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Machine learning technology is a hot research topic at present. It is widely used in various prediction, recognition and classification tasks with its strong learning ability and high versatility. The application of machine learning in computational structural mechanics was discussed, with emphasis on its role in material property prediction, structural damage analysis, improvement of traditional methods, constitutive equation establishment and differential equation solving. Through literature review, the advantages of machine learning algorithms such as neural networks, support vector machines and random forests in improving computational efficiency and design process optimization were summarized. It is pointed out that the combination of machine learning and classical computing methods provides a new way to solve engineering problems. Future research will focus on algorithm optimization, model improvement and interdisciplinary technology integration.

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机器学习技术是当前的研究热点,以其强学习力、高通用性广泛应用于各类预测、识别、分类任务中。探讨了机器学习在计算结构力学中的应用,重点分析了其在材料性能预测、结构损伤分析、传统方法改进、本构方程建立和微分方程求解中的作用。通过文献综述总结了机器学习算法如神经网络、支持向量机和随机森林在提高计算效率和设计流程优化方面的优势。研究指出,机器学习与经典计算方法的结合为工程问题求解提供了新途径。未来研究将聚焦于算法优化、模型改进和跨学科技术融合。

, correspAuthors=杨馨怡, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨馨怡(2000—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器学习在计算力学中的应用。E-mail:
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聂小华(1973—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,研究员。研究方向:机器学习在计算力学中的应用,飞行器结构强度校核。E-mail:

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聂小华(1973—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,研究员。研究方向:机器学习在计算力学中的应用,飞行器结构强度校核。E-mail:

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聂小华(1973—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,研究员。研究方向:机器学习在计算力学中的应用,飞行器结构强度校核。E-mail:

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由有限元大量生成数据训练原始集成网络模型,再用小样本训练修正形成迁移模型

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计算力学中的机器学习应用
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聂小华 , 杨馨怡 * , 张国凡 , 常亮
科学技术与工程 | 综述·一般工业技术 2025,25(13): 5273-5284
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·一般工业技术 2025, 25(13): 5273-5284
计算力学中的机器学习应用
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聂小华 , 杨馨怡* , 张国凡, 常亮
作者信息
  • 中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室, 西安 710065
  • 聂小华(1973—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,研究员。研究方向:机器学习在计算力学中的应用,飞行器结构强度校核。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨馨怡(2000—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器学习在计算力学中的应用。E-mail:
Application of Machine Learning Technology in Computational Mechanics
Xiao-hua NIE , Xin-yi YANG* , Guo-fan ZHANG, Liang CHANG
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity, Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China, Xi'an 710065, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404348
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机器学习技术是当前的研究热点,以其强学习力、高通用性广泛应用于各类预测、识别、分类任务中。探讨了机器学习在计算结构力学中的应用,重点分析了其在材料性能预测、结构损伤分析、传统方法改进、本构方程建立和微分方程求解中的作用。通过文献综述总结了机器学习算法如神经网络、支持向量机和随机森林在提高计算效率和设计流程优化方面的优势。研究指出,机器学习与经典计算方法的结合为工程问题求解提供了新途径。未来研究将聚焦于算法优化、模型改进和跨学科技术融合。

机器学习  /  计算结构力学  /  材料性能  /  结构损伤

Machine learning technology is a hot research topic at present. It is widely used in various prediction, recognition and classification tasks with its strong learning ability and high versatility. The application of machine learning in computational structural mechanics was discussed, with emphasis on its role in material property prediction, structural damage analysis, improvement of traditional methods, constitutive equation establishment and differential equation solving. Through literature review, the advantages of machine learning algorithms such as neural networks, support vector machines and random forests in improving computational efficiency and design process optimization were summarized. It is pointed out that the combination of machine learning and classical computing methods provides a new way to solve engineering problems. Future research will focus on algorithm optimization, model improvement and interdisciplinary technology integration.

machine learning  /  computational structural mechanics  /  material properties  /  structural damage
聂小华, 杨馨怡, 张国凡, 常亮. 计算力学中的机器学习应用. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5273 -5284 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404348
Xiao-hua NIE, Xin-yi YANG, Guo-fan ZHANG, Liang CHANG. Application of Machine Learning Technology in Computational Mechanics[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5273 -5284 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404348
当今,机器学习作为人工智能的核心技术,已成为推动工程技术创新的关键动力。尤其在计算力学领域,机器学习的融合应用正在变革传统的力学问题求解方法,为复杂工程问题的分析与设计提供创新工具与思路。
机器学习这一跨学科领域自20世纪40年代起经历了近80年的发展,已形成包括监督学习、无监督学习和强化学习等多样化的算法模型,以模型简便灵活,学习力强,泛化力强等优势在软件开发、自动化技术、建筑科学与工程等多个领域得到广泛应用。计算结构力学,作为力学、数学和计算机科学的交叉成果,自20世纪50年代末以来,已渗透至固体力学、流体力学和热力学等多个学科领域。计算力学的核心目标在于寻找描述自然、物理和化学现象的偏微分方程的近似解。尽管有限元法、差分法和边界元法等传统计算力学方法在诸多问题上取得了显著成就,但在处理具有复杂几何和边界条件的问题时仍面临挑战。随着机器学习算法的成熟,机器学习模型也被逐步应用于计算结构力学领域,用于完成包括分类、预测、建模、决策等多种任务。
为了探索机器学习在计算结构力学中的应用,特别是在材料性能预测、结构损伤分析、传统方法改进、本构方程建立和微分方程求解等方面,现通过梳理和总结现有研究成果,明确机器学习技术在计算力学中的潜力和挑战,并指出未来研究方向。首先回顾机器学习和计算结构力学的发展历程,然后详细介绍机器学习在计算力学中的各类应用。接着,探讨机器学习与传统计算方法的结合及其为计算力学带来的新机遇。最后,讨论未来研究方向。
机器学习,作为一门融合统计学与算法科学的跨学科领域,通过从大量数据信息中提取隐含的逻辑和模式,构建模型预测变量或指导决策。其核心目标在于模拟人类学习机制,实现知识的积累与技能的提升,并持续提升系统性能。自20世纪40年代起,经过近一个世纪的演进,机器学习已经发展成为包含多种算法模型的成熟领域,主要分为有监督学习、无监督学习和强化学习三大类。
有监督学习起源于20世纪30年代,1936年,Fisher[1]提出了线性判别分析,该方法通过线性变换降低数据维度,增强样本内部相似性。随后,Cox[2]提出了逻辑回归,用于预测样本的正类概率;Rosenblatt[3]提出了感知器模型,为后续算法的发展奠定了基础;Cover等[4]提出了基于投票机制和距离度量的K-近邻(K-nearest neighbor,KNN)算法,至今仍因其简单有效而被广泛应用。1980年代,机器学习作为独立领域迅速发展,Quinlan[5]、Gondy等[6]、Breiman等[7],分别实现了决策树模型的3种典型模式的探索应用;Rumelhart等[8]提出了反向传播算法,奠定了神经网络走向完善和应用的基础;Lecun等[9]设计了首个卷积神经网络,为深度学习奠定了基础。90年代以来,支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、自适应增强(adaptive boosting,AdaBoost)、长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)、随机森林(random forest,RF)等算法相继问世。
无监督学习始于20世纪60年代,Ward[10]提出了层次聚类算法,其不同实现方法:SLINK和CLINK于70年代分别由Sibson[11]和Defays[12]提出。同时,K均值(K-means)算法和期望最大化(expectation-maximum,EM)算法逐步成型。20世纪末21世纪初,Mean Shift算法和谱聚类算法在聚类问题中得到初步应用,核PCA、拉普拉斯特征映射[13]、局部保持投影[14]、等距映射[15]等数据降维算法也相继被提出。
当前,机器学习技术已在计算机软件研发、自动化技术、建筑科学与工程、汽车工业和复合材料分析等多个领域展现其强大的应用潜力,推动相关行业的技术革新与效率提升。
在计算机技术问世之前,为分析线性弹性力学中的简单模型,物理学家和数学家已经构建了一系列经典的理论公式,工程问题的解决大多依赖于实验和简化公式的总结。然而,这些公式在处理复杂结构、不规则边界条件以及动态、断裂和非线性问题时体现出了局限性。
20世纪40~50年代,随着计算机的诞生及其技术的迅速发展,计算力学这一新兴学科开始出现,它融合了力学、数学和计算机科学,致力于利用计算机技术解决力学问题、探索力学规律和处理试验数据。自20世纪60年代初,国际力学界开始关注计算力学,随着计算机技术的普及和计算技术的进步,计算力学得到了快速发展。在中国,计算力学作为一门学科在20世纪70年代初开始发展,标志着电子计算机大规模应用于力学问题求解的开始。
目前,计算力学已经渗透到固体力学、流体力学、热力学等多个领域,并在不断扩展其应用范围。计算力学的方法也在不断发展和完善,包括有限元法、差分法、边界元法和加权残差法等。
在力学领域,通过构建理想化模型,将复杂的实际问题简化为数学问题以求解析解。计算力学专注于通过数值方法,如有限元法,求解偏微分方程,将连续问题离散化,以近似解逼近真实物理现象,极大地扩展了计算力学的应用范围和解决问题的能力。
当前机器学习技术在计算结构力学中的应用主要包括分类、预测、建模和决策等任务。先进的神经网络,包括前馈、卷积、循环和图神经网络,已被用于固体力学中的结构响应预测和损伤检测。高斯过程回归和深度神经算子在流体系统代理模型的建立中取代了传统的物理模型,显著提升了计算流体动力学中的计算效率,实现了对扑翼扑动时高度非定常、非线性气动参数的实时预测[16]以及翼型气动力预测和对新翼型的优化设计[17]等。此外,强化学习与深度生成模型已被用于模拟复杂材料的瞬态行为,预测大型结构的关键力学特性[18]
为克服数据驱动方法数据依赖和非普适的局限性,混合机器学习方法结合了物理本构模型与机器学习,提高了准确性和计算效率。除此之外,物理信息神经网络通过整合控制方程与深度学习,强化了物理约束,减少了对大量训练数据的依赖,提升了模型的泛化能力,如求解或预测高阶方程的解[19]和基于少量数据建立预测模型并分析参数重要性[20]等,图1所示为利用DNN、SVM、XGBoost算法对页岩气采收率预测的训练流程。
从机器学习模型在材料特性预测、结构损伤分析、优化算法构建、本构方程建立、微分方程求解等方面的应用对机器学习在计算结构力学中的应用进行总结。
当前主流的机器学习模型可以分成网络型机器学习模型和基于树状结构的机器学习模型。网络型机器学习模型主要基于人工神经网络的架构,通过模仿人脑神经元的连接和信息处理方式,能够从大量复杂的数据中学习并提取特征,进而进行有效的预测和决策。这类模型相较于基于树状结构的机器学习模型有卓越的非线性拟合能力和强大的数据处理能力。目前应用较为广泛的此类模型主要有深度神经网络(deep neural network,DNN)、卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)和循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)。
人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)一般采用反向传播算法构建预测模型,Subrat等[21]以SFRP的弹性常数和几何参数作为人工神经网络模型的输入、响应曲线拟合的多项式系数作为输出,构建了含有3个隐藏层的人工神经网络以预测SFRP的弹塑性应力-应变曲线;Viisainen等[22]构建ANN模型实现了双轴向非卷曲织物在复合材料制造过程中起皱行为的快速预测,分析了工具几何形状对起皱模式的影响;Chen等[23]对比分析了随机森林回归(random forest regressor,RFR)、多基因遗传编程(multi-gene genetic programming,MGGP)和反向传播人工神经网络(back propagation artificial neural network,BPANN)3种机器学习算法对聚乙烯纤维增强工程水泥基复合材料力学性能的预测能力,并选定BPANN作为预测模型。Li等[24]提出了基于ANN的集成机器学习方法来构造缺口层压板允许荷载的预测模型,通过迁移学习实现了小样本预测新材料、新铺层数量对于允许荷载的影响,构造缺口层叠板容许负载空间的深度学习方法如图2所示。
DNN由多个层次的神经元组成,每个神经元可以学习数据的高层特征表示,通过反向传播算法和梯度下降来训练模型以最小化预测误差。Damian等[25]采用基于DNN的机器学习模型预测了真空玻璃内部钢构件的弹性模量。Mottaghian等[26]利用DNN结合遗传编程(genetic programming,GP)和遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)的机器学习模型预测了在轴向冲击载荷下黏接接头的响应。Wang等[27]构建了DNNs模型以预测不同设计参数下压力容器的破坏因子。
CNN是一种专门用于处理具有网格结构的数据(如图像)的神经网络,通过卷积层来提取局部特征,并通过池化层来降低特征的空间维度。Aoi等[28]开发了一种基于卷积神经网络机器学习的预测体系以估算复合材料蜂窝结构在单轴压缩下包括力-位移曲线、峰值力、能量吸收在内的力学响应。Anindya等[29]构造了结合CNN与U-Net的机器学习模型,实现了单轴拉伸材料系统内应力分布的准确预测。
RNN是能够处理序列数据的神经网络,具有记忆功能,可以捕捉时间序列数据中的时间依赖性,长短期记忆网络(LSTM)通过引入门控机制解决了RNN中的长期依赖问题,能够学习长期和短期的依赖关系。Qiu等[30]提出了一种基于有限断裂力学的LSTM模型,根据层合板V形缺口剪切试验数据预测其裂纹抗力曲线。
基于树状结构的机器学习模型结构直观,易于理解和解释,能够清晰地展示决策过程,可解释性强。相较于网络型机器学习模型,基于树状结构的机器学习模型对数据质量和数量的需求较小,计算效率高,分支种类多,可以适应不同类型任务需求。Hamed等[31]采用SVR、KNN、RF、XGBoost模型构成堆叠集成学习模型,预测了聚合性复合材料的应力应变曲线。Li等[32]训练了DT分类模型,预测了硅橡胶复合绝缘子在长期使用中的老化程度。Radmir等[33]对比分析了ANN、RF和GB对拉挤复合材料的机械属性的预测能力,选择了精度最高的GB模型作为预测模型。类似的,Chonghyo等[34]和Wang等[35]分别针对聚丙烯复合材料热变形温度的预测问题和聚四氟乙烯复合材料摩擦学性能的预测问题构建了MLR、XGBoost、Catboost、PLS、GPR、RFR、GBR等模型,并从中选Catboost模型和GBR作为预测模型。
在材料性能预测领域,针对复杂影响因素和目标输出的任务,如应力-应变曲线预测,研究者倾向于采用网络型机器学习模型,并通过迭代优化来调整模型以提高适用性。对于规律性较强、数据集较小的任务,如老化程度分类,则更倾向于灵活选择树状结构的机器学习模型,并基于任务特点进行训练对比,以确立最终的预测模型。然而,现有研究中训练集多基于理想化的有限元模型,缺乏实验标定和模型修正,这限制了模型在实际应用中的鲁棒性,成为未来研究需要关注和改进的重点。
在建筑工程结构损伤性能的研究领域,机器学习方法的应用主要集中在主要承重结构在损伤或受载工况下的破坏模式和损伤进展预测。Gao等[36]分析了KNN、XGBoost、DT等机器学习模型,最终选定XGBoost模型预测钢筋混凝土框架梁柱节点在地震荷载下的破坏模式。Feng等[37]提出了一种基于自适应增强(AdaBoost)算法集成机器学习技术的钢筋混凝土柱调频分类和承载力预测的智能方法。Aravind等[38]对比SVC、DT、NB、Adaboost等分类器的分类效果,建立了基于图像识别的聚合物混凝土梁裂纹识别监测模型,具体流程如图3所示,首先采集裂纹图像,再进行预处理及特征处理,最终训练分类模型并评估效果。马高等[39]分别构建了SVC、DT、RF、XGBoost等模型,从中选出效果最好的RF模型预测了钢管混凝土剪力墙的破坏模式。Chakraborty等[40]提出了一种新的多保真物理信息深度神经网络(MF-PIDNN),通过使用可用的高保真度数据更新低保真度模型以预测钢筋混凝土剪力墙的破坏模式和承载能力。He等[41]采用多种软约束机器学习算法的集成模型准确预测了耐热奥氏体不锈钢Sanicro 25蠕变断裂曲线。孟嫣然等[42]提出了一个基于鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)和核极限学习机(KELM)的组合模型(WOA-KELM),预测了夹层玻璃在刚体冲击下的破坏状态。这类钢筋混凝土结构损伤预测模型训练的一大障碍是试验成本过高导致的真实样本数据少,可能无法提供所有规律相关信息,训练出的模型容易过拟合,所以建议选用对数据量要求不高的机器学习预测模型,如各类基于树状结构的机器学习模型,而不是数据较敏感的网络型机器学习模型。
在航空航天结构件受冲击后性能研究方面,机器学习方法的应用主要集中在冲击损伤后受损程度及位置的预测、破坏类型划分、基于信号波的实时监测等。为识别航天器加筋板在受到空间碎片撞击时的冲击损伤,邹本健[43]搭建了基于CNN的深度学习网络,张昊楠[44]评估了NB、WB、MEB等多种贝叶斯模型,杜刚等[45]采用了声发射信号识别的RBF模型,赵烨[46]则应用CNN模型实现了航空发动机叶片损伤识别。王妍[47]采用粒子群优化的支持向量机(SVM)和径向基函数网络实时识别航空发动机冲击物。Thomas等[48]引入ANN模型进行航空航天中复材夹层结构层间剥离的损伤识别。Huang等[49]将内窥镜图像训练的多级对比学习模型应用于航空发动机损伤实时检测。Sakineh等[50]结合CNN和迁移学习定量评估了层压复合材料结构中不同类型的服役损伤的视觉可检测性并将损伤分类。航空航天结构的损伤实时检测大多通过分析图像或信号波,但是图片不同的光线或角度以及信号波的噪音可能成为干扰项,要发展利用图片或信号波的机器学习实时损伤检测技术,还需深入研究混淆图片判断方法、信号降噪技术,并发展噪声不敏感的新型机器学习模型。
在针对特定材料的损伤性能研究方面,机器学习方法的应用主要集中在预测材料的承载极限、损伤的实时监测、外物冲击识别定位等。针对碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料(CFRP)及其构件,Sun等[51]使用ANN预测了CFRP帽形加筋板在平面剪切下的屈曲和极限载荷;杨宇等[52]采用最小边际系数法结合多个机器学习模型提高了CFRP结构损伤识别的泛化能力;Zobeiry等[53]采用理论指导机器学习(TGML)方法预测了IM7/8552型CFRP层合板损伤参数;Su等[54]采用ANN算法建立了基于Lamb波传播的CF/EP复合材料分层定量识别方案;Amir等[55]分别基于RF、ANN和SVM模型,对CFRP管轴压损伤特性和故障机制进行了评估;Deng等[56]提出了一种基于注意力机制增强的深度学习方法,通过使用捕获的热图像序列,分类CFRP材料中由不同冲击能量水平引起的几乎不可见冲击损伤。针对玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料(GFRP)及其构件,华生明[57]将小波分析与ANN相结合实现了GFRP冲击损伤程度和部位的预测,具体方法流程图如图4所示;Siavash等[58]对比多种回归模型,最终选定MLP模型预测了GFRP层压板在低速冲击下的损伤性能;Lakshmipathi等[59]对比分析了DT、RF、NB等多种机器学习算法,从振动响应中提取特征参数训练模型,最终选取DT模型高精度预测了GFRP结构分层损伤;Osa-Uwagboe等[60]基于KNN模型预测了GFRP在平面外载下的损伤性能。针对金属复合材料,Zhang等[61]基于CNN网络,从损伤图像中提取裂纹信息预测了其损伤力学性能。针对特定材料的损伤性能预测研究中,损伤试验成本较高,试验样本难以获取,容易导致预测模型适用范围小,超出训练范围的样本预测效果不佳;同一大类不同种类的材料特征较为相近,但大多预测模型未讨论其迁移能力,同类型预测模型迁移学习也是未来的发展方向之一。
在许多结构力学相关的工程应用领域,传统的计算方法或判别方式逐渐难以满足新型结构分析设计要求,研究者们开始将机器学习算法模型与经典方法或实际工程结构相结合,优化传统方法,既提高效率、精度,又贴合工程实际,具有巨大的理论推进与工程应用价值。郭宏伟等[62]针对传统数值方法网格依赖性高、计算成本高的问题提出了基于深度配点法和深度能量法的两步优化器,实现了薄板弯曲问题的高效求解;白彦辉[63]提出了基于ANN和逐步回归分析的民机大气数据静压源误差修正方法,避免了传统设备误差步长方法引入迟滞误差的缺陷;赵福斌等[64]为实现飞机结构检修中裂纹扩展的预测,弥补传统方法缺乏动态调整的缺陷,提出了一种基于动态贝叶斯网络(dynamic Bayesian network,DBN)的飞机蒙皮裂纹动态检修策略,策略技术图如图5所示;陈开民等[65]针对传统建模型方法高成本低精度的缺陷,提出了一种基于NARX神经网络的纵向飞行动力学建模方法,尤其适用于传统飞行动力学建模中工作量大、周期长的问题;无网格形函数的影响域大小选择主要依靠经验,刘宇翔等[66]基于CNN提出了一种无网格形函数影响域优化方法,提高了无网格法的精度和效率;周嘉明等[67]发展了一种基于RBF的结构动力学响应映射预测方法,解决了传统飞行模拟中过度依赖静态设计而导致的天地一致性问题。Eggersmann等[68]开发了(K-dimensional,K-D)树、K-means树和KNN图等模型解决了无模型数据驱动计算的最近邻搜索问题,相较传统方法提高了精度和效率;Diego等[69]介绍了一种通过增加基于GAP的辅助势场来构建稳健的ML原子间势场的方法,避免了单一模型容易出现的过拟合、稳定性差等问题。Zordo-Banliat等[70]构建了一种名为空间依赖模型聚合(XMA)的机器学习方法,用于改进基于雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(RANS)方程的湍流模型预测,提高了准确性,减少了不确定性。
综上,在定制优化算法时,需权衡模型复杂性与泛化能力,警惕过拟合与噪声敏感性,确保模型具有良好的通用性和鲁棒性。
在材料科学领域,传统本构建模方法依赖于对材料微观结构几何参数的人工解析,并将这些参数作为状态变量嵌入常微分方程中,以预测材料的本构响应。这种方法在处理各向同性材料时相对有效,但在面对具有复杂微观结构的材料时,其描述能力受限于人工解析的复杂性,可能无法充分利用微观结构信息,影响模型预测的准确性。因此,研究者开始探索利用机器学习模型的高学习能力和灵活性,以辅助分析和总结材料的本构机制,旨在提升模型的预测性能。
高斯过程回归(Gaussian process regression,GPR)是一种灵活的非参数模型,在小样本情况下,可以在保持平滑性的基础上量化不确定性,适用于函数逼近、时间序列预测等问题。Parreira等[71]构建了基于GPR的预测模型,从十字形试样的双轴拉伸试验结果中识别出金属板材料的本构参数;Ding等[72]基于PCA、FPCA和GPR构建了功能性降阶高斯过程仿真器,能够处理高维数据来预测纤维复合材料的应力-应变函数的特征系数;Fuhg等[73]采用LaGPR模型形成了基于物理信息的数据驱动本构模型方法,解决了传统数据驱动本构模型材料框架不变性、热力学一致性等关键问题;Liu等[74]基于高斯混合模型(GMM)、稀疏主成分分析(SPCA)和laGPR建立了一种新型数据驱动多尺度材料建模方法,实现了稀薄非平衡流动本构的快速求解;Wang等[75]结合奇异值分解(SVD)与GPR,提出了一个本构模型的元模型,高效、准确地确定复杂黏弹性材料的本构模型参数。
网络模型也经常被用于求解本构参数。Vlassis等[76]使用图卷积深度神经网络(graph convolution neural network,GCN)和多层感知机(multi-layer perceptron,MLP)的混合架构从实验材料数据集中直接生成能够预测材料宏观响应的超弹性能量函数;Lefik等[77]用实验数据训练ANN模型模拟和预测超导纤维束在拉压循环下的应力-应变关系;Abdolazizi等[78]探讨了通过结合计算力学和基于ANN的机器学习方法识别明胶的浓度依赖性黏弹性本构参数的方法;Faisal等[79]提出了一个基于力学信息的ANN框架,从应力-应变数据中学习非线性黏弹性材料的本构模型。杨航等[80]结合塑性理论和ANN模型,等解决了梯度结构材料在循环载荷和反向载荷状态下的宏观响应计算问题。
此外,陈胜豪等[81]提出了一种基于广义回归神经网络(GRNN)机器学习模型的固体火箭发动机绝热层材料黏-超弹性本构模型参数确定方法;Parvez等[82]和Zheng等[83]分别构建了输入凸神经网络(input convex neural network,ICNN)实现了各向同性纤维材料本构参数预测和桁架结构的非线性应力-应变映射模拟;尧少波等[84]介绍了一种结合了GMM和SPCA的数据驱动非线性本构关系计算方法,构建了稀薄非平衡流动的非线性本构关系。
在本构参数预测模型的训练过程中,许多研究依赖于实验数据构建训练集,然而,选择复杂模型可能导致小样本量与高数据需求之间的矛盾,从而引发模型过拟合、对噪声敏感及鲁棒性不足。因此,未来的发展方向应聚焦于低数据需求且能够有效识别复杂非线性关系的机器学习模型。
偏微分方程(partial differential equations,PDEs)是科学和工程中精确描述多种现象的关键工具。鉴于分析解的局限性,离散化技术如有限元法(finite element method,FEM)已成为求解工程问题的主流方法。同时,无网格法和等几何分析(isogeometric analysis,IGA)亦显示出其在特定应用中的优势。当前研究前沿正聚焦于整合机器学习技术与微分方程求解,旨在结合传统数值方法与机器学习的灵活性和效率,以构建近似解空间,辅助求解过程。
神经网络模型能够处理高维数据和复杂的非线性关系,且泛化能力、计算能力强,适用于在大数据量情况下求解复杂的偏微分方程(PDEs)和常微分方程(ordinary differential equations,ODEs)。Samaniegoc等[85]将配点法和深度能量方法(deep energy methods,DEM)与DNN模型相结合,适用于求解复杂边界条件和高阶PDEs;Chen等[86]利用CNN来表达偏PDEs的数值离散化,形成了NN4PDEs方法,可以有效地模拟和计算涉及不可混合多相流的复杂环境的计算流体动力学模型;Liang等[87]提出了一个基于DNN模型的计算框架,用于解决未知流形上的椭圆偏微分方程;Bassi等[88]提出了一种基于长短期记忆递归神经网络(LSTM-RNNs)的机器学习方法,将非线性积分-微分方程(IDEs)转化为常微分方程(ODEs),大大降低了方程求解难度;Dong等[89]将DNN与FEM结合,减少了训练深度神经网络所需的采样点数量,用于解决计算固体力学中的非线性PDEs。
物理建模模型与物理定律保持一致,模型可靠性和可解释性高,在数据稀缺的情况下可以利用较少的数据进行有效预测,适用于求解具有明确物理背景的微积分方程,如流体动力学、热传导、电磁场等领域的PDEs;Sun等[90]采用边界积分型神经网络(boundary integral neural network,BINN)解决了包括具有复杂形状区域的势问题在内的多种计算力学中的复杂边界问题;Boureima等[91]构建BINN模型校准计算力学中的参数化ODEs和PDEs,尤其是计算流体力学中的RANS湍流模型;Raissi等[92]提出了物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural networks,PINNs)以解决涉及非线性偏微分方程的正向和逆向问题,即给定固定的模型参数预测系统未知的隐藏状态和确定最佳参数,以描述观察到的数据;杜轲等[93]构建了PINN,通过无网格化的方式,解决了传统有限元方法在求解平面应力问题时遇到的剪切锁死问题,提高了计算精度;董国翔[94]在数据稀缺的情况下,求解磁流体动力学(megnetohydrodynamics,MHD)方程,同样采用了PINN模型。
此外,陈煜谦[95]结合傅里叶变换的特性和Transformer架构的优势,设计了一种门控网络机制,可以根据不同的偏微分方程领域选择不同的前馈网络层,解决了方程成本高、存储空间不足的问题,且在动态变化区域表现良好;Alexander等[96]提出了一种基于遗传编程(GP)的机器学习方法,推导了纳米流体在水平圆管中流动时的局部努塞尔数相关性方程,避免了传统方法在描述纳米流体热传递特性时的局限性。
在求解微分方程的应用中,神经网络模型和物理建模模型各有其局限性。DNN模型面临数据需求量大和易陷入局部最优的问题,而PINN模型及其变体BINN模型则依赖于边界积分公式和基本解,且在多次迭代后可能稳定性降低。因此,融合DNN的分析能力和PINN的可解释性及低数据需求的新模型成为研究的焦点,特别是在流体力学方程求解领域,这些模型在大区域流域的适用性亟待进一步讨论和改进。
系统地综述了机器学习技术在计算结构力学中的融合应用及其发展现状。重点分析了机器学习技术在材料性能预测、结构损伤分析、优化算法构建、本构方程建立以及微分方程求解中的应用。通过文献回顾,总结了网络型机器学习模型、基于树型的机器学习模型、基于物理信息的机器学习模型等机器学习算法在提高计算效率和预测精度、 优化设计流程方面的优势,并分析了机器学习在应用过程中的不足与发展方向。主要关注机器学习在计算结构力学方面的应用,尤其以下4个细分方向。
在复合材料性能预测领域,机器学习技术广泛应用于新型材料的弹塑性力学性能预测,包括短纤维增强聚合物、聚丙烯复合材料等,以及特定工况下的材料损伤性能和承载能力识别预测。此外,机器学习还可用于复合材料的反设计和性能迁移学习,实现知识转移。
在损伤分析领域,机器学习大量用于构件在各种不同的载荷情况下的破坏形态分析及预测,例如:多轴荷载、三点弯曲、累积损伤、冲击荷载、低速碰撞等。此外,在损伤识别、异常检测、预判损伤区域等方面,机器学习也有着广泛应用。
在优化算法构建领域,多模型融合框架和改进网络模型被用于提升计算效率和预测精度。这种融合框架结合了机器学习的灵活性和经典方法的理论经验,减少了数据需求,同时满足工程问题的快速迭代需求,是工程结构求解领域的发展趋势。
在构建本构方程和求解微分方程领域,大部分研究针对固体力学中具有复杂边界的力场研究、流体动力学中湍流层流的动态多尺度分析等较为复杂的方程拟合或求解任务,针对具体问题对基础网络型机器学习模型进行改进或融合无网格法等数值方法形成模型。这种模型往往在设计范围内表现出高精度和高效率,很大程度上解决了该任务面临的关键问题。
总结而言,机器学习技术在计算结构力学中的应用展现出巨大潜力,不仅提高了计算效率,还优化了设计流程,并为传统工程问题提供了创新解决方案。但是,现有研究中的机器学习模型仍存在局限,也对应着未来机器学习技术在计算力学领域的发展方向。
(1)当前材料种类十分多样,同一大类的材料性能研究具有可迁移性,但大部分预测材料性能的机器学习模型没有进一步讨论模型的泛化性能和迁移能力或迁移的维度较局限。对材料性能预测模型的迁移研究是未来的发展方向之一。
(2)特征参数的选取是构建模型的重要一环,但目前仍主要依赖于经验人工选取,所以特征参数选取的自动化和标准化是未来研究的重点。
(3)在构建物理问题的预测模型时,需确保数学问题的转化合理性,避免引入迭代误差。
(4)在利用图像信号或声信号进行实时监测时,数据质量容易受到图片质量或噪声影响。因此,结合工作场景的图像和声音信号处理,以及自动滤噪技术,是健康监控领域机器学习模型发展的新方向。
  • 国家XX专项科研项目(MJZ3-2N21(2)-5)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404348
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
  • 修回日期:2025-01-09
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国家XX专项科研项目(MJZ3-2N21(2)-5)
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    中国飞机强度研究所强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室, 西安 710065

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* 杨馨怡(2000—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机器学习在计算力学中的应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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