Article(id=1149773878639157273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405553, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=1739116800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057054411, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057054411, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057054411, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057054411, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5671, endPage=5680, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773879083753498, articleId=1149773878639157273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Analysis of the Pre-compression Process in Radial Wave Rotor Combustor, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reveal the unsteady flow characteristics during the pre-compression process of the radial wave rotor combustor, the pre-compression mechanism induced by complex wave systems under typical operating conditions was simulated and analyzed using three-dimensional unsteady simulations. The impact of pressure differential across intake and exhaust ports, as well as rotor speed, on the propagation behavior of compression waves within the channels was focused on. The results indicate that as compression waves propagate within the channels, they are influenced by the curvature of the curved channels, leading to wave reflection, refraction, and attenuation. This results in energy loss and waveform distortion, which affect the propagation path and speed of the compression waves. Although a higher pressure difference enhances the intensity of the compression waves, it exacerbates overfilling of the fuel and flow instability, increases thermodynamic losses, and significantly reduces the isentropic compression efficiency. The rotational speed affects the propagation characteristics of compression waves within the channels by adjusting the operational timing of the wave rotor. At 1 200 r/min, the opening time of the intake port is extended, causing the compression waves to reflect and form expansion waves that propagate in the reverse direction. This results in a pressure ratio within the channel of only 103% and a substantial decrease in isentropic compression efficiency.

, correspAuthors=Jian-zhong LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fang-hao ZHANG, Jian-zhong LI, Er-lei GONG, Qian YAO, Ren-chuan ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773920280208098, articleId=1149773878639157273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=径向流内燃波转子预压缩过程数值分析, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示径向流内燃波转子预压缩过程的非定常流动特性,通过三维非定常仿真对典型工况下复杂波系诱导预增压机制进行了模拟和分析,重点研究了进排气端口压差与波转子转速对通道内压缩波传播规律的影响。结果表明:压缩波在通道内传播时受弯曲通道曲率影响,导致波的反射、折射和衰减,发生能量损失和波形畸变,影响压缩波的传播路径与速度;高压差虽然增强了压缩波强度,但加剧了燃料的过度填充和流动不稳定性,增加了热力学损失,使等熵压缩效率显著降低;转速通过调节波转子的工作时序来影响通道内压缩波的传播特性,在1 200 r/min时,进气端口开启时间延长,压缩波反射形成膨胀波并逆向传播,导致通道内增压比仅为103%,等熵压缩效率大幅度减小。

, correspAuthors=李建中, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李建中(1979—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,博士,教授。研究方向:航空发动机前沿燃烧技术。E-mail:
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张方浩(2000—),男,汉族,河南信阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:内燃波转子增压燃烧技术。E-mail:

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张方浩(2000—),男,汉族,河南信阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:内燃波转子增压燃烧技术。E-mail:

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张方浩(2000—),男,汉族,河南信阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:内燃波转子增压燃烧技术。E-mail:

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Channel size parameters of radial wave rotor combustor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道高度/
mm
通道径向
长度/mm
通道入口
半径/mm
通道出口
半径/mm
通道数/
42 100 45 145 24
), ArticleFig(id=1175114778012958896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773878639157273, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

径向流内燃波转子通道尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通道高度/
mm
通道径向
长度/mm
通道入口
半径/mm
通道出口
半径/mm
通道数/
42 100 45 145 24
), ArticleFig(id=1175114778092650673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773878639157273, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Port position distribution parameters of radial wave rotor combustor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
进排气端
口相位差/
(°)
排气端口
总开度/
(°)
扫气端口
角度/
(°)
进气端口
总开度/
(°)
混气端口
角度/
(°)
叶片偏
转角/
(°)
65.4 88.5 12 73.5 60.1 43.5
), ArticleFig(id=1175114778159759538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773878639157273, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

径向流内燃波转子端口位置分布参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
进排气端
口相位差/
(°)
排气端口
总开度/
(°)
扫气端口
角度/
(°)
进气端口
总开度/
(°)
混气端口
角度/
(°)
叶片偏
转角/
(°)
65.4 88.5 12 73.5 60.1 43.5
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径向流内燃波转子预压缩过程数值分析
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张方浩 , 李建中 * , 巩二磊 , 姚倩 , 郑仁传
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(13): 5671-5680
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(13): 5671-5680
径向流内燃波转子预压缩过程数值分析
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张方浩 , 李建中* , 巩二磊, 姚倩, 郑仁传
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学能源与动力学院, 南京 210016
  • 张方浩(2000—),男,汉族,河南信阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:内燃波转子增压燃烧技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李建中(1979—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,博士,教授。研究方向:航空发动机前沿燃烧技术。E-mail:
Numerical Analysis of the Pre-compression Process in Radial Wave Rotor Combustor
Fang-hao ZHANG , Jian-zhong LI* , Er-lei GONG, Qian YAO, Ren-chuan ZHENG
Affiliations
  • College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405553
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为揭示径向流内燃波转子预压缩过程的非定常流动特性,通过三维非定常仿真对典型工况下复杂波系诱导预增压机制进行了模拟和分析,重点研究了进排气端口压差与波转子转速对通道内压缩波传播规律的影响。结果表明:压缩波在通道内传播时受弯曲通道曲率影响,导致波的反射、折射和衰减,发生能量损失和波形畸变,影响压缩波的传播路径与速度;高压差虽然增强了压缩波强度,但加剧了燃料的过度填充和流动不稳定性,增加了热力学损失,使等熵压缩效率显著降低;转速通过调节波转子的工作时序来影响通道内压缩波的传播特性,在1 200 r/min时,进气端口开启时间延长,压缩波反射形成膨胀波并逆向传播,导致通道内增压比仅为103%,等熵压缩效率大幅度减小。

径向流内燃波转子  /  非定常流动  /  预压缩  /  等熵压缩效率

In order to reveal the unsteady flow characteristics during the pre-compression process of the radial wave rotor combustor, the pre-compression mechanism induced by complex wave systems under typical operating conditions was simulated and analyzed using three-dimensional unsteady simulations. The impact of pressure differential across intake and exhaust ports, as well as rotor speed, on the propagation behavior of compression waves within the channels was focused on. The results indicate that as compression waves propagate within the channels, they are influenced by the curvature of the curved channels, leading to wave reflection, refraction, and attenuation. This results in energy loss and waveform distortion, which affect the propagation path and speed of the compression waves. Although a higher pressure difference enhances the intensity of the compression waves, it exacerbates overfilling of the fuel and flow instability, increases thermodynamic losses, and significantly reduces the isentropic compression efficiency. The rotational speed affects the propagation characteristics of compression waves within the channels by adjusting the operational timing of the wave rotor. At 1 200 r/min, the opening time of the intake port is extended, causing the compression waves to reflect and form expansion waves that propagate in the reverse direction. This results in a pressure ratio within the channel of only 103% and a substantial decrease in isentropic compression efficiency.

radial wave rotor combustor  /  unsteady flow  /  pre-compression  /  isentropic compression efficiency
张方浩, 李建中, 巩二磊, 姚倩, 郑仁传. 径向流内燃波转子预压缩过程数值分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5671 -5680 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405553
Fang-hao ZHANG, Jian-zhong LI, Er-lei GONG, Qian YAO, Ren-chuan ZHENG. Numerical Analysis of the Pre-compression Process in Radial Wave Rotor Combustor[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5671 -5680 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405553
现有能源体系主要依赖于低效的化石燃料燃烧,以基于布雷顿循环的地面发电系统及飞行器推进系统中的燃气轮机为例,其平均热效率仅约40%[1]。因此,迫切需要针对发动机和燃烧室方面进行技术革新,开发高推重比、低油耗的先进燃烧推进技术,以实现能源的高效利用[2-3]。传统布雷顿循环热效率的提升主要通过提高压气机压比、涡轮入口温度以及旋转部件的气动效率实现,但由于材料耐受温度以及压气机压比的限制,难以实现燃气轮机热效率的实质性提高[4-6]
内燃波转子(wave rotor combustor,WRC)[7-9]是一种非定常燃烧装置,通过增加低能流体的温度和压力,进行增压燃烧,提高燃气涡轮发动机的循环效率。通过理论计算[10]表明在相同的基准压比和涡轮入口状态下,考虑损失时径向流内燃波转子循环相较于基准机的热循环效率能够增加44.9%,耗油率降低30.9%。内燃波转子按照气流流动方向可以分为径向流内燃波转子与轴向流内燃波转子[11],径向流内燃波转子的通道内气流沿径向流动,在结构上更加紧凑,具有减小空间、质量和制造成本的优点[12-13]。相关研究指出,燃烧室长度缩短2.5 mm可使航空发动机重量减轻0.4%[14]。因此,具有更紧凑结构的径向流内燃波转子在航空领域作为新的推进技术具有显著优势。但在径向流内燃波转子工作过程中,通道通过高速旋转周期性地连接进排气端口,实现燃料的填充、点火、燃烧及排放过程,由此产生的内部流动极为复杂,表现出显著的非定常特性。因此掌握各因素对非定常流动特性的影响规律,对径向流内燃波转子性能优化和工程应用均十分重要。
国内外学者优化了径向流内燃波转子通道结构,通过数值模拟与实验研究探究了不同工况下波转子内部流动模式与工作过程。Iancu等[15]通过数值模拟发现径向波转子具有利用离心力改善混气填充和扫气过程的优点。Prashad[16]和Sun[17]通过数值模拟对比3种不同结构波转子通道的输出功率与预增压大小,发现出口收敛通道是最佳结构。产世宁等[18]通过数值模拟研究了不同几何通道对切向驱动力的影响,结果发现弯曲通道会造成激波/膨胀波在传播中,波面出现倾斜,导致通道上下壁面存在压差,驱动了波转子自旋。Kurec等[19]通过数值模拟对径向流内燃波转子不同转速下的膨胀过程进行了模拟,发现高转速会获得较高的扭矩。巩二磊[20]、Zheng等[21]通过数值模拟研究了转速变化对轴向流内燃波转子的影响,结果表明转速为2 000 r/min时可以达到最佳预增压效果。在实验研究方面,Akbari等[22]采用固定燃烧通道与旋转阀耦合,建立了简化旋转阀式径向流内燃波转子实验系统,通过阀门的快速开关引起通道内产生压缩波和膨胀波,在燃烧过程中产生压力增益。在此基础上Parraga-Ramirez等[23]设计了通道旋转的径向流内燃波转子发动机,并对燃烧过程进行了光学观测,结果表明波转子内部预混火焰传播速度会随着波转子通道转速的增大而增大,燃烧点火工作边界随着转速的升高而变窄。
综上所述,目前对径向流内燃波转子非定常流动特性的研究,主要集中在增压效果、扭矩输出等宏观性能评估,而缺乏对通道内部复杂波系的形成机制与传播规律的深入分析。现聚焦于径向流内燃波转子的预压缩过程,系统分析通道内复杂波系运动诱导的预增压机制,揭示不同边界条件(如进排气端口压差、通道转速)对压缩波传播及预增压机制的影响规律。以期为优化波转子设计、提升性能提供理论依据和关键参数指导。
在径向流内燃波转子的运行过程中,转子通道与进排气端口的周期性接触产生了包括压缩波、膨胀波等在内的一系列复杂波系。图1展示了工作过程中理想的波系结构[24],混合气体自进气端口涌入并有效填充波转子通道,在通道内形成清晰的物质间断面,直至排气端口关闭。此状态下,气流撞击排气端口端壁产生预压缩波,对通道内气体进行冷态预压缩,提高了热力循环的初始压力,从而增强整体热效率。随后,进气端口关闭,在通道中间位置点火,进行定容燃烧。燃烧结束后,随着波转子通道的旋转,高温高压的燃烧产物移动至排气端口区域产生膨胀波,通过排气端口排出,并自然过渡到下一个循环的起始阶段。
根据理想波系图,构建的径向流内燃波转子三维简化计算模型如图2所示,该模型主要包括从内向外沿径向布置的一组对称的进气与排气端口以及旋转的全环波转子通道。为优化进气与排气过程,波转子通道设计融合了偏转角为43.5°的弯曲段和径向长度为35 mm的相切平直段,当进气气流沿弯曲段以切向方式进入,能够有效减缓进气填充速度,从而抑制燃料的过度填充现象。随后,气流平滑过渡至平直段,确保所有通道在排气阶段能够保持一致的排气方向,进而促进了系统的整体协调性与效率。进气端口由3个端口组成,中间进气端口进燃料(乙烯)与空气的混气(当量比为1),两边端口进空气,具有扫气与预增压作用,通道旋转一周进行两次进排气循环,具体结构参数如表1表2所示。在监测通道内沿径向设置5个监测面(S1:R=45 mm,S2:R=70 mm,S3:R=95 mm,S4:R=120 mm,S5:R=145 mm,其中R为半径)。由于计算模型形状规则,整个计算域采用结构化网格,如图3所示。最小网格尺寸选取1.0 mm,总网格数约350万。
基于雷诺时均的三维瞬态Navier-Stokes方程求解,湍流模型采用shear-stress-transport(SST) k-ω模型,该模型由于结合了k-ωk-ε模型的优点,在处理复杂流动(如分离流、附面层和涡流)时具有较高的精确性。方程的迭代采用针对非定常问题具有较高精度的二阶压力-隐式分裂算子(pressure-implicit with splitting of operators,PISO),方程的离散项均采用二阶迎风插分格式。计算模型的流体定义为理想气体,入口和出口的边界条件分别定义为压力入口和压力出口,壁面设置为无滑移绝热壁面。
在径向流内燃波转子的进排气端口关闭后,通道内的压力逐渐趋于稳定。此时,通道内压力与进气压力的差值表示了预增压pΔ的大小。此外,预增压的相对大小可通过增压比π来量化,定义为通道内压力与进气压力之比。
pΔ=ph-p0
π= p h p 0×100%
式中:ph为进排气端口都关闭后,通道内压力趋于稳定的值,kPa; p0为进气压力,kPa。
等熵压缩效率η定义为实际压缩过程所需的功与等熵(理想)压缩过程所需功的比值,用于评估径向流内燃波转子在预压缩过程中的压缩性能。高等熵压缩效率表明径向流内燃波转子在预压缩过程中更接近理想的等熵压缩,从而实现较低的能量损失。
η= Δ h i d Δ h r e= c p ( T s h - T 0 ) c p T h - T 0= T s h - T 0 T h - T 0
等熵压缩过程,温度与压力的关系表示为
T s h T 0= p h p 0 k - 1 k= π k - 1 k
则等熵压缩效率的计算公式表示为
η= π k - 1 k - 1 T h T 0 - 1
式中:Δhre、Δhid为径向流内燃波转子预压缩过程的实际比焓变化、等熵过程比焓变化,J/kg; cp为定压比热容,J/(kg·K); Th为进排气端口都关闭后,通道内温度趋于稳定的值,K; T0为进气温度,K; T s h为相同压比下等熵压缩温度,K; k为气体的绝热指数。
在径向流内燃波转子的进气过程中,由于燃料填充速度与通道转速的多重影响,通道内的燃料可能会过度填充,这会导致燃料的浪费,并不利于后续的高效定容燃烧。为此,引入燃料填充率λ作为衡量径向流内燃波转子燃料填充效果的指标。该指标定义为在一个周期结束时,径向流内燃波转子24个通道内的燃料质量与该时间段内进入通道的燃料质量之比。
λ= V ρ c d V 0 t 0 q j c d t×100%
式(6)中:∭Vρc dV为工作一个周期后通道内燃料质量,kg; 0 t 0 qjc dt为工作一个周期进入通道的燃料质量,kg; ρ为通道内混气密度,kg/m3; c为燃料质量分数; V为通道体积,m3; qj为混气端口交界面的质量流量,kg/s; t0为径向流内燃波转子工作周期,s; t为时间,s。
网格独立性验证的目的是在不牺牲仿真精度的前提下,最大限度地节约计算资源。选择了5种不同的最小网格尺寸进行分析,分别为1.2、1.0、0.8、0.5和0.4 mm。在设定的边界条件下,即进气压力为3 atm(1 atm=101.325 kPa)、通道转速为4 000 r/min,以及进出口温度均为420 K,计算了波转子监测通道中的压力变化,结果如图4所示。图5展示了不同网格尺寸下波转子的预增压及增压比变化情况,当最小网格尺寸从1.2 mm细化至1.0 mm时,压力变化的趋势保持一致,但预增压上升了1.2 kPa,增压比提高了0.39%。进一步将最小网格尺寸从1.0 mm减少至0.8、0.5及0.4 mm,波转子的预增压和增压比仅显示出微小的变化,这表明继续加密网格不会对径向流内燃波转子通道内的预增压产生影响。因此,选择1.0 mm作为最佳网格尺寸,在确保仿真精度的同时有效地节省了计算资源。
为验证所采用数值算法和湍流模型的可靠性,将模拟结果与东京大学Okamoto等[25]设计的内燃波转子实验平台的实验数据进行了对比。该实验平台包括一个采用旋转阀结构的试验段,由3根长度为186 mm的静止通道和两端旋转的进气端口组成。为减少端口渐开闭过程对结果的影响,实验中仅在中间通道沿轴向均匀布置了14个压力测点。图6显示了实验平台的测量段和测点布局。
图7展示了数值模拟得到的测点P9的压力变化与东京大学的实验结果对比。数值计算与实验结果在整体变化趋势上基本一致,但计算得到的峰值压力略高,相对误差为3.85%。由于实验过程中单点的压力大小受波转子端口渐开闭特性的影响较大,而且模拟中采用的绝热光滑壁面和黏性损失参数与实际实验环境存在差异。这些因素说明了计算值与实验值之间的偏差是合理的,从而验证了该数值方法在计算波转子通道内压力波形成与传播的可靠性。
径向流内燃波转子通道内不稳定波的产生对波转子的非定常流动特性有重要影响,为了明晰预压缩过程中这些复杂波系的产生和传播机制,在进气压力为3 atm、通道转速为4 000 r/min、进出口温度均为420 K的边界条件下进行了数值计算,并对5个监测平面的压力和温度进行监测,图8展示了各平面压力和温度随时间的变化曲线。可以看到,各监测面上的压力与温度变化趋势基本一致,呈现周期性变化,这是由于压缩波在封闭通道内的往返运动,导致温度与压力的急剧变化。在流体动力学中,压力波引起的压力变化通常在较短距离内迅速发生,形成显著的梯度或跳跃。为了确定通道中波的位置,对各监测面上的压力变化曲线进行微分处理,将区域内压力变化速率的极值定义为压力波的位置。
压缩波波在通道中传播的压力云图如图9所示,在t=1.86 ms时,排气端口突然关闭,气流撞击排气端口端壁产生向通道进气端传播的强压缩波,而在进气端气流进入弯曲通道时,由于气流受到离心力的作用,在弯曲段的外侧加速,而内侧减速,从而在内侧形成低压区,并且随着通道的旋转,气流进入通道的流通面积不断减小,导致气流速度增大在壁面附近形成附面层,并发生分离产生低压涡流,而且随着进气端口的逐渐关闭,低压涡流面积不断增大。在t=2.07 ms时刻压缩波由平直段传播到弯曲段。在平直段中,压缩波波锋保持平整,但进入弯曲通道后,通道的几何形状改变,弯曲通道的曲率会导致波锋不同位置的传播速度不一致,外侧的波锋需要传播更长的距离,而内侧的波锋传播距离较短,从而导致波锋形状发生扭曲。在t=2.15 ms时刻,压缩波经进气端口端壁反射后向通道末端传播,在R=95 mm处分别在t=2.05 ms与t=2.25 ms处经历两次压力上升,经壁面反射过后,压缩波的部分能量转换为热能,致使反射后压缩波强度降低,导致t=2.25 ms处的压力变化速率要小于t=2.13 ms处的压力变化速率。在t=1.86~2.46 ms的时间段内,压缩波在弯曲通道内往返传播一次,但在传播过程中各个位置的温度与压缩波压力变化速率并不相同。这是由于径向流内燃波转子弯曲通道的几何形状会导致波的反射、折射和衰减,发生能量的损失和波形的畸变,从而影响压缩波的传播路径和速度。
为优化径向流内燃波转子的设计,必须考虑预压缩过程中压缩波的传播过程与工作时序的匹配。在t=2.07 ms时,进气端口完全关闭,此时压缩波尚未传播至进气端,避免了压力边界反射引起的通道内压力耗散,确保了压缩波在通道内的有效传播,减少了能量损失,提高了波转子的整体效率。
为探讨径向流内燃波转子系统中,进排气端口压差对增压性能及混气填充效率的影响,保持径向内燃波转子进气压力恒定为3 atm,同时固定波转子转速为4 000 r/min,径向内燃波转子进排气端口压差Δp分别为0.1、0.12、0.14、0.16 atm,其他边界条件均保持恒定。
随着进排气端口压差的增大,通道内混气的填充速度也会增大,这会导致气流通过波转子的流动阻力增加,从而引起能量损失。同时,高速填充会导致流动不稳定性增加,产生涡流和湍流,对波转子的运行效能与可靠性构成了不利影响。湍流耗散率是描述湍流运动中能量耗散速率的物理量,反映了流体内部能量转换和耗散的流动特性。湍流耗散通常由流动不稳定性和涡耗散引起,不同进排气端口压差条件下通道内的湍流耗散率如图10所示,可以看出,湍流耗散主要存在于通道进气区域,并随着压差的增大,湍流脉动面积也不断增大。在混气填充速度增大的过程中,气流撞击排气端口端壁的强度增加,导致滞止效应显著增强,从而引发压缩波强度的进一步提高。不同压差下监测通道内的增压性能及压缩效率对比如图11所示,观察不同压差工况下的增压比,依次呈现为106.8%、107.15%、107.65%、107.76%的递增趋势。然而,值得注意的是,在高压差条件下,湍流耗散率的显著增大加剧了流动阻力和摩擦损失,这一效应限制了增压比的增长速率,使其增幅逐渐减小。此外,高压差下流动不稳定引起的涡流和湍流增加,导致热力学损失增加,因此径向波转子的等熵压缩效率随着进排气端口压差的增大而不断减小。
压差是驱动气流进入波转子的主要动力,当压差增大时,气流受到的驱动力增加,从而加快了进气速度,导致进气流量增大。图12为不同压差下监测通道内的燃料质量及燃料填充率对比,高速旋转的径向波转子通道在离心力与压差的双重作用下,混气受到径向向外的推力,而由于径向流内燃波转子进排气端口开闭并不是瞬时完成的,在混气进入通道的过程中通道仍会与排气端口相连接,若混气填充速度过大使得混气进入排气端口而造成过度填充。因此随着进排气端口压差的增大径向波转子通道内燃料填充质量不断减小,燃料填充率呈下降趋势。
调整内燃波转子的转速,将会改变转子通道的旋转周期和通道内气体所受离心力大小,进而影响径向流内燃波转子的工作时序,对通道内的燃料填充与预增压效果具有很大影响。在研究中,通过固定径向波转子进排气端口压差为0.12 atm,转速n由4 000 r/min变化至5 000、3 000、2 400、1 200 r/min,其余各边界条件均保持不变。
图13展示了排气端口关闭条件时,不同工况下通道内部压力分布的云图。定义40 kPa等值面为压缩波波锋位置,以此分析压缩波传播过程。随着转速的降低,通道内压缩波波锋出现扭曲,这是由于低转速条件下边界层厚度的相对增加,边界层内的速度梯度与黏性效应增强,压缩波的传播受到更大的阻力,导致波锋形状发生扭曲。图14为不同转速下,通道内平均压力随周期变化曲线。鉴于径向波转子转速的变化直接影响通道的旋转周期,选取各转速下同一相对位置(即通道相对于进排气端口位置一致)的周期点进行分析。结果表明,在排气端口关闭后,各工况下的压力均呈现一致的上升趋势。特别地,在转速为1 200 r/min的工况下,压缩波在t=0.13T时刻传播至进气端,导致整个通道经历压缩波作用后压力达到峰值。然而,此时进气端口仍处于开启状态,压缩波在经进气端压力边界反射产生膨胀波并逆向传播,显著降低了通道内的整体压力,直至进气端口完全关闭,通道内压力趋于稳定状态。类似地,在2 400 r/min的转速工况下,通道内展现出相似的压力变化过程,尽管转速增加导致时间节点略有偏移,但压缩波传播至进气端后引发的压力峰值、膨胀波生成以及最终压力趋于稳定的过程,均与前述1 200 r/min工况下的现象相吻合。在t=0.138T时进气端口关闭,在高转速下(4 000 r/min和5 000 r/min),由于此时压缩波位于通道弯曲段,未充分传播整个通道并施加其增压效应于所有区域,通道内压力并未达到峰值状态。径向波转子增压比与等熵压缩效率随转速变化呈现显著的非线性特征,具体表现为先递增后递减的趋势,如图15所示。在恒定进排气端口压差的条件下,低转速区间内转速的提升,使压缩波传播至进气端口的时间节点向后偏移,减少了通道内压力的耗散,进而增强了预增压效果。然而,随着转速的进一步增加,进气端口的关闭速率亦随之加快,这一效应迅速减小了进气流通的有效截面积,促使进气端气流速度急剧攀升,强化了低压涡流的生成与演化过程,产生额外的能量损失和摩擦损耗,导致增压比和等熵压缩效率下降。
随着径向波转子转速的降低,通道的旋转周期相应延长,进而增加了进气时间,因此一个周期内燃料的来流质量显著增加如图16所示。然而,随着转速的降低,通道内混气所受的离心力作用减弱,周向速度相对于径向速度减小,导致压差在气流流动中占据主导地位,促使燃料主要分布在外壁面,加剧了燃料的过度填充,使得通道内燃料质量呈下降趋势,因此通道内燃料填充率随着转速的减小不断降低。
通过建立三维简化的径向流内燃波转子数值模型,分析了预压缩过程中通道内压缩波的产生与传播机制。引入了燃料填充率、增压比等量化评估指标,研究了进排气端口压差和通道转速等边界条件变化对通道内压缩波传播规律的影响,得出了以下结论。
(1)径向流内燃波转子的弯曲通道对压缩波传播具有较大影响,使波在传播过程中发生反射、折射和衰减,进而影响压缩波的传播路径和速度,导致通道内压力变化速率在时间和空间上的分布不均匀。
(2)进排气压差增大虽然增强了通道内的压缩波强度,但加剧了燃料的过度填充和流动不稳定性,增加了热力学损失,使波转子等熵压缩效率大幅度减小。
(3)转速通过调节径向流波转子的工作时序来影响压缩波的传播特性。各转速工况下,通道内压力均呈现上升趋势,在压缩波到达进气端时达到峰值,并在进气端口关闭后趋于稳定。但在1 200 r/min时,因进气端口开启时间延长,压缩波反射形成膨胀波并逆向传播,消耗了压力增益。
(4)在通过调节转速优化波转子性能时,需要平衡增压性能与能量损失之间的关系。随着转速的提升,通道内的燃料填充率逐渐增大,等熵压缩效率和增压比均呈现先增加后减少的趋势。综合比较表明,在转速为4 000 r/min的工况下,波转子的整体性能达到最佳。
  • 国防科技基础研究项目(1002TJA22010)
  • 江苏省自然科学基金(BK20210278)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405553
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
  • 修回日期:2025-02-10
基金
国防科技基础研究项目(1002TJA22010)
江苏省自然科学基金(BK20210278)
作者信息
    南京航空航天大学能源与动力学院, 南京 210016

通讯作者:

* 李建中(1979—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,博士,教授。研究方向:航空发动机前沿燃烧技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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