Article(id=1149774725708214893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=1737388800000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057256389, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057256389, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057256389, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057256389, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149774724923880044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='12', pageStart='4827', pageEnd='5272', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057256203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456746933, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559174552764786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149774724923880044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=4827, endPage=4839, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149774725888569968, articleId=1149774725708214893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Lithologic Logging Evaluation of Uranium Ore Layers Based on Machine Learning, columnId=1172852380145168655, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, artificial intelligence has demonstrated strong pattern recognition and classification capabilities across various fields, providing new insights for lithology identification. Starting from three methods: support vector machines, neural networks, and ensemble learning, the basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of these machine learning algorithms were reviewed, as well as their research progress and application in the field of uranium ore bed lithology identification. The results show that machine learning can effectively identify the correlation between logging data and different lithologies through model training, transforming the process of lithology identification into a machine learning process. This can greatly improve the automation level and accuracy of lithology identification, holding significant practical importance and a broad development prospect.

, correspAuthors=Chang-wei JIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kun XIAO, Chang-wei JIAO, Ya-xin YANG, Xiao HUANG, Dian-xue WANG, Zhong-yi DUAN, Yi-chen XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149774729227235989, articleId=1149774725708214893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于机器学习的铀矿层岩性测井评价研究进展, columnId=1172852380312940816, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,人工智能在各个领域展现出了强大的模式识别和分类能力,为岩性识别提供了新的思路。从支持向量机、神经网络、集成学习这3种方法出发,综述这些机器学习算法的基本原理、优缺点及其在铀矿层岩性识别领域的研究进展和应用情况。结果表明:机器学习通过训练模型可以有效识别出测井数据与不同岩性之间的关联,将岩性识别过程转化为机器学习的过程,可以极大地提高岩性识别自动化程度和识别准确率,具有重要的现实意义和广阔的发展前景。

, correspAuthors=焦常伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 焦常伟(1998—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:铀矿资源测井评价。E-mail:
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肖昆(1987—),男,汉族,江西抚州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地球物理测井理论与方法。E-mail:

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肖昆(1987—),男,汉族,江西抚州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地球物理测井理论与方法。E-mail:

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肖昆(1987—),男,汉族,江西抚州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地球物理测井理论与方法。E-mail:

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Research on automatic identification of lithology in sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Songliao Basin based on ensemble learning[J]. Atomic Energy Science and Technology, 2023, 57(12): 2443-2454., articleTitle=Research on automatic identification of lithology in sandstone-type uranium deposits in the Songliao Basin based on ensemble learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179786734675047273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=245, issue=null, pageStart=107147, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[82], rfOrder=127, authorNames=Ibrahim B, Ahenkorah I, Ewusi A, journalName=Journalof Geochemical Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ibrahim B, Ahenkorah I, Ewusi A, et al. A novel XRF-based lithological classification in the Tarkwaian paleo placer formation using SMOTE-XGBoost[J]. Journalof Geochemical Exploration, 2023, 245: 107147., articleTitle=A novel XRF-based lithological classification in the Tarkwaian paleo placer formation using SMOTE-XGBoost, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179786734733767530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=85, issue=4, pageStart=147, pageEnd=158, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[83], rfOrder=128, authorNames=Zhou K B, Zhang J, Ren Y, journalName=Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou K B, Zhang J, Ren Y, et al. A gradient boosting decision tree algorithm combining synthetic minority oversampling technique for lithology identification[J]. Geophysics, 2020, 85(4): 147-158., articleTitle=A gradient boosting decision tree algorithm combining synthetic minority oversampling technique for lithology identification, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1179786734788293483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=18, issue=null, pageStart=53, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=129, authorNames=Shi S, journalName=Journal of Biotech Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi S. Lithology identification of uranium drilling based on SMOTE algorithm logic-CNN[J]. 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CS为粗粒砂岩;MS为中粒砂岩;FS为细粒砂岩;CG为钙质砂岩;MD为泥岩

, figureFileSmall=Krd4mjL1vQpti4bHuh3YOQ==, figureFileBig=A/TQEojNN2qOy3/Gx3re+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786723971183323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Discriminant results of support vector machines[46], figureFileSmall=+F0hnEMAQ6tjFqNYDgbjuQ==, figureFileBig=Lx3yeXc9TSkOq3wrVzr+LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786724055069404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, language=CN, label=图2, caption=支持向量机的判别结果[46]

GR为自然伽马测井曲线;DEN为密度测井曲线;CAL为井径测井曲线;RT为电阻率测井曲线;AC为声波时差测井曲线;IP为极化率测井曲线;Mas为磁化率测井曲线,其单位中的CGS是厘米-克-秒(centimeter-gram-second)单位制的缩写,Mas测井曲线反映的是岩石的磁化率,在CGS单位制中,磁化率是一个无量纲的量,它表示物质被磁化的难易程度

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SCXDY为三侧向电压测井曲线,mV;SSSC为双采集时差测井曲线,μs/m;DMZKMD为密度测井曲线,g/cm3;ZRDW为自然电位测井曲线,mV;DZL为钻井液电阻率测井曲线,Ω·m;DYJ为短源距放射性测井曲线,API;DMZKGG为井径测井曲线,mm;

1为泥岩;2为粉砂岩;3为细砂岩;4为中砂岩;5为粗砂岩

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GBDT+NoBalancing为梯度提升决策树+不进行样本平衡;GBDT+SMOTE为梯度提升决策树+少数类过采样法

, figureFileSmall=CDn89GeZZJwVG94rB6jTfw==, figureFileBig=Pw0GfOYmfnEiO/xP039frg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1179786724357059297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Tanlangole uranium lithology identification confusion matrix[25]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测 真实 总计
砾岩 粗砂岩 中砂岩 细砂岩 泥岩
砾岩 26 0 0 0 0 26
粗砂岩 10 40 2 0 0 52
中砂岩 0 4 391 25 4 424
细砂岩 0 0 20 55 5 80
泥岩 0 0 1 6 10 17
灵敏度/% 72.22 90.91 94.44 63.95 52.63 74.83
特异性/% 100.00 99.63 81.72 79.81 100.00 92.23
精度/% 100.00 76.92 92.22 68.75 58.82 79.34
准确率/% 88.31
), ArticleFig(id=1179786724415779554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

塔然高勒铀矿岩性识别混淆矩阵[25]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测 真实 总计
砾岩 粗砂岩 中砂岩 细砂岩 泥岩
砾岩 26 0 0 0 0 26
粗砂岩 10 40 2 0 0 52
中砂岩 0 4 391 25 4 424
细砂岩 0 0 20 55 5 80
泥岩 0 0 1 6 10 17
灵敏度/% 72.22 90.91 94.44 63.95 52.63 74.83
特异性/% 100.00 99.63 81.72 79.81 100.00 92.23
精度/% 100.00 76.92 92.22 68.75 58.82 79.34
准确率/% 88.31
), ArticleFig(id=1179786724491277027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

SVM model optimization methods[48-52]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化方法 方法描述 参考文献
引入隶属度 根据样本重要性赋予隶属度 张翔等[48]
主成分分析法 提取测井数据中影响岩性识别因素 钟仪华等[49]
粒子群算法 优化核函数参数γ和惩罚因C 陈钢花等[50]
遗传算法 优选核函数参数σ和惩罚因子C 张昭杰等[51]
变分不等式算法 优化问题转变为求解不等式 Mou等[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1179786724549997284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SVM模型优化方法[48-52]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化方法 方法描述 参考文献
引入隶属度 根据样本重要性赋予隶属度 张翔等[48]
主成分分析法 提取测井数据中影响岩性识别因素 钟仪华等[49]
粒子群算法 优化核函数参数γ和惩罚因C 陈钢花等[50]
遗传算法 优选核函数参数σ和惩罚因子C 张昭杰等[51]
变分不等式算法 优化问题转变为求解不等式 Mou等[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1179786724608717541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of different machine learning methods for uranium seam identification[32,40,51,65,72]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机器学习方法 输出类别 准确率/% 主要优缺点 参考文献
神经网络(ANN) 矿化层、异常层非矿化层 86.55 抗干扰能力强,能快速获取未知孔的异常信息 张平等[32]
长短期记忆神经
网络(LSTM)
泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、粗砂岩、中砂岩 85.00 模型的循环单元简单,性能稳定,少量样本岩性识别效果较差 陈炫沂[40]
支持向量机(SVM) 泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、中细砂岩、砂砾岩 81.60 适用于小样本,中砂岩和泥岩识别易混淆 张昭杰等[51]
随机森林(RF) 泥岩、细砂岩、中砂岩、粗砂岩、砾岩 82.85 有较高鲁棒性和泛化能力,薄层岩性识别效果较差 马东来等[65]
梯度提升决策树(GBDT) 黏土、泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、中砂岩、粗砂岩、砂砾岩 98.52 简单高效,可以提供特征重要性评估,但薄层岩性识别准确率较低 段忠义等[72]
), ArticleFig(id=1179786724675826406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149774725708214893, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

铀矿层识别的不同机器学习方法对比[32,40,51,65,72]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机器学习方法 输出类别 准确率/% 主要优缺点 参考文献
神经网络(ANN) 矿化层、异常层非矿化层 86.55 抗干扰能力强,能快速获取未知孔的异常信息 张平等[32]
长短期记忆神经
网络(LSTM)
泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、粗砂岩、中砂岩 85.00 模型的循环单元简单,性能稳定,少量样本岩性识别效果较差 陈炫沂[40]
支持向量机(SVM) 泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、中细砂岩、砂砾岩 81.60 适用于小样本,中砂岩和泥岩识别易混淆 张昭杰等[51]
随机森林(RF) 泥岩、细砂岩、中砂岩、粗砂岩、砾岩 82.85 有较高鲁棒性和泛化能力,薄层岩性识别效果较差 马东来等[65]
梯度提升决策树(GBDT) 黏土、泥岩、粉砂岩、细砂岩、中砂岩、粗砂岩、砂砾岩 98.52 简单高效,可以提供特征重要性评估,但薄层岩性识别准确率较低 段忠义等[72]
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基于机器学习的铀矿层岩性测井评价研究进展
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肖昆 1 , 焦常伟 1, * , 杨亚新 1 , 黄笑 2 , 王殿学 2 , 段忠义 1 , 徐艺宸 1
科学技术与工程 | 综述·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(12): 4827-4839
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(12): 4827-4839
基于机器学习的铀矿层岩性测井评价研究进展
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肖昆1 , 焦常伟1, * , 杨亚新1, 黄笑2, 王殿学2, 段忠义1, 徐艺宸1
作者信息
  • 1 东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室, 南昌 330013
  • 2 核工业二四三大队, 赤峰 024000
  • 肖昆(1987—),男,汉族,江西抚州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地球物理测井理论与方法。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 焦常伟(1998—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:铀矿资源测井评价。E-mail:
Research Progress on Lithologic Logging Evaluation of Uranium Ore Layers Based on Machine Learning
Kun XIAO1 , Chang-wei JIAO1, * , Ya-xin YANG1, Xiao HUANG2, Dian-xue WANG2, Zhong-yi DUAN1, Yi-chen XU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
  • 2 Nuclear Industry Group No.243, Chifeng 024000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402216
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近年来,人工智能在各个领域展现出了强大的模式识别和分类能力,为岩性识别提供了新的思路。从支持向量机、神经网络、集成学习这3种方法出发,综述这些机器学习算法的基本原理、优缺点及其在铀矿层岩性识别领域的研究进展和应用情况。结果表明:机器学习通过训练模型可以有效识别出测井数据与不同岩性之间的关联,将岩性识别过程转化为机器学习的过程,可以极大地提高岩性识别自动化程度和识别准确率,具有重要的现实意义和广阔的发展前景。

铀矿层  /  岩性识别  /  机器学习  /  分类问题  /  测井评价

In recent years, artificial intelligence has demonstrated strong pattern recognition and classification capabilities across various fields, providing new insights for lithology identification. Starting from three methods: support vector machines, neural networks, and ensemble learning, the basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of these machine learning algorithms were reviewed, as well as their research progress and application in the field of uranium ore bed lithology identification. The results show that machine learning can effectively identify the correlation between logging data and different lithologies through model training, transforming the process of lithology identification into a machine learning process. This can greatly improve the automation level and accuracy of lithology identification, holding significant practical importance and a broad development prospect.

uranium deposit  /  lithology identification  /  machine learning  /  classification problem  /  logging evaluation
肖昆, 焦常伟, 杨亚新, 黄笑, 王殿学, 段忠义, 徐艺宸. 基于机器学习的铀矿层岩性测井评价研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4827 -4839 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402216
Kun XIAO, Chang-wei JIAO, Ya-xin YANG, Xiao HUANG, Dian-xue WANG, Zhong-yi DUAN, Yi-chen XU. Research Progress on Lithologic Logging Evaluation of Uranium Ore Layers Based on Machine Learning[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (12) : 4827 -4839 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402216
岩性是岩石命名的基础,是颜色、结构、胶结物和矿物成分的总体反映,地层内岩性的准确识别对储层划分和矿藏评价起着关键作用[1]。地球物理测井具有垂直分辨率高、连续性好、数据采集方便等优点,是当下常用的获取地层内信息的手段[2]。利用获取的测井资料对地层岩性识别是一项基础工作,传统岩性识别的方法主要以交会图技术为主。然而,随着地下资源岩性矿藏地质结构日益复杂化,对岩性识别也提出了更高的要求[3]。在复杂地层条件下,有时一条或几条测井曲线无法准确、快速地识别出岩性,因为大多数的原生岩相有着相似的测井响应特征,难以在交会图内进行有效的聚类和识别。
随着人工智能的迅速发展,机器学习为岩性识别提供了新的研究方向[4-5]。反向传播(back propagation,BP)算法的提出为神经网络在计算机科学和机器学习领域的广泛应用奠定了基础。Samuel等[6]通过对比试验证实了神经网络在岩性分类方面的有效性。基于神经网络方法,刘明军[7]开发了一款岩性识别软件系统,并对其进行了检验,该系统展现出了较高的识别速度和准确率。Cortes等[8]提出了支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM),其学习策略就是间隔最大化,对于非线性的分类同样具有较高适用性。Smirnoff等[9]基于测井和地表地质等数据,利用支持向量机方法实现了区域的三维地质建模。牟丹等[10]整合了研究区内的岩心及岩矿鉴定资料与测井数据,应用测井数据建立支持向量机两分类和多分类岩性识别模型,通过对4个测试井中的800个岩性数据进行识别,达到82.3%的准确率。2001年,随机森林(random forest,RF)等集成算法的出现,为地质勘探和资源开发提供了更有效的工具[11]。为解决碳酸盐岩储层复杂岩性识别方法存在的精度低、泛化能力差、预测不稳定等问题,周雪晴等[12]提出了一种基于粗糙集-随机森林算法的复杂岩性识别方法,显著提升了预测准确率和稳定性。Ao等[13]采用修剪随机森林(pruning random forest,PRF)算法在中国渤海西部地震资料上的实验中展现出卓越的岩性预测准确度和鲁棒性。上述研究证明,机器学习已成为岩性识别和自动分层等测井解释中的有力工具,分析研究测井数据岩性识别的机器学习算法是当前测井解释工作的重要课题[14]。鉴于此,对目前基于机器学习的铀矿层岩性识别方法进行总结,以期能够掌握铀矿层岩性识别的研究方法和未来的发展趋势。
机器学习作为实现人工智能的方法,通过用算法来解析数据,从中总结与学习,然后对真实世界中的事件做出决策和预测[15]。近年来,随着人工智能的深入研究,机器学习技术在孔隙度预测、划分油气层、岩性识别、渗透率预测等方面的应用越来越广泛。解决岩性分类任务主要分为3个阶段:预处理、分类、后处理。预处理对识别质量有着重要影响,因此必须选择适当的预处理方法。分类器应该选取非线性的,并能够识别模糊、重叠的类别。为了优化后处理阶段的岩性识别质量,必须考虑与邻近井的相关性。
神经网络也被称为人工神经网络,通过模仿生物神经元之间相互传递信号的方式,达到学习经验的目的。神经网络最早是由McCulloch等[16]于20世纪40年代提出,具有自学习、自组织、自适应性的特点,使得网络可以处理未知的系统。与传统的机器学习方法相比,以人工神经元为基础的神经网络方法能够对更多的数据进行更深层次的信息挖掘。
在铀矿领域,神经网络目前多用于对勘探过程中的岩性与铀异常层进行预测,并取得了良好的应用效果[17]。许建华[18]应用神经网络模型自动识别岩性,取得了良好的解释效果。为解决传统神经网络算法难以收敛的问题,祖秀兰等[19]引入学习参数调整算法和隐节点调整算法,提出了一个改进的神经网络模型,证明了提高神经网络预测能力的关键在于提高样本的“质量”,为神经网络岩性识别研究提供了新的思路。李继安[20]建立了基于BP算法改进的神经网络模型,通过统计学的方法选择视电阻率、密度和井径3个参数作为模型的输入特征,结果显示,岩性识别的平均符合率达到84.60%,应用效果符合预期,但该方法在其他地区的适用性尚待进一步验证。Muhamediyev等[21]使用人工神经网络等自学习系统进行铀矿测井数据解释,初步研究结果显示,利用人工神经网络可以实现52%~73%的可解释数据与实验结果的符合率,通过一个统一的系统同时使用多种分类算法,岩识别的质量得以进一步提高。Muhamedyev等[22]以哈萨克斯坦的Inkai铀矿为研究对象,分析比较神经网络、K近邻和朴素贝叶斯等算法在铀矿层岩性识别上的应用效果,实验结果表明,几乎在所有情况下,神经网络方法的精度都比其他两种方法高5%~15%,而且神经网络算法也表现出了更强的可训练性和可改进性。为了快速获取铀矿矿集区中铀矿异常分布信息,康乾坤等[23]采用神经网络模型对松辽盆地的特定铀矿区进行异常识别,研究结果显示,模型在识别铀矿的异常层和矿化层方面取得了86.55%的准确率,该方法在迅速获取未知钻孔信息方面展现出良好的发展潜力。易敏等[24]基于深度学习框架 Tensorflow构建一维卷积神经网络模型,以新疆白杨河铀矿床8个钻孔测井数据为研究对象进行蚀变矿物识别,模型测试精确率达 87%,而且模型具有较好的稳定性,但网络本身的局限性使得该模型的可推广性受到限制。Sun等[25]提取密度(DEN)、自然伽马(GR)、电阻率(ρ)、自然电位(SP)、井径(CAL)等测井曲线作为模型输入特征,采用神经网络模型对内蒙古塔然高勒铀矿床进行岩性智能识别,识别结果与岩心对比发现(图1[25]),该方法准确度较高且比岩心更加精细。通过混淆矩阵对模型的可靠性进行分析(表1[25]),综合岩性分类准确率为88.31%,其中砾岩的预测精度达到100%。由于在训练模型时,泥岩和细砂岩的岩性样本相对较少,因此导致这两种岩性的预测准确率较低,这说明模型的数据样本均匀性对于预测结果具有重要影响。陈维政[26]提出了一种基于网格搜索算法优化的人工神经网络对内蒙古某铀矿钻井岩性数据进行分类,使用网格搜索算法优选出最优隐藏层神经元个数及学习率,实验结果表明,该模型能很好的对砂岩进行分类,总体分类准确率达到了80%,但是对于不可渗透的粉砂岩等岩性识别效果较差,适用性有待进一步验证。
传统神经网络在建模和预测过程中过于依赖已知的地层先验信息,具有一定的局限性,因此有必要引入自组织神经网络(self-organizing neural networks,SOM)用以识别岩性[27-28]。SOM的结构使其具有自适应性,能够适应不同数据分布和模式,基于SOM的可视化特性,模型的输出可以直观地呈现在二维或三维映射中,有助于地质工作者的理解和解释。此外,通过这种无监督学习的神经网络算法,可以有效地解决新开铀矿区内样本数量较少,获取标准样本困难等问题[29-30]。徐建国等[31]提出SOM模型对获取的铀矿测井数据样本进行岩性自动分类,其运行结果与岩心编录岩性结果相吻合,不仅验证了该方法的可靠性,也为无监督学习在铀矿层岩性识别方面提供了重要参考。张平等[32]将松辽盆地南部的实际测井资料输入SOM模型,岩性的识别准确率达到了86.67%。蔡中超[33]采用SOM岩性识别模型对测井数据展开了综合岩性识别,研究发现,SOM方法在岩性的分类方面表现出较快的收敛速度和较高的识别准确率,然而,进一步研究显示,在加入GR数据的情况下,模型的性能反而会降低。对于薄层岩性的识别,SOM的可靠性和适用性仍有待进一步验证。
循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)是一种递归神经网络,专用于处理序列信息。常规RNN容易丢失先前的信息,导致梯度爆炸和梯度消失等问题[34-35],为了解决这一问题,Hochreiter等[36]首次提出了长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory,LSTM),LSTM是一种改进的RNN模型,相比RNN具有更简单的循环单元,已成为常用的RNN改进网络。
实际上,测井数据的采集是一个按时间顺序进行的动态过程,最终产生随深度变化的离散数据点。这些数据点实际上代表了测井区域相邻岩体测井响应的加权和,因此,测井数据在空间上具有局部和全局的关联性。传统的机器学习方法通常假设测井数据在空间和时间上是互相独立的离散点,忽略了测井数据本身的特性。LSTM神经网络结构的计算过程中采用的特殊门控结构能够考虑到局部和全局关联性,使其非常适用于处理测井数据。为了确定机器学习算法在铀矿层岩性分类任务中的精度上限,Kuchin等[37]开发出一种数字钻孔模型,使得生成一套完整的测井数据成为可能,不仅可以避免主观的专家评估,同时通过这些生成的数据验证了LSTM在岩性分类方面的有效性。Wu等[38]将卷积神经网络和LSTM相结合,在经过优化算法调参后,该算法取得的效果明显优于其他传统机器学习算法。周渊凯等[39]重点研究了深层网络在铀矿层岩性识别中的应用,利用深层网络提取复杂的岩性模式,建立LSTM和8层全连接神经网络模型,结果显示,深层网络可以在一定程度上缓解岩性样本不均衡对分类效果的影响,但这种提升是有限的,而且深层网络需要的计算资源较大,容易产生过拟合现象。
陈炫沂[40]以大庆地区铀矿资源潜力区为研究对象,将W2井段测井数据作为样本,同时采用神经网络、RF、XGBoost等机器学习算法与LSTM方法进行岩性识别效果对比,结果显示,LSTM、XGBoost和RF算法在岩性预测方面表现良好,其结果与实际岩性基本一致。相反,BP和KNN算法的预测结果存在较大偏差,主要集中在将粉砂岩和细砂岩误判为泥岩。BP和KNN 算法出现较多预测错误的薄岩层,XGBoost 和 RF 算法对一些薄层岩性未能做出预测,LSTM 对于薄层岩性的预测更为全面和准确。高精度的LSTM岩性识别模型为薄层段岩性识别提供了数据基础。
神经网络在铀矿层识别上的优势:①神经网络具有强大的非线性建模能力和抗干扰能力,在拟合数据的复杂关系方面,效果良好;②利用自组织神经网络模型,可以在缺少矿井内先验信息的情况下进行岩性识别;③LSTM模型在岩性识别性能上表现稳定。难点:①对于深层网络或大规模数据集,神经网络模型通常需要较长的训练时间和大量的计算资源;②神经网络对数据质量要求较高,特别是对于输入特征的准确性和完整性。
支持向量机是以最小化错误率理论界限为思想,以统计学习理论为基础,能较好地解决小样本学习问题的一种新的机器学习方法,简单来讲,就是从训练样本中学习构造函数来识别未知样本的类别。因其结构简单、学习速率快、适应能力好、推广能力强,而且内存占用很小等特点,在岩性识别领域深受欢迎[41-43]
岩性识别方法的选择主要依赖于相应数据的类型,支持向量机作为近年来发展较为迅速的一种智能方法,有力地促进了岩性识别技术的发展[43]。数据解释的方法涵盖了多种学习系统,如支持向量分类、人工神经网络、k-最近邻(k-nearest neighbor,KNN)等。Amirgaliev等[44]在上述几种方法的基础上,提出邻接立方体法,通过对少数解释算法结果进行积分,使得铀矿测井岩性识别的准确性提高了2%~3%。Kuchin等[45]对机器学习方法在哈萨克斯坦铀矿床的应用进行了研究,验证了非线性分类器SVM在铀矿床岩性分类方面的有效性,进一步研究发现,通过利用与邻近井的相关性,可以有效提高铀矿床岩性分类的质量。对铀矿勘探来说,岩性识别可以帮助确定潜在的矿化带和有利的岩石类型。高文利等[46]借助对地球物理测井和钻孔岩心编录等数据的系统研究,完成了岩性的人工识别与支持向量机判别(图2[46]),建立了钻孔测井解释岩性剖面,总体上两种方法的判别结果相近,为庐枞盆地深部寻找铀提供了重要的依据。
支持向量机被认为是当前分辨能力较高的岩性识别方法之一[47],通过对模型进行优化,可提高其识别准确率,如表2[48-52]所示。为解决岩性识别中岩层界面模糊定位问题,张翔等[48]引入岩层样本对岩性类别的隶属度,提出了一种基于模糊支持向量机算法的岩性分类方法,结果表明,采用模糊支持向量机方法识别岩性的正确率为94.8%,明显高于传统支持向量机方法的89.5%,为沉积环境下的岩性识别提供了重要的参考价值。钟仪华等[49]提出一种基于主成分分析的最小二乘支持向量机的岩性识别预测模型,其岩性识别的准确率达到92.5%,这一方法显著简化了网络结构,提高岩性识别准确率的同时,运算速度也得到了显著提升。SVM通过引入核函数,如多项式核或径向基函数(RBF)核,能够更灵活地捕捉岩性数据中的复杂模式,从而提高了模型的表达能力[53]。为了消除人工选择参数时的随机性和不确定性,提升算法的自动化水平,研究人员开展了多项工作。郭瑞华等[54]将粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)与最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine,LSSVM)相结合,提出PSO-LSSVM模型,研究结果显示,该方法能有效描述测井数据与岩性类别之间的非线性映射关系,并具备较高的识别精度。陈钢花等[50]采用粒子群算法优化支持向量机模型参数,将30多口井的数据输入支持向量机岩性识别模型,测试样本准确率为83.56%,达到了预期效果。张昭杰等[51]基于遗传算法构建了支持向量机岩性识别模型,该模型对样本预测总体符合率达81.60%,对泥岩和中砂岩的识别准确率分别为88.6%和88.3%,明显优于传统测井岩性识别方法。Mou等[52]提出了一种基于变分不等式的支持向量机算法,通过IPPA(interchangeable proximal point algorithm)算法求解SVM的最优解,将其应用于岩性分类。结果显示,基于IPPA的SVM模型的岩性预测准确率达96%,远高于LSSVM模型的75%,同时也提升了运算速度。虽然结合支持向量机与其他算法能有效克服其难以同时处理多个岩性的问题,但SVM模型对于特征的选择和提取非常敏感。如果选择的特征不能很好地捕捉薄层岩性的关键特征,模型的性能可能会下降[55]
支持向量机算法在铀矿层识别上的优势:①测井数据通常包含多个测井曲线,每个曲线代表一个特征,构成高维数据,而SVM在高维数据空间中表现出色;②SVM在处理小样本数据集时通常表现良好,它倾向于具有良好的泛化性能,可以处理样本较少的岩性识别问题。缺陷:①支持向量机方法在交叉验证和准确性方面表现不佳,所研究的地质数据缺乏明显的规律,该方法受到许多外部和自然因素的影响;②利用SVM方法进行机器学习,需要拥有大量的数据,并且针对特定数据集,每次训练数据的分布都应该是平衡的;③SVM算法直接作用于特征向量和支持向量,利用适当的核函数(如高斯核、多项式核或sigmoid核)在二维或三维平面上执行计算,需要兼容的硬件和较长的处理时间。
集成(integrated)学习算法将多个分类器组合在一起,综合多个分类器的优点进行决策,它采用一系列弱学习器进行学习,并按照一定的规则对各种学习结果进行整合,从而获得比单一的弱学习器学习方法更好的学习效果[56-57]。目前常用于铀矿层识别的集成学习算法主要有:基于Bagging思想的算法和基于Boosting思想的算法[58-59]
随机森林是一种基于Bagging思想的集成学习算法,使用决策树作为基学习器,通过软投票或硬投票方式整合多个决策树的预测结果[60-61]。机器学习主要用于数据的回归和分类,而随机森林可以同时胜任这两种任务,已逐渐成为当前数据挖掘、生物信息学等领域的研究热点[62]。为了寻找在岩性识别中实用性较高的模型,康乾坤等[23]研究分析了随机森林算法、神经网络和支持向量机算法在岩性分类中的应用,通过对比验证,随机森林模型取得了最高的分类效率,而且在通过变量的优选后,随机森林模型的预测准确率还可以得到进一步提高。王志宏等[63]将因子分析浓缩数据的优势引入到储层岩性判别指标的分析中,从而降低因素间的关联度,并建立了随机森林分类模型,结果显示,所得到的判别模型泛化误差满足要求,这种方法为结合测井数据对储层岩性的判别提供了一条新的研究途径。Chen等[64]的研究发现,主成分分析能够识别与铀相关的元素组合,从而有助于揭示深埋铀矿床的储层特征。采用元素组合的线性判别分析(LDA)和RF模型,可以有效地识别受含铀热液活动影响的砂岩下伏区域,为在全球元古代盆地中勘探深埋铀矿床提供了方法。马东来等[65]采用随机森林模型对直罗组铀矿目的层中的5种岩性(泥岩、细砂岩、中砂岩、粗砂岩和砾岩)进行自动分类,总体识别准确率达到82.85%,然而,对于粗砂岩的识别准确率仅为48%,还需要进一步提高。Kong等[66]利用随机森林模型对二连盆地马尼特坳陷进行矿产远景定位,结果显示,模型在研究区铀矿化预测中准确率达到92%,为进一步的铀矿勘探提供了有价值的地质见解。
基于Boosting的算法包括梯度提升决策树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)、自适应增强(adaptive boosting,AdaBoost)等。GBDT的基本原理是通过迭代的方式构建一系列决策树模型,每棵树都试图纠正前一棵树的预测误差。因此,选择合适的决策树模型在一定程度上影响着GBDT模型最终的泛化能力[67-68]。韩启迪等[69]将GBDT、KNN、SVM和决策树4种机器学习算法分别用于岩性识别领域,最终发现GBDT模型展现出了集成学习模型的优势,其识别准确率明显优于其他3种单一分类模型。为了验证GBDT在识别致密砂岩储层岩性方面相较于传统算法的优越性,Gu等[70]选用GBDT算法进行储层岩性预测,并比较了GBDT与其他机器学习算法在岩性识别上的性能差异,通过实验验证了GBDT在岩性识别中的优越性。马陇飞等[71]比较了GBDT、随机森林、支持向量机和神经网络4种机器学习算法模型,最终4种机器学习模型都取得了较高的识别准确率,其中GBDT在所有评价指标中取得了最高分。鉴于交会图法对于研究区内的岩性识别效果不明显,段忠义等[72]建立GBDT模型,通过网格搜索法对GBDT模型的参数进行优化调整,最终岩性识别准确率达到98.52%,为砂岩型铀矿地层测井识别与评价提供了重要的参考价值。GBDT模型采用了贪婪算法,虽然简单高效,但是难以全局优化,而且容易产生过拟合。
XGBoost算法的应用能够提高模型的泛化能力并减少过拟合的风险,是一种基于GBDT框架的改进算法或者说工程实现,由于该算法采用多线程和分布式计算的方法,因此运算时间也得到了大幅缩短。Merembayev等[73]以哈萨克斯坦铀矿为研究对象,基于神经网络、XGBoost等5种机器学习算法对矿床内部地层标记和岩性识别,结果显示,所有算法对测试地层数据精度较高,但在岩性分类方面的精度较低,这一方法有助于自动定义地层水平,从而改善铀矿的开采流程。Sun等[74]研究发现,经过贝叶斯算法优化后的XGBoost模型,在各项评价指标上均优于GBDT模型,Zhang等[75]构建3种机器学习模型,用于地层岩性识别,结果显示,集成学习中的XGBoost方法在地层识别中表现出明显优势,其岩性识别准确率最高。为了解决传统机器学习模型泛化能力低的问题,Zhang等[76]利用集成学习中的AdaBoost算法对研究区域的测井资料进行模型试验,结果显示,模型在测试集上的分类准确率约为98.42%,为了更直观的了解模型的效果,绘制原始岩性与预测岩性结果对比图(图3[76])。可以看出,该模型对较厚地层岩性的识别准确率较高,但对薄层岩性的识别能力较低,表明该模型需要进一步优化。为了提高模型的参数寻优效率,邹学钢[77]使用麻雀搜索算法对XGBoost算法进行优化,进而构建XGBoost岩性识别模型,3组试验结果表明,优化后的XGBoost模型岩性识别准确率均高于95%,尽管相较于模型优化之前提高了约20%,但该模型对于少数类岩性召回率偏低仍是一个亟待解决的问题。Mukhamediev等[78]选择经典机器学习算法和集成算法建立岩性识别模型,利用浮动数据窗口对铀矿测井数据进行转换,以达到增强岩性分类效果的目的,结果表明,增加浮动数据窗口的大小可以将岩性识别准确率提高6%~12%;XGBoost模型在岩性分类中取得了最好的效果(F1_score为0.705,F1_score用于评估分类模型的性能,是精确率和召回率的调和平均数)。上述研究证明了将集成学习算法应用于铀矿测井数据分类中的有效性和优越性。
集成学习方法在铀矿层识别的优势:①通过将多个分类器组合起来,集成学习可以综合利用每个分类器的优势,弥补单个分类器的不足,从而提高整体分类准确性;②通过集成学习可以降低过拟合的风险,因为不同的分类器可能会在不同的数据子集上进行训练,从而减少对某些数据的过度拟合。难点:①集成学习通常需要训练多个分类器,训练时间和计算复杂性可能显著增加;②无法有效的解释每个弱分类器对于结果的影响大小。
综上所述,集成学习通过将多个基本模型组合起来,能够有效地降低模型的偏差和方差,并从不同的角度捕捉和利用岩性数据的多样性,在铀矿层岩性识别方面展现出巨大的潜力。通过进一步对不同机器学习方法在铀矿层识别的效果进行分析,如表3[32,40,51,65,72]所示,结果表明,机器学习算法在处理数据样本不平衡或岩层较薄的情况下存在一定的分类困难问题,因为机器学习模型需要使用足够数量的数据样本去训练,才能有效地学习和泛化。针对以上问题,研究出一种对非均衡数据进行高效、高精度分类的算法尤为重要。
研究表明,引入人工少数类过采样法(synthe-tic minority over-sampling technique,SOMTE)可以在一定程度上改善样本不均衡问题。SOMTE算法作为典型的过采样算法,通过生成合成样本来增加少数类样本比例,从而实现训练集数据的平衡,提高少数类别的识别准确率[79-80]。段忠义等[81]将XGBoost、SOMTE随机森林、GBDT、KNN模型应用于松辽盆地砂岩型铀矿层的识别,对比这些模型的识别结果,发现SOMTE随机森林模型的预测精度达到95.02%,与XGBoost模型的预测精度相近,验证了SOMTE算法的可行性。为解决地层中不同类型岩性比例失衡的问题,陈炫沂[40]通过SMOTE算法对测井数据进行平衡处理,并以此为基础建立了SMOTE-LSTM模型。结果显示,与SOMTE算法处理数据前的LSTM模型相比,样本数量较少的粉、细砂岩和中、粗砂岩的预测准确率提高了约20%,而且总体岩性识别准确率也略有上升,进一步验证了该算法的可行性。为处理不平衡的数据,Ibrahim等[82]提出一种基于合成少数过采样技术和极限梯度增强(SMOTE-XGB)的客观混合方法,用于Tarkwaian古砂矿地层的岩性分类,结果显示,当SMOTE算法应用于不平衡数据集时,少数类(尤其是矿化岩性)的分类性能显着提高。针对传统方法的局限性和测井数据的数据不平衡问题,Zhou等[83]建立了基于集成算法的GBDT学习模型,通过SMOTE算法平衡岩性数据的类别数量,如图4[83]所示,GBDT模型的岩性识别准确率(Accuracy)和召回率(F1)都明显提升,进一步对比其他平衡算法发现,SMOTE算法对于模型性能的提升效果最为显著,表明了该方法在提高岩性识别性能方面的有效性。为了解决研究区内测井资料不均衡、岩性小比例难以预测等问题,Shi[84]基于SMOTE建立logic-CNN岩性识别模型,结果表明,使用SMOTE后,泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩、火山岩和凝灰岩的识别率分别提高了1.30%、3.03%、1.90%、1.03%和12.09%。
综上所述,证实SMOTE算法在处理不平衡数据时的有效性和准确性,然而,SMOTE算法对于不同机器学习模型的性能影响程度存在差异。为了更好地将该方法应用于不同的地质勘探领域,还有待深入研究。
岩性识别对储层预测和储层评价都有着极其重要的参考价值,利用机器学习算法与测井资料相结合进行岩性识别,对于矿藏的智能化开发也具有重大意义。总结神经网络、支持向量机、集成学习等几种机器学习算法在铀矿层识别方面的研究现状,分析了将机器学习算法应用于铀矿层的岩性识别、多样本和多数据信息准确分类中的可行性,也指出了当前机器学习在岩性识别中存在的问题。没有任何一种机器学习模型是完美的,如何为现有的问题寻找最优解是一个永恒不变的话题。
虽然机器学习为铀矿层识别提供了一个更加方便快捷的方法,使得岩性识别的效率大大提高,但在实践过程中,还是存在一些不足,对于未来机器学习在铀矿层识别方面还需要重点关注以下几个方面:①探索能够提高岩性分类质量的深度学习模型,比如卷积神经网络,它能够考虑到测井曲线的形状特征,因此可以更好地模仿研究人员进行岩性分类的过程;②结合多种数据源进行铀矿层岩性智能识别将成为未来的发展趋势。除了传统的测井数据外,铀矿层岩性智能识别还可以融合地质图像、地球物理数据、地球化学数据等多模态信息;③机器学习具有一定的“黑盒”性质,未来可以着重研究模型在铀矿层岩性识别中的可解释性;例如,可以结合局部解释方法和全局解释方法,同时考虑模型的整体结构和局部决策过程,这样不仅可以增强研究人员对模型的信任和理解,也可以促进模型的改进和优化;④以随机森林等算法为代表的监督学习方法在岩性识别领域中高度依赖大量准确的岩性标签数据,然而,岩性标签一旦存在不准确的情况,极易导致模型预测产生偏差;同时,高质量岩性标签的获取难度较大,并且可能引发过拟合或欠拟合等问题,这在很大程度上限制了监督学习方法在岩性识别中的应用;未来,可深入探索无监督学习方法,以降低对岩性标签的依赖程度,进而提高岩性识别的准确性与可靠性;⑤探索多个模型相融合在岩性识别中具有重要意义和广阔应用前景。单一模型难以有效的处理岩性识别中涉及多种复杂因素,可能会导致模型泛化能力有限。多种模型相融合,可以从多个角度综合考虑问题,充分发挥各自的优势。
随着人工智能和世界范围内核能的迅猛发展,全球对于铀矿的需求将不断增加,铀矿层岩性智能识别将走上快速发展的高速通道。
(1)归纳不同机器学习算法在铀矿层岩性识别中的应用研究现状,总结了不同机器学习算法在岩性识别的优势与不足,并提出针对性的建议。
(2)将机器学习算法应用于铀矿层的岩性识别中,运用机器学习方法较强的非线性拟合能力和泛化能力,可以有效地弥补传统线性数学方法的不足,有监督学习的特点可以解决诸多需要人工经验判别的问题,大幅度提升铀矿层识别的效率与精度。
(3)岩性智能识别方法不仅可以挖掘数据背后蕴藏的巨大潜力,也使得数据处理更加准确和便捷,已经逐渐成为铀矿层识别的重要发展方向。
  • 江西省主要学科学术和技术带头人培养计划(20204BCJ23027)
  • 核资源与环境国家重点实验室联合创新基金(2022NRE-LH-18)
  • 江西省自然科学基金(20232BAB203072)
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2025年第25卷第12期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402216
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 修回日期:2025-01-21
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江西省主要学科学术和技术带头人培养计划(20204BCJ23027)
核资源与环境国家重点实验室联合创新基金(2022NRE-LH-18)
江西省自然科学基金(20232BAB203072)
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    1 东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室, 南昌 330013
    2 核工业二四三大队, 赤峰 024000

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* 焦常伟(1998—),男,汉族,河南周口人,硕士研究生。研究方向:铀矿资源测井评价。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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