Article(id=1149773875749286720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405372, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1739116800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057053743, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057053743, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057053743, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057053743, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5655, endPage=5661, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773876147745604, articleId=1149773875749286720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Prediction of National Air Cargo Volume Based on Seasonal Decomposition Combination Model, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the supply-demand imbalance in the increasingly complex and changing market environment, improving the accuracy of air cargo volume forecasting is of great significance for route planning and supply chain optimization. Firstly, based on monthly air cargo data from January 2000 to December 2022 as the training set, seasonal fluctuations and long-term trends were captured using seasonal and trend decomposition using loess (STL). Secondly, a deep learning time series prediction model (LSTM-SVR) was used to fit the nonlinear changes in cargo volume due to emergencies. Finally, the prediction model was tested based on monthly data for the entire year of 2023. The results indicate that the seasonal and combination prediction model (STL-SVR-LSTM) is more accurate in predicting air cargo volume during emergencies compared to traditional methods such as ARIMA, SVR, or LSTM. The data validation in 2023 shows that the root mean square error and average absolute percentage error of the seasonal and combination prediction models are 3.53 and 3.53%, respectively, with a goodness of fit score of 0.79. The LSTM model has the second best prediction results, with root mean square error and average absolute percentage error of 5.66 and 7.73%, respectively, and a goodness of fit score of 0.58, significantly better than the other two traditional models. It can be seen that this prediction model can adapt to the prediction of air cargo volume in complex environments, which is helpful in providing reference suggestions for enterprise operation and enhancing supply chain stability in case of emergencies.

, correspAuthors=Lin-jiang WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue-gang SHI, Lin-jiang WU, Qi-hang FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773894627848413, articleId=1149773875749286720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于季节分解组合模型的全国航空货运量预测, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为应对日益复杂多变的市场环境带来的航空货运市场供需不平衡问题,提高航空货运量预测精度对于航线规划和供应链优化等具有重要意义。首先基于2000年1月—2022年12月的月度航空货运数据作为训练集,通过季节性分解法(seasonal and trend decomposition using loess,STL)捕捉季节性波动规律和长期变化趋势,然后基于深度学习的时间序列预测模型(long short-term memory-support vector regression,LSTM-SVR)来拟合因突发事件下的货运量引起的非线性变化,最后基于2023年全年的月度数据对预测模型进行检验。结果表明:基于季节和组合预测模型(STL-SVR-LSTM)相比于传统方法如自回归移动平均(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)、SVR或LSTM在突发事件下对航空货运量的预测更为准确。2023年的数据检验得出季节和组合预测模型均方根误差和平均绝对百分比误差分别为3.53和3.53%,拟合优度为0.79,LSTM模型预测结果次优,均方根误差和平均绝对百分比误差分别为5.66和7.73%,拟合优度为0.58,显著优于其他两种传统预测模型。可见该预测模型能适应复杂环境下的航空货运量预测,有助于在突发事件下为企业经营和增强供应链的稳定提供参考建议。

, correspAuthors=邬林江, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 邬林江(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理,低空经济。E-mail:
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石学刚(1980—),男,汉族,河北迁安人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:航空货运,临空经济。E-mail:

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石学刚(1980—),男,汉族,河北迁安人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:航空货运,临空经济。E-mail:

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石学刚(1980—),男,汉族,河北迁安人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:航空货运,临空经济。E-mail:

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Comparison of air cargo volume prediction results using different models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测模型 均方根误差 平均绝对
百分比误差/%
R2得分
ARIMA 18.58 29.11 -3.51
SVR 17.87 25.88 -3.18
LSTM 5.66 7.73 0.58
STL-SVR-LSTM 3.53 3.53 0.79
), ArticleFig(id=1175114413079151258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773875749286720, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同预测模型航空货运量预测结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测模型 均方根误差 平均绝对
百分比误差/%
R2得分
ARIMA 18.58 29.11 -3.51
SVR 17.87 25.88 -3.18
LSTM 5.66 7.73 0.58
STL-SVR-LSTM 3.53 3.53 0.79
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基于季节分解组合模型的全国航空货运量预测
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石学刚 , 邬林江 * , 范棋航
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(13): 5655-5661
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(13): 5655-5661
基于季节分解组合模型的全国航空货运量预测
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石学刚 , 邬林江* , 范棋航
作者信息
  • 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 石学刚(1980—),男,汉族,河北迁安人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:航空货运,临空经济。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 邬林江(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理,低空经济。E-mail:
Prediction of National Air Cargo Volume Based on Seasonal Decomposition Combination Model
Xue-gang SHI , Lin-jiang WU* , Qi-hang FAN
Affiliations
  • School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405372
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为应对日益复杂多变的市场环境带来的航空货运市场供需不平衡问题,提高航空货运量预测精度对于航线规划和供应链优化等具有重要意义。首先基于2000年1月—2022年12月的月度航空货运数据作为训练集,通过季节性分解法(seasonal and trend decomposition using loess,STL)捕捉季节性波动规律和长期变化趋势,然后基于深度学习的时间序列预测模型(long short-term memory-support vector regression,LSTM-SVR)来拟合因突发事件下的货运量引起的非线性变化,最后基于2023年全年的月度数据对预测模型进行检验。结果表明:基于季节和组合预测模型(STL-SVR-LSTM)相比于传统方法如自回归移动平均(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)、SVR或LSTM在突发事件下对航空货运量的预测更为准确。2023年的数据检验得出季节和组合预测模型均方根误差和平均绝对百分比误差分别为3.53和3.53%,拟合优度为0.79,LSTM模型预测结果次优,均方根误差和平均绝对百分比误差分别为5.66和7.73%,拟合优度为0.58,显著优于其他两种传统预测模型。可见该预测模型能适应复杂环境下的航空货运量预测,有助于在突发事件下为企业经营和增强供应链的稳定提供参考建议。

航空运输  /  月度货运量预测  /  STL-SVR-LSTM模型  /  突发事件  /  预测方法优化

In order to address the supply-demand imbalance in the increasingly complex and changing market environment, improving the accuracy of air cargo volume forecasting is of great significance for route planning and supply chain optimization. Firstly, based on monthly air cargo data from January 2000 to December 2022 as the training set, seasonal fluctuations and long-term trends were captured using seasonal and trend decomposition using loess (STL). Secondly, a deep learning time series prediction model (LSTM-SVR) was used to fit the nonlinear changes in cargo volume due to emergencies. Finally, the prediction model was tested based on monthly data for the entire year of 2023. The results indicate that the seasonal and combination prediction model (STL-SVR-LSTM) is more accurate in predicting air cargo volume during emergencies compared to traditional methods such as ARIMA, SVR, or LSTM. The data validation in 2023 shows that the root mean square error and average absolute percentage error of the seasonal and combination prediction models are 3.53 and 3.53%, respectively, with a goodness of fit score of 0.79. The LSTM model has the second best prediction results, with root mean square error and average absolute percentage error of 5.66 and 7.73%, respectively, and a goodness of fit score of 0.58, significantly better than the other two traditional models. It can be seen that this prediction model can adapt to the prediction of air cargo volume in complex environments, which is helpful in providing reference suggestions for enterprise operation and enhancing supply chain stability in case of emergencies.

transport aviation  /  monthly freight volume forecast  /  STL-SVR-LSTM model  /  suddenly events  /  optimization of prediction methods
石学刚, 邬林江, 范棋航. 基于季节分解组合模型的全国航空货运量预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5655 -5661 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405372
Xue-gang SHI, Lin-jiang WU, Qi-hang FAN. Prediction of National Air Cargo Volume Based on Seasonal Decomposition Combination Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5655 -5661 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405372
随着电子商务和速度经济的飞速发展,全球航空货运需求持续攀升,航空货运已经成为支撑中国经济贸易发展的重要基础[1]。一方面如流行性疾病等特殊事件的突发引起客机腹舱运力骤降,大量货物形成“积压”,导致航空物流服务短板凸显[2];另一方面如跨境电商等可预测性事件导致航空货运需求暴涨,而航空货运基础设施、发展规划都有一定的滞后性,不准确的预测结果会导致短期内航空货运运力的短缺或闲置,而更高的预测精度能够为航空货运相关政策和措施实施提供科学依据和行动指南。鉴于此,构建并运用稳定且性能良好的航空货运预测模型显得更为重要。虽然突发事件无法提前被预知,但突发事件后对航空货运量的准确预测对运力恢复、航线规划和供应链管理等环节有着积极作用,因此设计精度更高的航空货运量预测模型具有重要现实价值。
现有的需求预测模型可分为时间序列模型、回归分析模型、机器学习模型以及深度学习模型,一般学者将其中的两种或多种模型进行组合和改进以提高预测精度。师蔚等[3]将季节性移动平均和支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)进行组合来对车辆寿命进行评估。叶得学等[4]提出一种改进麻雀搜索算法的向量回归模型,并验证其在短期交通流的预测中表现良好。刘雪等[5]提出季节性分解法-长短期记忆(seasonal and trend decomposition using loess-long short-term memory,STL-LSTM)组合的预测模型能够提高市场价格的预测精度,并在鸡蛋价格预测上得到了验证。龙宇等[6]提出的ARIMA-LSTM-XGBoost组合模型提升了铁路货运量预测精度和泛化能力。李岩等[7]将交通需求中的周期趋势进行分解,并结合深度学习来对动态变化的交通需求进行预测。刘笑佟等[8]基于不确定性原理对铁路货运量进行预测,并验证了其相比于传统的回归模型和BP模型预测结果更为准确。徐菲等[9]探究铁路货运量数据后认为,先用变分模态分解算法分解货运量并进行预测,再将预测出的数据进行集成比直接进行预测准确度更高。
在以往对航空货运量的预测研究中,许多学者也取得了较好的预测效果。陈亚东等[10]分析了新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)疫情对中国航空货运量的影响,提出了适用于后疫情时代的短期预测模型,包括Holt-Winters乘法模型和自回归移动平均(autoregressive integrated moving average,ARIMA)乘积季节模型,通过组合不同的权重方法,用以适应疫情后货运量的短期波动和不稳定性,最后通过实际数据验证其在预测精度方面的优势。Chen等[11]使用反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network,BPN)来提高日本到中国台湾省航线的客运和货运需求预测的准确性,结果显示模型在准确预测航空需求方面表现出色,特别是在评估输入变量时提高了预测的效率。Li等[12]介绍了一种结合布谷鸟搜索算法优化的复合预测方法,该方法利用变分模态分解和Elman神经网络对航空货运量进行预测,表现出高准确性和鲁棒性,尤其适用于复杂的时间序列数据分析。Yang等[13]使用基于模糊逻辑的支持向量回归模型来预测国际机场的货运量,通过将历史交通变化的模糊时间序列应用于预测,有效处理了时间序列数据中的不确定性,结果显示该模型的误差较低,证明了其在航空货运量预测中的高准确性和实用性。
以往的航空货运量预测研究常展现出良好的预测结果,然而传统的预测方法在突发事件后的预测可能会出现失灵,如新冠肺炎疫情对航空货运业造成了前所未有的影响,使得航空货运量经历了断崖式的下跌后又迅速反弹,这种波动使得传统预测模型难以精准把握后疫情时代航空货运量的变化。为此,现开发一种组合预测模型,特别设计以适应新常态下的变动情况,并且对比该组合模型相比于传统模型在预测精度方面的优势,不仅能为航空货运相关决策提供科学依据并制定发展策略,从而助力航空货运市场稳健发展,同时,能够在一定程度上为不同领域的数据预测模型提供组合思路。模型首先通过季节性分解方法捕捉航空货运量数据中的季节波动和长期趋势,然后结合LSTM和SVR模型来模拟和预测突发事件引起的非线性变化,最后用最新数据对模型进行可靠性检验。这种方法旨在提供一种更为灵活和精准的预测工具,能够适应复杂多变的市场环境,为突发事件后的航空运力和航线规划等提供参考依据。
首先使用季节性分解法(STL)对航空货运数据进行季节分解,以探究数据中的季节、趋势和残差成分。对于季节成分,常表现出非线性和周期性的波动,因此选用SVR模型进行预测,其在处理非线性数据方面的性能较优越;对于趋势和随机波动成分,因其具有很强的不可预测性,因此利用LSTM网络强大的数据处理能力进行深度学习,以提高模型的模拟精度。这些方法的选择基于它们在相应领域的先进性和准确性,确保能够有效处理航空货运量数据中的复杂模式和波动性。最后,将预测得出的趋势成分预测值、季节成分预测值和剩余成分预测值相加求和,得到原始航空货邮吞吐量预测值。
STL是一种高度灵活的时间序列分解方法,该方法的核心在于利用局部加权回归,通过在数据的局部邻域内进行拟合,从而捕捉时间序列的长期趋势和周期性变化,同时还能很好地处理数据中的异常值和非线性模式。以Y(t)表示航空货运量时间序列,其中t表示时间点,STL分解法将该时间序列分解为趋势、季节性和残差3个部分。
Yt=Tt+St+Rt
首先,利用Loess在整个时间序列上拟合,估计出趋势成分Tt,然后从原始序列Yt中去除长期趋势Tt,得到去趋势化的序列。对这个去趋势化的序列应用Loess拟合,以估计季节性成分St。再将原始序列减去趋势序列和季节性序列,得到残差序列Rt,残差Rt=Yt-Tt-St表示不能被趋势和季节性所解释的随机波动部分。STL分解的核心算法涉及两层循环:外循环用于鲁棒性权重的更新,以便减少异常值的影响;内循环用于实际的分解,通过迭代更新趋势和季节性分量,迭代过程可以通过两个递归公式[式(2)、式(3)]更为具体地描述。
趋势更新公式:
T t ( k + 1 )=Loess[Yt- S t ( k )]
式(2)中: T t ( k + 1 )为第k+1轮迭代后的趋势成分估计; S t ( k )为第k轮迭代后的季节性成分估计。
季节性更新公式:
S t ( k + 1 )=Loess[Yt- T t ( k + 1 )]
式(3)中: S t ( k + 1 )为第k+1轮迭代后的季节性成分估计; T t ( k + 1 )为更新后的趋势成分。通过不断重复这两个更新步骤,STL算法逐步细化对趋势和季节性成分的估计,从而更准确地分解时间序列,确保了模型能够灵活适应时间序列中的复杂变化,包括季节性波动和趋势变动,同时对异常值具有较强的鲁棒性。
SVR是支持向量机(support vector machines,SVM)用于回归的变体,该函数能够在给定的误差容忍度内尽可能准确地预测实际值,可以有效处理数据中的非线性特征,特别适用于时间序列预测。它的目标是找到一个在给定的数据点和一个预定的容忍度ε内尽可能准确地预测目标值的函数f(x),函数表示为
f(x)=wTx+b
式(4)中:x为输入特征向量;w为权重向量;b为偏置项。
SVR使用ε-不敏感损失函数,这意味着模型预测和真实值之间的误差在ε范围内是可以接受的。如果误差超过这个范围,才会产生损失。这个损失函数可以表示为
Lε[y,f(x)]=max[0,|y-f(x)|-ε]
为了找到最佳的wb,SVR将问题转化为以下最优化问题求解,表达式为
$\begin{array}{l} \min \frac{1}{2}\|\boldsymbol{w}\|^{2}+C \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\xi_{i}+\xi_{i}^{*}\right) \\ \text { s.t. }\left\{\begin{array}{l} y_{i}-\boldsymbol{w}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}-b \leqslant \varepsilon+\xi_{i} \\ \boldsymbol{w}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}+b-y_{i} \leqslant \varepsilon+\xi_{i}^{*} \\ \xi_{i}, \xi_{i}^{*} \geqslant 0 \end{array}\right. \end{array}$
式(6)中:yi为第i个数据点的真实值;C为正则化参数;ξi ξ i *为松弛变量,用于处理ε外的数据点。
为了解决这个优化问题,引入拉格朗日乘子αi α i *,构建拉格朗日函数,表达式为
$\begin{aligned} L\left(\boldsymbol{w}, b, \xi, \alpha, \alpha^{*}\right)= & \frac{1}{2}\|\boldsymbol{w}\|^{2}+C \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\xi_{i}+\xi_{i}^{*}\right)- \\ & \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_{i}\left(\varepsilon+\xi_{i}+y_{i}-\boldsymbol{w}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}-b\right)- \\ & \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_{i}^{*}\left(\varepsilon+\xi_{i}^{*}+\boldsymbol{w}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{x}+b-y_{i}\right)- \\ & \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\eta_{i} \xi_{i}+\eta_{i}^{*} \xi_{i}^{*}\right) \end{aligned}$
式(7)中:αi α i *ηi η i *为拉格朗日乘子。
通过对wbξi ξ i *的导数求解,SVR将问题转化为对偶形式,进而只需要求解拉格朗日乘子。
$\begin{array}{c} \max _{\alpha, \alpha^{*}}\left[-\frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\alpha_{i}-\alpha_{i}^{*}\right)\left(\alpha_{j}-\alpha_{j}^{*}\right) K\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{i}, \boldsymbol{x}_{j}\right)-\right. \\ \left.\varepsilon \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\alpha_{i}+\alpha_{i}^{*}\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{n} y_{i}\left(\alpha_{i}-\alpha_{i}^{*}\right)\right] \end{array}$
s.t. 0 α i , α i * C i = 1 n ( α i - α i * ) = 0
找到最优的αi α i *后,SVR的预测函数为
f(x)= i = 1 ni- α i *)(αj- α j *)K(xi,xj)+b
式(10)中:K(xi,xj)为径向基核函数,适用于非线性关系,其表达式为
K(xi,xj)=exp(-γxi-xj2)
LSTM是一种特殊的循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN),它能够学习和记忆长期的依赖信息,非常适合处理和预测时间序列数据中的重要事件。董治强[14]认为其核心是门控机制,包括输入门、遗忘门和输出门,用于控制信息的流动和遗忘,这些组件共同作用,允许网络在时间序列数据中有效地学习长期依赖性。
遗忘门决定了哪些信息将从单元状态中被丢弃,使用sigmoid激活函数来输出0~1的值。
$\boldsymbol{f}_{t}=\sigma\left(\boldsymbol{W}_{\mathrm{f}}\left[\boldsymbol{h}_{t-1}, \boldsymbol{x}_{t}\right],+\boldsymbol{b}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)$
式(12)中:Wfbf分别为遗忘门的权重和偏置;σ为sigmoid激活函数;ft为遗忘门的输出。
输入门由两部分组成,一个sigmoid层决定哪些值将要更新,和一个tanh层创建一个新的候选值向量,将被加入单元状态,输入门决定了新的输入信息的重要性,同时创建一个新的候选值 C ~ t,用于更新单元状态。
$\boldsymbol{i}_{t}=\sigma\left(\boldsymbol{W}_{\mathrm{i}}\left[\boldsymbol{h}_{t-1}, \boldsymbol{x}_{t}\right]+\boldsymbol{b}_{\mathrm{i}}\right)$
$\tilde{\boldsymbol{C}}_{t}=\tanh \left(\boldsymbol{W}_{\mathrm{C}}\left[\boldsymbol{h}_{t-1}, \boldsymbol{x}_{t}\right]+\boldsymbol{b}_{\mathrm{C}}\right)$
式中:it为输入门的sigmoid层的输出; C ~ t为新的候选值。
单元状态Ct更新,这一步结合了遗忘门的结果和输入门的结果来更新单元状态。
Ct=ftCt-1+it C ~ t
输出门决定了下一个隐藏状态的哪些部分将被输出,隐藏状态包含了当前单元的信息,并且用于预测或传递给下一个时间步。
$\boldsymbol{o}_{t}=\sigma\left(\boldsymbol{W}_{\mathrm{o}}\left[\boldsymbol{h}_{t-1}, \boldsymbol{x}_{t}\right]+\boldsymbol{b}_{\mathrm{o}}\right)$
$\boldsymbol{h}_{t}=\boldsymbol{o}_{t} \tanh \left(\boldsymbol{C}_{t}\right)$
式中:ot为输出门的输出;ht为当前时间步的隐藏状态或输出。
这些步骤在每个时间步中迭代执行,使LSTM能够在处理时间序列时维护和更新其内部状态。
在训练过程中,LSTM网络会通过反向传播算法和梯度下降(或其变种)来调整权重,以最小化预测输出和真实值之间的损失。这个过程包括计算损失函数关于每个参数的梯度,并按这些梯度来更新参数。这样,网络就能够记住和利用时间序列数据中重要的长期依赖性。
为了确保分析的准确性和可靠性,选择2000年1月—2023年12月的全国航空货运量数据建立模型,数据样本量为288条,单位为万吨。数据来源于中华人民共和国交通运输部统计数据和CEIC数据库。航空货运量原始数据如图1所示。
中国航空货运量总体上随时间呈上升趋势,但数据存在明显的波动性,特别是在2008年全球经济危机以及2020新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发的影响下,数据波动比较明显。
将中国航空货运量月度数据以两年为一个周期进行分组,拆解为12条数据,可以清楚地观察到货运量数据的月度变化,如图2所示。数据表现出明显的季节性变化,每年10月—12月是航空货运旺季,而每年2月通常是航空货运的传统淡季,主要是受春节假期影响,为全年航空货运量最低点。
2023年的货运量较2022年增长约21.05%,较2020年增长约8.87%,在航空货运淡季,2023年2月的货邮吞吐量较2022年2月小幅上涨了4.87%,而2023年12月的货邮吞吐量已超过2019年同期水平,航空货运业已从疫情中恢复,2023年全年增速迅猛。
航空货运量通常具有明显的以年为周期的季节性变化,通过STL分解方法将航空货运量数据分解为趋势序列、季节序列、残差序列,如图3所示。
趋势序列与原始航空货运量数据呈现总体一致的变化规律,即在2008年和2020年的特殊事件影响下,货运量会有一个较大的骤降,但随之而来的是货运量的猛增,直至趋于稳定。季节性序列存在着明显的周期性变化,随着淡旺季的航空货运量差距增大,峰谷与峰顶也更加突出。残差序列变化同样与实际情况相符,在2020年后震荡幅度加大,主要是受疫情影响,航空货运业遭到重创,但恢复过后迅速回弹,呈现较快的增长趋势。
以2000年1月—2022年12月作为训练集,2023年1月—2023年12月作为测试集,进行预测分析。
模型参数设置对预测精度影响较大,在用SVR模型对季节序列预测分析时,选择径向基核函数,它能很好地处理数据中的非线性模式,SVR关键参数经过交叉验证后确定,C为100, epsilon为0.1,gamma为0.1。在用LSTM预测趋势序列和残差序列时,为了加速收敛,确保所有输入特征都在都在相同尺度上,使用MinMaxScaler将数据归一化到范围[-1,1]。经验证,当参数设置为以下数值时,误差最小:在PyTorch环境中,趋势序列和残差序列的训练窗口大小都设置为1,每次模型的输入只考虑一个时间步的数据来预测下一个时间步的值。训练步长同样都设置为1,几乎所有的数据点都被充分利用,有助于模型从每个数据点中学习信息。趋势序列和残差序列的隐藏层大小分别设置为50和500,代表了LSTM单元的隐藏状态和细胞状态的维度。学习率都设置为0.01,在使用torch.optim.Adam优化器进行模型参数的更新时,每次迭代权重更新的步长被设定为0.01,适中的学习率通常能在训练速度和收敛性之间取得良好的平衡,是Adam(adaptive momentum)优化算法的一个重要参数。训练周期都设置为100,整个训练集将被用来更新模型参数100次。
将STL分解得到的季节St部分输入SVR模型进行预测,将趋势Tt和残差Rt部分输入LSTM模型进行预测,然后叠加子序列的预测结果,进而得到航空货运量最终预测值如图4所示。
将STL-SVR-LSTM 模型预测得出的2023年月度的航空货运量数值与真实值进行对比分析,通过计算误差量化模型的准确性和实用性。评估指标包括均方误差、均方根误差、绝对百分比误差和R2得分等。
均方误差:衡量预测值与实际值之间差异的平方的平均值。计算公式为
MSE= 1 n i = 1 n ( y i - y i ) 2
式(18)中: y i为预测值;yi为实际值;n为样本数量。
均方根误差:MSE的平方根,提供与原始数据相同单位的误差大小。计算公式为
RMSE= M S E
平均绝对百分比误差:平均绝对百分比误差,反映预测值误差的百分比,常用于比较不同数据规模的预测性能。计算公式为
MAPE= 1 n i = 1 n y i - y i y i×100%
R2得分:衡量模型解释的变异性百分比,值越接近1表示预测精度越高。计算公式为
R2=1- i = 1 n ( y i - y i ) i = 1 n ( y i - y - i )
式(21)中: y - i为实际值的平均数。
为了分析不同预测模型在预测结果上的精度,更好地分析STL-SVR-LSTM模型在研究领域具有良好的预测效果,同时使用了ARIMA模型、SVR模型和LSTM模型对2023年的月度航空货运数据进行了预测,并于真实数据进行对比,如图5所示。可以明显看出,STL-SVR-LSTM组合模型更接近于真实的航空货运量数值,单独的LSTM次优,而其他两种预测方法的预测值比实际值明显偏低。
为了更为准确地评价不同预测模型的预测精度,借鉴刘雪等[5]在北京市鸡蛋预测市场预测模型的检验方法,通过比较不同模型的均方根误差等信息来评价其预测精度,因此表1列出了不同预测模型对2023年月度的航空货运量预测性能。
表1中可以进一步印证,STL-SVR-LSTM组合模型在航空货运数据预测精度上的优越性,同时也贴合了图5的预测结果。
更为广泛的,在单独的预测模型中,SVR和ARIMA模型在预测该时间序列时效果较差,尤其在捕捉趋势变化方面表现不佳。相比之下,LSTM模型的预测结果与实际数据较为贴合,但仍存在一定的滞后性。与这些模型相比,STL-SVR-LSTM组合模型表现出明显的优势。经过STL分解,SVR模型能够非常吻合地预测航空货运量的主要季节波动。同时,LSTM模型在预测趋势序列时有效地捕捉了历史数据的变化趋势,且对由异常事件引起的残差波动做出了有力补充。虽然在2023年2月,该组合模型的预测值与实际值存在较大偏差(可能与新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情解封前期的市场不稳定有关),但在其他月份的预测值与实际值几乎完全重合,显示出整体上的预测效果是成功的。
构建了一种基于季节分解和组合预测模型(STL-SVR-LSTM)的航空货运量预测方法,主要针对国内航空货运市场的数据进行了深入分析和预测。研究的主要结论如下。
通过STL分解,揭示了2000—2023年中国航空货运量的总体增长趋势以及显著的季节性波动。数据显示,尽管受全球经济波动和疫情影响,航空货运量呈现出断崖式下跌后的快速增长,但恢复力度强劲。与传统的预测模型(如ARIMA、单独的SVR或LSTM)相比,STL-SVR-LSTM模型显示出更高的准确性和鲁棒性。通过对2023年实际数据的预测,模型展现了优异的预测精度,其中均方根误差为3.53,平均绝对百分比误差为3.53%,R2得分高达0.79。
提出的组合模型不仅提升了预测精度和效率,还为航空货运业在应对突发公共卫生事件和经济波动时提供了科学的决策支持,有助于调整运营策略并保障供应链稳定性。同时,对中国航空货运宏观经济发展规划制定、基础设施布局、运力投入有着不同程度的借鉴作用。通过集成季节分解与多种预测技术,增强了模型在复杂环境中的应用能力,为航空货运量预测提供了一种新的方法论,为未来类似应用的研究和实践提供了可靠参考。另外STL-SVR-LSTM组合模型虽然在航空货运量预测领域表现出较为优良的结果,但并未将其运用到其他领域进行合理性验证,未来可以进一步探究其在不同领域的适用性,或寻求不同情景下的组合优化模型。
  • 天津教委人文社科一般项目(2021SK034)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405372
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2025-02-10
基金
天津教委人文社科一般项目(2021SK034)
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    中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300

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* 邬林江(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理,低空经济。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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