Article(id=1149773882971878274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720368000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-08, revisedDate=1738944000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057055466, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057055466, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057055466, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057055466, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5316, endPage=5329, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773883454223243, articleId=1149773882971878274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Sedimentary Evolution of Seasonal Shallow Water Delta in Arid Climate:A Case Study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation in Tabei Area, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seasonal deltas are deltaic sedimentary systems controlled by seasonal rivers in continental basins. Modern seasonal deltas are mainly developed in arid and semi-arid climate with gentle topography. However, the study on the sedimentary model of seasonal deltas in ancient sedimentary records is still insufficient. Suweiyi Formation in Tabei area, Tarim Basin was selected as the research object. Based on 63 logging data and 215.52 m core data in the study area, logging facies templates of different sedimentary microfacies and lithofacies type combination templates were established, and the vertical evolution law of sedimentary facies plane characteristics was analyzed and summarized, and the overall sedimentary model of the study area was established. The results show that the Suweiyi Formation in Tabei area developed 4 categories and 17 subtypes of rock facies. During the depositional period of the lower Suweiyi Member, seasonal shallow water braided river deltas were developed in the study area. A seasonal shallow meandering river delta with multiple flood events and retrograde accumulation developed in the north of the study area during the sedimentary period of the upper Suweiyi Member. Finally, the profile and single well sedimentary model of seasonal shallow water delta affected by factors such as accommodable space, frequent change of sedimentary base level and sudden events were established. The results provide a reference for further understanding of the seasonal shallow water delta depositional model under the background of arid climate, and also provide geological basis for lithologic trap exploration.

, correspAuthors=Li ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qin-chao YANG, Li ZHANG, Lu-xing DOU, Hong-ping LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773915091857435, articleId=1149773882971878274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=干旱气候背景下的季节性浅水三角洲沉积演化:以塔北地区古近系苏维依组为例, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

季节性三角洲是在陆相盆地中由季节性河流控制形成的三角洲沉积体系。现代季节性三角洲主要发育在地形平缓的干旱-半干旱气候环境中,然而在古代沉积记录中季节性三角洲的沉积模式研究仍然不够深入。选取塔里木盆地塔北地区苏维依组作为研究对象,基于研究区63口测录井资料及215.52 m岩心资料,建立不同沉积微相的测井相模板及岩相类型组合模板,分析总结沉积相平面特征的垂向演化规律,建立研究区整体的沉积模式。结果表明塔北地区苏维依组发育4大类、17小类岩相类型,苏维依下段沉积时期,研究区发育南北两侧不断退积的季节性浅水辫状河三角洲;苏维依上段沉积时期研究区北侧发育多洪水事件且向后退积的季节性浅水曲流河三角洲。最后建立了季节性浅水三角洲受可容纳空间、沉积基准面频繁变化和突发性事件等因素影响的剖面及单井沉积模式。研究成果为深入理解干旱气候背景下的季节性浅水三角洲沉积模式提供了参考,也可以为岩性圈闭勘探提供地质依据。

, correspAuthors=张莉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张莉(1988—),女,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,博士,副教授。研究方向:沉积学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=inb3C8l0cbsJNQMDPTGFxg==, magXml=NCvvm5bQIFmWOGnJXSGJFA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=oX6K6V3MiSSksNN5aKJlkw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=0sJ5UvjpetmqjHsYD1eoIw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨沁超(1998—),男,汉族,山西晋城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:沉积学。E-mail:

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杨沁超(1998—),男,汉族,山西晋城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:沉积学。E-mail:

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杨沁超(1998—),男,汉族,山西晋城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:沉积学。E-mail:

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(a) KU1井,第6回次,6 036.05 m,低角度交错层理砂砾岩;(b) KU2井,第2回次,6 048.55 m,泥砾定向排列;(c) KU1井,第5回次,6 013.25 m,平行层理细砂岩;(d) S44井,第1回次,4 465.59 m,块状层理粗砂岩;(e) S25井,第2回次,块状层理中砂岩;(f) S20井,第1回次,4 457.95 m,水平层理泥质粉砂岩;(g) DG3井,第1回次,5 946.51 m上攀交错层理泥质粉砂岩;(h) DG3井,第1回次5 938.04 m,砂纹交错层理粉砂岩;(i) S25井,4 773.78 m,团砾状膏岩;(j) S44井,4 464.70 m,含钙质结核粉砂岩

, figureFileSmall=4ZZpE/Og3Ps1XWhzuJbQAQ==, figureFileBig=Sze/2WmfhzoghIZbp0O5RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547198833267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sketch of the core section of the lower section of Suweiyi

1 μs/ft=3.28 μs/m

, figureFileSmall=re+HOEMm/M/Wo+LQ/BdjTA==, figureFileBig=rttJorj/wZAUoWHNTDl2WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547257553524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=CN, label=图4, caption=苏维依下段取心段素描图, figureFileSmall=re+HOEMm/M/Wo+LQ/BdjTA==, figureFileBig=rttJorj/wZAUoWHNTDl2WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547316273781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Typical core photos of the upper part of Suweiyi, figureFileSmall=vNoDnmg03nzm/92EwmihmQ==, figureFileBig=Oo9dqudOTHCsOeE01SRLrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547370799734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=CN, label=图5, caption=苏维依上段典型岩心照片

(a) KU2井,第1回次,5 991.75 m,大型槽状交错层理砾岩; (b) YL1井,第2回次, 4 700.02 m, 含砂质团块粉砂质泥岩; (c) KU1井,第3回次, 5 940.00 m,生物扰动粉砂岩; (d) S45井,第1回次,4 890.95 m,含泥质夹层粉砂岩;(e) YL1井,第1回次, 4 693.56 m,波状交错层理粉砂岩; (f) S45井,第1回次,4 891.15 m,包卷层理粉砂质泥岩

, figureFileSmall=vNoDnmg03nzm/92EwmihmQ==, figureFileBig=Oo9dqudOTHCsOeE01SRLrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547425325687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Sketch of the core well in the upper section of Suweiyi

1 μs/ft=3.28 μs/m

, figureFileSmall=v+vbwltH1rSOUTcM0BsxCw==, figureFileBig=eYwbJ/Pwac+/wnmjuKD4LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547488240248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=CN, label=图6, caption=苏维依上段取心井素描, figureFileSmall=v+vbwltH1rSOUTcM0BsxCw==, figureFileBig=eYwbJ/Pwac+/wnmjuKD4LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547542766201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=KU1-S57-S20-YQ9-YQX2 sand-body correlation profile of Suweiyi Formation along source direction in Tabei area (see Fig. 1 for the profile position ), figureFileSmall=+cXUc3WfoXCqkKNxXy0kfg==, figureFileBig=W8baoPLpEqrt9pvVc75z3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547601486458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=CN, label=图7, caption=塔北地区苏维依组地层顺物源方向KU1-S57-S20-YQ9-YQX2连井砂体对比剖面(剖面位置见图1), figureFileSmall=+cXUc3WfoXCqkKNxXy0kfg==, figureFileBig=W8baoPLpEqrt9pvVc75z3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547656012411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=KU1-S57-S20-YQ9-YQX2 sand-body correlation profile of Suweiyi Formation along source direction in Tabei area ( see Fig. 1 for the profile position), figureFileSmall=B0x40tjeaVUk7zx8K4jNLQ==, figureFileBig=IeBJb2oP9czkSMArshNRVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547710538364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=CN, label=图8, caption=塔北地区苏维依组地层横切物源方向YH12-DG1-S45-S49-DUH3-DUH2连井砂体对比剖面(剖面位置见图1), figureFileSmall=B0x40tjeaVUk7zx8K4jNLQ==, figureFileBig=IeBJb2oP9czkSMArshNRVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547765064317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Planar distribution characteristics of sedimentary facies of Suweiyi Formation in Tabei area, figureFileSmall=3HgSSrbSUFntoV65SU9vzg==, figureFileBig=Mh5bzcjlVnPS5c9Hb6CCMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547823784574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=CN, label=图9, caption=塔北地区苏维依组沉积相平面展布特征, figureFileSmall=3HgSSrbSUFntoV65SU9vzg==, figureFileBig=Mh5bzcjlVnPS5c9Hb6CCMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547886699135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Evolution map of sedimentary model of Suweiyi Formation in Tabei area, figureFileSmall=9b3fMTMOZ6cMVKOpcZSAVg==, figureFileBig=4103Hwt3hhExwcZ4tcho9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547945419392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=CN, label=图10, caption=塔北地区苏维依组沉积模式演化图, figureFileSmall=9b3fMTMOZ6cMVKOpcZSAVg==, figureFileBig=4103Hwt3hhExwcZ4tcho9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175498547999945345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Lithofacies types of Suweiyi Formation in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 符号 岩相名称 岩性特征 沉积构造 成因解释
蒸发岩相(E) Eps 膏质泥岩相 泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥岩 石膏呈团砾状定向排列或云雾状,分选次棱-次圆、平行层理 表现为膏岩受洪水一定距离搬运或原地沉积
砾岩相(G) Gms 块状层理细砾岩相 砾岩 块状层理 辫状河道
Gt 槽状交错层理细砾岩相 砾岩 小型槽状、大型槽状交错层理 间歇性辫状河道
Gb 板状交错层理细砾岩相 砾岩 板状交错层理 间歇性河道沉积
砂岩相(S) Ssg 砾质细砂岩相 可见细-粗砂岩 底部为冲刷面 河道滞留沉积
Sg 含砾砂岩相 细砂-中砂岩 砾石成层排列、低角度交错层理 水动力较强的河道沉积
Sm 块状层理砂岩相 细砂-粗砂岩 块状层理 河道充填及和河口坝砂体
Sa 低角度交错层理砂岩相 细砂、粗砂岩 低角度交错层理 河道沉积、溢岸沉积和河口坝沉积、滩坝沉积
Smg 多泥砾、含砾粉砂岩相 泥砾和砾石磨圆度较好、粒径较小 偶见泥砾、砾石 多为水动力的突然增强
Ssr 波状层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩 波状层理 低流态沉积、分流间湾
Ssa 低角度交错层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩 低角度交错层理 水动力较强远源沉积
Ssm 块状层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩 块状层理 供给量充足、水动力强的快速堆积
Ssr 砂纹交错层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩 砂纹交错层理 水动力较弱的细粒沉积
Ssh 水平层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩 水平层理 河口坝砂体、河道填充、远源沉积
Ssmm 泥质粉砂岩相 泥质粉砂岩 块状层理、平行层理 废弃河道沉积、低流态沉积
泥岩相(M) Ms 粉砂质泥岩相 粉砂质泥岩 砂纹、波状、变形构造 滨浅湖、分流间湾
M 块状层理泥岩相 膏质、泥岩 干裂 分流间湾
), ArticleFig(id=1175498548067054210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882971878274, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区苏维依组岩相类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 符号 岩相名称 岩性特征 沉积构造 成因解释
蒸发岩相(E) Eps 膏质泥岩相 泥质粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥岩 石膏呈团砾状定向排列或云雾状,分选次棱-次圆、平行层理 表现为膏岩受洪水一定距离搬运或原地沉积
砾岩相(G) Gms 块状层理细砾岩相 砾岩 块状层理 辫状河道
Gt 槽状交错层理细砾岩相 砾岩 小型槽状、大型槽状交错层理 间歇性辫状河道
Gb 板状交错层理细砾岩相 砾岩 板状交错层理 间歇性河道沉积
砂岩相(S) Ssg 砾质细砂岩相 可见细-粗砂岩 底部为冲刷面 河道滞留沉积
Sg 含砾砂岩相 细砂-中砂岩 砾石成层排列、低角度交错层理 水动力较强的河道沉积
Sm 块状层理砂岩相 细砂-粗砂岩 块状层理 河道充填及和河口坝砂体
Sa 低角度交错层理砂岩相 细砂、粗砂岩 低角度交错层理 河道沉积、溢岸沉积和河口坝沉积、滩坝沉积
Smg 多泥砾、含砾粉砂岩相 泥砾和砾石磨圆度较好、粒径较小 偶见泥砾、砾石 多为水动力的突然增强
Ssr 波状层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩 波状层理 低流态沉积、分流间湾
Ssa 低角度交错层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩 低角度交错层理 水动力较强远源沉积
Ssm 块状层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩 块状层理 供给量充足、水动力强的快速堆积
Ssr 砂纹交错层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩 砂纹交错层理 水动力较弱的细粒沉积
Ssh 水平层理粉砂岩相 粉砂岩 水平层理 河口坝砂体、河道填充、远源沉积
Ssmm 泥质粉砂岩相 泥质粉砂岩 块状层理、平行层理 废弃河道沉积、低流态沉积
泥岩相(M) Ms 粉砂质泥岩相 粉砂质泥岩 砂纹、波状、变形构造 滨浅湖、分流间湾
M 块状层理泥岩相 膏质、泥岩 干裂 分流间湾
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干旱气候背景下的季节性浅水三角洲沉积演化:以塔北地区古近系苏维依组为例
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杨沁超 1 , 张莉 1, * , 窦鲁星 2 , 刘洪平 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(13): 5316-5329
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(13): 5316-5329
干旱气候背景下的季节性浅水三角洲沉积演化:以塔北地区古近系苏维依组为例
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杨沁超1 , 张莉1, * , 窦鲁星2, 刘洪平1
作者信息
  • 1 长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100
  • 2 长江大学资源与环境学院, 武汉 430100
  • 杨沁超(1998—),男,汉族,山西晋城人,硕士研究生。研究方向:沉积学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张莉(1988—),女,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,博士,副教授。研究方向:沉积学。E-mail:
Sedimentary Evolution of Seasonal Shallow Water Delta in Arid Climate:A Case Study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation in Tabei Area
Qin-chao YANG1 , Li ZHANG1, * , Lu-xing DOU2, Hong-ping LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of GeoSciences, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2 College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405119
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季节性三角洲是在陆相盆地中由季节性河流控制形成的三角洲沉积体系。现代季节性三角洲主要发育在地形平缓的干旱-半干旱气候环境中,然而在古代沉积记录中季节性三角洲的沉积模式研究仍然不够深入。选取塔里木盆地塔北地区苏维依组作为研究对象,基于研究区63口测录井资料及215.52 m岩心资料,建立不同沉积微相的测井相模板及岩相类型组合模板,分析总结沉积相平面特征的垂向演化规律,建立研究区整体的沉积模式。结果表明塔北地区苏维依组发育4大类、17小类岩相类型,苏维依下段沉积时期,研究区发育南北两侧不断退积的季节性浅水辫状河三角洲;苏维依上段沉积时期研究区北侧发育多洪水事件且向后退积的季节性浅水曲流河三角洲。最后建立了季节性浅水三角洲受可容纳空间、沉积基准面频繁变化和突发性事件等因素影响的剖面及单井沉积模式。研究成果为深入理解干旱气候背景下的季节性浅水三角洲沉积模式提供了参考,也可以为岩性圈闭勘探提供地质依据。

塔北地区  /  苏维依组  /  岩相类型  /  季节性浅水辫状河三角洲  /  季节性浅水曲流河三角洲  /  沉积演化

Seasonal deltas are deltaic sedimentary systems controlled by seasonal rivers in continental basins. Modern seasonal deltas are mainly developed in arid and semi-arid climate with gentle topography. However, the study on the sedimentary model of seasonal deltas in ancient sedimentary records is still insufficient. Suweiyi Formation in Tabei area, Tarim Basin was selected as the research object. Based on 63 logging data and 215.52 m core data in the study area, logging facies templates of different sedimentary microfacies and lithofacies type combination templates were established, and the vertical evolution law of sedimentary facies plane characteristics was analyzed and summarized, and the overall sedimentary model of the study area was established. The results show that the Suweiyi Formation in Tabei area developed 4 categories and 17 subtypes of rock facies. During the depositional period of the lower Suweiyi Member, seasonal shallow water braided river deltas were developed in the study area. A seasonal shallow meandering river delta with multiple flood events and retrograde accumulation developed in the north of the study area during the sedimentary period of the upper Suweiyi Member. Finally, the profile and single well sedimentary model of seasonal shallow water delta affected by factors such as accommodable space, frequent change of sedimentary base level and sudden events were established. The results provide a reference for further understanding of the seasonal shallow water delta depositional model under the background of arid climate, and also provide geological basis for lithologic trap exploration.

Tabei region  /  Suweiyi Formation  /  lithofacies type  /  seasonal shallow braided river delta  /  seasonal shallow meander river delta  /  sedimentary evolution
杨沁超, 张莉, 窦鲁星, 刘洪平. 干旱气候背景下的季节性浅水三角洲沉积演化:以塔北地区古近系苏维依组为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5316 -5329 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405119
Qin-chao YANG, Li ZHANG, Lu-xing DOU, Hong-ping LIU. Sedimentary Evolution of Seasonal Shallow Water Delta in Arid Climate:A Case Study of the Paleogene Suweiyi Formation in Tabei Area[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5316 -5329 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405119
Fisk在1954年首次提出“浅水三角洲”沉积相类型[1];Postma[2]在1990年依据供源体系、沉积盆地水深、河口沉积过程、潮汐及重力作用对沉积物的改造强度等提出浅水三角洲的分类方案。国外对浅水三角洲的研究涉及成因动力学、沉积微相构成、内部构型等多个方面,指出浅水三角洲与普通三角洲的差异主要表现为骨架砂体类型及扇体形态及沉积亚相带分布差异等多个方面[3-6]。国内有关浅水三角洲的研究开始多集中在含煤盆地[7-8],目前,中国浅水三角洲的研究主要集中在渤海湾盆地、松辽盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、塔里木盆地及准噶尔盆地[9-13]。国内学者通过结合鄱阳湖、洞庭湖和硝尔塔拉湖三角洲等多个现代沉积等提出分枝状浅水三角洲、分流沙坝型浅水三角洲等多种浅水三角洲类型[14-15],后期对沉积机理、沉积构型、储层质量等不同方面展开进一步研究[16-21]。前人研究表明,中国浅水三角洲发育区地形坡度较缓,水深较浅,扇体形态多受气候、沉积物供给、湖平面、河流和湖浪改造等多种因素控制,以大型坳陷湖盆发育最多,形成的砂体厚、延伸远的特点[9-14]。随着浅水三角洲研究不断深入,研究发现古气候特征对浅水三角洲沉积模式有重要的影响。地形平缓的干旱-半干旱气候环境有利于季节性浅水三角洲的形成和发育。季节性浅水三角洲是一种受控于季节性河流控制,受阵发性洪水事件影响形成的特殊三角洲类型[15]
季节性三角洲有3个基本特点: 一是沉积物以红层沉积为主,在剖面上不存在明显的前积层; 二是河流受季节性降水影响,流量和沉积载荷总量变化较大,沉积物中广泛发育超临界流沉积构造;三是河流作用为主,盆地中心缺少大面积汇水区[22]。季节性三角洲主要发育在地形平缓的干旱-半干旱气候环境中[23]。尽管干旱环境季节性三角洲沉积实例很多,但是在陆相盆地沉积学中,干旱环境季节性三角洲,砂体沉积成因、分布规律、沉积模式相关的研究不够深入,很多干旱环境季节性三角洲沉积体系可能在古代岩石记录中没有被正确地解释出来。因此,古代沉积记录中季节性三角洲的沉积模式值得结合实例进一步探索。
古近系苏维依组是塔里木盆地北部地区最主要的油气勘探和生产的主力层系之一。近年来,随着大涝坝气田、迪那2气田、牙哈、红旗和提尔根等气田的发现,库车山前及于奇地区苏维依组成为重要勘探层系。
研究区在库姆格列木时期曾经发生过一次大规模的海退事件,而苏维依组沉积时期研究区局部地区存在残余海水占主导作用的咸水湖泊[24],其在湖水上涨、大气降水、干旱气候等多种因素的共同作用下发育膏质沉积。研究区主要位于库车坳陷东部,同时具备北方向的南天山物源及东南方向的塔北隆起方向物源的供应[25]。苏维依组沉积时期,构造活动较弱,地层坡度较缓。前人对库车坳陷南缘的沉积相类型认识多样,朱如凯等[26]认为研究区发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲及滨浅湖沉积,对沉积相的展布特征未展开具体分析;刘辰生等[24]认为研究区在苏维依不同时期发育宽浅湖盆沉积、河流相及三角洲相沉积,研究对象为整个盆地,局部地区的沉积特征未能有效表述;刘景彦等[27]认为干旱气候是影响苏维依组沉积最重要的因素之一,研究区发育辫状河河流和曲流河河流,三角洲及滨浅湖沉积,但是对苏维依组平面上的沉积演化特征未能具体描述;孙美静等[28]认为研究区发育辫状河三角洲沉积、湖泊沉积,局部地区发育浅水重力流沉积,对上下两段的岩相差异及沉积差异未展开深入研究;石媛媛等[29]、贺萍等[30]认为研究区发育滨浅湖砂坝沉积体系,对苏维依组下段底部大面积的连通砂岩的沉积机理未能展开有效解释。
塔北地区古近系地层地形平缓,沉积时期古气候干旱炎热[31],为季节性三角洲沉积提供了有利条件。因此现以苏维依组沉积为研究对象,通过沉积记录的描述和解释,综合研究沉积相平面特征的垂向演化规律,从新的角度建立研究区苏维依组受控于季节性浅水三角洲影响下的沉积模式。苏维依地层具有良好的岩性圈闭条件[32-34]。厘清塔北地区苏维依组的砂体发育的沉积相类型、平面展布形态及沉积模式[35-36],可以为下一步岩性圈闭的寻找打下良好基础。
研究区位于塔里木盆地北部,北邻南天山,南至轮南低凸起,西至库车县,东至库尔勒鼻状凸起(图1)。依据马庆佑等[37]的划分方案,研究区位于库车坳陷与塔北隆起的结合部位,次级构造单元主要包括天山前冲断带、阳霞凹陷、轮台凸起、轮南低凸起及英买力低凸起。
研究目的层为新生代古近系苏维依组,其与下伏的库姆格列木群和上覆的吉迪克组均呈整合接触关系。苏维依组在研究区全区稳定发育,且地层厚度较为均一,为140~170 m。邵龙义等[38]研究认为塔里木盆地古近系可分为5个三级层序;刘景彦等[27]将塔里木盆地库车坳陷古近系苏维依组分为2个三级层序(图2);刘辰生等[24,39]通过岩性分析及沉积相研究将塔里木盆地苏维依分为2个三级层序,并分别识别出完整的低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域。在前人划分方案的基础上,按将苏维依地层划分为E3s1和E3s2两段,每段又可划分为SQ1、SQ2和SQ3共3个小层。
基于对研究区内15口取心井,共计43回次,215.50 m的岩心资料,对苏维依组岩相类型及典型沉积构造进行了系统的描述分析。岩相作为一定水动力条件环境下形成的具有相同或近似组分结构的岩石单元,是水动力机制、物源供给、古地貌等多种因素共同作用的综合体[13,40-42]。根据岩性组分、粒度和沉积构造等因素,将苏维依组划分出4大类17种岩相类型(表1),选取典型的岩心照片建立岩相模板,为岩相类型统一标准,同时为进一步分析沉积相类型奠定基础。苏维依地层主要岩相类型为蒸发岩相(E)、砾岩相(G)、砂岩相(S)和泥岩相(M)。
苏维依下段,主要的岩相类型为细砂岩、粉砂岩和砾质砂岩相,反映了季节性浅水辫状河三角洲前缘亚相为优势的沉积环境。细砂岩、粉砂岩和砾质砂岩主要发育低角度交错层理和块状层理[图3(a)~图3(e)],可反映较强的动力环境及充足的物源供给条件。砂岩中所含砾石粒度为2~3 mm,且其分选和磨圆度较好,以圆-次圆为主,反映远源的远距离搬运特征,同时砾石均呈层状排列,角度为10°~15°。在砂岩中未见到明显的砾岩沉积,仅能见到成层排列的泥砾富集层段,指示突然增强的水动力环境,且泥砾的磨圆度较差,为棱角-次棱角状。粉砂岩及泥质粉砂岩中常见水平层理、砂纹交错层理及上攀交错层理[图3(f)~图3(h)],指示了水体较浅且水动力相对较弱的沉积环境[12]。部分井区发育有不同形态的膏岩和膏泥岩沉积、钙质结核沉积构造[图3(i)~图3(j)],均指示研究区炎热干旱的古气候条件[31]
根据岩石相类型、典型沉积构造和前人研究成果,认为研究区在苏维依下段沉积时期是在干旱环境下形成的季节性浅水辫状河三角洲前缘沉积。物源方向主要为研究区北侧的南天山物源及南侧的塔北隆起物源,且南北两个物源的砂质供给量较为充足,沉积物岩性较粗,主要为细砂岩、粉砂岩和砾质砂岩。
通过岩相类型特征分析,苏维依下段主要发育季节性浅水辫状河三角洲前缘亚相,沉积微相主要发育水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂和滩坝砂4种类型。
(1)水下分流河道微相。水下分流河道是水上分流河道在水下的延伸,岩性多为中砂岩、细砂岩和砾质砂岩,河床底部的冲刷面往往多为富泥砾且成层排列的正粒序沉积,厚度较厚,单期河道多为2~4 m[图4(a)]。沉积构造多为块状层理和低角度交错层理,河道充填沉积岩性主要为细砂岩和砾质砂岩,层理主要包括块状层理、低角度交错层理和平行层理。岩相类型主要包括Ssg、Sm、Ssr、Ssm、Smg、Ssa、Sg和Sp。GR曲线显示中高振幅钟形和箱形特征。
(2)河口坝沉积微相。河口坝沉积微相是河道在入湖后受到密度差异作用和湖底摩擦等因素,水流速度骤减,沉积物向前运移所需动力不足开始大量堆积形成的。河口坝粒度在垂向上呈现反韵律的特征,岩性主要为细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩,常见低角度交错层理、砂纹交错层、水平层理和上攀交错层理[图4(b)]。单期河口坝厚度多为0.2~0.8 m。岩相类型包括Ssa、Sa、Sm、Ssd和Ssr。自然伽马(GR)曲线形态主要为中高振幅齿化漏斗形。
(3)席状砂微相。席状砂微相主要为河口坝和末端水下分流河道砂受到湖水频繁升降的改造作用,在三角洲前缘位置形成,其分选性较好,多为细砂岩和粉砂岩、其垂向厚度较薄,多为0.2~0.8 m,但其横向延伸距离较远。岩相类型包括Ssh、Ssa和Ssm。GR曲线主要表现为中低幅指状。
(4)滩坝砂微相。滩坝砂微相是湖浪作用和湖平面的频繁升降对湖岸原有沉积物的改造且形成滨浅湖沉积中[43],其所处相对位置不同,砂体规模和形态也有较大差异,湖岸线近端发育厚度和规模较大的滩坝砂,远端发育薄层滩坝砂。其厚度规模相差较大,且部分滩坝砂体相互叠置,厚度为1~3 m。岩相类型包括Sa、Ssa、Ssr和Ssh。GR曲线形态呈现齿化指状或漏斗形。
苏维依上段沉积时期,由于南天山和塔北隆起两个物源方向的沉积物供给量减少,以及干旱气候的共同作用下,研究区主要发育季节性浅水曲流河三角洲前缘亚相沉积以及滨浅湖沉积。沉积微相以水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂、以及滨浅湖滩坝砂、滨浅湖泥为主。
苏维依上段,细砾岩、砾质砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩为主要的岩石相,反映了季节性浅水曲流河前缘亚相为优势的沉积环境。其中粉砂岩主要发育沙纹交错层理,反映了研究区在沉积时期多为较弱的水动力环境,同时数量较少的砾岩沉积、粉砂质泥岩偶见砂质团块的沉积构造、发育水平层理和块状构造的粉砂岩反映了研究区偶因洪水事件所导致的水动力条件的突然增强[图5(a)图5(b)图5(f)],砾石分选和磨圆度一般,粒度常为0.6~1.8 cm,为次圆—次棱状,同时在砂岩中也可多见厚度较薄的成层排列的小砾石或次棱状的泥砾。粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩中可见生物扰动构造、波状交错层理和泥质夹层[图5(c)~图5(e)],反应在低能环境下形成的细粒沉积。
根据岩石相类型、典型沉积构造和前人研究成果,认为研究区在苏维依上段沉积时期是在干旱环境下形成的季节性浅水曲流河三角洲沉积。物源方向主要为南天山物源,且物源供给量较少,沉积物岩性较细,主要为粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩;研究区在洪水期发育有厚度较薄的砾岩沉积。通过岩相类型特征分析,苏维依组上段主要发育曲流河三角洲前缘亚相,其中砂体沉积微相主要发育水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂和滩坝砂4种类型。
(1)水下分流河道微相。水下分流河道滞留沉积岩性多为砾岩沉积和砾质砂岩沉积[图6(a)],且厚度通常较小,为0.5~1.3 m,多为阵发性的洪水成因。层理构造主要包括槽状交错层理、块状层理、低角度交错层理和平行层理。河道厚度多为0.9~2.1 mm。岩相类型包括Sa、Ssg、Gt、Sg、SSm、Sm和Ssh。GR曲线主要为中高振幅钟形和箱形。
(2)河口坝沉积微相。河口坝沉积微相岩性相比粒度较细,厚度较薄,岩性主要为细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩,常见低角度交错层理、砂纹交错层、水平层理和上攀交错层理[图6(a)图6(b)]。单层厚度多为1.8~3 m。岩相类型包括Ssm和Sm。GR曲线表现为中等振幅漏斗形。
(3)席状砂微相。席状砂微相主要为粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩、其垂向厚度较薄,多为0.2~0.8 m,但其横向延伸距离较远。GR曲线主要表现为中低振幅指状。
(4)滩坝砂微相。苏维依上段发育的滩坝砂微相相比苏维依下段发育的滩坝沉积微相,其粒度更细[图6(b)]、规模更小,但分布面积更广,岩相组合类型主要为Sm、Ms、Ssr,GR曲线形态呈现齿化指状或漏斗形。
通过对全区共计215.52 m岩心资料整理,在苏维依下段,粉砂岩占比30%,细砂岩占比23%,含砾砂岩占比5%,泥质粉砂岩占比16%,粉砂质泥岩占比12%,膏盐岩占比5%,泥岩占比9%;块状层理占比61%,砂纹交错层理占比13%,水平层理占5%,低角交错层理占比4%,上攀交错层理占比4%,过渡状层理占比6%,平行层理占比3%,变形构造3%,搅浑构造1%;而在苏维依上段,泥岩占比21%,泥质粉砂岩占比15%,粉砂岩占比15%,粉砂质泥岩占比11%,含泥砾粉砂岩占比13%,含砾细砂岩占比10%,膏质泥岩占比6%,细砾岩占比5%,细砂岩占比4%;在沉积构造方面,砂纹交错层理占比54%,平行层理占比25%,块状层理占比13%,变形构造占比4%,低角度交错层理占比3%,上攀交错层理占比1%。
通过岩心段岩性资料与沉积构造统计对比,在苏维依下段,岩性以细砂岩和粉砂岩为主,水下分流河道底部冲刷多见泥砾,不发育砾岩沉积,单期河道厚度多在2~4 m,同时沉积构造多发育块状层理,表明研究区发育物源供给充足的远源季节性浅水辫状河三角洲前缘沉积;在苏维依上段岩性明显变细,以泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩和粉砂岩为主,同时发育一定的砾岩沉积,沉积构造多发育反映低能沉积环境的砂纹交错层理和水平层理,少见反映高能沉积环境的块状层理和低角度交错层理,其单期河道厚度多在0.3~0.7 m,河道底部多为砾岩沉积,其多表现为洪水时期形成的短暂性河道,偶见1.2 m厚度的单期河道,表现为物源供给相对减少,洪水事件多发的季节性浅水曲流河三角洲沉积。
从塔北地区顺物源和横切物源方向剖面(图7图8)可以看出,苏维依组下段(E3s1)SQ1沉积时期,研究区砂地比的含量较高,且呈现“满盆砂”的特征;在SQ2沉积时期,砂地比的含量有所降低,南源扇体规模开始减小,向后退积,YQ9和YQX2井区间以及DUH2井区出现滨浅湖沉积;在SQ3沉积时期,湖平面上升,南北两侧物源供给与扇体规模均明显减小,北侧扇体末端S49和DUH3井区发育厚度较薄的河道与河口坝砂体,KU1、S57、YH12等井区发育滩坝砂体,DG1井区还发育有灰白色膏岩沉积。
苏维依上段(E3s2)发育的砂体含量与厚度明显低于苏维依下段(E3s1),属于曲流河三角洲沉积发育特点;在SQ1沉积时期,仅在北侧发育季节性浅水曲流河三角洲砂体,扇体前缘的DG1、S45、S49和DUH3井区发育厚度较薄,大面积连续分布席状砂体,同时在YH12井区发育膏岩沉积;在SQ2沉积时期,在湖平面及物源供给双重因素的控制下,扇体规模进一步减小,退积至KU1井区附近;在SQ3沉积时期,湖平面进一步上升,全区发育滨浅湖沉积,在KU1、S57、S20、DG1、S49和DUH3等井区发育滩坝砂体。
在对研究区苏维依组开展沉积特征、岩相识别基础上,结合单井及连井剖面砂体的识别与对比,编制研究区苏维依上下2段及各3个小层的沉积相平面展布图。研究区苏维依组下段SQ1沉积时期[图9(a)],物源供给充足,南北两侧均发育的季节性浅水辫状河三角洲沉积在研究区中部YH12-YD3-S20剖面方向上汇聚,且砂体相互连通;苏维依下段SQ2沉积时期[图9(b)],南侧物源供给量相对减少,北侧辫状河三角洲向前进积,在S83-YQ2-YQ21剖面位置附近发育滨浅湖沉积,但砂体仍在YH12-Y3剖面位置相互连通;SQ3沉积时期[图9(c)],由于湖平面的明显上升及南北两侧物源的供给量的减弱,使得季节性浅水辫状河三角洲的扇体规模相对变小,KU1、KU2、DUH2和S44等井区发育滩坝沉积,S3、S20、S45、DH25等井区发育滨浅湖泥岩沉积;苏维依组上段SQ1沉积时期北侧发育季节性浅水曲流河三角洲前缘沉积[图9(d)],而QN1、S44、YQ21、YQ5等井区发育滩坝沉积,DUH2、S20、DG3和DH25等井区发育滨浅湖泥岩沉积;SQ2沉积时期[图9(e)],北侧季节性浅水曲流河三角洲向后退积至KU2-S25剖面位置,规模相对减小,YQ15、S20、S4、DG2等井区发育滩坝砂沉积微相,在S3、DUH2、DUH1和KU1等远源井区发育滨浅湖沉积;SQ3沉积时期[图9(f)],研究区全区发育滨浅湖沉积,偶见在S25、DUH1、S57、YD3等井区发育滩坝砂沉积微相。
苏维依下段沉积时期,气候炎热干旱,南北两侧物源供给充足,部分井区发育有膏湖沉积,岩性主要为细砂岩、砂砾岩,研究区整体发育季节性浅水辫状河三角洲沉积模式。SQ1-SQ2沉积演化时期,湖平面总体呈现不断上升的趋势,可容纳空间也随之增大,SQ3沉积时期,可容纳空间有一定程度的减少。在南北两侧物源的供给量不断减少的情况下,研究区可容纳空间与物源供给的比例随之不断增大,研究区南北两侧扇体不断退积规模也不断减小[图10(a)]。
苏维依上段沉积时期,气候较为干旱,多发洪水事件性沉积,部分地区发育膏岩、盐岩及膏泥岩沉积,研究区岩性主要为粉砂岩及少量砾岩,同时在南北两侧砂质供给量明显减少以及和干旱气候的共同作用下,研究区整体发育季节性浅水曲流河三角洲沉积模式。在SQ1-SQ2沉积时期,由于南侧物源不再向研究区提供沉积物或砂质供给量较小,研究区不发育南侧物源三角洲扇体,仅在北侧发育季节性浅水曲流河三角洲前缘亚相,同时伴随着可容纳空间与物源供给比值的不断增大,北侧季节性浅水曲流河三角洲扇体不断退积,至SQ3沉积时期,研究区全区发育滨浅湖泥及滩坝沉积[图10(b)]。
(1)在研究区岩心资料的观察与整理的基础上,通过岩性组分、粒度和沉积构造等不同因素的分析,将苏维依组划分出4大类17种岩相类型,建立7种不同微相的测井相模板及岩相类型组合方案。
(2)结合沉积微相横向、纵向展布特征分析,研究区苏维依下段主要发育季节性浅水辫状河三角洲沉积及滨浅湖沉积、苏维依上段发育多洪水事件的季节性浅水曲流河三角洲沉积和滨浅湖沉积。
(3)在干旱炎热的气候背景下,随着湖平面的频繁变化、砂质供给量的不断减少和苏维依上段多发的洪水事件性沉积,其可容纳空间与物源供给量的比值也随之增大或减小。建立了研究区苏维依下段(E3s1)和苏维依上段(E3s2)沉积时期的剖面沉积模式及单井沉积模式。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41902122)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405119
  • 接收时间:2024-07-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-08
  • 修回日期:2025-02-08
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国家自然科学基金(41902122)
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    1 长江大学地球科学学院, 武汉 430100
    2 长江大学资源与环境学院, 武汉 430100

通讯作者:

* 张莉(1988—),女,汉族,新疆乌鲁木齐人,博士,副教授。研究方向:沉积学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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