Article(id=1149773879964557343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405931, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722960000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-07, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057054748, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057054748, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057054748, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057054748, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5662, endPage=5670, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773880253964320, articleId=1149773879964557343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Convection and Heat Transfer in a Rotating Closed Cavity, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to research the effect of rotation on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of heat convection system in a closed cavity, a series of numerical simulations were carried out on the air flow and heat transfer characteristics in a closed cavity. The distribution characteristics of velocity field and temperature field by different Rayleigh numbers and rotating Rayleigh numbers by horizontal and vertical temperature gradients were obtained, as well as the local and average Nusselt numbers on high temperature walls. The effect of rotation on the thermal convection system by two kinds of thermal boundary conditions was discussed. The results show that for the heat convection by horizontal temperature gradient, the gradual enhancement of rotation makes the flow characteristics change from single-cell to multi-cell, and enhances the heat transfer performance of heat convection. For heat convection by vertical temperature gradient, the enhancement of rotation makes the flow tend to the steady-state flow characteristics, that is, the flow stability is enhanced, and at a large Rayleigh number, the enhancement of rotational action will first inhibit and then strengthen the heat transfer performance. Given the same conditions, the convective heat transfer performance by horizontal temperature gradient is better than that by vertical temperature gradient, and the stronger the rotation effect is, the more obvious the feature is.

, correspAuthors=Yu-peng HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-yang QIN, Song WU, Yu-peng HU, Ming-hai LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773913917448491, articleId=1149773879964557343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=自旋转封闭腔体内热对流传热特性数值模拟, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究自旋转效应对封闭腔体内热对流系统流动与传热特性的影响,对自旋转封闭腔体内空气流动与传热特性开展了系列数值模拟,获得了水平温度梯度和竖直温度梯度作用下不同瑞利数和旋转瑞利数下的速度场、温度场分布特征,以及高温壁面局部和平均努塞尔数,探讨了旋转作用对两类热边界条件下热对流系统的影响规律。结果表明:对于水平温度梯度作用下的热对流,旋转作用的逐渐增强使得流动特征呈现由单胞流动结构转变为多胞流动结构的演变特征,且使得热对流传热性能增强;对于竖直温度梯度作用下的热对流,旋转作用的增强使得流动趋向稳态流动特征,即增强了流动稳定性,且在较大瑞利数时,旋转作用的增强会先抑制后强化热对流传热性能。相同条件下,水平温度梯度作用的热对流传热性能优于竖直温度梯度作用情况,且旋转作用越强,该特征越为明显。

, correspAuthors=胡宇鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 胡宇鹏(1987—),男,汉族,陕西韩城人,博士,研究员。研究方向:装备热安全与热控技术。E-mail:
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秦嘉阳(1999—),女,汉族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,硕士研究生。研究方向:对流传热。E-mail:

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秦嘉阳(1999—),女,汉族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,硕士研究生。研究方向:对流传热。E-mail:

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秦嘉阳(1999—),女,汉族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,硕士研究生。研究方向:对流传热。E-mail:

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1996, 39(15): 3193-3210., articleTitle=A combined numerical and experimental study of air convection in a differentially heated rotating cubic cavity, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175114644801860152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, awardId=52476093, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52476093), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175114644873163321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, awardId=TCH0421, language=CN, fundingSource=中国工程物理研究院创新发展项目(TCH0421), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175114639869358579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175114639873552884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, companyId=1175114639869358579, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175114639881941493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, companyId=1175114639869358579, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所, 绵阳 621999)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175114642176225812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Physical model, figureFileSmall=0zha1GMJebliBgFv3s11bw==, figureFileBig=djRjGrp4mjvOEsLEGi0OLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114642268500501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=图1, caption=物理模型, figureFileSmall=0zha1GMJebliBgFv3s11bw==, figureFileBig=djRjGrp4mjvOEsLEGi0OLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114642364969494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Verification of solution method, figureFileSmall=CEikXBS1RMgHI+nuFoNCuA==, figureFileBig=wE11mhaQdf8rNcF8C4Ljjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114642440466967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=图2, caption=计算方法验证, figureFileSmall=CEikXBS1RMgHI+nuFoNCuA==, figureFileBig=wE11mhaQdf8rNcF8C4Ljjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114642549518872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Contour of W on the plane Z=0 in the convection system operated by horizontal temperature gradient, figureFileSmall=AsQ7Bfho7tXB9GOr+g9MAw==, figureFileBig=eoUj86LTHxQVRK4lAfKDTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114642645987865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统中Z=0平面W云图, figureFileSmall=AsQ7Bfho7tXB9GOr+g9MAw==, figureFileBig=eoUj86LTHxQVRK4lAfKDTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114642750845466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Contour of W on the plane Z=0 in the convection system operated by vertical temperature gradient, figureFileSmall=HoXExqC91IGtpZEci4LOyQ==, figureFileBig=MPqjyCvz1H2+niw5dYTe4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114642838925851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=图4, caption=竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统中Z=0平面W云图, figureFileSmall=HoXExqC91IGtpZEci4LOyQ==, figureFileBig=MPqjyCvz1H2+niw5dYTe4A==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileBig=OVEbZJqG4bHhJyTsltLK3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114643103167007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=图6, caption=水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统中θ等值面和Z=0.4平面V1云图

蓝色表示V1<0,即流动沿Y轴负方向;红色表示V1>0,即流动沿Y轴正方向

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蓝色表示W<0,即流动沿Z轴负方向;红色表示W>0,即流动沿Z轴正方向

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Thermo-physical properties of air

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ρ/
(kg·m-3)
υ/
(m2·s-1)
k/
(W·m-1·K-1)
β/
K-1
1.225 14.61×10-6 0.026 7 0.003 4
), ArticleFig(id=1175114644101411369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

空气的热物理性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/
(kg·m-3)
υ/
(m2·s-1)
k/
(W·m-1·K-1)
β/
K-1
1.225 14.61×10-6 0.026 7 0.003 4
), ArticleFig(id=1175114644239823402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Non-dimensional parameters

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工况 Ra 2 T a Raω
1 105 4.3×103 104
2 105 1.3×104 105
3 105 4.3×104 106
4 106 4.3×103 105
5 106 1.3×104 106
6 106 4.3×104 107
), ArticleFig(id=1175114644382429740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

控制方程中系数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 Ra 2 T a Raω
1 105 4.3×103 104
2 105 1.3×104 105
3 105 4.3×104 106
4 106 4.3×103 105
5 106 1.3×104 106
6 106 4.3×104 107
), ArticleFig(id=1175114644462121519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of different grid numbers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数 θ结果 Nu结果
θ 偏差/% Nu 偏差/%
20×20×20 0.94 2.12 7.82 1.53
30×30×30 0.92 3.26 7.70 1.17
40×40×40 0.89 1.12 7.61 1.05
50×50×50 0.88 7.53
), ArticleFig(id=1175114644529230384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同网格密度的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格数 θ结果 Nu结果
θ 偏差/% Nu 偏差/%
20×20×20 0.94 2.12 7.82 1.53
30×30×30 0.92 3.26 7.70 1.17
40×40×40 0.89 1.12 7.61 1.05
50×50×50 0.88 7.53
), ArticleFig(id=1175114644600533554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

V1max on the hot wall in convective system operated by horizontal temperature gradient

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 Ra Raω/Ra V1max
1 105 0.1 24.60
2 105 1 159.99
3 105 10 753.24
4 106 0.1 176.27
5 106 1 1 107.38
6 106 10 1 609.61
), ArticleFig(id=1175114644650865204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773879964557343, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统紧邻高温壁面V1max

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 Ra Raω/Ra V1max
1 105 0.1 24.60
2 105 1 159.99
3 105 10 753.24
4 106 0.1 176.27
5 106 1 1 107.38
6 106 10 1 609.61
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自旋转封闭腔体内热对流传热特性数值模拟
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秦嘉阳 , 吴松 , 胡宇鹏 * , 李明海
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(13): 5662-5670
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(13): 5662-5670
自旋转封闭腔体内热对流传热特性数值模拟
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秦嘉阳 , 吴松, 胡宇鹏* , 李明海
作者信息
  • 中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所, 绵阳 621999
  • 秦嘉阳(1999—),女,汉族,黑龙江齐齐哈尔人,硕士研究生。研究方向:对流传热。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 胡宇鹏(1987—),男,汉族,陕西韩城人,博士,研究员。研究方向:装备热安全与热控技术。E-mail:
Numerical Simulation of Convection and Heat Transfer in a Rotating Closed Cavity
Jia-yang QIN , Song WU, Yu-peng HU* , Ming-hai LI
Affiliations
  • Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405931
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为探究自旋转效应对封闭腔体内热对流系统流动与传热特性的影响,对自旋转封闭腔体内空气流动与传热特性开展了系列数值模拟,获得了水平温度梯度和竖直温度梯度作用下不同瑞利数和旋转瑞利数下的速度场、温度场分布特征,以及高温壁面局部和平均努塞尔数,探讨了旋转作用对两类热边界条件下热对流系统的影响规律。结果表明:对于水平温度梯度作用下的热对流,旋转作用的逐渐增强使得流动特征呈现由单胞流动结构转变为多胞流动结构的演变特征,且使得热对流传热性能增强;对于竖直温度梯度作用下的热对流,旋转作用的增强使得流动趋向稳态流动特征,即增强了流动稳定性,且在较大瑞利数时,旋转作用的增强会先抑制后强化热对流传热性能。相同条件下,水平温度梯度作用的热对流传热性能优于竖直温度梯度作用情况,且旋转作用越强,该特征越为明显。

自旋转  /  速度场  /  温度场  /  传热特性  /  数值模拟

In order to research the effect of rotation on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of heat convection system in a closed cavity, a series of numerical simulations were carried out on the air flow and heat transfer characteristics in a closed cavity. The distribution characteristics of velocity field and temperature field by different Rayleigh numbers and rotating Rayleigh numbers by horizontal and vertical temperature gradients were obtained, as well as the local and average Nusselt numbers on high temperature walls. The effect of rotation on the thermal convection system by two kinds of thermal boundary conditions was discussed. The results show that for the heat convection by horizontal temperature gradient, the gradual enhancement of rotation makes the flow characteristics change from single-cell to multi-cell, and enhances the heat transfer performance of heat convection. For heat convection by vertical temperature gradient, the enhancement of rotation makes the flow tend to the steady-state flow characteristics, that is, the flow stability is enhanced, and at a large Rayleigh number, the enhancement of rotational action will first inhibit and then strengthen the heat transfer performance. Given the same conditions, the convective heat transfer performance by horizontal temperature gradient is better than that by vertical temperature gradient, and the stronger the rotation effect is, the more obvious the feature is.

rotation  /  velocity field  /  temperature field  /  heat transfer  /  numerical simulation
秦嘉阳, 吴松, 胡宇鹏, 李明海. 自旋转封闭腔体内热对流传热特性数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5662 -5670 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405931
Jia-yang QIN, Song WU, Yu-peng HU, Ming-hai LI. Numerical Simulation of Convection and Heat Transfer in a Rotating Closed Cavity[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5662 -5670 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405931
自旋转封闭腔体内热对流广泛存在于工程应用中,例如,Czochralski法硅单晶生长系统、涡轮发动机旋转叶片冷却通道、太阳能接收器等[1-5]。与仅由热浮升力驱动的封闭腔体内热对流系统相比,封闭腔体在自旋转条件下的热对流系统受离心力、热浮升力和科里奥利力等力场共同作用,属多场耦合驱动热对流系统,其流动与传热特性更加复杂。因此,自旋转条件下封闭腔体内热对流特性日益受到学术界重视。
目前,关于自旋转封闭腔体内热对流研究主要集中在水平温度梯度下的热对流系统。早在20世纪90年代,Hamady等[6]采用激光片光流动显示技术对旋转腔内流动进行了观测,发现旋转作用可增强流动的稳定性。随着计算科学技术的发展,研究人员更多通过数值模拟来研究旋转封闭腔体中的热对流。稳态流动方面,Tso等[7]通过对自旋转条件下立方腔内空气热对流的数值模拟,获取了小转速旋转条件下的双流胞结构,以及转速增加后的多流胞结构。Chokri等[8]进一步针对以熔融锂为工质的旋转热对流系统开展了包括旋转Rayleigh(Raω)数和Taylor(Ta)数在内的多参数组合工况的计算,在其研究的参数范围内,较大的Raω数增强了腔体内流体的混合程度,进而增强了高温壁面的传热性能。Yu等[9]通过研究转速周期性变化的旋转条件对热对流的影响,指出Ta的增大使得对流传热性能增强。Stepan等[10]研究了旋转速率和壁面间温差对腔体内传热的影响,结果表明壁面间温差越大,旋转作用对于传热的影响就越显著。非稳态流动方面,Saleh等[11] 研究了旋转立方腔中不同种类和浓度的纳米流体的热对流传热性能,研究表明Nusselt(Nu)数随腔体旋转角度发生周期性变化,在一个周期内,Nu数峰值所对应的旋转角度随转速增加而增大,对于所考虑的4种纳米流体,传热效率随纳米流体的浓度增大而增大。Kumar等[12]研究了Rayleigh(Ra)数与Ta数的竞争关系对流动的影响,指出Ra数占主导地位时流动趋于稳态,Ra数与Ta数相当时流动具有周期性,Ta数占主导地位时为非周期性非稳态流动。Baig等[13]通过对自旋转立方腔中热对流系统的研究发现在离心力与热浮升力量级相当时, Nu数发生周期性变化。
与水平温度梯度下的热对流系统不同,竖直温度梯度的Rayleigh-Bénard(R-B)对流系统在Ra数达到临界值时才会发生流动[14]。目前对于自旋转条件下的R-B对流研究还相对较少。Kunnen等[15]于2010年应用粒子图像测速技术观测了旋转圆柱腔体中水的R-B流动,获取了大尺度环流结构向涡柱流动结构的转变过程。近年,Vadasz[16]对旋转作用下R-B对流稳定性进行理论分析,给出了流动失稳的临界Raω数。
综上,上述关于旋转热对流的研究较多集中在水平温度梯度作用的情况,竖直温度梯度作用的情况研究较少,且缺乏两类热边界条件下流动与传热特性的深入对比。因此,现开展针对自旋转封闭腔体内空气热对流的系列数值模拟,分析两类热边界条件下旋转封闭腔体内热对流系统的速度场与温度场分布特征,并探讨其热对流系统的传热性能。
自旋转封闭腔体内热对流系统物理模型如图1所示。水平温度梯度作用情况下,腔体左壁面为低温壁面,温度为Tc,右壁面为高温壁面,温度为Th,其余壁面为绝热壁面;竖直温度梯度作用情况下,腔体上壁面为低温壁面,温度为Tc,下壁面为高温壁面,温度为Th;其余壁面为绝热壁面。立方体腔体的边长为L。整个腔体绕竖直中心轴以角速度Ω旋转。
腔体内工质为空气,为简化起见,在模型中引入适当假设:流体为不可压缩牛顿流体,流动为层流,固壁满足无滑移边界条件,除浮力项中的密度外,所有的物性参数都为常数,即满足Boussinesq假设,浮力项密度随温度变化关系表示为
ρ-ρ0=-ρ0β(T-T0)
式(1)中:ρ为流体密度,kg/m3;ρ0为参考温度下的流体密度,kg/m3;β为热膨胀系数,K-1;T为流体温度,K;T0为参考温度,K。空气的热物理性质如表1所示。
根据上述物理模型,在三维直角坐标下,自旋转封闭腔体内空气流动与传热控制方程如下。
连续性方程:
$\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{w}=0$
式(2)中:w=ui+vj+wk为流体的速度向量; $\nabla=\boldsymbol{i} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}+\boldsymbol{j} \frac{\partial}{\partial y}+\boldsymbol{k} \frac{\partial}{\partial z}$为哈密顿算子;ijk分别为xyz方向的单位向量。
动量方程:
$\begin{array}{r} \rho \frac{\partial \boldsymbol{w}}{\partial t}+\rho \boldsymbol{w} \cdot \nabla \boldsymbol{w}=-\nabla p+\boldsymbol{f}-2 \rho \boldsymbol{\Omega} \times \boldsymbol{w}+ \\ \\ \rho[\boldsymbol{g}-\boldsymbol{\Omega} \times(\boldsymbol{\Omega} \times \boldsymbol{r})] \end{array}$
式(3)中:t为时间,s;p为压强,Pa;Ω为旋转角速度向量,rad/s;g为重力加速度向量,m/s2;r=xi+yjz轴到流体微元的向径;-2ρΩ×w、-ρΩ×(Ω×r)和ρg分别为流体所受科里奥利力、旋转浮升力和热浮升力。
能量方程:
$c_{p} \rho\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}+\boldsymbol{w} \cdot \nabla T\right)=-p \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{w}+\nabla \cdot(k \nabla T)$
式(4)中:cp为流体的定压比热,J/(kg·K);k为流体的导热系数,W/(m·K)。
定义无量纲参数如下:无量纲长度X=x/LY=y/LZ=z/L;无量纲时间τ=tα/L2;无量纲速度U=uL/αV=vL/αW=wL/α;无量纲温度θ=T-T0/ΔT;无量纲压强P=pmL2/ρα2,可得无量纲控制方程如下。
无量纲化连续性方程:
U X+ V Y+ W Z=0
无量纲化动量方程:
$\left\{\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial U}{\partial \tau}+ & U \frac{\partial U}{\partial X}+V \frac{\partial U}{\partial Y}+W \frac{\partial U}{\partial Z}=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial X}+ \\ & \operatorname{Pr} \nabla^{2} U+2 \sqrt{\operatorname{Ta}} \operatorname{Pr} V-\operatorname{Ra} a_{\omega} \operatorname{Pr} X \theta \\ \frac{\partial V}{\partial \tau}+ & U \frac{\partial V}{\partial X}+V \frac{\partial V}{\partial Y}+W \frac{\partial V}{\partial Z}=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial Y}+ \\ & \operatorname{Pr} \nabla^{2} V-2 \sqrt{\operatorname{Ta}} \operatorname{Pr} U-\operatorname{R} a_{\omega} \operatorname{Pr} Y \theta \\ \frac{\partial W}{\partial \tau}+ & U \frac{\partial W}{\partial X}+V \frac{\partial W}{\partial Y}+W \frac{\partial W}{\partial Z}=-\frac{\partial P}{\partial Z}+ \\ & \operatorname{Pr} \nabla^{2} W+\operatorname{RaPr} \theta \end{aligned}\right. $
式(6)中:Prandtl数Pr=ν/α,表征热扩散率与动量扩散率之比;Taylor数Ta=Ω2L42,表征科里奥利力与黏性力的竞争关系;Rayleigh数Ra=gβL3ΔT/αν,表征热浮升力与黏性力的竞争关系;旋转Rayleigh数Raω=Ω2βL4ΔT/αν,表征旋转浮升力与黏性力的竞争关系。Ra作用于热浮升力项,2 T a作用于科里奥利力项,Raω作用于旋转浮升力项,其值代表了相应作用力对流场的影响大小。
基于上述控制方程,所研究的工况中Ra、2 T aRaω这3个系数的取值如表2所示。热浮升力和旋转浮升力远大于科里奥利力,因此主要讨论无量纲参数Ra数和Raω数变化时对热对流系统的影响,并引入Raω/Ra表明旋转浮升力与热浮升力的竞争关系。
无量纲化能量方程:
$\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial \tau}+U \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial X}+V \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial Y}+W \frac{\partial \theta}{\partial Z}=\nabla^{2} \theta$
为研究水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统中流体流向和远离高温壁面的情况,定义流体相对于腔体运动的Y方向的无量纲速度V1
V1= ( v - ω x ) L α
为研究对流传热性能,定义Nu数和Nuave数如下。
Nu= θ n w a l l
Nuave= q L k ( T h - T c )
式(10)中:q为壁面上的热流密度,W/m2
控制方程采用有限容积法进行离散,动量方程、能量方程中的扩散项和对流项采用二阶迎风格式,压力-速度耦合方程采用SIMPLE算法,非稳态项采用二阶隐式格式。为验证计算方法的合理性,与文献[17]相同工况进行计算,对比结果如图2所示,壁面局部Nu与原文相差在3.67%以内,即本文方法是可信的。
对于本文方法,采用六面体结构化网格。为验证网格的独立性,对比4种不同密度的网格计算结果,即监测点无量纲温度以及高温壁面平均Nu数,如表3所示。综合考虑计算精度和计算成本,确定30×30×30网格为本文计算网格。
水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统在Z=0平面W云图如图3所示。对于水平温度梯度中Ra=105~106条件下Raω/Ra=0.1~10的工况,腔体内W等值线均呈现出中心对称的分布特征。当热浮升力主导流动,即Raω/Ra=0.1时,腔体内不均匀的温度分布使得腔体不同区域流体存在密度差,从而在热浮升力作用下,高温壁面附近流体受热上升,低温壁面附近流体受冷下沉,即在腔体内形成逆时针旋转流动的单流胞结构,如图3(a)图3(d)所示。随着Raω/Ra增大至1,旋转浮升力作用逐渐明显,流动结构发生显著变化,即从单胞流动结构转变为多胞流动结构,如图3(b)图3(e)所示。当Raω/Ra增大至10,即旋转作用更加明显时,各处W值趋于常值,且腔体内流动均趋于沿同一方向流动,如图3(c)图3(f)所示,此时W相对Raω/Ra=1的W明显减小,即竖直方向的流动减弱。
对比Ra=105Ra=106时的Z=0平面W最大值Wmax还可知,Ra=106Wmax明显大于Ra=105时的Wmax,即表明随着Ra的增加,腔体内热对流强度显著增强。
竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统Z=0平面 W云图如图4所示。当热浮升力主导流动,即Raω/Ra=0.1时,腔体内热对流在Ra=105工况下竖直方向的流动极弱,如图4(a)图4(b)所示,即此时近似于R-B对流系统,高温壁面与低温壁面存在促使流动发生的临界温差,该工况下高温与低温壁面温差小于该临界温差,流动尚未完全发生。当Ra数增大至106时,流动强度明显增强,如图4(d)所示,但其表现为非稳态流动特征,其特征点温度随时间变化如图5所示。当Raω/Ra增大至10时,热对流强度增强,如图4(c)所示。图5进一步表明,当Raω/Ra>0.1时,特征点温度随时间推移逐渐趋于常值。横向对比Ra=106其他工况可发现,随着Raω/Ra的增大,流动逐渐趋于稳态流动,即流动失稳的临界Ra数增大,且流动结构由图4(e)的单胞流动结构转变至图4(f)的多胞流动结构。
综上,旋转作用对于两类热边界条件下的热对流系统的无量纲速度场分布影响有明显差异,即对于水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统,旋转会削弱其竖直方向的流动强度,对于竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统,旋转作用使得流动趋向稳态流动特征,即增强了流动稳定性。
水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统中θ等值面如图6所示,对应给出Z=0.4平面V1云图以辅助分析θ等值面分布特征。当Raω/Ra=0.1时,Ra=105工况θ等值面呈由高温壁面向低温壁面凸起变形特征,如图6(a)所示;Ra=106工况,θ等值面呈分区域由高温壁面向低温壁面凸起或凹陷变形特征,如图6(d)所示,且两工况竖直方向存在不同温度流体的分层现象。结合对应的Z=0.4平面V1云图分析可知,当流体向Y轴负向流动时,θ等值面相应向Y轴负向凸起,流体向Y轴正向流动时,θ等值面相应向Y轴正向凸起。随着Raω/Ra增大至1时,腔体内竖直方向的温度分层现象减弱,如图6(b)图6(e)所示,Z=0.4平面流体V1大于Raω/Ra=0.1工况,因此θ等值面的变形更加明显。当Raω/Ra=10时,如图6(c)图6(f)所示,腔体中各处θ趋于常值,其原因是旋转作用使高温流体与低温流体混合得更加均匀,不再出现流体因温度不同而聚集的现象,在靠近竖直壁面处流体顺时针方向流动,相应地,θ=0.5等值面也相应表现为顺时针扭转的形状。
竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统中θ等值面如图7所示。Ra=105时,Raω/Ra=0.1~1工况腔体内θ等值面为一组平行水平面,表明此时传热以导热为主,如图7(a)图7(b)所示。当Raω/Ra增加至10时,流动增强,θ等值面在靠近高温与低温壁面处发生了轻微的扭曲,如图7(c)所示,与对应给出的Y=0.4平面W云图分布特征相匹配,即流动向上,等温面呈凸起变形特征,流动向下,等温面呈凹陷变形特征。Ra=106时,Raω/Ra=0.1工况热对流系统θ等值面分布呈现为两股热羽流结构特征,如图7(d)所示。当Raω/Ra增加至1时,θ等值面分布退化至导热态下的平行分布特征,如图7(e)所示。Raω/Ra进一步增大至10时,θ等值面分布与Ra=105工况类似,但因W的增大,θ等值面的凹凸变形更加明显,如图7(f)所示。
综上,对于水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统,旋转作用使温度场分布由具有明显分层的分布特征逐渐转变为较均匀的分布特征;对于竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统,小转速大Ra数出现多热羽流结构,随着旋转作用的逐渐增强,温度场分布退化至导热态下的平行分布特征,并出现局部凹凸变形。
水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统高温壁面局部Nu数分布如图8所示。各工况高温壁面局部Nu数峰值均呈现随Raω/Ra增加而增大的趋势。局部Nu数峰值对应出现于紧邻高温壁面的低温区域,表明局部Nu数峰值处的热边界层属全域最薄,符合热边界层越薄,传热性能越优的规律。同时,表4给出紧邻高温壁面区域的V1max,其表征区域流动强度,从其值的变化规律也可知高温壁面局部Nu数峰值出现在流动强度最大值区域。
竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统中高温壁面局部Nu数分布如图9所示。Ra=105时,Raω/Ra=0.1~10的局部Nu数分布呈现多峰值的特征,且均为中心对称分布,如图9(a)~图9(c)所示,这与速度场分布呈多流胞结构相符,但局部Nu峰值都较小。Ra=106时,对于Raω/Ra=0.1工况,局部Nu数峰值因强烈的非稳态流动较其他工况增加一个数量级,达17.17,如图9(d)所示。随着旋转作用的增强,Raω/Ra=1工况局部Nu数峰值减小至1.58,如图9(e)所示,这与该工况下温度场呈接近于导热态的平行温度面分布相符。当Raω/Ra继续增大至10时,局部Nu峰值增大至3.34,且局部Nu数峰值数量增加至8个,分布于更靠近竖直壁面区域。
为表征自旋转封闭腔体热对流系统总体传热性能,图10给出了两类热边界条件下高温壁面Nuave数随Raω/Ra的变化规律。可以看出,水平温度梯度热边界条件情况,高温壁面Nuave数随Raω/Ra的增加而增大,即旋转作用强化了水平温度梯度作用下的热对流传热性能。在竖直温度梯度热边界条件情况下,Ra数相对较小时,即传热模式以导热为主的Ra数范围,旋转作用一定程度上会增强热对流传热性能,但影响相对轻微;Ra数较大时,高温壁面Nuave数随Raω/Ra的增加先减小后增大,例如,Ra=106Raω/Ra=0.1工况,高温壁面上Nuave数为7.91,当Raω/Ra增加至1,Nuave数减小至1.04,随Raω/Ra增加至10,Nuave数又增加至1.63。横向对比可知,相同条件下水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统中高温壁面上Nuave数大于竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统中高温壁面上Nuave数,且旋转作用越强,该特征越为明显。
针对自旋转封闭腔体内热对流系统流动与传热特性开展了系统数值模拟研究,探讨了两类典型热边界条件(水平/竖直温度梯度)下不同Ra数(105Ra≤106)和Raω/Ra(0.1≤Raω/Ra≤10)的速度场和温度场分布特征,以及高温壁面局部和平均传热性能,得到以下结论。
(1)旋转作用对于两类热边界条件下的热对流系统速度场分布影响有明显差异,即对于水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统,其流动结构随旋转作用的增强由单胞流动结构转变为多胞流动结构;对于竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统,较小Ra数下流动极弱,较大Ra数下流动随旋转作用增强由非稳态转变为稳态流动,即旋转作用增强了流动稳定性。
(2)对于水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统,旋转作用使温度场分布由具有明显分层的分布特征逐渐转变为较均匀的分布特征;对于竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统,小转速大Ra数工况出现了多热羽流结构,随着旋转作用的逐渐增强,温度场又分布退化至导热态下的平行分布特征。
(3)旋转作用对于两类热边界条件下的热对流传热性能影响也有较大差异。水平温度梯度作用下热对流系统高温壁面局部与平均传热性能都随旋转作用的增强而增强;竖直温度梯度作用下热对流系统高温壁面局部Nu数多峰值分布特征明显,较小Ra数时,旋转作用一定程度上会增强热对流传热性能,但影响相对轻微;较大Ra数时,旋转作用的增强会先抑制后强化热对流传热性能。相同条件下水平温度梯度作用的热对流系统中高温壁面上Nuave数大于竖直温度梯度作用的热对流系统中高温壁面上Nuave数,且旋转作用越强,该特征越为明显。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52476093)
  • 中国工程物理研究院创新发展项目(TCH0421)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405931
  • 接收时间:2024-08-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-07
  • 修回日期:2025-02-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(52476093)
中国工程物理研究院创新发展项目(TCH0421)
作者信息
    中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所, 绵阳 621999

通讯作者:

* 胡宇鹏(1987—),男,汉族,陕西韩城人,博士,研究员。研究方向:装备热安全与热控技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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