Article(id=1149773877154378570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404423, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718208000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-13, revisedDate=1738684800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057054078, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057054078, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057054078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057054078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5552, endPage=5559, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773877573808972, articleId=1149773877154378570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Cooperative Prevention and Control of Bolt, Anchoring Agent and Surrounding Rock Based on Pre-tightening Force of Bolt, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the deficiency of the research on the prevention and control of bolt anchoring in engineering rock mass, the method of cooperative prevention and control analysis based on bolt pre-tightening force was put forward, and the cooperative prevention and control test of bolt, anchor agent and surrounding rock based on bolt pre-tightening force was carried out, the variation law of pre-tightening force of bolt was obtained and the cooperative prevention and control state of bolt anchoring was identified. The results indicate that improving the synergy between anchoring agents and the surrounding rock of anchoring holes, as well as between anchor rods and anchoring agents, is beneficial for their synergistic evolution and can effectively enhance the prevention and control effect. A method for determining the collaborative state of anchor rod anchoring is provided, which can comprehensively determine the collaborative state of anchor rod anchoring through the relaxation process curve and relaxation degree of anchor rod pre-tightening force. Increasing the contact surface between the anchor rod pad and the surrounding rock on the free face is beneficial for their synergistic evolution. Based on the application and monitoring of pre-tightening force, a method for determining the overall coordination degree of anchor rod anchoring prevention and control has been developed, and strategies for improving the coordination degree of each part of anchor rod anchoring have been proposed. During design, special attention should be paid to the coordination of each part of anchor rod anchoring to ensure that they can perform at their best and be in their optimal state. The research results have good guidance and reference significance for the anchoring mechanism, monitoring, prediction and prevention of prestressed anchor rods in engineering rock masses.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-jun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-jun ZHANG, Xiao-yao YANG, Zhen ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773915439984692, articleId=1149773877154378570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于锚杆预紧力的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控试验研究, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对工程岩体锚杆锚固防控研究的不足,提出基于锚杆预紧力的协同防控分析方法,开展基于锚杆预紧力的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控试验,得到锚杆预紧力变化规律并识别锚杆锚固协同防控状态,提出协同度概念并探讨协同度确定方法。结果表明,提升锚固剂与锚固孔围岩、锚杆与锚固剂的协同度,有利于彼此间的协同演化,可有效提升防控效果;给出了锚杆锚固协同状态判定方法,可通过锚杆预紧力松弛过程曲线和松弛度来综合判定锚杆锚固协同状态;增大锚杆垫板与临空面围岩的接触面有利于彼此间的协同演化;根据预紧力施加及监测情况,得出了锚杆锚固防控总协同度的确定方法,给出了锚杆锚固各部分提高协同度的策略,设计时应特别注重锚杆锚固各部分的协同,确保各部分均能发挥最优性能和处于最佳状态。研究结果为工程岩体的预应力锚杆锚固机理、监测、预测预报及防控等具有很好的指导和借鉴意义。

, correspAuthors=张晓君, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QDuDI6PyfHXsmWKmngKo2w==, magXml=PWfs9jxrTTRSCAT4D4/GnQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=gzKDYuRVADyKGh3bzxiG3Q==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=2cT0hXTaIfHiVUKwIinpsA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张晓君(1975—),男,汉族,辽宁北票人,博士,副教授。研究方向:采矿工程。E-mail:

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Journal of Mining & Safety Engineering, 2019, 36(4): 696-705., articleTitle=Experimental study on synergistic anchoring effect of preload bolt, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175114688431010811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877154378570, awardId=CJ2022OC02, language=CN, fundingSource=中国地球物理学会工程物探检测重点实验室开放研究基金(CJ2022OC02), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175114688498119676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877154378570, awardId=ZR2020ME098, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020ME098), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175114684920378293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877154378570, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175114684924572598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877154378570, companyId=1175114684920378293, language=EN, country=null, province=null, 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figureFileBig=IBHnWeGJoIPyg8qgxvbl1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114687806059507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877154378570, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The change process of bolt pre-tightening force with time before bolt fracture, figureFileSmall=ygeEa0j1d6zyOpLciK65pA==, figureFileBig=dWCsRiipMI0Y6BpYTLjFhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114687906722804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877154378570, language=CN, label=图9, caption=锚杆断裂前锚杆预紧力随时间的变化过程, figureFileSmall=ygeEa0j1d6zyOpLciK65pA==, figureFileBig=dWCsRiipMI0Y6BpYTLjFhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114687952860149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773877154378570, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Before and after the fracture of the bolt, figureFileSmall=UPFk3qG2YknMJZ/+tS4LgQ==, figureFileBig=cIPbOagJfgil4dkY+J3dxg==, tableContent=null), 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基于锚杆预紧力的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控试验研究
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张晓君 1, 2, 3 , 杨小瑶 1 , 张震 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(13): 5552-5559
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(13): 5552-5559
基于锚杆预紧力的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控试验研究
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张晓君1, 2, 3 , 杨小瑶1, 张震1
作者信息
  • 1 山东理工大学资源与环境工程学院, 淄博 255000
  • 2 山东理工大学矿山工程技术研究所, 淄博 255000
  • 3 中国地球物理学会工程物探检测重点实验室, 武汉 430010
  • 张晓君(1975—),男,汉族,辽宁北票人,博士,副教授。研究方向:采矿工程。E-mail:

Experimental Study on Cooperative Prevention and Control of Bolt, Anchoring Agent and Surrounding Rock Based on Pre-tightening Force of Bolt
Xiao-jun ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Xiao-yao YANG1, Zhen ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources and Environment, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2 Institution of Mining Engineering and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Engineering Geophysical Prospecting and Detection, Chinese Geophysical Society, Wuhan 430010, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404423
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针对工程岩体锚杆锚固防控研究的不足,提出基于锚杆预紧力的协同防控分析方法,开展基于锚杆预紧力的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控试验,得到锚杆预紧力变化规律并识别锚杆锚固协同防控状态,提出协同度概念并探讨协同度确定方法。结果表明,提升锚固剂与锚固孔围岩、锚杆与锚固剂的协同度,有利于彼此间的协同演化,可有效提升防控效果;给出了锚杆锚固协同状态判定方法,可通过锚杆预紧力松弛过程曲线和松弛度来综合判定锚杆锚固协同状态;增大锚杆垫板与临空面围岩的接触面有利于彼此间的协同演化;根据预紧力施加及监测情况,得出了锚杆锚固防控总协同度的确定方法,给出了锚杆锚固各部分提高协同度的策略,设计时应特别注重锚杆锚固各部分的协同,确保各部分均能发挥最优性能和处于最佳状态。研究结果为工程岩体的预应力锚杆锚固机理、监测、预测预报及防控等具有很好的指导和借鉴意义。

锚杆  /  锚杆预紧力  /  围岩  /  锚固剂  /  松弛  /  协同度

In view of the deficiency of the research on the prevention and control of bolt anchoring in engineering rock mass, the method of cooperative prevention and control analysis based on bolt pre-tightening force was put forward, and the cooperative prevention and control test of bolt, anchor agent and surrounding rock based on bolt pre-tightening force was carried out, the variation law of pre-tightening force of bolt was obtained and the cooperative prevention and control state of bolt anchoring was identified. The results indicate that improving the synergy between anchoring agents and the surrounding rock of anchoring holes, as well as between anchor rods and anchoring agents, is beneficial for their synergistic evolution and can effectively enhance the prevention and control effect. A method for determining the collaborative state of anchor rod anchoring is provided, which can comprehensively determine the collaborative state of anchor rod anchoring through the relaxation process curve and relaxation degree of anchor rod pre-tightening force. Increasing the contact surface between the anchor rod pad and the surrounding rock on the free face is beneficial for their synergistic evolution. Based on the application and monitoring of pre-tightening force, a method for determining the overall coordination degree of anchor rod anchoring prevention and control has been developed, and strategies for improving the coordination degree of each part of anchor rod anchoring have been proposed. During design, special attention should be paid to the coordination of each part of anchor rod anchoring to ensure that they can perform at their best and be in their optimal state. The research results have good guidance and reference significance for the anchoring mechanism, monitoring, prediction and prevention of prestressed anchor rods in engineering rock masses.

bolt  /  pre-tightening force of bolt  /  surrounding rock  /  anchoring agent  /  relaxation  /  degree of synergy
张晓君, 杨小瑶, 张震. 基于锚杆预紧力的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控试验研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5552 -5559 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404423
Xiao-jun ZHANG, Xiao-yao YANG, Zhen ZHANG. Experimental Study on Cooperative Prevention and Control of Bolt, Anchoring Agent and Surrounding Rock Based on Pre-tightening Force of Bolt[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5552 -5559 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404423
在矿山、隧道、水利水电等工程中,锚杆被广泛应用,是工程岩体防控常用的一种支护方式[1]。锚杆锚固领域一直是广大科技人员研究的热点,很多学者针对锚杆锚固性能、锚杆预应力、锚固流变等开展了研究,在锚杆锚固性能方面,吴涛等[2]开展了不同肋间距锚杆锚固性能研究,刘少伟等[3]研究了螺纹钢锚杆楔形端部搅拌树脂锚固剂运移特征,林健等[4]开展了不同杆体外形树脂锚杆锚固与安设性能对比研究,张华超等[5]研究了不同长度锚杆加固后的锚杆轴力,王洪涛等[6]分析了不同锚固长度下巷道锚杆力学效应,曾宪明等[7]研究了临界锚固长度,Bobet等[8]得出了锚杆支护下圆形隧道的解析表达式,汪波等[9]进行了围岩-锚杆(索)弹塑性耦合分析。锚杆锚固性能的充分发挥,依赖于螺母、垫板、临空面围岩、锚杆、锚固剂、锚固孔围岩等各部分的相互协同,各部分所处状态基本一致才能有效避免短板的过早出现,避免过早失去作用,降低防控效果,以上研究虽考虑了锚固性能的多个方面,但在相互协同方面的研究较少。
在锚杆预应力方面,李冲等[10]分析了全长锚固预应力锚杆杆体受力特征,余涛等[11]研究了隧道预应力锚杆锚固结构承载效应,殷小亮等[12]、张庆国等[13]开展了锚杆锚固参数及支护设计研究,张建海等[14]、王洪涛等[15]、郭新新等[16]进行了预紧力参数设计研究,林健等[17]研究了端部锚固锚杆预应力场分布特征,康红普等[18]分析了锚杆预应力对支护应力场的影响,给出了锚杆预应力应达到的最小值。开展主动支护,对锚杆施加预紧力是目前常用的提高防控效果的方法,以上虽从多方面开展了锚杆预应力研究,但针对施加预紧力后的预紧力变化、规律及深层次影响机制方面尚缺乏进一步研究。
锚杆锚固施工完毕并施加预紧力后,应特别关注其锚杆锚固状态及预紧力变化情况,实际上关于锚杆锚固长期性能变化方面的研究更为关键和重要,需考虑时间效应。在锚杆锚固流变方面,宋洋等[19-20]分析了加锚节理岩体剪切蠕变特性,并得出了锚杆松弛与岩体蠕变耦合预应力损失模型,但关于锚固领域的蠕变和松弛尤其是松弛方面的研究还相对欠缺。
综上,针对锚固协同防控及长期性能变化研究的不足,现将基于锚杆预紧力,开展基于锚杆预紧力的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控试验,得到锚杆预紧力变化及松弛规律并识别锚杆锚固协同防控状态,首次提出协同度的概念,探讨基于锚杆预紧力的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控问题,以期为工程岩体的预应力锚杆锚固机理、监测、预测预报及防控等提供依据。
由于实际工程锚固体是隐蔽的,其内部情况是不透明的,因此,为了更好地揭示影响防控效果的锚杆、锚固剂和围岩三者协同问题,试验用钻孔围岩用试样采用透明亚克力材料,该材料属于硬而脆的材料,与完整硬脆性岩石性能接近,改进其透明性有利于通过试验观察锚固剂与围岩之间的接触关系,便于分析锚固剂与围岩表面,可达到更好的试验效果。制作中心通孔(锚固孔直径为20 mm)的长方体(尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×30 mm)透明亚克力试样作为锚固孔围岩,孔内表面光滑,见图1。锚固剂采用环氧树脂胶,其属于工程用植筋胶,可用于岩体、混凝土等各种工程中,试验采用全长锚固方式。锚杆分别采用ϕ3 mm×80 mm和ϕ10 mm×100 mm的螺纹钢,配套相应的螺母和垫板。由钻孔围岩、锚固剂和锚杆等共同制成透明锚固体试样,具体见图2。需要特别说明的是,试验用试样及相关尺寸不对应实际巷(隧)道围岩锚固及相似比。
为了实现通过锚杆预紧力来揭示锚杆、锚固剂和围岩三者协同的问题,重在针对锚杆锚固体实现对锚杆预紧力的实时监测。为了实时监测锚杆预紧力,在锚杆上安装环形测力传感器,然后再安装垫板及螺母,通过拧动螺母的方式施加锚杆预紧力,试验装置布置见图3。采用两种方案施加锚杆预紧力。
(1)针对锚杆锚固体(锚杆、锚固剂与钻孔围岩结合体),施加预定数值的锚杆预紧力,通过施加预定数值锚杆预紧力后的一定时间监测,获得锚杆预紧力变化情况,得出锚杆预紧力松弛规律,根据锚杆预紧力松弛情况进一步揭示锚杆锚固防控效果。
(2)针对锚杆锚固剂体(锚杆与锚固剂结合体),施加锚杆预紧力,通过环形测力传感器实时获取锚杆预紧力的施加情况及锚杆预紧力的大小变化,综合揭示锚杆、锚固剂和围岩三者相互作用影响下的锚杆锚固防控效果。
针对锚杆锚固体,得到不同情况下锚杆预紧力随时间的松弛过程见图4,可见,对于施加预紧力(未丧失)的情况,施加锚杆预紧力后的松弛过程呈现出快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的过程,表明在监测时间内其锚固体内部未出现问题,预紧力松弛量为25.42 N,松弛度为22.9%,可认为锚杆锚固作用未丧失,可认为此时锚杆、锚固剂与围岩之间处于协同防控中。对于第一次施加预紧力(丧失)的情况,施加预紧力后其持续下降直至为0 N,松弛度达到100%,实际上锚固剂与围岩之间在监测期间发生松动脱离,锚杆锚固作用已完全丧失,说明锚杆、锚固剂与围岩之间已无法协同防控。对于第二次施加预紧力(未丧失)的情况,在第一次施加预紧力(丧失)后再次施加锚杆预紧力,松动后的锚固剂与围岩之间再次局部咬合,其松弛过程同样呈现出快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的过程,预紧力松弛量为67.15 N,松弛度为60.4%,锚杆锚固作用未完全丧失(局部丧失),但与施加预紧力(未丧失)的情况相比,松弛明显加快,松弛度明显增大,作用效果已远不及施加预紧力(未丧失)的情况,说明锚杆、锚固剂与围岩之间协同防控性能差。综上表明,锚固剂与围岩的接触面很关键,接触面粗糙度低,摩擦因数小,极易导致锚固剂与围岩相脱离,具体见图5,二者不能很好协同,致使锚杆锚固体失效, 再粗的锚杆也无济于事,更差的情况是在施加预紧力过程中,锚固剂与围岩就直接脱离,预紧力直接加不上。因此应特别关注且增加锚固剂与围岩接触面的相互咬合度,提高锚固剂与围岩之间的协同程度,比如在钻孔时增加钻孔孔壁粗糙程度,即可实现在基本不增加成本的情况下就能大幅提高锚杆锚固防控能力。另外,综上也说明,通过锚杆预紧力监测,可知晓锚杆锚固围岩内部所处状态,可实时获取和掌握围岩状态变化并及时采取相应的措施,防止事故发生。
反映锚杆锚固作用局部丧失的第一次锚杆预紧力随时间的松弛过程见图6,在监测期间内,两种情况下的松弛过程曲线,均呈现出快速衰减、逐渐衰减的过程,未出现稳定衰减,随后又进入快速衰减,表明在监测时间内其锚固体内部出现了问题,实际上锚固剂与围岩发生了相对滑移,锚杆锚固作用局部丧失,锚固剂与围岩之间不能很好协同,第一种情况的预紧力松弛度为78.3%,第二种情况的预紧力松弛度为41.3%。
反映锚杆锚固作用局部丧失后的锚杆预紧力随时间的松弛过程见图7,在监测期间内,呈现出快速衰减、逐渐衰减的过程,未出现稳定衰减,随后快速衰减至0 N,松弛度达到100%,表明在监测时间内其锚固体内部出现了问题,实际上锚固剂与围岩相脱离,锚固剂与围岩之间已不能协同。综上可见,可以通过松弛过程曲线和松弛度来综合判定锚杆锚固状态,判定锚杆锚固作用完全丧失或局部丧失的方法:一是一次或多次施加预紧力,施加预紧力过程中,预紧力加不上或迅速消失;二是一次或多次施加预紧力,松弛过程曲线不满足快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的松弛规律;三是同一监测时间内的预紧力松弛度偏高,初定超过30%,三者满足其一即可。同理,判定锚杆锚固作用未丧失的方法:一是多次施加预紧力,松弛过程曲线均满足快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的松弛规律;二是同一监测时间内的预紧力松弛度低,初定低于30%,需同时满足以上两点。
针对锚杆直径为3 mm的锚杆锚固剂体,得到不同锚固剂接触面情况下锚杆预紧力随时间的松弛过程见图8,此时的锚杆预紧力通过垫板将压力作用在锚固剂上。可见,锚杆预紧力松弛过程均呈现出快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的过程,4种情况下的应力松弛度分别为26.5%、19.2%、18.2%和24.8%,预紧力松弛度较低,说明在监测时段内,锚杆与锚固剂之间未脱离,锚杆与锚固剂之间能够较好地协同,由于锚杆采用的是螺纹钢,一定程度上确保了锚杆与锚固剂之间的紧密结合,有助于锚杆与锚固剂之间的协同演化发展。因此,提升锚杆与锚固剂的紧密结合度,将更有利于二者的协同演化。4种情况下的垫板与锚固剂接触面(相当于临空面围岩)不同,第一种和第四种情况的垫板与锚固剂接触面较小(锚固剂表面不平整),第二种和第三种情况的锚固剂接触面较大(锚固剂表面较平整),导致应力松弛曲线有所差别,同等情况下的接触面越大,预紧力松弛度越低,松弛越慢。因此,在工程现场将临空面围岩找平或喷浆,增加其平整度,将提升锚杆垫板与临空面围岩的接触程度,增大接触面有利于二者的协同演化。
针对锚杆锚固剂体施加预紧力,首次施加预紧力在1 600 N以上,预紧力下降后继续连续多次施加预紧力, 预紧力虽在施加时有所升高,但总的规律是不断下降,后续施加的预紧力基本上已难以达到首次施加的预紧力数值,后续预紧力从持续下降再到突然下降,在1 500 N左右时锚杆发生断裂破坏,断裂位置均发生在裸露杆体处,锚杆与锚固剂之间未发生脱离和破坏,断裂的锚杆均为3 mm,10 mm的锚杆未发生破坏,其中一个3 mm锚杆的锚杆锚固剂体试样的预紧力随时间的过程曲线见图9,锚杆断裂情况见图10。在高预紧力的情况下, 锚杆与锚固剂未脱离,说明带螺纹的锚杆能够与锚固剂实现很好协同,但锚杆杆径太小,易导致其本身发生断裂,致使其不能与锚固体协同演化。因此,要提升防控效果,需增强锚杆与锚固体的协同一致性,要特别考虑锚杆杆径大小与锚固体协同的问题,优先采用全长锚固,减少锚杆裸露长度,或者增大裸露锚杆直径。
综上试验结果可见,所提出的基于锚杆预紧力监测的锚杆、锚固剂及围岩协同防控围岩方法,可极大程度提升工程岩体防控效果,特别是提出的锚杆预紧力监测方法,可有效识别锚杆锚固协同防控状态及效果,实现了防控协同、状态可知、效果可测。文献[21-23]分别从单一角度开展了锚固体锚杆协同、围岩-锚杆-锚索协同、预紧力锚杆协同锚固及效果评估研究,表明其可显著提高锚固强度、刚度、承载能力和抗变形能力等,从侧面进一步说明了试验结果的有效性和实用性。
结合前述试验结果,可以依据锚杆预紧力施加过程及监测数据,对锚杆锚固体协同防控情况进行初步的分级。
协同防控程度一级(好):施加到预定锚杆预紧力后,预紧力松弛过程符合快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的规律,多次施加预紧力均符合上述规律且松弛度均低于30%。
协同防控程度二级(中):施加到预定锚杆预紧力后,预紧力松弛过程符合快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的规律,多次施加预紧力均符合上述规律且松弛度均高于30%但低于60%。
协同防控程度三级(差):①施加锚杆预紧力的过程中预紧力下降甚至完全丧失,无法施加到预定锚杆预紧力;②施加到预定锚杆预紧力后,预紧力松弛过程不符合快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的规律,多次施加预紧力至少有一次不符合上述规律;③施加到预定锚杆预紧力后,预紧力松弛过程符合快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的规律,且松弛度高于60%。符合上述3种情况之一即认为其协同防控程度为三级。
达到协同防控程度一级,说明锚杆锚固设计及施工质量良好,锚固效果较好,不需要补强设计与施工;达到协同防控程度二级,说明锚杆锚固设计及施工质量基本尚可,锚固效果一般,但需加强监测或进行补强设计与施工;达到协同防控程度三级,说明锚杆锚固设计及施工质量差,锚固效果差,应该重新加以设计与施工。
根据前述分析,进一步提出协同度的概念,用来度量锚杆、螺母、垫板、锚固剂、围岩等的协同情况,采用锚杆锚固防控总协同度来反映防控效果。锚杆锚固协同防控示意图见图11,锚杆锚固防控总协同度包括锚固剂与锚固孔围岩协同度、锚固剂与锚杆协同度、裸露锚杆与螺母、垫板、锚固体及临空面围岩的综合协同度等。由上,总锚固力包括锚固剂与锚固孔围岩锚固力、锚固剂与锚杆锚固力、锚杆与螺母、垫板及锚固体等共同构成的锚固力等。采用式(1)来计算锚杆锚固防控总协同度。
β=β1β2β3
式(1)中:β为锚杆锚固防控总协同度,该值为0~1,为0时表明完全不协同,为1时表明其完全协同,其值越大,协同性越好,防控效果越好;β1为锚固剂与锚固孔围岩协同度,该值为0~1,反映二者紧密结合、相互咬合和彼此协调的程度;β2为锚固剂与锚杆协同度,该值为0~1,反映二者紧密结合、相互咬合和彼此协调的程度;β3为裸露锚杆与螺母、垫板、锚固体及临空面围岩的综合协同度,该值为0~1,反映彼此间紧密结合、彼此协调的程度,比如裸露锚杆与螺母和垫板间、裸露锚杆与锚固体间、垫板与临空面围岩间。要实现整体的高协同度,就需要3个参数β1β2β3同样具有高的协同度,任意一个参数的低协同度都将诱发整体的低协同度,导致防控效果差,易造成材料浪费和工程失稳,降低工程使用年限。
对于锚固剂与锚固孔围岩协同度β1,可以通过增加锚固孔粗糙度、锚固剂与锚固孔结合紧密度等来提高β1,对于锚固剂与锚杆协同度β2,可以通过优化设计锚杆本身、提高锚固剂与锚杆结合紧密度等来提高β2,对于裸露锚杆与螺母、垫板、锚固体及临空面围岩的综合协同度β3,可以通过提高锚杆杆径、裸露锚杆与螺母和垫板的协调度、裸露锚杆与锚固体的匹配度、垫板与临空面围岩间的接触面等来提高β3。提高各部分协同度就是提高防控整体性,提高整体防控能力,提高整体复合强度。
由于各分项协同度的具体数值较难精准确定,结合前述试验结果可知,通过监测锚杆预紧力可以反映锚杆锚固内部协同情况,因此这里根据预紧力施加的监测情况及协同防控分级判定标准,近似得到锚杆锚固防控总协同度β
β=1-k
式(2)中:k为符合松弛规律(快速衰减、逐渐衰减和稳定衰减的过程)的预紧力松弛度。
k= F m a x - F 0 F m a x
式(3)中:F0为预紧力松弛到稳定衰减阶段的数值;Fmax为施加预紧力的最大值;k取值为0~1,为0时表明完全不松弛,为1时表明完全松弛(预紧力完全丧失)。
由式(2)、式(3)可知,β为0~1,完全不松弛时该值为1,表明完全协同,完全松弛时该值为0,表明完全不协同,该值越大其防控能力越强,防控效果越好。根据图8,由式(2)、式(3)得到4种情况下的协同度分别为0.735、0.808、0.818和0.752,可见其协同度均较高,说明其锚固效果较好,不需要补强设计与施工,这与前述试验分析结果一致。该锚杆锚固防控总协同度确定方法简单、实用,可以在工程上实现锚杆锚固无损监测及锚固质量判定,可获得较好的效果。
工程现场锚杆锚固施工完毕后,施加预紧力并监测,为便于工程现场应用,可以采用式(4)近似得到一定监测时间内任意时刻的协同度。
β= F 1 F m a x
式(4)中:F1为预紧力下降过程任意时刻的数值。
图7及式(4)可得到协同度随时间的变化,如图12所示,通过协同度及发展变化有助于掌握锚固围岩内部情况,根据协同度的大小及变化,及时采取措施,适时调整和提升协同度,增强防控效果,避免围岩破坏和事故发生。设计时应特别注重锚杆锚固各部分的协同,确保各部分均能发挥最优性能和处于最佳状态。得出的协同度是施加预定预紧力(设计最低预紧力与锚杆锚固力之间)后在预紧力随之下降的过程中得到的,是用来判定锚杆锚固施工完毕后的总体协同情况及施工质量,若监测过程中,由于围岩变形导致预紧力增加,则不适用,也不适用于长期监测。需要说明的是,这里的协同度并不是锚杆锚固体真正的协同度,只是通过该参数来间接反映其内部协同状态及其变化。
(1)针对锚杆锚固的协同防控问题,基于锚杆预紧力开展了锚杆、锚固剂、围岩协同防控试验研究,得出了不同情况下锚杆预紧力变化规律与锚杆锚固协同状态的关系,可以通过松弛过程曲线和松弛度来综合判定锚杆锚固协同状态。
(2)除了考虑锚固剂与锚固孔围岩、锚杆与锚固剂的协同外,也要加强锚杆与螺母、垫板和临空面围岩间的协同。设计时应特别注重锚杆锚固各部分的协同,确保各部分均能发挥最优性能和处于最佳状态,有效提高锚杆锚固防控能力。
(3)基于锚固预紧力划分了锚固体协同防控等级,提出了协同度概念,给出了协同度计算公式,得出了基于锚杆预紧力的协同度确定方法。要实现整体的高协同度,需要3个参数β1β2β3同样具有高的协同度,任意一个参数的低协同度都将诱发整体的低协同度,导致防控效果差。
  • 中国地球物理学会工程物探检测重点实验室开放研究基金(CJ2022OC02)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020ME098)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404423
  • 接收时间:2024-06-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-13
  • 修回日期:2025-02-05
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中国地球物理学会工程物探检测重点实验室开放研究基金(CJ2022OC02)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020ME098)
作者信息
    1 山东理工大学资源与环境工程学院, 淄博 255000
    2 山东理工大学矿山工程技术研究所, 淄博 255000
    3 中国地球物理学会工程物探检测重点实验室, 武汉 430010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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