Article(id=1149773880778257255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403621, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715788800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-16, revisedDate=1736438400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057054943, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057054943, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057054943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057054943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5491, endPage=5500, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773881277379435, articleId=1149773880778257255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Air Conditioning Supply Air Temperature Based on Improved Gray Wolf Algorithm, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problems of nonlinearity, large delay, uncertain model parameters and weak anti-interference ability in the temperature control system of variable air volume air conditioning supply air, a closed-loop control system of supply air temperature based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) was designed. In order to overcome the difficulty in parameter adjustment of active disturbance rejection controller, an improved grey wolf optimization (IGWO) algorithm was proposed to optimize controller parameters. By introducing chaotic mapping, nonlinear convergence factors, dynamic weights and dimensional learning strategies into grey wolf optimization (GWO), the population diversity was increased and the balance between search and exploitation was taken into account. The advantages and feasibility of the proposed algorithm were verified by MATLAB simulation. The experiment further proves that compared with the traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller and the traditional gray wolf algorithm, the IGWO algorithm can shorten the supply air temperature overshoot by 45.3% and 8.9%. The adjustment time is reduced by 34.8% and 11.2%, the steady-state error is smaller, and the system is more energy efficient.

, correspAuthors=Shi-zhong YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-zhong YANG, Yu-cheng GONG, Wei WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773916006215779, articleId=1149773880778257255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进灰狼算法的空调送风温度自抗扰控制, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对变风量空调送风温度控制系统存在非线性、大迟延、模型参数不确定且抗干扰能力弱等问题,设计了基于自抗扰控制器(active disturbance rejection control, ADRC)的送风温度闭环控制系统。为了克服自抗扰控制器在参数调整上的困难,提出一种改进灰狼优化算法(improved grey wolf optimization, IGWO)优化控制器参数,通过在灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimization, GWO)中引入混沌映射、非线性收敛因子、动态权重及维度学习策略,增加了种群多样性并兼顾搜索和开发的平衡。通过对不同的单峰、多峰函数测试,证明了IGWO算法具有更好的寻优精度、收敛速度和稳定性。通过MATLAB仿真验证了所提算法的优势和可行性;随后通过实验进一步证明:与传统比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-derivative, PID)控制器、传统灰狼算法优化的自抗扰控制器相比,采用IGWO算法优化的自抗扰控制器使系统送风温度超调量缩短45.3%和8.9%,调整时间减少34.8%和11.2%,稳态误差更小,系统更节能。

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杨世忠(1973—),男,汉族,山西代县人,博士,副教授。研究方向:控制理论与应用、建筑环境技术、建模与智能控制、变风量空调大系统多目标优化节能。E-mail:

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杨世忠(1973—),男,汉族,山西代县人,博士,副教授。研究方向:控制理论与应用、建筑环境技术、建模与智能控制、变风量空调大系统多目标优化节能。E-mail:

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杨世忠(1973—),男,汉族,山西代县人,博士,副教授。研究方向:控制理论与应用、建筑环境技术、建模与智能控制、变风量空调大系统多目标优化节能。E-mail:

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Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2023, 38(4): 1-6., articleTitle=Study on active disturbance rejection control parameters of gas turbine based on grey wolf optimization algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175114601420177451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, awardId=61640302, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(61640302), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175114597594973167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175114597603361776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, companyId=1175114597594973167, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175114597607556081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, companyId=1175114597594973167, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=青岛理工大学信息与控制工程学院, 青岛 266520)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175114599218167819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Water system structure diagram, figureFileSmall=FGAb1gVSQTaVKytqOGqQ/w==, figureFileBig=dv6u0b6NW0azi+g2tuFmtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599264305164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图1, caption=水系统结构图, figureFileSmall=FGAb1gVSQTaVKytqOGqQ/w==, figureFileBig=dv6u0b6NW0azi+g2tuFmtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599318831117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Second-order structure of ADRC, figureFileSmall=XJhUI8N8M4UjtWTYZsN6Nw==, figureFileBig=21tlZPCeBaSNDb+OYCaSgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599373357070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图2, caption=二阶自抗扰控制器结构图

v为参考输入;v1v2分别为期望信号值及其微分值;e1e2分别为误差信号和误差微分信号;u为控制输入;u0为误差反馈控制量;b0为控制增益;z1z2z3为ESO估计的状态变量;y为系统输出

, figureFileSmall=XJhUI8N8M4UjtWTYZsN6Nw==, figureFileBig=21tlZPCeBaSNDb+OYCaSgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599423688719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Contrast curves of convergence factor, figureFileSmall=1dg13aWcRNSkbwDsBxEeUA==, figureFileBig=5otVUg5qu+Of66rBqFFM/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599499186192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图3, caption=收敛因子对比曲线图, figureFileSmall=1dg13aWcRNSkbwDsBxEeUA==, figureFileBig=5otVUg5qu+Of66rBqFFM/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599574683665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Flowchart of IGWO, figureFileSmall=o1rgcJYmk1bna0cY/YSiDw==, figureFileBig=zD8+VgpSBt+2iEQxnGsjCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599658569746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图4, caption=IGWO流程图, figureFileSmall=o1rgcJYmk1bna0cY/YSiDw==, figureFileBig=zD8+VgpSBt+2iEQxnGsjCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599708901395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of convergence curves of different algorithms, figureFileSmall=VaOGRcwpu2WCW9lfWpWiHg==, figureFileBig=5nc4DWqEAyI8Hvp3ROVmnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599755038740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各算法的收敛曲线对比, figureFileSmall=VaOGRcwpu2WCW9lfWpWiHg==, figureFileBig=5nc4DWqEAyI8Hvp3ROVmnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599817953301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=IGWO optimized ADRC schematic diagram, figureFileSmall=TAdeuH+NAiWMkcYN5OawIA==, figureFileBig=/i2eblQNftVScHJ75IVyVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599868284950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图6, caption=IGWO优化ADRC原理图, figureFileSmall=TAdeuH+NAiWMkcYN5OawIA==, figureFileBig=/i2eblQNftVScHJ75IVyVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599922810903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Iterative variation curve of fitness values, figureFileSmall=5rrSB1e0RIPljzc7nnheBQ==, figureFileBig=+zdF13OtV/N3l1YwZ7AS6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114599973142552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图7, caption=适应度值迭代变化曲线, figureFileSmall=5rrSB1e0RIPljzc7nnheBQ==, figureFileBig=+zdF13OtV/N3l1YwZ7AS6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114600027668505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Step response curve, figureFileSmall=klQmSDfEjp+AKfkYCavtNg==, figureFileBig=4EnPQhNwHJrnPCCzlI8fig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114600090583066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图8, caption=阶跃响应曲线, figureFileSmall=klQmSDfEjp+AKfkYCavtNg==, figureFileBig=4EnPQhNwHJrnPCCzlI8fig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114600174469147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Step response curve with disturbance added, figureFileSmall=N31F3mvbp8HmuXNWtVQ/bA==, figureFileBig=eQVB/90/kAwByEbfIaTgTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114600233189404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图9, caption=加入扰动后的阶跃响应曲线, figureFileSmall=N31F3mvbp8HmuXNWtVQ/bA==, figureFileBig=eQVB/90/kAwByEbfIaTgTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114600342241309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Laboratory equipment diagram, figureFileSmall=eZekHWFphQlwbgNSiTUorA==, figureFileBig=eUk+mXVpUbCNviapFZhraw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114600392572958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=图10, caption=实验室设备图, figureFileSmall=eZekHWFphQlwbgNSiTUorA==, figureFileBig=eUk+mXVpUbCNviapFZhraw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114600451293215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test Functions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 名称 搜索区间 最小值
F1 Sphere [-100,100] 0
F2 Schwefel 2.22 [-10,10] 0
F3 Schwefel 1.2 [-100,100] 0
F4 Schwefel 2.21 [-100,100] 0
F5 Rastrigin [-5.12,5.12] 0
F6 Ackley [-32,32] 0
F7 Griewank [-600,600] 0
F8 Penalized 1 [-50,50] 0
), ArticleFig(id=1175114600530984992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

测试函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 名称 搜索区间 最小值
F1 Sphere [-100,100] 0
F2 Schwefel 2.22 [-10,10] 0
F3 Schwefel 1.2 [-100,100] 0
F4 Schwefel 2.21 [-100,100] 0
F5 Rastrigin [-5.12,5.12] 0
F6 Ackley [-32,32] 0
F7 Griewank [-600,600] 0
F8 Penalized 1 [-50,50] 0
), ArticleFig(id=1175114600631648289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test results comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 测试结果 WOA GWO TGWO LGWO DLH-GWO IGWO
F1 最优值 257×10-88 6.29×10-29 5.18×10-49 3.50×10-178 1.67×10-37 0
平均值 2.41×10-75 1.93×10-27 3.96×10-46 1.02×10-169 8.67×10-35 0
标准差 7.57×10-75 3.11×10-27 8.41×10-46 0 1.61×10-34 0
F2 最优值 1.26×10-56 2.62×10-17 5.07×10-29 4.01×10-91 1.38×10-22 1.19×10-193
平均值 5.50×10-51 1.07×10-16 8.90×10-28 1.83×10-88 1.33×10-21 1.20×10-192
标准差 1.91×10-50 7.10×10-17 9.33×10-28 4.52×10-88 1.08×10-21 0
F3 最优值 1.04×104 5.63×10-9 4.10×10-12 3.43×103 2.36×10-5 0
平均值 4.10×104 8.45×10-6 1.18×10-7 5.73×103 3.68×10-2 0
标准差 1.41×104 1.60×10-5 4.28×10-7 1.29×103 1.78×10-1 0
F4 最优值 2.85×10-1 8.21×10-8 3.10×10-13 1.19×10-19 1.18×10-7 1.66×10-187
平均值 59.9 8.52×10-7 9.79×10-12 6.89×10-19 1.18×10-6 1.31×10-186
标准差 27.2 9.06×10-7 1.34×10-11 8.36×10-19 1.14×10-6 0
F5 最优值 0 5.68×10-14 0 0 7.51 0
平均值 0 1.95 2.08 0 34.8 0
标准差 0 3.51 5.45 0 3.10×101 0
F6 最优值 8.88×10-16 7.90×10-14 7.99×10-15 4.44×10-15 1.15×10-14 4.44×10-15
平均值 4.56×10-15 1.03×10-13 1.21×10-14 6.93×10-15 2.00×10-14 4.44×10-15
标准差 2.70×10-15 1.97×10-14 3.68×10-15 1.63×10-15 4.63×10-15 0
F7 最优值 0 0 0 0 2.80×10-7 0
平均值 1.41×10-2 5.50×10-3 2.90×10-3 0 2.80×10-3 0
标准差 4.36×10-2 9.50×10-3 5.90×10-3 0 5.50×10-3 0
F8 最优值 5.90×10-3 6.60×10-3 9.90×10-3 6.00×10-9 9.63×10-6 4.86×10-14
平均值 6.87×10-2 5.63×10-2 5.64×10-2 9.38×10-9 1.67×10-5 2.50×10-3
标准差 1.72×10-1 3.78×10-2 3.78×10-2 2.03×10-9 4.24×10-6 2.00×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1175114600711340066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测试结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 测试结果 WOA GWO TGWO LGWO DLH-GWO IGWO
F1 最优值 257×10-88 6.29×10-29 5.18×10-49 3.50×10-178 1.67×10-37 0
平均值 2.41×10-75 1.93×10-27 3.96×10-46 1.02×10-169 8.67×10-35 0
标准差 7.57×10-75 3.11×10-27 8.41×10-46 0 1.61×10-34 0
F2 最优值 1.26×10-56 2.62×10-17 5.07×10-29 4.01×10-91 1.38×10-22 1.19×10-193
平均值 5.50×10-51 1.07×10-16 8.90×10-28 1.83×10-88 1.33×10-21 1.20×10-192
标准差 1.91×10-50 7.10×10-17 9.33×10-28 4.52×10-88 1.08×10-21 0
F3 最优值 1.04×104 5.63×10-9 4.10×10-12 3.43×103 2.36×10-5 0
平均值 4.10×104 8.45×10-6 1.18×10-7 5.73×103 3.68×10-2 0
标准差 1.41×104 1.60×10-5 4.28×10-7 1.29×103 1.78×10-1 0
F4 最优值 2.85×10-1 8.21×10-8 3.10×10-13 1.19×10-19 1.18×10-7 1.66×10-187
平均值 59.9 8.52×10-7 9.79×10-12 6.89×10-19 1.18×10-6 1.31×10-186
标准差 27.2 9.06×10-7 1.34×10-11 8.36×10-19 1.14×10-6 0
F5 最优值 0 5.68×10-14 0 0 7.51 0
平均值 0 1.95 2.08 0 34.8 0
标准差 0 3.51 5.45 0 3.10×101 0
F6 最优值 8.88×10-16 7.90×10-14 7.99×10-15 4.44×10-15 1.15×10-14 4.44×10-15
平均值 4.56×10-15 1.03×10-13 1.21×10-14 6.93×10-15 2.00×10-14 4.44×10-15
标准差 2.70×10-15 1.97×10-14 3.68×10-15 1.63×10-15 4.63×10-15 0
F7 最优值 0 0 0 0 2.80×10-7 0
平均值 1.41×10-2 5.50×10-3 2.90×10-3 0 2.80×10-3 0
标准差 4.36×10-2 9.50×10-3 5.90×10-3 0 5.50×10-3 0
F8 最优值 5.90×10-3 6.60×10-3 9.90×10-3 6.00×10-9 9.63×10-6 4.86×10-14
平均值 6.87×10-2 5.63×10-2 5.64×10-2 9.38×10-9 1.67×10-5 2.50×10-3
标准差 1.72×10-1 3.78×10-2 3.78×10-2 2.03×10-9 4.24×10-6 2.00×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1175114600795226147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

GWO and IGWO parameter optimization results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 模块 参数值
IGWO ESO β01=1.555 8, β02=0.998,
β03=0.033 9
NLSEF β1=-6.980 4, β2=0.287 9
LGWO ESO β01=1.417, β02=0.895,
β03=0.034
NLSEF β1=-5.78, β2=0.425
GWO ESO β01=1.362 2, β02=0.797 1,
β03=0.032 7
NLSEF β1=-5.288 5, β2=1
基于文献[2]
方法整定
ESO β01=1, β02=0.333,
β03=0.031 25
NLSEF β1=-1.5, β2=0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1175114600862335012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

GWO与IGWO参数寻优结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 模块 参数值
IGWO ESO β01=1.555 8, β02=0.998,
β03=0.033 9
NLSEF β1=-6.980 4, β2=0.287 9
LGWO ESO β01=1.417, β02=0.895,
β03=0.034
NLSEF β1=-5.78, β2=0.425
GWO ESO β01=1.362 2, β02=0.797 1,
β03=0.032 7
NLSEF β1=-5.288 5, β2=1
基于文献[2]
方法整定
ESO β01=1, β02=0.333,
β03=0.031 25
NLSEF β1=-1.5, β2=0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1175114600925249573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of dynamic indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制器 超调量/% 上升时间/s 调整时间/s
IGWO-ADRC 0 191 263
LGWO-ADRC 0 199 278
GWO-ADRC 0.09 206 281
ADRC 0 327 345
PID 4.17 65 306
), ArticleFig(id=1175114600992358438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

动态指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制器 超调量/% 上升时间/s 调整时间/s
IGWO-ADRC 0 191 263
LGWO-ADRC 0 199 278
GWO-ADRC 0.09 206 281
ADRC 0 327 345
PID 4.17 65 306
), ArticleFig(id=1175114601072050215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of dynamic performance indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设定值/
控制器 超调量/
%
调整
时间/s
稳态
误差/%
12 PID 7.7 334 6.5
GWO-ADRC 5.0 255 4.4
IGWO-ADRC 4.3 221 3.3
15 PID 7.5 316 5.9
GWO-ADRC 4.5 232 3.9
IGWO-ADRC 4.1 206 3.6
), ArticleFig(id=1175114601126576168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

动态性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设定值/
控制器 超调量/
%
调整
时间/s
稳态
误差/%
12 PID 7.7 334 6.5
GWO-ADRC 5.0 255 4.4
IGWO-ADRC 4.3 221 3.3
15 PID 7.5 316 5.9
GWO-ADRC 4.5 232 3.9
IGWO-ADRC 4.1 206 3.6
), ArticleFig(id=1175114601189490729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of energy consumption

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 PID控制
能耗/kW
GWO-ADRC
控制能耗/kW
IGWO-ADRC
控制能耗/kW
11:00 7.20 6.95 6.90
11:30 7.15 7.13 6.81
12:00 7.33 7.23 6.98
12:30 7.63 7.32 7.35
13:00 7.74 7.56 7.45
13:30 8.17 7.72 7.64
14:00 8.32 8.15 7.88
), ArticleFig(id=1175114601256599594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773880778257255, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

能耗对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 PID控制
能耗/kW
GWO-ADRC
控制能耗/kW
IGWO-ADRC
控制能耗/kW
11:00 7.20 6.95 6.90
11:30 7.15 7.13 6.81
12:00 7.33 7.23 6.98
12:30 7.63 7.32 7.35
13:00 7.74 7.56 7.45
13:30 8.17 7.72 7.64
14:00 8.32 8.15 7.88
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基于改进灰狼算法的空调送风温度自抗扰控制
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杨世忠 , 宫钰程 , 王伟
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(13): 5491-5500
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(13): 5491-5500
基于改进灰狼算法的空调送风温度自抗扰控制
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杨世忠 , 宫钰程, 王伟
作者信息
  • 青岛理工大学信息与控制工程学院, 青岛 266520
  • 杨世忠(1973—),男,汉族,山西代县人,博士,副教授。研究方向:控制理论与应用、建筑环境技术、建模与智能控制、变风量空调大系统多目标优化节能。E-mail:

Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Air Conditioning Supply Air Temperature Based on Improved Gray Wolf Algorithm
Shi-zhong YANG , Yu-cheng GONG, Wei WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403621
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针对变风量空调送风温度控制系统存在非线性、大迟延、模型参数不确定且抗干扰能力弱等问题,设计了基于自抗扰控制器(active disturbance rejection control, ADRC)的送风温度闭环控制系统。为了克服自抗扰控制器在参数调整上的困难,提出一种改进灰狼优化算法(improved grey wolf optimization, IGWO)优化控制器参数,通过在灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimization, GWO)中引入混沌映射、非线性收敛因子、动态权重及维度学习策略,增加了种群多样性并兼顾搜索和开发的平衡。通过对不同的单峰、多峰函数测试,证明了IGWO算法具有更好的寻优精度、收敛速度和稳定性。通过MATLAB仿真验证了所提算法的优势和可行性;随后通过实验进一步证明:与传统比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-derivative, PID)控制器、传统灰狼算法优化的自抗扰控制器相比,采用IGWO算法优化的自抗扰控制器使系统送风温度超调量缩短45.3%和8.9%,调整时间减少34.8%和11.2%,稳态误差更小,系统更节能。

变风量空调  /  送风温度  /  PID控制  /  自抗扰控制  /  改进灰狼算法

Aiming at the problems of nonlinearity, large delay, uncertain model parameters and weak anti-interference ability in the temperature control system of variable air volume air conditioning supply air, a closed-loop control system of supply air temperature based on active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) was designed. In order to overcome the difficulty in parameter adjustment of active disturbance rejection controller, an improved grey wolf optimization (IGWO) algorithm was proposed to optimize controller parameters. By introducing chaotic mapping, nonlinear convergence factors, dynamic weights and dimensional learning strategies into grey wolf optimization (GWO), the population diversity was increased and the balance between search and exploitation was taken into account. The advantages and feasibility of the proposed algorithm were verified by MATLAB simulation. The experiment further proves that compared with the traditional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller and the traditional gray wolf algorithm, the IGWO algorithm can shorten the supply air temperature overshoot by 45.3% and 8.9%. The adjustment time is reduced by 34.8% and 11.2%, the steady-state error is smaller, and the system is more energy efficient.

variable air volume air conditioning  /  air supply temperature  /  PID control  /  active disturbance rejection control  /  improved grey wolf optimization
杨世忠, 宫钰程, 王伟. 基于改进灰狼算法的空调送风温度自抗扰控制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5491 -5500 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403621
Shi-zhong YANG, Yu-cheng GONG, Wei WANG. Active Disturbance Rejection Control of Air Conditioning Supply Air Temperature Based on Improved Gray Wolf Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5491 -5500 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403621
近年来,中国商业建筑和办公楼数量不断增加,变风量空调行业市场规模也随之扩大。随着“十四五”规划中节能减排措施的实行,在节能、智能控制方面对变风量空调有了更高层次的要求[1]。其中,送风温度控制作为变风量空调系统的关键模块,如何有效确保其运作的稳定及提供最佳舒适体验,依然具有研究意义。变风量空调的送风温度控制系统存在非线性、强耦合、被控模型不精确等问题,而且实际的运行过程中容易受到各类不确定扰动,如果采用常规比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-derivative, PID)控制器,系统难以取得理想的控制效果。自抗扰控制器(active disturbance rejection control, ADRC)结合了PID控制器的误差反馈机制与现代控制理论的模型状态分析,兼具了快速准确跟踪输入信号的能力和强大的抗扰能力[2]。然而,ADRC的设计和参数调整过程相对复杂,涉及多个参数,这些参数的设定对控制效果有直接影响。不同控制对象要求不同的参数设定,而传统的参数选取往往依赖于经验和试错,使得实现最佳控制性能成为一大挑战。为此,研究者们将智能算法引入自抗扰控制器参数优化,如粒子群算法[3](particle swarm optimization, PSO)、蝴蝶算法[4](butterfly optimization algorithm, BOA),并取得了一些效果。
Mirjalili等[5]在2014年提出一种模拟灰狼种群狩猎行为的灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimization, GWO)。该算法虽然参数少、容易理解和实现,但和其他具有单一演化机制的智能算法一样,难以在全局搜索和局部开发间找到平衡,整定得到的局部最优解无法满足自抗扰控制器的控制需要。为此,众多学者为增强GWO算法的寻优能力做了大量研究。严爱军等[6]将GWO算法和鸟群算法结合,并采用多策略生成初始种群,增强了局部开发能力。崔靖凯等[7]提出一种基于随机分散策略的改进灰狼优化算法,在迭代过程中引入随机个体,增强了算法的全局开发能力,但收敛速度不佳;刘瑾言等[8]将指数和对数控制参数引入收敛因子中,通过优化支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)故障诊断模型验证了算法的寻优性能,但算法不易跳出局部最优;金辉等[9]结合记忆与飞行功能,加强了算法的收敛速度。张攀等[10]引入淘汰进化机制和差分优化算法,在轨迹规划中大幅降低机器人关节角加速度。上述文献中的改进虽然不同程度地提高了GWO算法的性能,但在全局寻优等方面仍有较大的拓展空间。
在介绍冷冻水系统结构和数学模型的基础上,现将ADRC应用于送风温度控制的控制器设计中,并采用改进灰狼算法优化控制器参数。在传统灰狼算法的基础上,采用Tent混沌映射和非线性收敛因子,提高算法初始种群多样性并加快算法收敛速度;引入动态权重维度学习策略以加快收敛和避免陷入局部最优;融合维度学习策略,通过多维度的开发和择优,得到控制器全局最优解。经过上述改进,有望提高空调送风温度控制的精度和速度,实现稳定控制。
在变风量空调系统控制中,主要目标是保持送风温度的稳定性,满足不同时间和空间的温度需求。然而,系统在实际运行中容易受到如阀门老化、热负荷变化和传感器故障等各种内外部扰动,导致送风温度偏离预设值,无法满足正常需求。鉴于节能效益与环境舒适性的考虑,确保送风温度稳定显得尤为重要。
变风量空调水系统结构如图1所示。在冷冻水二次泵频率恒定时,系统实时监测送风温度,并将其与设定目标值进行比较。当检测到送风温度实际值与设定值存在偏差,控制器会根据偏差值控制冷冻水阀的开度,改变流经末端负荷侧的冷冻水流量,从而维持送风温度的稳定。
在变风量空调实验平台的基础上,运用LabView软件收集实验数据,并通过MATLAB的系统辨识工具箱,采用最小二乘法辨识出被控对象的数学模型。辨识得到的冷冻水阀开度-送风温度的传递函数[11]
G(s)= - 0.045139 12.265 s + 1e-30s
式(1)中:G(s)为冷冻水阀开度与送风温度之间的传递函数,描述了冷冻水阀调节对送风温度的动态影响;s为拉普拉斯变换变量。
面对该类具有时滞和变化不确定的系统,采用传统PID控制效果不太理想,所以选用抗扰能力强、模型依赖性低的自抗扰控制,并采用改进的灰狼算法对其参数进行优化,进一步增强系统的调节适应能力。
自抗扰控制器主要由跟踪微分器(tracking differentiator, TD)、扩张状态观测器(extended state observer, ESO)和非线性误差反馈(nonlinear state error feedback, NLSEF)及扰动估计补偿组成。以二阶系统为例,自抗扰控制器结构如图2所示。
TD作为一个过渡过程,可以对输入信号进行平滑处理和微分估计,提高控制的精确性和鲁棒性。其离散形式的方程为
v 1 ( t + 1 ) = v 1 ( t ) + h v 2 ( t ) v 2 ( t + 1 ) = v 1 ( t ) + h f h a n [ v 1 ( t ) - v 0 ( t ) ,           v 2 ( t ) , r , h 0 ]
式(2)中:h为采样周期;h0为滤波因子;r为决定跟踪快慢的因子;fhan(·)为最速控制综合函数,其数学表达式为
d = r h 0 d 0 = d h 0 y = v 1 ( t ) - v 0 ( t ) + h 0 v 2 ( t ) a 0 = d 2 + 8 r y a = x 2 ( t ) + ( a 0 - d ) / 2 , y > d 0 x 2 ( t ) + y / h 0 , y d 0 f h a n [ x 1 ( t ) , x 2 ( t ) , r , h 0 ] = - r a d , a d r s i g n ( a ) , a > d
ESO作为ADRC的核心组件,通过将影响系统的内、外扰动扩张成新的状态变量,对其实时估计并补偿,实现简化控制器设计和提升控制性能的要求,其数学表达式为
e ( t ) = z 1 ( t ) - y ( t ) z 1 ( t + 1 ) = z 1 ( t ) + h [ z 2 ( t ) - β 01 e ( t ) ] z 2 ( t + 1 ) = z 2 ( t ) + h { z 3 ( t ) -           β 02 f a l [ e ( t ) , α 1 , δ 1 ] + b 0 u ( t ) } z 3 ( t + 1 ) = z 3 ( t ) - h β 03 f a l [ e ( t ) , α 2 , δ 1 ]
式(4)中:h为采样间隔时间;β01β02β03为ESO的校正增益参数;α1α2为设计参数,取值范围为0~1;δ1为非线性区间宽度;非线性饱和函数fal(·)的表达式为
fal[e(t),α,δ1]= e ( t ) δ 1 α - 1 , e ( t ) δ 1 e ( t ) α s i g n [ e ( t ) ] , e ( t ) > δ 1
NLSEF的作用是将TD与ESO相结合产生的误差信号,通过非线性组合得到控制信号u0(t),从而提高控制性能,其数学表达式为
e 1 ( t ) = v 1 ( t ) - z 1 ( t ) e 2 ( t ) = v 2 ( t ) - z 2 ( t ) u 0 ( t ) = β 1 f a l [ e 1 ( t ) , α 3 , δ 2 ] +       β 2 f a l [ e 2 ( t ) , α 4 , δ 2 ] u = u 0 - z 3 ( t ) b 0
式(6)中:α3α4均为非线性因子;β1β2分别为误差和误差微分的增益,相当于PID中的增益参数。
灰狼算法是一种基于灰狼社会等级和狩猎策略而提出的新型优化算法。在该算法中,每个灰狼个体都代表一个潜在的解。根据设置的适应度函数,将灰狼按照优劣程度划分为4个等级,分别为最优解α狼,次优解β狼,第三优解δ狼以及其他解ω狼。依照灰狼的等级制度,α狼负责领导,β狼、δ狼协助α狼,共同引领ω狼攻击猎物并捕获。
灰狼包围猎物的数学公式如下。
D = C X p ( t ) - X ( t ) X ( t + 1 ) = X p ( t ) - A D
式(7)中:D为灰狼与狩猎目标之间的距离向量;XP(t)和X(t)分别为猎物的位置向量和灰狼的位置向量;CA为系数向量。CA的计算公式如下。
C = 2 r 1 A = 2 a r 2 - a a = 2 ( 1 - t T m a x )
式(8)中:a为收敛因子,由2线性减小到0;r1r2为随机向量,取值范围为[0,1];Tmax为最大迭代次数。
灰狼的捕猎的数学公式如下。
D α = C 1 X α - X D β = C 2 X β - X D δ = C 3 X δ - X
X 1 = X α - A 1 D α X 2 = X β - A 2 D β X 3 = X δ - A 3 D δ
X(t+1)= X 1 + X 2 + X 3 3
式(9)和式(10)分别为ω狼与α狼、β狼、δ狼之间的距离向量和方向向量;式(11)表示ω狼的更新位置。
传统灰狼算法在种群初始化方面采用随机生成的方式,难以实现种群的多样性,导致迭代过程中易过早收敛,求解效率差。采用Tent混沌映射,其产生的混沌序列具有遍历性、规律性以及不可预测性,能够丰富种群多样性,增强算法的全局搜索能力[12]
Tent映射的数学方程为
xt+1= x t a , 0 x t a 1 - x t 1 - a , a x t 1
式(12)中:a为[0,1]的随机数;xt为第t次映射函数值。
传统GWO算法通过添加线性收敛因子来平衡灰狼的探索和开发能力,但其线性递减策略并不能总是适应优化搜索的实际需要。因此提出一种自适应非线性收敛因子,增强算法的寻优能力和收敛速度。该收敛因子的公式为
a= 1 2 2 - 1 - t T m a x λ + 2 c o s π 2 t T m a x
式(13)中:t为当前迭代的次数;Tmax为最大迭代次数;λ为调节参数。
图3是收敛因子变化对比曲线图。可以看出,调节参数λ的大小影响算法在探索和开发之间的权衡,经多次试验取λ为3。在算法的早期阶段,通过较慢的递减速度和大步长搜索,算法能够维持较高的种群多样性,并强化其全局搜索能力。到了后期,算法采用小步长搜索和快速递减,以精细调整解的质量并提高局部搜索效率。这种策略有效地扩展了搜索空间,提升了全局搜索能力,同时优化了算法在不同阶段的搜索动态。
在传统GWO算法中,3只领导狼αβδ对灰狼群体的引领作用是等权重的,但实际上不同领导狼对灰狼的影响力不同。鉴于此,引入一种基于领导个体位置模值的比例权重[13],表达式为
λ 1 = X 1 X 1 + X 2 + X 3 λ 2 = X 2 X 1 + X 2 + X 3 λ 3 = X 3 X 1 + X 2 + X 3 X ( t + 1 ) = λ 1 X 1 + λ 2 X 2 + λ 3 X 3 3
随着算法迭代过程的进行,这种动态权重机制会不断调节各领导狼的指导作用,提高了算法优化效率并加快收敛速度。
针对传统灰狼算法仅以适应度最好的3只灰狼作为领导者,导致过早失去种群的多样性及算法收敛缓慢的问题,采用基于维度学习的狩猎(dimension learning-based hunting,DLH)搜索策略[14]。该策略中,每只灰狼均向附近的狼及随机灰狼个体进行学习,并通过探索不同维度来构建候选狼Xi-DLH(t+1),以此增强算法的全局搜索能力,计算步骤如下。
步骤1 计算灰狼个体当前位置Xi(t)和候选狼位置Xi-GWO(t+1)之间的欧式距离Ri(t),以此构造灰狼个体的邻域Ni(t),表达式为
Ri(t)=‖Xi(t)-Xi-GWO(t+1)‖
Ni(t)={Xi(t)|Di[Xi(t),Xj(t)]≤Ri(t),Xj(t)∈pop}
式中:Xj(t)为邻域内的灰狼个体;DiXi(t)与Xj(t)之间的欧氏距离;pop为灰狼个体总数。
步骤2 构建邻域后再进行多邻域学习,表达式为
Xi-DLH,d(t+1)=Xi,d(t)+rand[Xn,d(t)-Xr,d(t)]
式(17)中:Xi-DLH,d(t+1)的d维是使用随机邻居Xn,d(t)及随机灰狼Xr,d(t)的d维来计算。
步骤3 在每次迭代中,通过比较Xi-GWO(t+1)和Xi-DLH(t+1)两个候选狼的适应度值,筛选出最优候选狼,表达式为
Xi(t+1)= X i - G W O ( t + 1 ) , f ( X G W O ) < f ( X D L H ) X i - D L H ( t + 1 ) ,
结合上述4种策略改进的灰狼优化算法流程图如图4所示。
为测试改进灰狼算法的性能,将IGWO算法与传统灰狼算法[5]、鲸鱼算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)[15]、DLH-GWO算法[16]、LGWO算法[17]、TGWO算法[18]在8个国际通用的测试函数中进行对比实验。仿真环境为AMD 7840H,MATLAB R2021a,Windows 11系统。为了保持一致性,各对比算法的参数均按原文献所给进行设置,所有算法的初始种群规模和函数维度都设定为30,迭代500次。每个测试函数均独立运行30次。测试函数信息如表1所示,其中F1~F4为单峰函数,F5~F8为多峰函数,分别用来测试算法的收敛能力和跳出局部最优能力[19]
表2列出了不同算法在各测试函数上的最优值、平均值和标准差,分别反映算法在某一测试函数上寻优的最高性能、精准度和稳定性。如表2所示, 与其他算法相比,IGWO算法在函数F1、F3、F5、F7均能稳定找到理论最优解,在函数F2、F4、F6上所取得的平均值更优,在上述函数F1~F7上标准差最小。LGWO算法和WOA算法分别仅在函数F5、F7上能稳定找到理论最优解。虽然WOA算法在函数F6上找到的最优值最好,但平均值高于IGWO算法,寻优精度较差。IGWO算法在复杂多峰函数F8上虽然取得的最优值更优,但在平均值和标准差上均劣于LGWO算法。总的来说,IGWO算法的寻优精准度更高、稳定性更强。
各算法的收敛曲线对比图如图5所示。通过与其他算法进行收敛曲线对比,可以看出:除了对函数F8寻优效果不佳,IGWO算法在处理函数F1~F7上拥有更快的收敛速度,能够找到更精确的解。从图5(e)~图5(h)可得,IGWO算法初期迭代最快,说明采用Tent混沌映射和非线性收敛因子,能够有效提升算法初期迭代的探索能力,提升收敛速度。从图5(e)~图5(h)可得,IGWO算法在迭代中后期依旧可以保持较快的收敛速度,说明引入动态权重和维度学习策略可以加强对局部的精细开发,提高求解效率。
设灰狼种群数为N,总迭代次数为T,问题维度为D。GWO算法的时间复杂度为O(N×T×D),对比实验中各算法的时间复杂度经计算均为O(N×T×D)。在IGWO算法每一次的迭代中,种群初始化需O(N),非线性收敛因子为O(1),原始位置更新需要O(N×D),维度学习为O(N2×D)。故每次迭代的时间复杂度为O(N2×D),整个迭代的时间复杂度为O(N2×T×D)。通过比较可以看出IGWO算法时间复杂度较高,但是其寻优精准度更高、稳定性更强。
自抗扰控制器对复杂不确定系统强大的控制能力离不开合理的参数设置,但由于参数众多,传统的试凑法效率低。选取影响控制器观测和补偿的5个重要参数β1β2β01β02β03进行整定,其余参数可以根据“分离性原理”设为固定值[20]。参数优化过程如图6所示。
设计合适的适应度函数是智能算法实现高效优化的关键[21]。为了提高控制精度,保证系统的动态性能,选取时间乘绝对误差积分(integral of absolute error multiplied by time,ITAE)、超调量和调整时间构成适应度函数,表达式为
J(t)= 0 t ω1t e ( t )dt+ω2Mp3tr
式(19)中:e(t)为系统误差;MP为超调量;tr为调整时间;ω1ω2ω3为权重系数。
在MATLAB环境下编写M文件并搭建仿真模型,仿真参数设置如下:灰狼种群数为30,迭代次数为30。基于各优化指标的特性及仿真实验,设定适应度函数中的权重系数分别为0.01、2 000和0.2。结合Z-N整定法及经验法得到的PID控制器的参数为:kp=-11,ki=-0.55。根据文献[2]中的参数整定法和仿真测试,适当放大ADRC参数寻优的范围,设置算法优化ADRC参数的上下界为:β01∈[1,5],β02∈[0.1,5],β03∈[0.001,0.1],β1∈[-30,-0.1],β2∈[0.01,1]。考虑到实际变风量空调控制器的负荷,采样周期h设置为1 s;另外r=100,α1=0.5, α2=0.25。系统初始送风温度为12 ℃,设置送风温度为15 ℃。
算法测试实验表明,在3种其他改进灰狼算法中,LGWO算法在大多数测试函数上的表现最佳。于是,选择LGWO算法与GWO算法、IGWO算法进一步仿真对比。在阶跃信号作用下,IGWO、LGWO、GWO算法寻优得到的ADRC参数和基于文献[2]的方法整定得到的ADRC参数如表3所示。适应度值迭代变化曲线如图7所示,实验结果表明,IGWO算法寻优精度更高,能得到更优解。
从跟踪性能和抗扰性能两方面,对比IGWO算法优化得到的ADRC控制器、LGWO算法、GWO算法、基于文献[2]的方法整定优化得到的ADRC控制器以及PID控制器的控制效果。送风温度仿真对比结果如图8所示。
图8所示,当送风温度设定值从12 ℃突变到15 ℃时,IGWO-ADRC和LGWO-ADRC能够较好地跟踪变化,没有超调;相比之下,GWO-ADRC的超调较小,但跟踪较慢;ADRC的跟踪曲线平滑,超调为0,但上升时间较长;PID控制虽然上升时间短,但曲线存在明显的超调和波动。相较于其他控制器,IGWO-ADRC控制的系统送风温度调节时间缩短15~82 s,超调量减少0.09%~4.7%。5种控制器的动态指标对比如表4所示。
冷冻水系统中水阀开度的变化会影响管道特性,并导致冷冻水流量的变化,进而使送风温度偏离预设值。为了测试上述5种控制器的抗扰动能力,当送风温度稳定后,在400 s时加入幅值为10的阶跃扰动信号,仿真结果如图9所示。在经过30 s的滞后延迟,5种控制器开始对扰动进行处理,IGWO-ADRC控制器相较于其他控制器扰动恢复时间更短,波动幅度更小,具有良好的鲁棒性。
为了验证IGWO-ADRC控制器对变风量空调送风温度控制的实际控制效果,选择在空调实验室中与PID、GWO-ADRC控制器进行性能对比实验。实验室设备如图10所示。实验过程中,分别将设定温度设置为12 ℃和15 ℃,选择天气情况相似的3 d进行实验,通过上位机电脑对实验数据进行统计。动态性能指标对比如表5所示。
实验结果表明,与传统PID控制器和GWO-ADRC控制器相比,IGWO-ADRC控制器在不同设定温度下均表现出显著更低的超调量和稳态误差,并且调整时间更短。具体而言,在设定温度为15 ℃的条件下,IGWO-ADRC控制器的超调量较PID控制器和GWO-ADRC控制器分别降低了45.3%和8.9%;调整时间分别减少了34.8%和11.2%;稳态误差分别降低了39%和7.7%。这些结果清晰地表明,采用IGWO-ADRC控制器显著改善了系统的控制效果。
此外,能耗对比的实验数据如表6所示。在不同时间点(11:00、11:30、12:00、12:30、13:00、13:30和14:00),记录了3种控制策略(PID、GWO-ADRC和IGWO-ADRC)的能耗情况。
表6可以看出,IGWO-ADRC控制在各个时间点的能耗均低于PID控制,并且在多数时间点上也低于GWO-ADRC控制。特别是在高负荷时间段(13:00—14:00),IGWO-ADRC的能耗优势更加明显。这些结果进一步证明了IGWO-ADRC控制器不仅在温度控制精度和调整时间上表现优异,在能耗方面也具有一定的优势。
为提高送风温度控制的精度和抗扰动能力,采用自抗扰控制器进行控制,并通过GWO算法整定控制器参数。为进一步提高算法的收敛速度和寻优精度,提出了一种改进灰狼优化算法(IGWO),并将其应用于变风量空调系统的送风温度优化。主要结论如下。
(1)在传统GWO算法的基础上,以Tent混沌映射初始化种群,使其均匀分布;采用非线性收敛因子平衡算法探索和开发能力;基于动态权重和维度学习策略更新灰狼位置,增强全局搜索能力,提高了算法的收敛速度和寻优效率。基于8种测试函数的寻优效果对比,IGWO算法表现出更高的寻优精度、更快的收敛速度和更强的稳定性。
(2)在15 ℃设定温度下,IGWO-ADRC控制器在仿真和实际实验中均表现出最优的综合动态性能。在实际实验中,IGWO-ADRC在超调量相比于PID和GWO-ADRC分别降低45.3%、8.9%,在调整时间上分别降低34.8%、11.2%,稳态误差降低39%、7.7%。
(3)通过对实验过程中的能耗对比分析可知,采用IGWO-ADRC控制后系统能耗降低有所降低,减少了能源消耗。
  • 国家自然科学基金(61640302)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403621
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
  • 修回日期:2025-01-10
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国家自然科学基金(61640302)
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    青岛理工大学信息与控制工程学院, 青岛 266520
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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