Article(id=1149773877443785547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404692, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719072000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-23, revisedDate=1738771200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057054147, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057054147, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057054147, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057054147, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5681, endPage=5688, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773877762552653, articleId=1149773877443785547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Performance and Catalytic Mechanism of Cu/TiO2 Catalyst for Removal of N2O from Exhaust Gas of NH3-fuel Engines, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The application of green NH3-fuel on board has been widely regarded as a feasible way to realize the green and low-carbon transformation of the global shipping industry. However, the N2O emission problem of marine NH3-fuel engines has become one of the key technical bottlenecks hindering the development of ammonia-powered ships. To solve this problem, a series of TiO2-supported transition metal oxide catalysts were prepared by impregnation method. The effect of transition metal element types on the N2O removal performance of the catalysts was investigated, and the N2O removal performance of Cux/TiO2 catalysts was optimized. The results show that compared with Fe5/TiO2, Mn5/TiO2, Co5/TiO2 and Ni5/TiO2 catalysts, Cu5/TiO2 catalyst shows excellent catalytic activity, the N2O conversion efficiency can reach 100% at 350 ℃. In addition, Cu5/TiO2 catalyst also has good water resistance. The experimental results show that 5% is the best Cu loading amount. X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, H2 temperature programmed reduction, O2 temperature programmed desorption, and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy were used to characterize the physicochemical properties and surface reaction intermediates of Cu5/TiO2 catalyst, and the relevant catalytic reaction mechanisms were discussed in depth from multiple perspectives. The characterization results show that compared with other Cux/TiO2 catalysts, Cu5/TiO2 catalyst has higher dispersion of active species, specific surface area, oxygen vacancy content and stronger redox performance, which is conducive to its better catalytic activity. The main active species on the surface of Cu5/TiO2 catalyst are Cu2+ and Cu+ species, and the adsorption and deionization of N2O is a key step in the catalytic reaction.

, correspAuthors=Kun LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu GAO, Kun LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773915620339776, articleId=1149773877443785547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=面向氨燃料发动机废气N2O去除的Cu/TiO2催化剂的性能及催化机理, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

推动绿氨燃料上船应用已被普遍认为是实现全球航运业绿色低碳转型可行途径。然而,船用氨燃料发动机存在的N2O排放问题已成为阻碍氨动力船舶发展的关键技术瓶颈之一。针对这一问题,采用浸渍法制备出一系列以TiO2为载体的过渡金属氧化物催化剂,考察了过渡金属元素类型对催化剂N2O去除性能的影响,并研究获得了性能优化的Cux/TiO2催化剂。结果表明,与Fe5/TiO2、Mn5/TiO2、Co5/TiO2、Ni5/TiO2催化剂相比,Cu5/TiO2催化剂显示出优异的催化活性,其N2O转化率可在350 ℃达到100%。除此之外,Cu5/TiO2催化剂还具有良好的抗水性能。5%是最佳的铜负载量。采用X射线衍射、N2吸附脱附、H2程序升温还原、O2程序升温脱附、原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱等表征手段对性能较优的Cu5/TiO2催化剂的物化性质和表面反应中间体进行了表征,从多角度深入讨论了相关催化反应机理。结果显示,与其他Cux/TiO2催化剂相比,Cu5/TiO2催化剂具有较高的活性物种分散度、比表面积、氧空位含量以及较强的氧化还原性能,有利于其展现出较优的催化活性。Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面的主要活性物种为Cu2+和Cu+,N2O的吸附和解离是催化反应的关键步骤。

, correspAuthors=李坤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李坤(1987—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:新能源清洁能源船舶。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=SYjF2ZU0gtEvsQ9R2UJxkw==, magXml=1mUFfEJCfU7ObFvXIWHBCQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=HvhEdsu1ieSArRfbosxrFw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=fDou5b215X/a2jI5xBu4vg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

高宇(1993—),男,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:新能源清洁能源船舶。E-mail:

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高宇(1993—),男,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:新能源清洁能源船舶。E-mail:

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高宇(1993—),男,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:新能源清洁能源船舶。E-mail:

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Journal of Catalysis, 2002, 207(2): 166-182., articleTitle=A DRIFTS study of Cu-ZSM-5 prior to and during its use for N2O Decomposition, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175368754335723751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, awardId=2021YFB2601601, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2601601), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175368754402832616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, awardId=72404, language=CN, fundingSource=交通运输部水运科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(72404), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175368751315824824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175368751324213433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, companyId=1175368751315824824, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175368751332602042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, companyId=1175368751315824824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=交通运输部水运科学研究院, 北京 100088)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175368752448286925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of catalyst activity testing device, figureFileSmall=46D5lyvTLq8MeQBs6LsEfw==, figureFileBig=TobXKOtfNr49vlHS8xOF1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368752511201486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=CN, label=图1, caption=催化剂活性测试装置示意图

1为N2气瓶;2为O2气瓶;3为N2O气瓶;4为质量流量计;5为水蒸气发生器;6为气体混合器;7为催化剂床层;8为管式加热炉;9为红外烟气分析仪

, figureFileSmall=46D5lyvTLq8MeQBs6LsEfw==, figureFileBig=TobXKOtfNr49vlHS8xOF1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368752574116047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes of N2O conversion performance of different transition metal catalysts with reaction temperature, figureFileSmall=56AvWSU531e40dTqzT5Y9Q==, figureFileBig=MutKyc9Ltl2plSMA+xorng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368752628642000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同过渡金属催化剂N2O转化性能随反应温度的变化情况, figureFileSmall=56AvWSU531e40dTqzT5Y9Q==, figureFileBig=MutKyc9Ltl2plSMA+xorng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368752687362257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes of N2O conversion performance of Cux/TiO2 catalysts with reaction temperature, figureFileSmall=wRaEb1hu9WNUPWRvPX+BZw==, figureFileBig=mZd+/EMcYs+wTqAFdWbZ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368752746082514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Cux/TiO2催化剂的N2O转化率随反应温度的变化情况, figureFileSmall=wRaEb1hu9WNUPWRvPX+BZw==, figureFileBig=mZd+/EMcYs+wTqAFdWbZ0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368752800608467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Water resistance test results of Cu5/TiO2 catalyst, figureFileSmall=Qb4Nsi7YN9+jF0uvKN3HkA==, figureFileBig=QqWmHHkqg7yuTHQhRRJCRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368752892883156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Cu5/TiO2催化剂抗水性测试结果, figureFileSmall=Qb4Nsi7YN9+jF0uvKN3HkA==, figureFileBig=QqWmHHkqg7yuTHQhRRJCRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368752947409109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=XRD spectra of Cux/TiO2 catalysts, figureFileSmall=GKOAWOKNAUgcYMJ4EhQlcQ==, figureFileBig=FnqAtg3XjZv0tgCV5EFl6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368753001935062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Cux/TiO2催化剂的XRD谱图, figureFileSmall=GKOAWOKNAUgcYMJ4EhQlcQ==, figureFileBig=FnqAtg3XjZv0tgCV5EFl6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368753056461015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms of Cux/TiO2 catalysts, figureFileSmall=YSEowt7jJ+MvWstiozydCA==, figureFileBig=+XDphgOzVgqEHe09G6fd5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175368753115181272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Cux/TiO2催化剂的N2吸附脱附等温线

P/P0为相对压力,P0为气体在吸附温度时的饱和蒸汽压,P为吸附平衡时气相的压力

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Calculation results of average grain size of CuO on Cux/TiO2 catalyst surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂类型 平均晶粒尺寸/nm
Cu1.25/TiO2
Cu2.5/TiO2
Cu5/TiO2
Cu10/TiO2 53±5
Cu20/TiO2 123±13
), ArticleFig(id=1175368754063093988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Cux/TiO2催化剂表面CuO平均晶粒尺寸计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂类型 平均晶粒尺寸/nm
Cu1.25/TiO2
Cu2.5/TiO2
Cu5/TiO2
Cu10/TiO2 53±5
Cu20/TiO2 123±13
), ArticleFig(id=1175368754151174373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical adsorption calculation results of Cux/TiO2 catalyst

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂类型 比表面积/
(m2·g-1)
平均孔容/
(cm3·g-1)
平均孔径/
nm
Cu1.25/TiO2 102.33 0.30 23.37
Cu2.5/TiO2 98.51 0.33 22.21
Cu5/TiO2 100.23 0.29 22.13
Cu10/TiO2 79.16 0.55 30.51
Cu20/TiO2 60.22 0.52 36.82
), ArticleFig(id=1175368754209894630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877443785547, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Cux/TiO2催化剂物理吸附计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
催化剂类型 比表面积/
(m2·g-1)
平均孔容/
(cm3·g-1)
平均孔径/
nm
Cu1.25/TiO2 102.33 0.30 23.37
Cu2.5/TiO2 98.51 0.33 22.21
Cu5/TiO2 100.23 0.29 22.13
Cu10/TiO2 79.16 0.55 30.51
Cu20/TiO2 60.22 0.52 36.82
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面向氨燃料发动机废气N2O去除的Cu/TiO2催化剂的性能及催化机理
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高宇 , 李坤 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(13): 5681-5688
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(13): 5681-5688
面向氨燃料发动机废气N2O去除的Cu/TiO2催化剂的性能及催化机理
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高宇 , 李坤*
作者信息
  • 交通运输部水运科学研究院, 北京 100088
  • 高宇(1993—),男,汉族,内蒙古鄂尔多斯人,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:新能源清洁能源船舶。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李坤(1987—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:新能源清洁能源船舶。E-mail:
Performance and Catalytic Mechanism of Cu/TiO2 Catalyst for Removal of N2O from Exhaust Gas of NH3-fuel Engines
Yu GAO , Kun LI*
Affiliations
  • China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, Beijing 100088, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404692
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推动绿氨燃料上船应用已被普遍认为是实现全球航运业绿色低碳转型可行途径。然而,船用氨燃料发动机存在的N2O排放问题已成为阻碍氨动力船舶发展的关键技术瓶颈之一。针对这一问题,采用浸渍法制备出一系列以TiO2为载体的过渡金属氧化物催化剂,考察了过渡金属元素类型对催化剂N2O去除性能的影响,并研究获得了性能优化的Cux/TiO2催化剂。结果表明,与Fe5/TiO2、Mn5/TiO2、Co5/TiO2、Ni5/TiO2催化剂相比,Cu5/TiO2催化剂显示出优异的催化活性,其N2O转化率可在350 ℃达到100%。除此之外,Cu5/TiO2催化剂还具有良好的抗水性能。5%是最佳的铜负载量。采用X射线衍射、N2吸附脱附、H2程序升温还原、O2程序升温脱附、原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱等表征手段对性能较优的Cu5/TiO2催化剂的物化性质和表面反应中间体进行了表征,从多角度深入讨论了相关催化反应机理。结果显示,与其他Cux/TiO2催化剂相比,Cu5/TiO2催化剂具有较高的活性物种分散度、比表面积、氧空位含量以及较强的氧化还原性能,有利于其展现出较优的催化活性。Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面的主要活性物种为Cu2+和Cu+,N2O的吸附和解离是催化反应的关键步骤。

氨燃料发动机  /  废气处理  /  Cu/TiO2催化剂  /  N2O催化分解

The application of green NH3-fuel on board has been widely regarded as a feasible way to realize the green and low-carbon transformation of the global shipping industry. However, the N2O emission problem of marine NH3-fuel engines has become one of the key technical bottlenecks hindering the development of ammonia-powered ships. To solve this problem, a series of TiO2-supported transition metal oxide catalysts were prepared by impregnation method. The effect of transition metal element types on the N2O removal performance of the catalysts was investigated, and the N2O removal performance of Cux/TiO2 catalysts was optimized. The results show that compared with Fe5/TiO2, Mn5/TiO2, Co5/TiO2 and Ni5/TiO2 catalysts, Cu5/TiO2 catalyst shows excellent catalytic activity, the N2O conversion efficiency can reach 100% at 350 ℃. In addition, Cu5/TiO2 catalyst also has good water resistance. The experimental results show that 5% is the best Cu loading amount. X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, H2 temperature programmed reduction, O2 temperature programmed desorption, and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy were used to characterize the physicochemical properties and surface reaction intermediates of Cu5/TiO2 catalyst, and the relevant catalytic reaction mechanisms were discussed in depth from multiple perspectives. The characterization results show that compared with other Cux/TiO2 catalysts, Cu5/TiO2 catalyst has higher dispersion of active species, specific surface area, oxygen vacancy content and stronger redox performance, which is conducive to its better catalytic activity. The main active species on the surface of Cu5/TiO2 catalyst are Cu2+ and Cu+ species, and the adsorption and deionization of N2O is a key step in the catalytic reaction.

NH3-fuel engine  /  exhaust gas treatment  /  Cu/TiO2 catalyst  /  catalytic decomposition of N2O
高宇, 李坤. 面向氨燃料发动机废气N2O去除的Cu/TiO2催化剂的性能及催化机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5681 -5688 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404692
Yu GAO, Kun LI. Performance and Catalytic Mechanism of Cu/TiO2 Catalyst for Removal of N2O from Exhaust Gas of NH3-fuel Engines[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5681 -5688 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404692
目前,全球绝大多数远洋商船仍采用柴油机作为动力来源,然而燃用传统化石燃料,导致向大气中排放了大量二氧化碳[1]。为加快减少航运业温室气体排放量,国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization, IMO)于2023年7月修订了船舶温室气体减排战略,明确在2050年前后实现航运业温室气体净零排放的总体目标,并提出了分阶段目标和措施。自2024年1月起,欧盟将航运业纳入碳排放交易体系(European Union Emission Trading Scheme, EU ETS),对船舶温室气体排放征收高额费用。与此同时,全球主要航运大国也在积极酝酿推出温室气体减排战略和政策。在国际社会合力推动下,全球航运业正处于加快实现绿色低碳转型的关键时期。
全球航运业普遍认为,推动远洋商船采用碳中和或零碳替代燃料是减少航运业温室气体排放量的根本途径[2]。通过可再生能源生产的绿氨燃料,具有不含碳、较易储存运输的特点,已被认为是颇具应用前景的船用替代燃料之一[3]。因此,世界主要的船用发动机制造商,如德国MAN公司和芬兰瓦锡兰公司,均已研发成功船用氨燃料发动机,并获得了大量订单。然而,在正常工况下,船用氨燃料发动机的废气中存在较多的未燃NH3和由NH3燃烧产生的NOx(NO、NO2、N2O)等污染物,其浓度很高,如不加处理直接排放,将对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害[4-11]
船用氨燃料发动机废气中的NH3、NO、NO2可采用选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)技术去除,该技术已十分成熟,已在全球各类商船中应用数十年,可以直接用于氨动力船舶。但是,N2O通常很难通过SCR反应去除。N2O是一种典型的温室气体,其造成温室效应的能力比CO2强数百倍,IMO和欧盟相关法规已将其列入限排清单。因此,亟须研发一种船用氨燃料发动机废气N2O处理技术,以满足未来氨动力船舶的使用需求。
主流的热废气N2O去除方法包括高温分解法、选择性非催化还原法(selective non-catalytic reduction, SNCR)、催化分解法等[12]。其中,高温分解法和非选择性催化还原法的操作温度较高(通常可达800~1 000 ℃),而船舶氨燃料发动机废气温度相对较低。采用这两种方法去除N2O,需要对废气进行二次加热,并消耗大量能量。催化分解法是在催化剂作用下,将N2O直接分解为N2和O2,其产物无污染,操作温度较低(通常为300~500 ℃),更适合船舶应用。
催化分解法的核心在于催化剂。N2O催化分解催化剂主要包括过渡金属氧化物催化剂和贵金属催化剂。其中,过渡金属氧化物催化剂具有成本低、热稳定性好、N2O催化分解活性高的优点,显示出较好的应用前景,正受到研究者们的广泛关注[13]。研究表明,Cu、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni等过渡金属元素的氧化物对N2O具有较高的催化分解活性[13]。其中,Cu氧化物具有丰富的表面氧空位和氧迁移能力,因而在较宽的温度范围内显示出较好的催化活性[14]。此外,Cu氧化物催化剂还具有环境友好、价格低廉的优点,已成为N2O催化分解催化剂的研究热点[15]
Choi等[15]将Cu氧化物活性组分负载于CeO2-Y2O3载体表面,研究了不同Ce/Y物质的量比对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,Cu/Ce0.5Y0.5催化剂具有相对较高的活性,Ce/Y物质的量比对催化剂表面氧空位数量有明显影响。司庆宇等[16]采用离子交换法,将Cu物种负载于SSZ-13分子筛表面,从而合成出Cu-SSZ-13催化剂,并研究了该催化剂的N2O催化分解机理。结果表明,Cu-SSZ-13催化剂表面存在的大量独立Cu2+位点是参与催化反应的主要活性中心。Gao等[17]通过密度泛函理论研究发现,当N2O分子中的N原子与Cu活性位点相结合时,发生N2O分解反应的能垒相对较低,有利于提高N2O分解反应速率。丁林等[18]合成出铜钴复合氧化物(Co、Cu质量比为0.6)催化剂,发现引入稀土金属Ce对钴铜催化剂活性有明显的促进作用。催化剂表征结果显示,Ce的引入提高了Cu和Co位点间的电子传输能力,从而提高了N2O的催化分解速率。
总体而言,目前关于Cu氧化物催化剂的研究主要集中在催化剂载体的筛选和优化方面,这是因为Cu活性位点在催化剂表面的分散状态,以及N2O在催化剂表面的吸附活化效果均与载体材料的物化性质密切相关。TiO2是一种常见的催化剂载体,具有较高的比表面积、丰富的表面缺陷和良好的热稳定性[19],已在船用和陆用SCR催化剂中应用多年,其性能已得到普遍认可。以往的研究表明,Cu氧化物活性组分可在TiO2载体表面充分分散并具备较为活跃的化学状态,有利于产生较高的催化活性[20]。因此,将Cu氧化物与TiO2载体结合可能是探索开发船用N2O分解催化剂的绝佳思路,但类似研究仍然很少。
采用浸渍法合成出一系列过渡金属氧化物/TiO2催化剂,对比不同催化剂的N2O催化分解性能。在此基础上,选取Cu/TiO2催化剂为重点研究对象,研究不同Cu负载量对Cu/TiO2催化剂的N2O催化分解性能的影响。采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、N2吸附脱附、H2程序升温还原(H2 temperature programmed reduction, H2-TPR)、O2程序升温脱附(O2 temperature programmed desorption, O2-TPD)、原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy, in-situ DRIFTS)等表征手段对催化剂进行表征,并根据表征结果分析探讨相关催化反应机理。
采用浸渍法制备Cu5/TiO2、Fe5/TiO2、Co5/TiO2、Ni5/TiO2、Mn5/TiO2催化剂,过渡金属元素与TiO2载体质量比为0.05,即负载量为5%。首先,称取5份TiO2粉末(德固赛,P25),每份质量为2 g,分别加入5份50 mL去离子水中,在室温下搅拌5 min。其次,分别称取一定量的分析纯过渡金属前驱体[Cu(NO3)2·4H2O、Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、Ni(NO3)2·6H2O、Mn(NO3)2·4H2O]、Co(NO3)2·6H2O加入上述溶液中,在室温下搅拌10 min,得到混合浆液。然后,将各份混合浆液置于鼓风干燥箱中,在80 ℃空气氛围中干燥6 h。接着,将干燥后得到的固体置于马弗炉中,在500 ℃空气氛围中焙烧3 h,即得到催化剂固体。最后,将催化剂固体压片、研磨、过筛,制成40~60目的颗粒用于活性评价实验。
此外,采用相同方法制备了Cu负载量(质量分数)为1.25%、2.5%、5%、10%、20%的Cu/TiO2催化剂,分别记为Cu1.25/TiO2、Cu2.5/TiO2、Cu5/TiO2、Cu10/TiO2、Cu20/TiO2,以研究不同Cu负载量对催化剂性能的影响。
采用荷兰PANalytical B.V.公司生产的X'Pert3 Powder型X射线衍射分析仪对催化剂进行XRD表征。管内电流40 mA,电压40 kV,辐射源为Kα,靶材为Cu,扫描范围2θ=10°~80°,扫描速率为10 (°)/min,步长0.02°。
采用全自动物理吸附仪(QUDRASORB SI,美国Quantachrome)对催化剂的比表面积和孔隙状况进行表征。测试温度为液氮温度(-196 ℃),采用Brunauer-Emmet-Teller(BET)方程计算催化剂的N2吸附-解吸等温线的比表面积。采用Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)模型,通过N2解吸等温线计算平均孔径、孔体积和孔径分布。
采用全自动化学吸附分析仪(ChemStar,美国Quantachrome)进行H2-TPR、O2-TPD测试。每次测试实验前,先将催化剂样品在300 ℃的He流(50 mL/min)中预处理30 min,然后冷却至50 ℃,测试升温速率为10 ℃/min。O2-TPD实验中采用的反应气为O2-He混合气,其O2含量(体积分数)为5%。H2-TPR实验中采用反应气为H2-Ar混合气,其H2体积分数为5%。
采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet 6700,美国ThermoFisher)进行In-situ DRIFTS测试。测试前,将催化剂置于200 ℃ N2氛围(100 mL/min)下预处理30 min。测试采用的反应气为300×10-6 N2O与10% O2的混合气,测试时间为30 min。
催化剂活性测试装置如图1所示。采用石英玻璃固定床反应器(内径5 mm,壁厚1 mm)盛装待测催化剂。每次测试的催化剂用量为0.2 mL(约0.1 g)。为去除催化剂表面物理吸附的杂质,每次试验前,先用200 mL/min的高纯N2在150 ℃下吹扫催化剂样品1 h。测试开始后,向反应器中通入200 mL/min的反应物气体(含300×10-6 N2O和10% O2)。同时,将催化剂样品从150 ℃程序加热(2 ℃/min)至450 ℃。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(IGS, 美国ThermoFisher)测量反应气入口、出口端气体N2O、O2浓度。N2O转化率计算公式为
R= w i n - w o u t w i n×100%
式(1)中:winwout分别为反应器入口、出口N2O浓度,10-6
催化剂Cu5/TiO2、Fe5/TiO2、Co5/TiO2、Ni5/TiO2、Mn5/TiO2的N2O催化分解活性随反应温度的变化情况如图2所示。可知,当反应温度在200~225 ℃范围内时,各催化剂均未展现出明显的N2O催化分解活性。当反应温度由225 ℃提高至350 ℃时,各催化剂的N2O转化率均随反应温度的升高而明显升高。与其他催化剂相比,Cu5/TiO2催化剂的N2O转化率明显较高。各催化剂在350 ℃下的N2O转化率由高到低的排序为Cu5/TiO2 > Co5/TiO2 > Ni5/TiO2 > Mn5/TiO2 > Fe5/TiO2。当反应温度由350 ℃进一步升高至450 ℃时,各催化剂的N2O转化率均提高至100%。以上实验结果显示,Cu5/TiO2催化剂比Fe5/TiO2、Co5/TiO2、Ni5/TiO2、Mn5/TiO2催化剂具有更加优异的N2O催化分解性能,故对Cux/TiO2催化剂开展进一步研究。
不同Cu负载量的Cux/TiO2催化剂的N2O转化率随反应温度的变化情况如图3所示。可知,在200~225 ℃范围内,各催化剂均未展现出明显的N2O催化分解活性。在225~325 ℃范围内,各催化剂的N2O转化率随反应温度升高而显著提高。此外,随着Cu负载量由1.25%升高至20%,Cux/TiO2催化剂的N2O催化分解活性呈现出先增强后减弱的变化规律。与其他催化剂相比,Cu负载量为5%的Cu5/TiO2催化剂显示出较高的N2O催化分解性能。当反应温度由325 ℃升高至450 ℃,各催化剂的N2O转化率均达到100%。
氨燃烧后会生成大量水蒸气并随发动机废气排出,故需对Cu5/TiO2催化剂开展抗水性实验,以进一步评估其在氨燃料发动机废气处理方面的适应性。抗水性实验所采用的水蒸气浓度为15%,反应温度为350 ℃,实验时间为10 h,其他实验条件与性能测试实验相同,实验结果如图4所示。可知,水蒸气的引入对Cu5/TiO2催化剂的N2O转化率和反应产物无明显影响,表明该催化剂具有良好的抗水性能。
为深入探究Cu5/TiO2催化剂的N2O催化分解反应机理,对所制备Cux/TiO2催化剂开展了一系列表征测试,根据国际衍射数据中心(The International Centre for Diffraction Data, ICDD)发布的衍射峰数据对XRD谱图进行分析。Cux/TiO2催化剂的XRD表征结果如图5所示。可知,各催化剂的XRD谱图形态较为接近,均存在十分明显的TiO2物种衍射峰,对应晶相类型包括锐钛矿相(ICDD, No. 21-1276)和晶红石相(ICDD, No. 21-1272)。这主要是因为Cux/TiO2催化剂采用了商用的P25 TiO2载体,该材料由约80%的锐钛矿相和约20%的晶红石相组成。此外,Cu1.25/TiO2、Cu2.5/TiO2、Cu5/TiO2催化剂的XRD谱图中未出现Cu相关物种衍射峰,而Cu10/TiO2、Cu20/TiO2催化剂的XRD谱图中,2θ为36.1°处存在较为明显的CuO物种(ICDD, No. 80-1917)衍射峰。这表明Cu1.25/TiO2、Cu2.5/TiO2、Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面的Cu物种具有较高的分散度[21],而Cu10/TiO2、Cu20/TiO2催化剂表面的CuO物种可能出现了明显的团聚现象[22]
将测得的XRD谱图数据导入XRD谱图处理软件JADE v6.0,通过CuO衍射峰参数计算Cux/TiO2催化剂表面的CuO晶粒尺寸,结果如表1所示。可知,随着Cu负载量由10%增加到20%,CuO物种的平均晶粒尺寸明显增加。
采用N2吸附脱附法对Cux/TiO2催化剂的表面结构性质进行了表征,结果如图6图7表2所示。可知,Cux/TiO2催化剂的N2吸附/脱附等温线均为具有H3型回滞环的Ⅳ(a)型N2吸附/脱附等温线,表明Cux/TiO2催化剂可被归类为介孔材料[21]。如图7所示,Cux/TiO2催化剂的表面孔径均主要分布在40.2 nm左右,而随着Cu负载量超过5%,催化剂表面小于40.2 nm的孔隙显著减少。如表2所示,随着Cu负载量超过5%,催化剂的比表面积显著降低。结合XRD测试结果分析可知,Cu负载量过高导致催化剂表面的Cu物种发生团聚并覆盖催化剂载体表面较小的孔隙,从而导致催化剂比表面积降低,不利于反应物分子的吸附和活化。因此,具有较低Cu负载量的Cu1.25/TiO2、Cu2.5/TiO2和Cu5/TiO2催化剂显示出相对较好的催化活性。
采用H2-TPR表征对Cux/TiO2催化剂表面的Cu氧化物的化学状态和氧化还原性能进行表征,测试温度范围为100~800 ℃,结果如图8所示。可知,各催化剂的H2-TPR谱图中均存在明显的还原峰。峰中心位于212、205、182、221、198 ℃的还原峰主要归因于H2对CuO物种的还原,峰中心位于355、310、271、312、281 ℃的还原峰主要归因于H2对Cu2O物种的还原[23]。由于TiO2在650 ℃以下通常难以被H2还原,因此600 ℃的以上的还原峰可归属于H2对TiO2物种的还原过程[22]。上述结果表明,Cux/TiO2催化剂表面的Cu物种主要以Cu2O和CuO的形式存在。此外,Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面Cu2O和CuO物种的还原峰中心对应温度低于其他催化剂,这表明Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面的Cu2O和CuO物种较易被还原,具有较强的氧迁移能力。前人研究表明,催化剂表面的氧迁移过程是影响N2O催化分解反应的关键环节,催化剂表面的氧迁移能力越强,反应速率越快[24]。因此,Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面Cu物种具有较强的氧迁移能力,有利于其展现出优异的N2O催化分解性能。
催化剂表面的氧空位含量是影响N2O催化分解活性的重要因素之一[13]。采用O2-TPD测试对Cux/TiO2催化剂表面的氧空位进行了表征,测得的O2-TPD曲线如图9所示。以往的研究表明,250 ℃以下的解吸氧信号主要归因于催化剂表面物理吸附的氧的解吸,250~600 ℃的解吸氧信号主要归因于催化剂的表面化学吸附氧物种从氧空位中的解吸,600~900 ℃的解吸氧信号主要归因于催化剂表面晶格氧的解吸[22]
图9所示,Cux/TiO2催化剂的O2-TPD谱图在50~250 ℃各有一个明显的峰值,说明在此温度范围内,催化剂表面大量物理吸附的氧被解吸。此外,在250~600 ℃温度范围内,Cu5/TiO2催化剂的解吸氧信号强度明显高于其他催化剂,说明Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面有更多的氧空位,有利于使其展现出有益的N2O催化分解活性。
为探究Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面N2O吸附活化产物和反应的关键中间体,对Cu5/TiO2催化剂开展了In-situ DRIFTS测试,反应温度为350 ℃。Cu5/TiO2催化剂预吸附O2后再吸附N2O的原位红外光谱如图10所示。可知,向催化剂表面引入O2 30min后,催化剂的原位红外光谱中没有出现明显的氧物种相关谱带。N2O开始引入的10 min内,催化剂的原位红外光谱中出现明显的Cu+-N2O物种谱带(2 000~2 500 cm-1),这表明N2O分子可被催化剂表面的Cu位点吸附并配位结合。随着N2O引入时间的进一步延长,Cu+-N2O物种谱带逐步被Cu+-N2物种的吸收峰(2 157 cm-1)所覆盖,归属于Cu2+-O物种的(3 652 cm-1)吸收峰逐渐形成[25],表明Cu位点表面配位吸附的N2O分子与O2反应生成-N2和-O物种。
Cu5/TiO2催化剂预吸附N2O后再吸附O2的原位红外光谱如图11所示。可知,向催化剂表面引入N2O 30 min后,原位红外光谱中出现了Cu+-N2物种(2 155 cm-1)和Cu2+-O物种的(3 651 cm-1)吸收峰,表明催化剂表面已经发生N2O催化分解反应[25]。随着O2引入时间的逐渐延长,Cu+-N2物种(2 155 cm-1)和Cu2+-O物种的(3 651 cm-1)吸收峰强度逐渐减弱,这可能归因于没有N2O的持续补充,催化剂表面的Cu+-N2物种(2 155 cm-1)和Cu2+-O物种被反应逐渐消耗而减少。
上述测试结果表明,催化剂表面的N2O催化分解反应的主要步骤如下。
(1)N2O吸附配位于催化剂表面Cu位点,形成Cu+-N2O物种。
(2)Cu+-N2O物种解离氧原子Cu+-N2物种和Cu2+-O物种。
(3)Cu+-N2物种表面的-N2基团脱离形成N2,Cu2+-O物种表面的-O基团与临近的-O基团结合形成O2
可能涉及的反应方程式如下。
$\mathrm{Cu}^{+}+\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{+}-\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}$
$\mathrm{Cu}^{+}-\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{+}-\mathrm{N}_{2}+\mathrm{O} $
$\mathrm{Cu}^{+}-\mathrm{N}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{+}+\mathrm{N}_{2}$
$\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+\mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{2+}-\mathrm{O} $
$2 \mathrm{Cu}^{2+}-\mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+\mathrm{O}_{2}$
采用浸渍法制备了一系列过渡金属氧化物/TiO2催化剂,考察了过渡金属元素类型对催化剂N2O催化分解性能的影响。以Cux/TiO2催化剂作为重点研究对象,研究了Cu负载量对催化剂N2O催化分解性能的影响,以及Cu5/TiO2催化剂的抗水性能。结果表明,Cu5/TiO2催化剂(5%Cu)显示出优异的低温催化活性和抗水性能,其N2O转化率可在350 ℃达到100%,并在较高水蒸气浓度下长时间保持稳定。采用XRD、N2吸附脱附、H2-TPR、O2-TPD、In-situ DRIFTS等表征手段对性能较优的Cu5/TiO2催化剂的物化性质和表面反应中间体进行了表征分析。基于表征测试结果,创新性地从表面活性位点、表面活性物种、微观反应路径等多个角度深入分析了Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面的N2O分解反应机理。研究结果以期对中国突破氨燃料发动机近零排放控制关键技术,推动低碳、零碳内燃机产业发展起到促进作用。主要研究结论如下。
(1)与Cu10/TiO2、Cu20/TiO2催化剂相比, Cu1.25/TiO2、Cu2.5/TiO2、Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面的Cu负载量相对较低,使得Cu物种具有相对较高的分散度,有利于形成更加丰富的催化活性活性位点。另外,较低的Cu负载量也有助于保证催化剂具有较高的比较面积,有助于催化剂对反应物分子的捕获和吸附。
(2)与其他Cux/TiO2催化剂相比,Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面的氧物种相对更加活跃,具有较强的氧迁移能力,有助于使Cu5/TiO2催化剂展现出较高的N2O催化分解反应速率。同时,Cu5/TiO2催化剂表面具有相对较多的氧空位,有助于快速捕获N2O分解释放的氧原子,从而提高反应速率。
(3)原位红外测试结果表明,N2O分子在Cu位点表面的吸附和活化是Cu5/TiO2催化剂N2O催化反应的关键步骤。Cu位点表面吸附的N2O物种通过解离氧原子转化为-N2基团,而后转化为N2。解离的氧原子迁移至邻近的Cu位点形成Cu2+-O物种,Cu2+-O物种表面的氧原子相互结合形成O2
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2601601)
  • 交通运输部水运科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(72404)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404692
  • 接收时间:2024-06-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-23
  • 修回日期:2025-02-06
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2601601)
交通运输部水运科学研究院基本科研业务费项目(72404)
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    交通运输部水运科学研究院, 北京 100088

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* 李坤(1987—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士,副研究员。研究方向:新能源清洁能源船舶。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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