Article(id=1149773883013816411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404846, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719504000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-28, revisedDate=1738857600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057055475, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057055475, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057055475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057055475, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5618, endPage=5625, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773883408080991, articleId=1149773883013816411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Discrete Element Analysis of Soil Deformation Caused by Pilot Tunnel Construction in Loess Area, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The construction of the pile-beam-arch-method(PBA method) exhibits a cluster-tunnel effect, which readily induces surface subsidence. To achieve safe construction and minimize surface settlement, the MatDEM discrete element software was employed to simulate the construction process of the PBA method. The potential deformation mechanism and metastable microstructure of soil were considered in the training of formation micromechanics parameters, and the variation rule of surrounding rock pressure under multi-guide tunnel construction was summarized. The research findings indicate that when adopting a construction sequence of “top-to-bottom and sides-to-center,” surface settlement is relatively small. When using the “center-to-sides” approach, the initially excavated central pilot tunnel leads to the formation of slip planes at 1.5 times the tunnel width. Conversely, with the “sides-to-center” method, the initially excavated side tunnels provide vertical support to the inner soil, reducing the surface settlement caused by the subsequent excavation of the central tunnel. During the construction of the upper pilot tunnels, the surrounding rock pressure at the vault and arch waist exhibits an increasing trend. The construction of the lower pilot tunnels results in stress concentration at the vault and inner arch waist of the upper tunnels. Approximately 72.65% of surface settlement occurs during the construction of the lower pilot tunnels, and the adoption of staggered construction can significantly mitigate soil disturbance.

, correspAuthors=Xuan-rong ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuai-liang LI, Xuan-rong ZHENG, Xue-xuan SHANG, Yan-jun XU, Wei LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773917109314035, articleId=1149773883013816411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=黄土地区导洞施工引起土体变形的离散元分析, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

洞桩法施工存在群洞效应,极易引起地表塌陷,为了达到安全施工、减小地表沉降的目的,利用MatDEM离散元软件,对洞桩法施工过程进行模拟。对地层微观力学参数进行训练时,考虑了土体的变形潜在机理和土体的亚稳态微观结构,总结了多导洞施工下围岩压力的变化规律。研究成果表明:采用“先上后下、先边后中”的施工顺序时,地表沉降较小;采用“先中后边”时,先挖的中间导洞会使其1.5倍洞宽处发生滑移面分层;采用“先边后中”时,先挖的边洞会产生土供对内侧土体产生竖向支撑作用,降低后挖中洞所产生的地表沉降。上导洞施工时,拱顶、拱腰处的围岩压力呈现增大趋势。下导洞施工导致上导洞拱顶和内侧拱腰处出现应力集中现象。72.65%的地表沉降发生在下导洞施工阶段,采用错距施工能明显缓解土体扰动。

, correspAuthors=郑选荣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郑选荣(1974—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地下空间。E-mail:
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李帅良(2000—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地下空间。E-mail:

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李帅良(2000—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地下空间。E-mail:

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李帅良(2000—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地下空间。E-mail:

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Simulation training material parameters

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材料名称 弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比 抗拉强度/
kPa
抗压强度/
kPa
内摩擦
因数
法向刚度系数/
(kN·m-1)
切向刚度系数/
(kN·m-1)
断裂位移/m 初始抗剪力/
kN
素填土 5 0.33 20 200 0.14 1.88×106 1.79×106 7.35×10-7 184.45
新黄土 13 0.28 21.4 200 0.42 2.25×106 1.66×106 3.78×10-6 66.71
古土壤 12.2 0.28 21.4 200 0.42 2.85×106 1.13×106 1.22×10-5 42.66
老黄土 21.1 0.28 21.4 200 0.44 2.34×106 1.54×106 6.74×10-15 39.13
初期支护 31.9 0.2 3.2 20 0.8 1.79×1010 3.08×109 0.012 8 487 000
), ArticleFig(id=1175114691375416140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773883013816411, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型训练参数

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材料名称 弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比 抗拉强度/
kPa
抗压强度/
kPa
内摩擦
因数
法向刚度系数/
(kN·m-1)
切向刚度系数/
(kN·m-1)
断裂位移/m 初始抗剪力/
kN
素填土 5 0.33 20 200 0.14 1.88×106 1.79×106 7.35×10-7 184.45
新黄土 13 0.28 21.4 200 0.42 2.25×106 1.66×106 3.78×10-6 66.71
古土壤 12.2 0.28 21.4 200 0.42 2.85×106 1.13×106 1.22×10-5 42.66
老黄土 21.1 0.28 21.4 200 0.44 2.34×106 1.54×106 6.74×10-15 39.13
初期支护 31.9 0.2 3.2 20 0.8 1.79×1010 3.08×109 0.012 8 487 000
), ArticleFig(id=1175114691543188301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773883013816411, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Operation setting

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工况 先行开挖 后行开挖
工况1 内侧北2、3导洞 外侧北1、4导洞
工况2 外侧北1、4导洞 内侧北2、3导洞
工况3 下部两导洞 上部四导洞
工况4 上部四导洞 下部两导洞
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工况设置

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工况 先行开挖 后行开挖
工况1 内侧北2、3导洞 外侧北1、4导洞
工况2 外侧北1、4导洞 内侧北2、3导洞
工况3 下部两导洞 上部四导洞
工况4 上部四导洞 下部两导洞
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黄土地区导洞施工引起土体变形的离散元分析
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李帅良 1 , 郑选荣 1, * , 商学旋 2 , 徐岩军 2 , 李伟 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(13): 5618-5625
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(13): 5618-5625
黄土地区导洞施工引起土体变形的离散元分析
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李帅良1 , 郑选荣1, * , 商学旋2, 徐岩军2, 李伟2
作者信息
  • 1 西安科技大学建筑与土木工程学院, 西安 710054
  • 2 陕西建工集团股份有限公司, 西安 710003
  • 李帅良(2000—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地下空间。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 郑选荣(1974—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地下空间。E-mail:
Discrete Element Analysis of Soil Deformation Caused by Pilot Tunnel Construction in Loess Area
Shuai-liang LI1 , Xuan-rong ZHENG1, * , Xue-xuan SHANG2, Yan-jun XU2, Wei LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Shaanxi Construction Group Co. , Ltd. , Xi'an 710003, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404846
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洞桩法施工存在群洞效应,极易引起地表塌陷,为了达到安全施工、减小地表沉降的目的,利用MatDEM离散元软件,对洞桩法施工过程进行模拟。对地层微观力学参数进行训练时,考虑了土体的变形潜在机理和土体的亚稳态微观结构,总结了多导洞施工下围岩压力的变化规律。研究成果表明:采用“先上后下、先边后中”的施工顺序时,地表沉降较小;采用“先中后边”时,先挖的中间导洞会使其1.5倍洞宽处发生滑移面分层;采用“先边后中”时,先挖的边洞会产生土供对内侧土体产生竖向支撑作用,降低后挖中洞所产生的地表沉降。上导洞施工时,拱顶、拱腰处的围岩压力呈现增大趋势。下导洞施工导致上导洞拱顶和内侧拱腰处出现应力集中现象。72.65%的地表沉降发生在下导洞施工阶段,采用错距施工能明显缓解土体扰动。

颗粒离散元  /  黄土地区  /  洞桩法  /  地铁车站

The construction of the pile-beam-arch-method(PBA method) exhibits a cluster-tunnel effect, which readily induces surface subsidence. To achieve safe construction and minimize surface settlement, the MatDEM discrete element software was employed to simulate the construction process of the PBA method. The potential deformation mechanism and metastable microstructure of soil were considered in the training of formation micromechanics parameters, and the variation rule of surrounding rock pressure under multi-guide tunnel construction was summarized. The research findings indicate that when adopting a construction sequence of “top-to-bottom and sides-to-center,” surface settlement is relatively small. When using the “center-to-sides” approach, the initially excavated central pilot tunnel leads to the formation of slip planes at 1.5 times the tunnel width. Conversely, with the “sides-to-center” method, the initially excavated side tunnels provide vertical support to the inner soil, reducing the surface settlement caused by the subsequent excavation of the central tunnel. During the construction of the upper pilot tunnels, the surrounding rock pressure at the vault and arch waist exhibits an increasing trend. The construction of the lower pilot tunnels results in stress concentration at the vault and inner arch waist of the upper tunnels. Approximately 72.65% of surface settlement occurs during the construction of the lower pilot tunnels, and the adoption of staggered construction can significantly mitigate soil disturbance.

particle discrete element  /  loess area  /  pile-hole method  /  subway station
李帅良, 郑选荣, 商学旋, 徐岩军, 李伟. 黄土地区导洞施工引起土体变形的离散元分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5618 -5625 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404846
Shuai-liang LI, Xuan-rong ZHENG, Xue-xuan SHANG, Yan-jun XU, Wei LI. Discrete Element Analysis of Soil Deformation Caused by Pilot Tunnel Construction in Loess Area[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5618 -5625 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404846
西安地铁2号线何家营车站采用洞桩法(pile-beam-arch-method,PBA)施工,在导洞开挖阶段发生较严重土体变形。研究多导洞开挖过程中地层变形规律及其潜在影响因素显得尤为重要。
谭忠盛等[1]通过数值模拟与现场监测,对平行导洞超前距离下隧道变形及正洞区域应力进行研究,提出平行导洞的合理超前距离。郝哲等[2]通过有限元模拟总结了导洞数量及施工顺序对地表沉降的影响。方焘等[3]结合椭球体理论和松动区内部土体主应力轴旋转,对隧道松动土压力公式进行了修正。朱鹏辉等[4]通过有限元软件对洞桩法开挖的加固范围、开挖错距及开挖顺序进行数值模拟,针对洞桩法开挖归纳相关影响规律。王家贺等[5]研究特大断面隧道中不同导洞开挖施工方法下的围岩水平收敛、拱顶沉降、底部上拱、地表沉降、塑性区分布以及衬砌支护应力等的影响。马建华等[6]采用有限差分法研究超前平导洞对主洞围岩应力、围岩位移和塑性区分布的影响,探明主洞与平导洞间最优间距。李家正等[7]结合正交设计和回归分析研究PBA法中采用对称导洞开挖施工时,开挖顺序和开挖错距与地表变形的函数关系,并得到最优开挖方案。姚文花[8]根据施工风险分析,发现PBA工法在粉细砂地层施工中采用管幕法超前支护方式,可满足施工风险控制要求,并提供一定的参考借鉴。Li等[9]对2种导洞开挖顺序进行模拟,揭示了隧道围岩变形特征和趋势,确定了矩形隧道施工较为合理的开挖顺序方案。贾蓬等[10]分析了北京地铁东四站洞桩法施工中开挖顺序对导洞和扣拱支护结构上方围岩压力分布规律的影响。吴精义等[11]调研了北京粉细砂层地铁洞桩法车站分布情况以及不同降水条件下施工引起的地表沉降实测值,得到了粉细砂层洞桩法车站变形规律。Bai等[12]研究了横向导洞施工参数对地表沉降及管幕变形的影响,研究发现中导洞的开挖是施工的关键阶段,并给出最佳施工顺序。Li等[13]研究了大跨度PBA工法施工中导洞施工与二衬施工对地层沉降的影响,并模拟得出合理施工顺序。苟俊琴等[14]通过模拟洞桩法施工全过程,结合现场监测分析其对结构受力、变形的影响,得出合理施工顺序。
在黄土地层中,颗粒间的胶结作用提高了土体强度,这可能对黄土的力学行为产生影响。有限元法中的网格单元尺寸通常大于黄土颗粒尺寸,难以模拟黄土的亚稳态微观结构。Ma等[15]采用离散元模型,针对隧道地裂缝附近塌方事故进行模拟,模拟结果对土体的潜在变形规律具有显著效果。
目前导洞施工模拟主要采用有限元法,忽略了土体的亚稳态微观结构和潜在变形的研究。现基于MatDEM离散元软件,对地层微观力学参数进行训练,考虑土体的变形潜在机理和土体的亚稳态微观结构,总结多导洞施工下围岩压力的变化规律。
西安地铁2号线何家营车站位于地形起伏较大的区域,其主体结构拱部的埋深介于13.3~24.8 m,是当前西安在建地铁项目中埋深最深的车站[16]。该车站的主体结构施工采用了6(上四下二)导洞的洞桩法。车站主体结构的横断面结构及现场施工监测中土压力计安装位置如图1所示。
基于离散元法(discrete element method,DEM),采用MatDEM软件对导洞开挖过程进行了数值模拟。离散元建模过程步骤如下。
步骤1 堆积地层。生成随机单元,利用离散元堆积地层,模型高50 m,宽55 m,并对其进行重力沉积和压实,模拟自然界地层的堆积过程。
步骤2 设置并训练材料。在Mats文件夹下的记事本文档中记录所有均质材料的力学性能和密度,并采用离散元模型的宏细观力学性能转换公式计算材料的微观力学参数,通过直接指定材质的属性来生成材质对象。
步骤3 划分地层和导入衬砌结构。通过地勘地层埋深数据对堆积模型进行地层切割,并赋予不同地层材料。根据不同导洞埋深及开挖轮廓线数据切割导洞模型。
步骤4 迭代计算及仿真结果。在地表2m处设置沉降监测点,记录地表出的位移时程数据。设置循环次数,并对每个循环进行标准平衡。模拟导洞开挖导致地层沉降的动态过程[17]。建立的模型材料分布图如图2所示[16]。用于材料训练的相关参数如表1所示[16,18]
数值模拟针对表2中的4种工况下产生的土体位移进行分析。
工况1模拟结果如图3所示。在内侧导洞施工时,由于两导洞间距小,施工影响大,导致对周边土体的扰动出现叠加效应,上方土体出现椭圆状松动区。随着导洞上方土体的剪切应变加剧,椭圆状剪切松动区扩大,并在导洞外侧1.5倍洞宽处引发滑移面分层。
内侧导洞施工完成后,外侧导洞的施工对周边土体的扰动情况如图3(b)所示。由于外侧导洞与内侧导洞距离较远,其对地层沉降的影响主要作用于导洞正上方的土体,对内侧土体的扰动不明显。因此,内侧导洞结构并未提供显著的支护作用。
工况2模拟结果如图4所示,图4(a)中边洞施工时,由于导洞间距较远,相互间的扰动不明显。施工导致周边土体逐渐松动,滑移面从三角形变为椭圆形,地层变化相对稳定。这种施工方式引起的地层沉降与单个导洞开挖相似。沉降后,两导洞间土体形成弧形土拱,隧道顶部力链沿土拱方向延伸,在拱顶产生应力集中。
图4(b)所示,由于边导洞开挖产生的土拱为中部土体提供撑力,在内侧导洞施工时,土拱对内侧土体显著起到支撑作用,减少了因扰动导致的坍塌。与中间导洞先开挖相比,边导洞的先行施工对内侧土体提供了明显支护,使内侧导洞施工对周边土体的松动区分布更分散,地层沉降更均匀。
图5所示,在工况2中,导洞施工产生的地表沉降分布相对比较均匀。与此相比,在工况1中,距离车站中线1.5~2倍洞宽处沉降值显著增加。这一现象主要受到内侧导洞施工产生的滑移面影响。
综上所述,采用“先边后中”的开挖方案能有效降低施工引起的沉降,提高土体稳定性。
根据模拟内容,进行上导洞开挖时,采用“先边后中”的方案,以减少对地层的额外扰动。
工况3模拟结果如图6所示,下导洞洞宽较大,先行开挖会导致上方土体应力重分布,松动区范围广泛,颗粒间法向黏聚力降低。后续上导洞开挖会加剧土体失稳,增加地层整体沉降。如图6(b)所示,上部外导洞开挖时土体沉降显著增加。中间土体下沉严重,未形成明显土拱支撑。如图6(c)所示,中间导洞开挖时,外侧与内侧导洞间出现明显滑移面,土体产生较大沉降。
图7所示,在采用“先边后中”的顺序进行导洞开挖时,下导洞产生的土体扰动主要集中在上导洞内侧土体处。根据图8所示的结果发现,导洞开挖阶段地表沉降主要由下导洞施工引起。在工况4中,当上导洞开挖完成后,使下导洞施工产生的沉降分布更加均匀,保证土体稳定性。但在上层导洞内侧土体会发生集中沉降,施工过程中应对内侧导洞进行超前加固。
根据模拟结果分析,建议采用“先边后中,先上后下”的开挖顺序。上导洞开挖时,应逐个进行,以减少导洞间扰动。下导洞开挖时,需加强上部内侧导洞监测频率,保证施工安全进行。
选取图9中监测断面1沉降实测值,与导洞施工完成后的地表沉降进行对比分析,导洞阶段地表沉降实测值与计算值沉降曲线如图10所示。
图10中,根据监测数据发现,实测的最大地表沉降值为40.29 mm,而模拟的最大地表沉降值为42.80 mm,两者均出现在车站中线位置。导洞施工完成后,实际监测数据与模拟结果规律一致,且数据误差范围为5.86%~10.80%,这一差异可能是由于施工过程中的不确定干扰以及计算过程中的假设所导致。综上所述,数值模拟研究能够较好地反映黄土地区洞桩法施工引起的地层沉降变形规律。
在监测区段,采用了“先上后下,先边后中、错距施工”的导洞施工方案。为了探究导洞施工过程中围岩压力的变化及其分布模式,在监测断面2处使用振弦式土压力计在各导洞的拱顶、拱肩、边墙和仰拱位置设置了监测点。测点的布设编号和现场监测布局如图1所示。
因导洞布置情况与监测结果成对称分布,故选用右侧三导洞监测结果分析。从图11可以看出,由于导洞数量多且净距小,导洞在依次施工过程中受到彼此的显著影响。施工完成后,各导洞的围岩压力分布不均,表现出偏压现象。
图11(a)所示为北1导洞随施工过程中的围岩接触压力变化曲线,因最先施工,前期围岩压力变化稳定,后期受后行洞施工受力变化波动较大,导致北1导洞周边围岩应力重新平衡所需的时间最长。随着相邻导洞北2、北5和北6先后施工,北1导洞各测点围岩压力又出现了不同程度的变化,主要在拱顶、左拱肩和底部测点位置处的围岩压力变化较为敏感,变化幅度较大,其余测点处波动较小。而北4与北1导洞因净距较大,两导洞施工时相互影响较小,采用同步施工。
图11(b)所示,北2导洞在北1导洞贯穿后开始施工。随着北2导洞监测断面距北3导洞开挖面较近时,导洞内拱顶部位处监测值变化较明显,其他部位测点监测值出现了小幅度的波动,压力曲线平缓。可以发现北1导洞的完工为北2导洞周边土体提供明显加固作用。随着下导洞施工,北2导洞边墙与拱底处围岩压力变化幅度较大。在数值模拟中下导洞施工带来的土体变形也主要集中在上导洞边墙处土体,可以发现下导洞施工会给上部建成导洞周围土体带来应力集中现象,导致拱底拱腰处发生土体变形。
图11(c)所示,下层导洞采用中隔壁法(center diaphragm,CD)施工。因下导洞洞宽较大,两导洞之间进行错距施工。北5和北6导洞初期支护闭合前,北5导洞的接触压力出现波动。随着北7导洞的施工,北5导洞顶部和左拱肩的压力值变化明显。所有导洞施工结束后,围岩压力曲线趋于平缓,拱顶和仰拱的压力最大,侧边和底部变化不明显。监测数据显示导洞施工阶段72.65%的地表沉降发生在下导洞施工阶段,与数值模拟的地层沉降主要集中在下导洞开挖阶段相一致,表明监测与模拟结果一致。
为模拟分析导洞开挖过程中土体的变形潜在机理与群洞效应,结合西安地铁2号线何家营车站导洞开挖过程与现场监测数据,采用MatDEM离散元软件对开挖过程综合模拟,得出以下结论。
(1)采用“先上后下、先边后中”的导洞施工顺序,显著降低了地表沉降。其中,水平方向上先施工外侧导洞,利用土拱效应提供竖向支撑,可有效减少内侧导洞施工时的地表沉降。
(2)外侧导洞先行开挖,通过应力重分布压实隧道内侧土体,减少了内侧导洞施工时的地层变形和沉降。同时,上导洞先行开挖分散了下导洞施工带来的扰动,进一步降低了地表沉降。
(3)水平方向上,外侧导洞在关键测点(拱顶、左拱肩、底部)的围岩压力变化敏感。内侧导洞围岩压力集中于拱顶;竖直方向上,下导洞施工应力集中转移至拱底和拱腰。采用错距施工措施,显著减少了72.65%的地表沉降,并缓解了拱顶和内侧拱腰的应力集中现象。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42072319)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404846
  • 接收时间:2024-06-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-28
  • 修回日期:2025-02-07
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国家自然科学基金(42072319)
作者信息
    1 西安科技大学建筑与土木工程学院, 西安 710054
    2 陕西建工集团股份有限公司, 西安 710003

通讯作者:

* 郑选荣(1974—),男,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地下空间。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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