[1]。由于血肿占位效应及继发性脑损伤,患者常遗留认知功能障碍(如执行功能下降、工作记忆受损)、自我管理能力不足等后遗症,约60%的存活者面临长期功能障碍[2-3]。传统康复方法主要集中在身体功能的恢复,对心理康复和社会功能恢复的关注仍显不足,导致患者在康复过程中面临心理压力大、社会适应困难等问题[4-5]。社会认知理论(social cognitive theory, SCT)由班杜拉(Bandura)提出,强调个体行为是个人、环境及行为三者相互作用的结果,该理论核心构念自我效能感与自我调节机制。在健康领域中指出,对健康知识(包括风险和益处)的认知是行为改变的前提,影响个人健康行为的核心要素是自我效能感。研究表明,认知行为方面的改变能够有效的增强自我效能感[6-7]。在慢性病管理中,SCT的应用可以显著改善患者的治疗依从性和生活质量。同时,在心理康复方面,基于SCT的干预方法有效改善了患者的负性心理[8-9]。然而,现有研究多聚焦于非创伤性脑损伤群体,针对TBH患者认知-行为联动的干预方案仍存在局限。现将SCT核心要素(观察学习、自我效能强化、环境支持)分阶段嵌入护理流程,通过验证该模式对患者认知功能、自我管理行为及自我效能的影响,以期为促进创伤性脑出血病人的疾病康复提供一种积极有效的护理干预方案。
选择2023年1月—2024年11月期间在安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院接受治疗的创伤性脑出血患者作为研究对象。
(1)纳入标准。符合《中国各类主要脑血管病诊断要点2019》[10]创伤性脑出血诊断标准并经影像学检查确诊;年龄在18~75岁;急性期治疗后病情稳定;患者意识清醒或轻度嗜睡,无明显的语言或沟通障碍,研究相关的评估与干预措施,患者能够理解并配合;了解本研究内容并签署同意书。
(2)排除标准。合并其他严重疾病如严重心脏病、肾功能衰竭、恶性肿瘤等;存在严重精神障碍或认知障碍;有复发性脑出血病史;有药物滥用史或依赖性药物治疗;合并严重视听障碍影响参与研究评估;在过去6个月内接受过其他干预性心理或康复治疗,可能影响研究结果以及未完成随访评估。按随机数字法分为干预组53例和对照组52例,两组患者在一般资料各个维度上比较差异无统计学意义,且不具有统计学意义,具备可比性(P>0.05)。本文研究已获得安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院伦理委员会批准(伦理编号:KYXM-202410-043)。
对照组患者接受常规康复治疗:根据患者的病情,动态监测生命体征及提供必要的药物治疗,以支持神经功能的改善和恢复。同时,实施以被动和主动关节活动、肌力训练为主的物理治疗,通过生活技能训练帮助患者逐步恢复自理能力,进而提升生活质量。此外,为患者提供基础的心理护理和帮助,缓解焦虑和抑郁情绪,帮助其提升康复信心,还需进行必要的营养支持和创伤护理等日常护理,确保患者获得全面的照顾。干预组患者在常规康复治疗的基础上,接受基于社会认知理论的阶段性护理干预。包括以下内容。
(1)首先通过多维度神经功能与认知基线评估构建个体化康复档案。患者入院24 h内完成格拉斯哥昏迷评分法(Glasgow coma scale, GCS)评分及颅脑CT检查,定量分析血肿体积和解剖定位,并联合MoCA-Basic、ASAS-R-C、GSES和Barthel指数评估认知功能模式、行为状态及心理特征。基于评估结果,针对注意力障碍患者(MoCA注意力子项≤3分)设计虚拟现实注意力训练系统,每日进行20 min动态难度调节训练,同时,依据SCT的“目标导向行为”原则,建立阶梯式目标管理模型,每3 d设定可量化短期目标(如“辅助下完成床边坐起5次/d,误差≤1次”),并通过可视化群组追踪进展,促进自我效能感的阶梯式提升。
(2)教育示范与行为建模部分,采用结构化视频示范系统。根据出血部位分类定制康复训练内容(如额叶损伤患者匹配执行功能训练视频),每日定时播放后由护理人员引导患者复述关键步骤,并通过即时问答评估知识掌握度(正确率≥80%为达标)。为强化家庭支持,发放标准化《脑出血康复路径手册》,内含分阶段任务清单、并发症预警流程图及危机应对预案,并对家属进行模块化技能培训,采用“理论讲授-现场演示-实操考核”三阶段模式,重点指导安全转移技术(如轴线翻身角度控制)和认知训练辅助方法(如记忆卡片使用规范),实操考核合格标准为评分≥85分。
(3)社会支持强化机制通过替代性经验驱动的小组干预实现。每周邀请康复成功患者进行主题分享(如药物依从性管理),结合预设议题开展焦点小组讨论,同时,制定包含20条标准化话术的家属沟通协议(如“今日坐起训练达标率100%,较昨日提升12%”),要求家属每日执行3次积极反馈,并通过录音抽查监测执行依从性(目标≥90%),进一步验证正向强化对行为依从性的巩固效应。
(1)远程督导与行为维持通过数字化监测系统实现。家属上传居家训练视频(分辨率≥720 p)及可穿戴设备数据(步数、心率变异性),护理团队进行视频分析,并于48 h内生成个性化调整建议(如步态矫正方案)。虚拟康复社区生态每日推送循证知识模块(基于《中国脑出血康复管理专家共识》),并设立“里程碑日志”板块,要求患者记录成就事件(如独立如厕耗时≤3 min),系统自动生成进步曲线并触发社群激励勋章。
(2)家庭协作与自我调节强化部分,采用动态角色分配算法优化责任分工。根据患者功能状态变化自动调整家庭任务表,并每两周召开视频会议(议程:目标回顾→障碍归因→计划迭代)。
(3)危机应对能力训练通过虚拟仿真系统模拟6类功能障碍场景(如突发头晕),要求患者在90 s内完成标准化应急流程(如安全坐位调整→生命体征自测→紧急呼叫),系统基于响应时间(≤45 s)和准确性(≥95%)评分,实时调节训练难度以匹配认知负荷阈值。
比较两组病人认知功能、自我管理能力、自我效能及日常生活能力。蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA-Basic)[11]内容包括视空间与执行功能、命名、记忆、注意、语言、抽象思维、延迟记忆7个认知领域的测试,总分为30分,得分越高,表明认知功能越健全。中文版Cronbach’s α系数为0.818,与完整版MoCA相关性达0.92(P<0.001)。自我管理行为量表(appraisal of self-care agency scale-revised, ASAS-R-C)基于Orem自理理论开发,中文版由国内研究团队修订[12],共15个条目,有3个维度:一般性自理能力、发展性自理能力和健康欠佳时自理能力,评分从1分(即“从不”)到5分(“总是”),每个维度5~15分,相加即为总分15~75分。得分越高,表明自理能力越强。自我效能量表(general self-efficacy scale, GSES)[13]共10项内容,总分为10~40分,范围从1分(即“完全不确定我能做到这一点”)到4分(即“完全确定我能做到这一点”),分值越高表明自我效能感越好。Barthel指数[14]评估患者基础日常生活活动能力,评分标准总分共0~100分,≥60分表示基本自理,≤40分需完全依赖。分数越高表示独立性越强。
采用统计学软件SPSS 25.0分析数据。计数资料用率(单位:%)比较,用χ2检验比较对连续变量进行Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验,符合正态分布的连续变量表示为平均值±标准差($\bar{x}±s$),进行独立样本T检验分析干预组和对照组两组组间的得分。配对设计计量资料比较,差值不符合正态分布采用非参数Willcoxon秩和检验,否则采用配对样本T检验以评估两组组内的各量表得分的差异分析,必要时采用Bonferroni校正。P<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
干预组:男41例,女12例;年龄(57.8±12.3)岁;出血量(21.5±3.8) mL;对照组:男38例,女14例;年龄(58.5±11.7)岁;出血量(22.1±4.2) mL。两组患者在年龄、性别、GCS分、出血量、基线MoCA-Basic、基线Barthel指数等一般资料比较,差异不显著,且均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),如表1所示。
干预组患者的MoCA-Basic 评分在总得分及所有子维度均显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),如图1所示。
干预组的ASAS-R-C在一般性自理能力、发展性自理能力、健康欠佳时自理能力各维度评分相较于对照组得分显著提高(P<0.001),如图2所示。
两组患者的GSES得分干预后均显著高于干预前(P<0.001)。在干预后1个月时,干预组的GSES得分相较于对照组得分提高(P<0.001),如表2所示。
两组患者的Barthel指数干预后均显著高于干预前(P<0.001)。在干预后1个月时,干预组的Barthel指数相较于对照组得分提高(P<0.001),如表3所示。
TBH患者的认知功能障碍(如记忆力下降、注意力缺陷、执行功能障碍)会严重影响患者的日常生活和社会功能恢复[14]。研究结果显示,干预组患者在MoCA-Basic评分总得分及子维度和GSES评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明基于SCT的阶段性护理干预有效改善患者的认知功能,增强了自我效能,验证了该干预模式的有效性。临床实践角度分析其作用如下。
(1)个体化评估与动态调整,在早期阶段,通过通过神经功能(GCS、NIHSS)和认知功能(MoCA-Basic)多维评估,结合影像学特征(如出血部位、血肿体积),制定了个体化康复计划,有针对性地进行认知功能训练。这种干预措施的个性化定制可以与患者具体需求实现更高的适配度,以促进康复效果进一步提升。例如,针对注意力障碍严重的患者,重点安排注意力训练和记忆力训练,通过反复练习和逐步增加难度来提高认知功能。这种“精准化”干预模式与Kazim的系统评价结论一致,即针对特定认知领域的训练可显著改善脑出血后认知障碍[15]
(2)社会支持与互动。本文研究中的干预措施包括家庭参与、榜样示范和及虚拟社区互动,通过这些措施,患者不仅能够获得家属的支持和鼓励,还能够与康复成功的患者交流经验,增强康复信心。每周的榜样示范活动(如康复成功患者分享服药管理技巧)激发了患者的自我效能感,这与2017年的一项研究结果一致:家庭协作和社群支持可显著提升患者的康复依从性[16]。虚拟康复社区中的主题挑战赛(如连续打卡记忆训练)通过正向强化机制,进一步巩固了行为改变[17]
(3)心理干预与自我效能提升,通过教育培训和心理干预措,改善患者的心理状态,增强其自我效能感。这些教育培训和心理干预措施能够有效提高患者的认知功能,尤其是在注意力和执行功能方面,心理状态的改善与执行功能提升呈正相关[18]
自我效能感的中介效应:本文研究中,干预组患者的ASAS-R-C总分及子维度(一般性、发展性、健康欠佳时自理能力)和Barthel指数均显著高于对照组,表明基于SCT的干预模式在康复生活中具有多维度的改善效应。分析原因如下。
(1)目标分层与自我调节。通过逐步设定可实现的小目标,并通过定期反馈和正向强化,患者能够看到自身的进步,增强信心和动力,这种“小步渐进”策略符合SCT中“目标导向行为”理论,使患者能主动参与康复过程,感受到掌控感和成就感。SCT强调持续的行为观察与反馈,观察记录患者的训练情况,定期反馈和调整康复计划,确保训练的有效性和针对性。
(2)榜样示范与家庭赋能。社会认知理论中的一个重要概念是通过观察他人来学习。通过榜样示范,患者可以看到康复成功者的经验和成就,增强对康复的信心和期望值。榜样示范和小组讨论让患者不仅可以学习有效的康复方法,还能从中获得情感支持和动力,这在心理上和实践上都促进了日常生活能力的恢复。同时家庭成员的参与和支持,通过定期的家庭康复教育课程,能够在实际操作上帮助患者进行康复训练,这种支持不仅减轻了患者的孤独感和无助感,也提高了他们的康复动力和效果。
(3)“情境化训练”增强了患者对危机的应对能力,与超早期护理干预中“功能预适应”理念相符[18]。此外,在家庭随访的过程中,5G网络下提供的远程督导有利于家庭训练的标准性,减少了因错误动作导致的二次损伤风险[19]
基于社会认知理论为指导的阶段性护理干预可有效提升创伤性脑出血患者在认知功能、自我管理行为、自我效能及生活独立性等多维度的康复水平。通过个体化康复计划、社会支持、教育培训、心理干预和持续反馈等多方面措施,患者的行为适应能力与功能恢复进程得到显著优化。社会认知理论(SCT)的核心理念首次被系统的分阶段整合到创伤性脑出血(TBH)患者的护理干预中,填补了该理论在创伤性脑损伤群体中应用的空白。分阶段动态干预设计,构建了基于患者恢复路径的阶段性护理框架,通过“小步渐进”的目标设定和动态调整计划,提升干预的针对性与适应性,而家庭-社区协同支持模式深度融合,形成了家庭-康复社区双轨支持机制。需要指出的是,本文研究在设计与实施中存在若干局限:一是受试者均来自同一医疗中心且样本量有限,可能影响结果的普适性;二是随访周期较短,未能全面评估长期效果。后续研究需在扩大样本量、延长随访期,着重分析干预方案对出血部位、损伤程度不同的亚组患者的差异化效应,以建立更具精准性与适应性的康复护理体系。
  • 安徽省高等学校科学研究项目(2023AH050586)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500642
  • 接收时间:2025-01-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-27
  • 修回日期:2025-03-05
基金
安徽省高等学校科学研究项目(2023AH050586)
作者信息
    安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院神经外科, 合肥 238000

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* 汪小凤(1989—),女,汉族,安徽合肥人,主管护师。研究方向:神经重症护理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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