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Article(id=1149773882074297198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404616, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718812800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-20, revisedDate=1738684800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057055251, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057055251, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057055251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057055251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5394, endPage=5399, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773882497921909, articleId=1149773882074297198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analog Simulation Test of Mining Effect of Buried Pipeline: Taking the Puxian-Hejin Pipeline as an Example, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Buried pipeline is an important part of oil and gas transportation. The subsidence of gob area will cause the corresponding subsidence of the pipeline passing through the gob area, resulting in pipeline deformation, fracture and other accidents. Taking Puxian-Hejin pipeline crossing coal mining subsidence area as the research background, 3D printing technology was used to make up for the mismatch in mechanical similarity between pipeline simulation materials and geotechnical simulation materials, and the coupling simulation experiment between pipeline and rock and soil was constructed. The mining response of buried pipeline caused by coal mining was analyzed, and the correlation between pipeline movement deformation and stratum movement deformation was established. The research shows that the buried pipeline and the underlying rock strata do not synchronously settlement, resulting in delamination between the overlying rock strata and the underlying rock strata. The pipeline bends and deforms under the overlying rock load and its own weight. When the delamination span is large enough, the bending tensile stress on the bottom of the pipeline exceeds the allowable stress, resulting in tensile failure. The subsidence value of the buried pipeline is about 1.21 times of the formation subsidence value, and only 18% of the horizontal deformation of the formation is transmitted to the pipeline. The research results have guiding significance for the safe laying and daily maintenance of pipelines in subsidence area.

, correspAuthors=Si-hai YI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-hai YI, Wen-xiao SHI, Yin-fei CAI, Wen-cong CHEN, Wei ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773915347709997, articleId=1149773882074297198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=埋地管道采动影响相似模拟试验:以蒲县—河津管线为例, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

埋地管道是油气输送的重要组成部分,煤矿采空区地表沉降会造成经过采空区的管道相应沉降,造成管道变形、断裂等事故。以蒲县—河津管线穿越采煤沉陷区为研究背景,运用3D打印技术弥补了管道模拟材料与岩土模拟材料在力学相似上的不匹配性,构建管道与岩土的耦合相似模拟实验,分析了埋地管道因煤矿开采所导致的采动响应,建立了管道移动变形与地层移动变形的相关关系。研究表明:埋地管道与下伏岩层不同步沉降,使其上覆岩层和下伏岩层间出现脱层,管道在上覆岩层荷载及其自重作用下发生弯曲变形,当脱层跨度足够大时,导致管道底部所受到的弯曲拉应力超过其许用应力,发生拉伸破坏;埋地管道下沉值约为地层下沉值的1.21倍,地层水平变形只有约18%传导至管道。研究成果对沉陷区管道安全铺设和日常维护具有指导意义。

, correspAuthors=易四海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=hGle2ht0rF8EoKzJav7hHg==, magXml=HScCuSRizSm+BbotsNwczA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ml5Gervtwhvv9Nwj7QLLWw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zSi06FQu5rDRK/A/FSD5JA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

易四海(1980—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,研究员,硕士研究生导师。研究方向: 开采沉陷与 “三下”采煤技术。E-mail:。

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易四海(1980—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,研究员,硕士研究生导师。研究方向: 开采沉陷与 “三下”采煤技术。E-mail:。

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易四海(1980—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,研究员,硕士研究生导师。研究方向: 开采沉陷与 “三下”采煤技术。E-mail:。

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articleId=1149773882074297198, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=相似模拟)], refs=[Reference(id=1175114411871187731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=179, pageEnd=183, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=焦轶恒, 郭文兵, 杨伟强, journalName=煤炭技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=焦轶恒, 郭文兵, 杨伟强, 等. 埋地天然气管道采动变形特征及安全距离预测[J]. 煤炭技术, 2023, 42(1): 179-183., articleTitle=埋地天然气管道采动变形特征及安全距离预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1175114411955073812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=179, pageEnd=183, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Jiao Yiheng, Guo Wenbing, Yang Weiqiang, journalName=Coal Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiao Yiheng, Guo Wenbing, Yang Weiqiang, et al. 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Beijing: China University of Petroleum (Beijing), 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175114411602752269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, awardId=52274165, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52274165), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175114411711804175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, awardId=2016012002, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省自然科学基金(2016012002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175114405332267705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175114405336462010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, companyId=1175114405332267705, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Safety 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F为管道所受水平摩擦力; x、y分别为管道纵向和竖直向上方向;q为管道所受上覆岩层均布荷载;l为管道跨度

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L360NB straight seam submerged arc welding pipe pipe parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 单位 数值
管道直径 mm 508
壁厚 mm 7.1
管材 — L360
最小屈服强度 MPa 360
最小抗拉强度 MPa 455
设计压力 MPa 4.0
现阶段管道运行压力 MPa 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1175114410923275011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

L360NB直缝埋弧焊钢管管道参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 单位 数值
管道直径 mm 508
壁厚 mm 7.1
管材 — L360
最小屈服强度 MPa 360
最小抗拉强度 MPa 455
设计压力 MPa 4.0
现阶段管道运行压力 MPa 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1175114411015549700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Related parameters of prototype and model strata

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岩性 原型 模型
层厚/m 累深/m 容重/(kN·m-3) 抗压强度/MPa 层厚/mm 累深/mm 容重/(kN·m-3) 抗压强度/MPa 配比号
松散层 146 396.4 26.0 4 365 991 2.6 0.006 1 019
泥砂互层 50 250.4 23.0 51 125 626 15.3 0.085 1 046
泥岩 58 200.4 24.0 45 145 501 16.0 0.075 1 037
粉砂岩 38 152.4 23.0 51 95 356 15.3 0.085 1 046
中细砂岩 40 104.4 27.0 78 100 261 18.0 0.130 1 064
粉砂岩 18 64.4 23.0 51 45 161 15.3 0.085 1 046
煤 6.4 46.4 13.7 9 16 116 9.1 0.015 1 055
粉砂岩 40 40 23.0 51 100 100 15.3 0.085 1 046
), ArticleFig(id=1175114411166544646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

原型与模型岩层相关参数及配比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性 原型 模型
层厚/m 累深/m 容重/(kN·m-3) 抗压强度/MPa 层厚/mm 累深/mm 容重/(kN·m-3) 抗压强度/MPa 配比号
松散层 146 396.4 26.0 4 365 991 2.6 0.006 1 019
泥砂互层 50 250.4 23.0 51 125 626 15.3 0.085 1 046
泥岩 58 200.4 24.0 45 145 501 16.0 0.075 1 037
粉砂岩 38 152.4 23.0 51 95 356 15.3 0.085 1 046
中细砂岩 40 104.4 27.0 78 100 261 18.0 0.130 1 064
粉砂岩 18 64.4 23.0 51 45 161 15.3 0.085 1 046
煤 6.4 46.4 13.7 9 16 116 9.1 0.015 1 055
粉砂岩 40 40 23.0 51 100 100 15.3 0.085 1 046
), ArticleFig(id=1175114411250430727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relation between pipeline and surface movement and deformation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
移动与变形 关系式 相关系数 数据组数
下沉 Wg=1.21Wd+0.02 0.52 24
水平变形 εg=0.18εd+0.72 0.76 17
), ArticleFig(id=1175114411439174409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773882074297198, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

管道与地表移动和变形关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
移动与变形 关系式 相关系数 数据组数
下沉 Wg=1.21Wd+0.02 0.52 24
水平变形 εg=0.18εd+0.72 0.76 17
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埋地管道采动影响相似模拟试验:以蒲县—河津管线为例
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易四海 1 , 石文校 1 , 蔡音飞 2 , 陈文聪 1 , 朱伟 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(13): 5394-5399
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(13): 5394-5399
埋地管道采动影响相似模拟试验:以蒲县—河津管线为例
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易四海1 , 石文校1, 蔡音飞2, 陈文聪1, 朱伟3
作者信息
  • 1 华北科技学院安全工程学院, 廊坊 065201
  • 2 太原理工大学矿业工程学院, 太原 030024
  • 3 中煤科工生态环境科技有限公司天津分公司, 天津 300000

    • 易四海(1980—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,研究员,硕士研究生导师。研究方向: 开采沉陷与 “三下”采煤技术。E-mail:。

Analog Simulation Test of Mining Effect of Buried Pipeline: Taking the Puxian-Hejin Pipeline as an Example
Si-hai YI1 , Wen-xiao SHI1, Yin-fei CAI2, Wen-cong CHEN1, Wei ZHU3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Langfang 065201, China
  • 2 School of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 3 Tianjin Branch of China Coal Science & Industry Eco-Environmental Technology Co. , Ltd. , Tianjin 300000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404616
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摘要
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埋地管道是油气输送的重要组成部分,煤矿采空区地表沉降会造成经过采空区的管道相应沉降,造成管道变形、断裂等事故。以蒲县—河津管线穿越采煤沉陷区为研究背景,运用3D打印技术弥补了管道模拟材料与岩土模拟材料在力学相似上的不匹配性,构建管道与岩土的耦合相似模拟实验,分析了埋地管道因煤矿开采所导致的采动响应,建立了管道移动变形与地层移动变形的相关关系。研究表明:埋地管道与下伏岩层不同步沉降,使其上覆岩层和下伏岩层间出现脱层,管道在上覆岩层荷载及其自重作用下发生弯曲变形,当脱层跨度足够大时,导致管道底部所受到的弯曲拉应力超过其许用应力,发生拉伸破坏;埋地管道下沉值约为地层下沉值的1.21倍,地层水平变形只有约18%传导至管道。研究成果对沉陷区管道安全铺设和日常维护具有指导意义。

埋地管道  /  沉陷区  /  采动变形  /  相似模拟

Buried pipeline is an important part of oil and gas transportation. The subsidence of gob area will cause the corresponding subsidence of the pipeline passing through the gob area, resulting in pipeline deformation, fracture and other accidents. Taking Puxian-Hejin pipeline crossing coal mining subsidence area as the research background, 3D printing technology was used to make up for the mismatch in mechanical similarity between pipeline simulation materials and geotechnical simulation materials, and the coupling simulation experiment between pipeline and rock and soil was constructed. The mining response of buried pipeline caused by coal mining was analyzed, and the correlation between pipeline movement deformation and stratum movement deformation was established. The research shows that the buried pipeline and the underlying rock strata do not synchronously settlement, resulting in delamination between the overlying rock strata and the underlying rock strata. The pipeline bends and deforms under the overlying rock load and its own weight. When the delamination span is large enough, the bending tensile stress on the bottom of the pipeline exceeds the allowable stress, resulting in tensile failure. The subsidence value of the buried pipeline is about 1.21 times of the formation subsidence value, and only 18% of the horizontal deformation of the formation is transmitted to the pipeline. The research results have guiding significance for the safe laying and daily maintenance of pipelines in subsidence area.

buried pipeline  /  subsidence area  /  mining deformation  /  analog simulation
易四海, 石文校, 蔡音飞, 陈文聪, 朱伟. 埋地管道采动影响相似模拟试验:以蒲县—河津管线为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5394 -5399 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404616
Si-hai YI, Wen-xiao SHI, Yin-fei CAI, Wen-cong CHEN, Wei ZHU. Analog Simulation Test of Mining Effect of Buried Pipeline: Taking the Puxian-Hejin Pipeline as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5394 -5399 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404616
正文
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近年来,随着中国经济的快速发展和能源需求的激增,供暖、油气、输水等管道工程建设进入一个快速发展阶段,越来越多的埋地管道不可避免地途经煤矿开采区,管道受井下开采影响,将产生移动变形甚至断裂,进而导致一系列安全事故(如油气泄漏、爆炸),造成管道停输、环境污染等恶劣后果,给国家资源和人民生命财产带来了巨大损失[1-3]。为保障资源输送、挽救财产损失,必须明确地表形变与管道形变的相关关系,为沉陷区管道安全铺设和日常维护提供技术支撑。
诸多学者利用数值计算针对沉陷条件下埋地管道的应力和应变等问题展开了深入研究,杜凤等[4]基于数值模拟手段,探究了不同开采工况下的地质沉降和管道位移特征。王宇等[5]利用ABAQUS软件构建了煤矿采空区埋地管道三维模型,研究了不同条件下的管道von Mises应力。李正胜[6]基于煤矿采空区顶板的岩层位移实测数据, 建立了三维数值计算模型, 研究了采空区对管线位移和应力变化的影响。高建章等[7]建立了基于非线性接触的管-土作用模型,验证了两侧设置无限边界的非线性接触管土作用模型更适用于真实滑坡工况下管道力学响应分析。张鑫等[8]基于管-土有限元数值模拟,获得了管道在土体及埋地管道不同物理参数下的应力变化规律。李玉坤等[9]建立了车-管-土耦合模型,分析了埋地管道在上部车辆荷载作用下的动力响应,得到不同时刻埋地管道的应力分布规律。部分学者通过现场监测,对沉陷区管道上覆地层的形变问题展开了研究。张连贵等[10]基于矿区工作面地表形变实测及管线应力监测数据,研究了地表变形特征及对管道的影响。李金文等[11]利用全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)监测与干涉测量合成孔径雷达(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)形变监测,对煤矿采空区地表变形进行了点、线、面的还原,归纳出了管线周围地表形变的时空演化规律。有些学者利用物理模拟研究了管道与土体间的相互作用,王文等[12]利用聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)管道构建了管-沙塌陷试验装置,获得了采动作用下埋地管道的应变演化规律,并分析了管道的受力过程及特征。Ding等[13]基于室内试验系统,分析了埋深、土体内聚力及内耗角等参数对管道的应力影响。
综上所述,数值模拟多用于分析管道在采动过程中的受力特征,而对管道上覆地层沉降变形的研究较少;地表监测只能观察到因采空沉陷引起的地表变形,无法观测到管道实际沉降变形和破坏状态;相似模拟实验因受管道模拟材料的限制,多未能
很好地解决与岩土模拟材料的力学相似匹配,导致总结的地表移动变形与管道移动变形相互关系存在较大误差。因此,目前关于管道变形与地表变形之间的相关性研究仍显不足,严重制约了沉陷区管道的安全建设与日常维护。
为此,现采用相似模拟试验研究方法,通过构建3D打印材料制作的管道相似模型和岩土相似模型,分别观测管道与对应地层的移动变形,分析埋地管道因井下开采所导致的采动响应,建立管道移动变形与地层移动变形的相关关系。以期丰富管道采动变形规律的研究手段,有效揭示管道与地层移动变形的相互关系,将对沉陷区管道安全建设和日常维护具有指导意义。
1 工程背景
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蒲县—河津管线全长133.17 km,是连接临汾市蒲县和运城市河津市的一条天然气长输管道工程,部分输气管线经过乡宁县某煤矿一规划开采工作面。该工作面的走向长约为2 087 m,倾斜长约为288 m,开采标高为+589.99~+799.99 m,煤层平均厚度约为6.4 m,煤层倾角约为4°,属近水平煤层,煤层采深约为400 m。工作面采用走向长壁综放采煤方法,后退式回采,全部冒落法管理顶板。工作面开采将造成地表沉陷,可能给输气管线带来安全风险。
2 管道相似模型构建
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2.1 管道参数
相似模拟实验中的管道模型以蒲县—河津管线为原型,管材为L360NB直缝埋弧焊钢管,加强级防腐3PE,直径508 mm,壁厚7.1 mm。输气管线所过采空区深厚比约为62.5倍,依据地表沉陷经验,该地段地表沉陷为连续沉降,埋地管线主要受拉伸变形影响,因此对L360NB直缝埋弧焊钢管的强度模拟只考虑管道最小屈服强度和最小抗拉强度。L360NB直缝埋弧焊钢管管道参数见表1。
2.2 管道模型设计
根据相似模拟试验的相似准则,管道与地层在满足几何相似的前提下,还需满足强度相似。而3D打印中的熔融沉积成型(fused deposition modeling,FDM)工艺具有效率高、操作简便和成型材料丰富等优点,可弥补管道模拟材料制作困难和相似性难于匹配的问题[14]。3D模型强度影响因素主要由填充率、打印层厚度、材料性质、打印角度等参数控制,通过查阅相关文献[15]发现,当打印材料填充率为25%、层厚为0.25 mm、打印角度为45°,打印材质为聚乳酸(polylactic acid,PLA)时,模拟材料的屈服强和抗拉强度即可满足实验要求。
埋地管道随上覆岩层下沉过程中,受管道沿线土质的摩擦作用而产生轴向拉力[16],由于相似模拟模型长度有限而地下管道的长度通常远远大于所模拟的宽度,按照常规做法并不能很好地模拟出模型范围外管道对所模拟的这段管道的拉力,为了更真实地模拟出开采对管道的影响,需要在管道两端增加较宽的堵头来模拟松散层对管道形变产生的阻力,所以管道的建模分为以下两部分。
(1) 主体管道建模。由于3D打印机所能打印的长度有限,所以采用分8段打印,在打印出多个相同部件后进行组装,各段管道的参数为:直径为15 mm,长度为200 mm,其中,前端20 mm变径,直径为5 mm,后端20 mm中空,中空直径为5 mm。两相邻管道通过前后端相互插接连成一块,即管道一端的管道内径等于另一端的管道外径,在插入之前利用PLA抛光液融化一部分表面PLA再插入起到黏合的效果,从而将几段管道连接形成完整的管道。
(2) 管道堵头建模。由于管道长度大,对采动影响管道的局部模拟要考虑其他管道对其纵向移动的限制。为此,还需制作管道堵头,其设计为一直径为100 mm、宽为20 mm的圆盘。各部分管道组装完毕后前后各预留出一个接口保证堵头的接口尺寸要与主体管道接口的尺寸保持一致,从而将管道和堵头结合形成完整的模型。管道3D建模成品见图1。
3 岩土相似模型设计
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3.1 模型参数确定
实验以规划工作面倾向剖面建立二维平面相似材料模型,选用的试验台尺寸为2 000 mm×300 mm×1 600 mm(长、宽、高),几何相似比、容重相似比、应力相似比分别为1∶400、1∶1.5、1∶600。相似材料选择河砂作为骨料,石膏和碳酸钙作为胶料,骨料、胶料配比根据模拟岩层的力学性能采用经验配比。岩土相似模型的设计高度为0.991 m。原型与模型岩层相关参数及配比见表2。模型最终铺设状况见图2。
3.2 模型开采方案
煤层模拟开采设计为从模型左侧水平距离500 mm处开始开采,至模型右侧水平距离500 mm处结束开采,设计开采总长度为1 000 mm(即实际开采宽度为400 m),在模型中每200 mm为一开采阶段,总计5个阶段。
3.3 模型观测方案
管道埋设在模型地表往下0.06 m处,由于管道隐蔽埋设于土体内,导致无法通视观测,为此,在管道上每隔20 cm锚固一个长螺丝钉,并使其露出地表,以便通视观测管道的移动变形,根据观测需要,在模型岩层螺钉布设应力或应变观测点,如图3所示。
模型采动变形观测采用非接触视频应变位移精密测量系统,该系统通过对被测物体的散斑辨识,实现对各点间的相对位置的精确追踪,能够对覆岩及管线的移动变形进行精细记录。
4 管道及对应地层的移动变形规律
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4.1 地层移动变化规律
地表下沉随着工作面的推进而逐渐增大。当模型开采400 mm(即工作面实际推进160 m)时,地表最大下沉0.008 m,地表下沉非常轻微;当模型开采500 mm(即工作面实际推进200 m)时,地表下沉显著增加,地表最大下沉增至0.144 m;当模型开采600 mm(即工作面实际推进240 m)时,地表下沉进一步增加,最大下沉0.344 m;当模型开采800 mm(即工作面实际推进320 m)时,地表最大下沉0.364 m,地表下沉增加不明显; 当模型开采900 mm(即工作面实际推进360 m)时,地表下沉继续增加,最大下沉0.384 m;当模型开采1 000 mm(即工作面实际推进400 m)时,地表最大下沉0.424 m,地表沉陷基本保持稳定,增加不大,下沉基本达到充分。模型完全开采后的岩移形态见图4,地表随工作面推进下沉情况见图5。
4.2 管道移动变形规律
随着工作面的推进,管道随着地层同步下沉。当模型开采400 mm(即工作面实际推进160 m)时, 管道弯曲下沉,最大下沉0.016 m;当模型开采500 mm(即工作面实际推进200 m)时,管道显著弯曲下沉,最大下沉0.148 m;当模型开采600 mm(即工作面实际推进240 m)时,管道进一步弯曲下沉,最大下沉0.360 m;当模型开采800 mm(即工作面实际推进320 m)时,管道弯曲下沉增加不明显,最大下沉0.384 m;当模型开采900 mm(即工作面实际推进360 m)时,管道继续弯曲下沉,最大下沉0.396 m;当模型开采1 000 mm(即工作面实际推进400 m)时,管道最大下沉0.428 m,管道弯曲下沉状态基本保持稳定。管道随工作面推进的下沉曲线见图6。
结合开采后的岩移形态可以看出,由于管道刚度远大于土层的刚度,在管道埋设区域,管道控制其上覆岩层的移动变形,并与下伏岩层不同步沉降,从而使得其上覆岩层和下伏岩层间出现脱层,脱层的出现导致管道悬空(见图7 管道与地层脱层示意图),使管道及其上覆岩层弯曲下沉。
根据管道及地层移动变形关系,从力学角度分析,可将管道看成固支梁,上覆岩层视为均布荷载,管道受力如图8所示。随着工作面持续推进,管道及上覆岩层与下伏岩层的脱层现象会越来越严重,固支梁跨度逐渐增大,管道覆土重力也不断增大。在上覆岩层荷载及其自重作用下,管道发生弯曲变形,当固支梁跨度达到某一值时,导致管道底部所受到的弯曲拉应力超过其许用应力,发生拉伸破坏。
4.3 管道变形与地层变形的关系
根据管道与对应地层的试验观测数据,利用线性回归法分别求出了管道与地层的下沉、水平变形之间的对应关系,结果见表3及图9、图10。
由下沉相关分析不难看出,管道下沉值约为地层下沉值的1.21 倍。
由水平变形相关分析可知,管道抵抗水平变形的能力远远大于岩土抵抗水平变形的能力,地层水平变形只有约18%传导至管道。试验现象和观测数据都说明了管道抵抗地表水平变形的能力与管道整体刚度有直接关系。
5 结论
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(1)采用3D 打印技术,构建了管道相似模型,弥补了管道模拟材料制作困难和相似性难于匹配的问题,丰富了埋地管道采动变形规律的研究手段。
(2)研究了埋地管道对井下开采的采动响应:埋地管道与下伏岩层不同步沉降,使其上覆岩层和下伏岩层间出现脱层,管道在上覆岩层荷载及其自重作用下发生弯曲变形,当脱层跨度足够大时,导致管道底部所受到的弯曲拉应力超过其许用应力,发生拉伸破坏。
(3)分析了采动影响下管道移动变形与地表移动变形的关系:埋地管道下沉值约为地层下沉值的1.21 倍;地层水平变形只有约18%传导至管道,管道抵抗水平变形的能力远远大于岩土抵抗水平变形的能力。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52274165)
  • 山西省自然科学基金(2016012002)
文献
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404616
  • 接收时间：2024-06-20
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-20
  • 修回日期：2025-02-05
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(52274165)
山西省自然科学基金(2016012002)
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    1 华北科技学院安全工程学院, 廊坊 065201
    2 太原理工大学矿业工程学院, 太原 030024
    3 中煤科工生态环境科技有限公司天津分公司, 天津 300000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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