Article(id=1149773874717483009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404668, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718899200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-21, revisedDate=1738771200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057053497, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057053497, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057053497, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057053497, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5634, endPage=5642, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773875736698891, articleId=1149773874717483009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Inversion and Application of Lateral Pressure Coefficient in Soft Rock Tunnels Based on On-site Monitoring Data: A Case Study of the Zongsi Tunnel, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During tunnel construction, the deformation of surrounding rock and the mechanical response of the supporting structures are significantly influenced by the lateral pressure coefficient λ. Accurate determination of the on-site lateral pressure coefficient is essential for guiding tunnel design and construction. Firstly, the impact of the lateral pressure coefficient on settlement displacement of the tunnel vault and horizontal displacement of the side walls was analyzed theoretically. Secondly, the ratio between horizontal displacement of the side walls and settlement displacement of the vault was monitored, and a numerical simulation was employed to establish a mathematical relationship between the horizontal-vertical displacement coefficient K and the lateral pressure coefficient λ, enabling the inversion of the lateral pressure coefficient. Finally, the inverted lateral pressure coefficient was applied to optimize tunnel cross-section design. The results indicate that, under the same geological conditions, an approximately linear relationship exists between K and λ. Regardless of changes in tunnel depth or surrounding rock conditions, a proportional relationship between horizontal and settlement displacements is maintained, which can be used to invert the lateral pressure coefficient at the tunnel site. By adjusting the tunnel axis ratio m to gradually approach λ-1, deformation is effectively controlled and the proportion of lining damage is reduced.

, correspAuthors=Kai YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao YANG, Xin-yu SONG, Wei-lie ZHANG, Yong-zhi LI, Kai YANG, Qi-xiang YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773909513430001, articleId=1149773874717483009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于监控量测的软岩隧道侧压力系数反演与应用: 以宗思隧道为例, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

侧压力系数对隧道围岩变形和支护结构力学响应具有重要的影响,准确得到隧址区侧压力系数λ可有效指导隧道的设计与施工。首先从理论角度分析了侧压力系数对隧道拱顶沉降位移和边墙水平位移的影响;其次,通过监控量测得到隧道边墙水平位移与拱顶沉降位移的比值,并结合数值模拟手段,建立了水平-竖向位移系数K与侧压力系数λ之间的数学关系,从而实现了侧压力系数的反演;最后,将反演得到的侧压力系数应用于隧道断面的优化设计。研究结果表明:在相同的地质条件下,Kλ近似呈线性关系;无论隧道的埋深或围岩条件如何变化,水平位移与沉降位移之间始终存在比例关系,可用于隧址区侧压力系数的反演;根据监控量测数据反演得到隧道侧压力系数为1.1,施工中通过不断调整隧道轴比m,使其逐渐趋近于λ-1,有效控制了隧道变形,降低了衬砌变形破坏比例。

, correspAuthors=杨凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨凯(1987—),男,汉族,四川广元人,博士,讲师。研究方向:隧道工程。E-mail:
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杨潇(1991—),男,汉族,四川犍为人,工程师。研究方向:岩土结构。E-mail:

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杨潇(1991—),男,汉族,四川犍为人,工程师。研究方向:岩土结构。E-mail:

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Dv为拱顶沉降位移;Dh为水平位移;θ为沿顺时针方向与垂直方向的夹角;b为椭圆竖直轴长;a为水平轴长

, figureFileSmall=2DfGa7bP//ohKnsBxHafHg==, figureFileBig=5j6zqvm+Z800vAnxadmXoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114663089029678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Influence of lateral pressure coefficient λ on tunnel deformation, figureFileSmall=I7Jv2QQ2Y4hB26gTp0VzIA==, figureFileBig=MmJII0+vzw5vY4QUd4rgZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114663198081586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图2, caption=侧压力系数λ对隧道变形的影响, figureFileSmall=I7Jv2QQ2Y4hB26gTp0VzIA==, figureFileBig=MmJII0+vzw5vY4QUd4rgZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114663294550582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Layout of tunnel deformation monitoring points, figureFileSmall=xCl3oE9939oK1lwj5+s/Pw==, figureFileBig=d3fLEB0E0GDORxeSJBHuxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114663378436664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图3, caption=隧道变形监测点布置, figureFileSmall=xCl3oE9939oK1lwj5+s/Pw==, figureFileBig=d3fLEB0E0GDORxeSJBHuxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114665869853241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Deformation characteristics of the monitored tunnel, figureFileSmall=HhePCqDn7lVw50K41bvPMQ==, figureFileBig=vjx2Uz4Bwx7muV6pQ4ffTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114665987293755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图4, caption=监测的隧道变形特征, figureFileSmall=HhePCqDn7lVw50K41bvPMQ==, figureFileBig=vjx2Uz4Bwx7muV6pQ4ffTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114666062791229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Numerical model of tunnel excavation, figureFileSmall=R55f6N2r93cRBkyz/8OZ/A==, figureFileBig=TAVWpOL8cgZkXZ5yeFVW6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114666125705791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图5, caption=隧道开挖数值模型, figureFileSmall=R55f6N2r93cRBkyz/8OZ/A==, figureFileBig=TAVWpOL8cgZkXZ5yeFVW6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114666205397569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Displacement magnitude of tunnel surrounding rock under different lateral pressure coefficients, figureFileSmall=5R87ZUsnl/Xr1tLYBnGJHA==, figureFileBig=8VbKv4jrOHnVY6IvrPn0zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114666306060867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同侧压力系数下隧道围岩位移, figureFileSmall=5R87ZUsnl/Xr1tLYBnGJHA==, figureFileBig=8VbKv4jrOHnVY6IvrPn0zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114666423501383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationship between lateral pressure coefficient and tunnel deformation, figureFileSmall=jJoWO7ZuEEEexlhq6ouRag==, figureFileBig=jBeiUkUH0/jmwu+mMPLMxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114666482221643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图7, caption=侧压力系数与隧道变形的关系, figureFileSmall=jJoWO7ZuEEEexlhq6ouRag==, figureFileBig=jBeiUkUH0/jmwu+mMPLMxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114666553524815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Cross-sectional parameters of the tunnel, figureFileSmall=9UBPBy1NOIhDPSUX3KICWA==, figureFileBig=9UOKGGXpfO3VXlvOFN+DEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114666679353937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图8, caption=隧道设计断面, figureFileSmall=9UBPBy1NOIhDPSUX3KICWA==, figureFileBig=9UOKGGXpfO3VXlvOFN+DEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114667002315352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Trend of tunnel section axis ratio, figureFileSmall=i2w1YfrSjFlusTEedY1fpA==, figureFileBig=cVTdXcAw1WpD9dC11efJiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114667082007130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图9, caption=隧道断面轴比的变化趋势, figureFileSmall=i2w1YfrSjFlusTEedY1fpA==, figureFileBig=cVTdXcAw1WpD9dC11efJiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114667165893213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Excessive deformation and damage of the lining, figureFileSmall=BlcQ4g0IhhvzUYJhv7uteg==, figureFileBig=ORNLAG+qy94m9aZE/XwKsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114667274945117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=图10, caption=隧道衬砌变形破坏比例, figureFileSmall=BlcQ4g0IhhvzUYJhv7uteg==, figureFileBig=ORNLAG+qy94m9aZE/XwKsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175114667392385632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of surrounding rock and supporting structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
种类
弹性模量
E/GPa
泊松比
υ
容重γ/
(kN·m-3)
内聚力
c/MPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
围岩 0.08 0.35 27 0.22 27
喷射
混凝土
28 0.2 22
锚杆、
钢拱架
210 0.3 79
), ArticleFig(id=1175114667488854626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874717483009, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

围岩与支护结构的力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料
种类
弹性模量
E/GPa
泊松比
υ
容重γ/
(kN·m-3)
内聚力
c/MPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
围岩 0.08 0.35 27 0.22 27
喷射
混凝土
28 0.2 22
锚杆、
钢拱架
210 0.3 79
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基于监控量测的软岩隧道侧压力系数反演与应用: 以宗思隧道为例
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杨潇 1 , 宋新宇 2 , 张伟列 3 , 李勇志 1 , 杨凯 2, 3, * , 晏启祥 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(13): 5634-5642
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(13): 5634-5642
基于监控量测的软岩隧道侧压力系数反演与应用: 以宗思隧道为例
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杨潇1 , 宋新宇2, 张伟列3, 李勇志1, 杨凯2, 3, * , 晏启祥3
作者信息
  • 1 中电建重庆勘测设计研究院有限公司, 重庆 401329
  • 2 西华大学建筑与土木工程学院, 成都 610039
  • 3 西南交通大学交通隧道工程教育部重点实验室, 成都 610031
  • 杨潇(1991—),男,汉族,四川犍为人,工程师。研究方向:岩土结构。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨凯(1987—),男,汉族,四川广元人,博士,讲师。研究方向:隧道工程。E-mail:
Inversion and Application of Lateral Pressure Coefficient in Soft Rock Tunnels Based on On-site Monitoring Data: A Case Study of the Zongsi Tunnel
Xiao YANG1 , Xin-yu SONG2, Wei-lie ZHANG3, Yong-zhi LI1, Kai YANG2, 3, * , Qi-xiang YAN3
Affiliations
  • 1 Power China Chongqing Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Chongqing 401329, China
  • 2 School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404668
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侧压力系数对隧道围岩变形和支护结构力学响应具有重要的影响,准确得到隧址区侧压力系数λ可有效指导隧道的设计与施工。首先从理论角度分析了侧压力系数对隧道拱顶沉降位移和边墙水平位移的影响;其次,通过监控量测得到隧道边墙水平位移与拱顶沉降位移的比值,并结合数值模拟手段,建立了水平-竖向位移系数K与侧压力系数λ之间的数学关系,从而实现了侧压力系数的反演;最后,将反演得到的侧压力系数应用于隧道断面的优化设计。研究结果表明:在相同的地质条件下,Kλ近似呈线性关系;无论隧道的埋深或围岩条件如何变化,水平位移与沉降位移之间始终存在比例关系,可用于隧址区侧压力系数的反演;根据监控量测数据反演得到隧道侧压力系数为1.1,施工中通过不断调整隧道轴比m,使其逐渐趋近于λ-1,有效控制了隧道变形,降低了衬砌变形破坏比例。

软岩隧道  /  侧压力系数  /  水平-竖向位移系数  /  反演  /  隧道轴比

During tunnel construction, the deformation of surrounding rock and the mechanical response of the supporting structures are significantly influenced by the lateral pressure coefficient λ. Accurate determination of the on-site lateral pressure coefficient is essential for guiding tunnel design and construction. Firstly, the impact of the lateral pressure coefficient on settlement displacement of the tunnel vault and horizontal displacement of the side walls was analyzed theoretically. Secondly, the ratio between horizontal displacement of the side walls and settlement displacement of the vault was monitored, and a numerical simulation was employed to establish a mathematical relationship between the horizontal-vertical displacement coefficient K and the lateral pressure coefficient λ, enabling the inversion of the lateral pressure coefficient. Finally, the inverted lateral pressure coefficient was applied to optimize tunnel cross-section design. The results indicate that, under the same geological conditions, an approximately linear relationship exists between K and λ. Regardless of changes in tunnel depth or surrounding rock conditions, a proportional relationship between horizontal and settlement displacements is maintained, which can be used to invert the lateral pressure coefficient at the tunnel site. By adjusting the tunnel axis ratio m to gradually approach λ-1, deformation is effectively controlled and the proportion of lining damage is reduced.

soft rock tunnel  /  lateral pressure coefficient  /  horizontal-vertical displacement coefficient  /  inversion  /  tunnel axis ratio
杨潇, 宋新宇, 张伟列, 李勇志, 杨凯, 晏启祥. 基于监控量测的软岩隧道侧压力系数反演与应用: 以宗思隧道为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5634 -5642 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404668
Xiao YANG, Xin-yu SONG, Wei-lie ZHANG, Yong-zhi LI, Kai YANG, Qi-xiang YAN. Inversion and Application of Lateral Pressure Coefficient in Soft Rock Tunnels Based on On-site Monitoring Data: A Case Study of the Zongsi Tunnel[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5634 -5642 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404668
隧道开挖前,岩体由于自重和地质构造活动的影响,已经存在一定的地应力,这称为初始地应力。开挖扰动引起围岩应力重分布,导致围岩向临空面的移动,甚至会引起破裂或坍塌。支护结构施作后,部分围岩荷载转移到支护结构上。因而,隧道围岩的稳定性与支护结构的安全性与地应力状态密切相关。开展现场测量是获取地应力分布规律最直接的手段,隧道工程中最为常用的方法是水压致裂法[1-4]。然而,现场地应力测量工作耗时耗力,测量结果具有一定的误差。因此,部分学者结合监控量测手段和数值模拟方法,采用位移反分析法来反演地应力场[5-7]。但是,随着隧道向前施工,掌子面的埋深和围岩岩性不断发生变化,致使开挖后围岩位移的变化范围较大,这种特征在软弱破碎围岩的隧道更为明显[8]。例如,成兰铁路的杨家坪隧道和茂县隧道,严重大变形段边墙位移的最小值为66.2 mm,最大值为562.0 mm,相差近8.5倍[9]。在这种情况下,难以确定代表性断面进行位移反分析,对位移反分析法的应用提出了挑战。
由于隧道的纵向尺寸远大于横断面尺寸,隧道围岩与支护结构相互作用的力学模型可视为平面应变模型,模型所受地应力包括垂直应力和水平应力。实测地应力数据表明,垂直应力σv基本等于上覆岩层的重量;水平应力σh则受地质构造活动、地形地貌演化及岩层物理力学特性的影响,变化范围较大;水平应力与垂直应力的比值,即侧压力系数λ,一般分布在0.5~5.5[10]。隧道开挖过程中,围岩变形和支护结构的破坏失稳在本质上是由能量驱动,而地应力则是能量的直接来源[11]。地应力场的侧压力系数λ对隧道围岩变形[12-15]、支护结构力学响应[16-18]、围岩压力分布[19]等方面都有着重要的影响。因此,准确得到地应力分布特征,特别是侧压力系数λ的大小,对隧道工程的设计与施工具有重要的意义。
现以丽香铁路宗思隧道为依托,首先采用理论分析探讨侧压力系数λ对圆形隧道边墙水平位移与拱顶沉降位移之比的影响。在此基础上,对现场监控量测数据进行拟合,得到了隧道水平位移与竖向位移的比值。随后,通过隧道开挖数值模拟手段,建立了边墙水平位移与拱顶竖向位移之比与侧压力系数λ的函数关系,据此得出隧道现场的侧压力系数。最终,将反演得到的侧压力系数应用于隧道断面的优化设计,显著降低隧道衬砌破坏的比例,从而提高施工安全性和经济性。以期为类似工程地质条件隧道的设计与施工提供一定的参考。
假设圆形隧道的半径为R0,垂直应力为p0,侧压力系数为λ,即水平应力为λp0,如图1(a)所示。对于软弱破碎围岩隧道,开挖后围岩进入塑性状态时,隧道的位移通常较大,其位移通式[20]
$\begin{aligned} u= & \frac{1+v}{2 E r}\left[R_{p}^{2}+(1+\lambda) R_{p} f(\theta)\right]\left\{\operatorname { s i n } \varphi \left[p_{0}(1+\lambda)+\right.\right. \\ & 2 c \cot \varphi]\left[1+\frac{(1-\lambda) \sin \varphi}{R_{p}(1-\sin \varphi)} f(\theta)\right]- \\ & \left.p_{0}(1-\lambda) \cos (2 \theta)\right\} \end{aligned}$
式(1)中:
Rp=R0 [ p 0 ( 1 + λ ) + 2 c c o t φ ] ( 1 - s i n φ ) 2 p 1 + 2 c c o t φ 1 - s i n φ 2 s i n φ
f(θ)= 2 R p ( 1 - s i n φ ) p 0 [ p 0 ( 1 + λ ) + 2 c c o t φ ] s i n φcos(2θ)
式(3)中:r为自隧道洞室中心算起的径向距离;隧道围岩塑性变形位移与围岩的弹性模量E、泊松比ν、内摩擦角φ、内聚力c、支护阻力p1、竖向应力p0和侧压力系数λ相关。当弹性模量E、泊松比ν、内摩擦角φ、内聚力c、支护阻力p1、竖向应力p0等参数保持不变时,隧道位移主要受侧压力系数λ的影响。
在隧道施工过程中,支护参数会根据地质条件不断调整优化,支护阻力p1是一个变化量。因此,假设圆形隧道半径为4.5 m、埋深为100 m,分别取p1为100、200、300、400、500 kPa,分析p1λ对隧道变形的影响,采用的围岩参数如表1所示。不同支护阻力作用下隧道拱顶沉降位移Dv与侧压力系数λ的关系如图2(a)所示。结果表明,p1相同时,Dvλ的增大而增大;λ相同时,Dvp1的增大而减小。λDh的关系如图2(b)所示,与Dv表现出近似的变化趋势,即p1相同时,Dhλ的增大而增大,但其增速明显大于Dv的增速,这表明λ对水平位移的影响更大;λ相同时,Dhp1的增大而减小。为分析DhDv的相对变化关系,定义DhDv的比值为水平-竖向位移系数K。通过计算发现,λ相同时,改变p1得到的K完全相等,说明p1不影响λK的关系。取p1为300 kPa时,Kλ的关系如图2(c)所示。可知,Kλ近似线性增大。上述分析结果表明,在相同的地质条件下,Kλ近似呈线性关系,这为隧址区λ的反演奠定了理论基础。
在隧道施工现场开展监控量测工作,根据监测数据可以计算出K。然后,可以利用数值模拟手段,建立起Kλ之间的函数关系,并最终实现隧址区λ的反演分析。
宗思隧道是一条穿越炭质页岩地层的单线铁路隧道,是丽江至香格里拉铁路的一项关键控制工程。该隧道全长2 205 m,最大埋深为190 m,初步设计的断面高度为996 cm,宽度为685 cm,采用三台阶法施工。然而,隧道所在的地理位置极为特殊,位于云南西部的地震活跃区域,地处青藏高原的东南边缘与横断山脉的中段。受地质条件和构造活动的影响,隧址区内岩层扭曲变形严重,节理裂隙发育,结构松散破碎,岩体强度低,浸水后立即出现软化泥化现象,具有塑性流动与蠕动变形的特性。施工初期,由于对围岩性质认识不足,采用了常规设计参数,导致支护结构承载力不足,隧道变形量大、变形速度快且持续时间长。随着变形的不断增加,大变形问题越发严重,钢拱架发生扭曲,衬砌也出现开裂,大量段落发生衬砌侵限现象,给整个工程的顺利施工带来了极大的挑战。
根据隧道断面形状和施工方法,对隧道的拱顶沉降位移、上台阶和中台阶的水平位移进行了监测,监测点的布置如图3所示。拱顶沉降位移为A,以B1B2的平均值为上台阶水平位移B,以C1C2的平均值为中台阶水平位移C,即上台阶水平位移B= (B1+B2)/2,中台阶水平位移C=(C1+C2)/2。
通过对32个断面的位移数据进行统计,得到了隧道变形量与深度的关系,如图4(a)所示。可以看出散点分布形成了3个集合:集合1表示隧道断面埋深不大,但变形量非常大;集合2表示隧道断面埋深不大,变形量也不大;集合3表示隧道断面埋深较大,但变形量不大。其中,集合1和集合2的隧道深度差别不大,但变形量差异显著;集合3与集合2相比,隧道埋深增加约40 m,但变形量却略有降低。结果表明,隧道埋深不是影响宗思隧道变形量的主要因素。隧道变形量与围岩风化程度的关系如图4(b)所示。可以看出,强风化围岩的变形量显著高于中风化围岩。这说明风化作用降低了围岩的力学性能,从而导致隧道开挖后的变形值显著增大,甚至出现了埋深较小但变形量更大的情况,这说明围岩的风化状况对隧道变形有着显著的影响。
水平位移与竖向位移的关系如图4(c)所示。可以看出,隧道拱顶竖向位移、上台阶水平位移和中台阶水平位移的最大值分别为737.3、819.0和538.1 mm,最小值分别为83.9、153.2和90.3 mm。这是由于隧道掘进工作面的围岩状况在强风化和中风化之间变化,导致监测位移的最大值和最小值差异明显。通过分析上台阶、中台阶水平位移与拱顶沉降位移的统计关系发现,隧道的水平位移和竖向位移之间存在一定的比例关系。其中,上台阶水平位移约为拱顶沉降位移A的1.228倍,即B=1.228A,拟合得到的平方相关系数R2达到0.982;中台阶水平位移约为拱顶沉降位移的76.2%,即C=0.762A,拟合的R2为0.811。这说明拱顶沉降位移与上台阶水平位移的相关性高于与中台阶水平位移的相关性,这主要是因为中台阶位移的测量滞后于该断面上台阶位移的测量,中台阶开始位移测量时已经产生了较大变形,存在一部分无法测量到的逸失位移;隧道的水平位移始终大于竖向位移,即水平方向是隧道变形的主方向。由现场监控量测结果可知,无论隧道的埋深变化,还是围岩条件变化,隧道的水平位移始终与沉降位移存在比例关系;由于上台阶水平位移测点和拱顶沉降位移测点同时安装,而中台阶水平位移测点安装滞后,上台阶水平位移与沉降位移的线性关系比中台阶更显著。
为建立侧压力系数λ与隧道水平-竖向位移系数K的关系,建立隧道三维数值分析模型,选取侧压力系数λ分别为0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.4、1.6进行模拟。数值模型的长为60 m、宽为100 m、高为100 m,如图5(a)所示。围岩采用实体单元,衬砌采用shell单元,锚杆采用cable单元,如图5(b)所示。此外,采用等效刚度法将钢拱架的支护效果折算进混凝土衬砌中。围岩采用Mohr-Coulomb本构模型,喷射混凝土和锚杆采用弹性本构模型。参数的选择参考了《铁路隧道设计规范》(TB 10003—2016)[21]和《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010)[22],围岩及支护结构参数如表1所示。以埋深为100 m处的隧道断面为研究对象,模型所施加的边界条件如图5(c)所示。在模型顶面施加1.08 MPa的应力,模拟40 m厚岩层产生的重力应力。其余5个面施加位移边界条件,固定前、后、左、右和底面的法向位移,同时在模型中施加随深度增大的构造应力,以实现不同的侧压力系数。开挖过程中,监测拱顶沉降位移和上台阶水平位移,如图5(d)所示。
不同侧压力系数下隧道围岩的总体位移如图6所示,它能够直观地反映出围岩的变形特征。具体来说,当λ<1时,竖直方向上主应力更大,围岩变形的优势方向在竖直方向上;当λ>1时,水平方向上主应力更大,围岩变形的优势方向在水平方向上;当λ=1时,围岩处于静水压力状态,围岩变形在水平方向和竖直方向上分布近似相等,不存在变形优势方向。结果表明侧压力系数λ直接影响隧道变形特性,变形的优势方向始终平行于主应力大的方向。在不同λ下,实测了数值模型拱顶竖向位移A和台阶顶面水平位移B,得到了侧压力系数与隧道变形的关系曲线,如图7(a)所示。随着λ的增大,AB均增大,但水平位移增长幅度更大。λK的关系如图7(b)所示,可以看出,Kλ呈线性增长,与第2部分的理论分析结果一致。Kλ的关系可拟合为
K=0.699λ+0.464
现场监控量测数据的统计分析结果表明,B=1.228A,即K=1.228,将其代入式(4)得到λ为1.1。
传统的隧道支护理论认为围岩是支护体系荷载的来源,而新奥法(new Austrian tunnelling method,NATM)将围岩与支护结构视为一个整体,围岩既是荷载的来源,也是支护体系的一部分。通过优化隧道断面参数,可以增强围岩的自支承作用,降低软岩隧道的支护难度。对于椭圆形隧道,如图1(b)所示。围岩的切向应力σθ可表示为
σθ=p0 m 2 s i n 2 θ + 2 m s i n 2 θ - c o s 2 θ c o s 2 θ + m 2 s i n 2 θ+λp0 c o s 2 θ + 2 m c o s 2 θ - m 2 s i n 2 θ c o s 2 θ + m 2 s i n 2 θ
式(5)中:m为轴比,即椭圆竖直轴b与水平轴a之间的比率,m=b/a
令设m=λ-1(即a/b=λ),式(5)可简化为
σθ=p+λp
由式(6)可知,当m=λ-1时,隧道围岩的切向应力σθ既不随θ发生变化,也不存在极值,这种状态有利于隧道自支承作用的发挥和围岩的稳定。
因此,隧道设计时,类椭圆断面的尺寸应满足轴比m=λ-1或使轴比m趋近于λ-1,以便围岩更好地发挥自承能力。
为了解决宗思隧道的大变形问题,施工中不断对隧道断面参数进行优化。为此,先后对Ⅴ级D型、Ⅴ级加强型、大变形Ⅱ型、大变形Ⅱa型4种断面类型进行了现场试验,如图8所示。各型断面的m分别为1.454、1.385、1.254、1.184,反演得到的λ的值为1.1,λ-1的值为0.909。在试验过程中,隧道断面的轴比m逐步趋近于λ-1,如图9所示,不断提高了支护体系的承载能力。在现场试验过程中,辅之以其他控制措施,隧道变形破坏比例由V级D型断面的77.9%到V级加强型断面的65.7%,再到大变形Ⅱ型断面的18.4%,最终降低到大变形Ⅱa型断面的0.8%,如图10所示,基本解决了隧道大变形问题。
为准确评估隧址区的侧压力系数,提出了一种结合监控量测数据与数值模拟的侧压力系数反演方法,为隧道设计与施工优化提供了新的思路。首先通过隧道现场监控数据获得边墙水平位移与拱顶竖向位移的比值,接着利用数值模拟建立水平-竖向位移系数与侧压力系数之间的函数关系,最终反演出隧址区的侧压力系数,并应用于隧道断面的优化。研究得出如下结论。
(1) 当支护阻力p1相同时,隧道拱顶沉降位移Dv和边墙水平位移Dh都随侧压力系数λ的增大而增大;当侧压力系数λ相同时,隧道拱顶沉降位移Dv和边墙水平位移Dh都随支护阻力p1的增大而减小;在相同的地质条件下,支护阻力p1不影响侧压力系数λ与水平-竖向位移系数K的关系,水平-竖向位移系数K与侧压力系数λ近似呈线性关系。
(2) 无论隧道的埋深变化,还是围岩条件变化,隧道的水平位移始终与沉降位移存在比例关系;由于上台阶水平位移测点和拱顶沉降位移测点同时安装,而中台阶水平位移测点安装滞后,上台阶水平位移与沉降位移的线性关系比中台阶更显著。
(3) 隧道设计时,类椭圆断面的尺寸应满足轴比m=λ-1或使轴比m趋近于λ-1,以便围岩更好地发挥自支承能力;反演得到隧道断面上侧压力系数为1.1,现场试验过程中,隧道断面的轴比m由最初的1.454最终降低到1.184,逐步趋近于λ-1的值0.909,不断提高了支护体系的承载能力,使隧道变形破坏比例由最初的77.9%降低到0.8%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U21A20152)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404668
  • 接收时间:2024-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-21
  • 修回日期:2025-02-06
基金
国家自然科学基金(U21A20152)
作者信息
    1 中电建重庆勘测设计研究院有限公司, 重庆 401329
    2 西华大学建筑与土木工程学院, 成都 610039
    3 西南交通大学交通隧道工程教育部重点实验室, 成都 610031

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* 杨凯(1987—),男,汉族,四川广元人,博士,讲师。研究方向:隧道工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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