Article(id=1149773874520351742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404956, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721491200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-21, revisedDate=1738857600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752057053451, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1746633600000, pubDateStr=2025-05-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752057053451, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752057053451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057053451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149773869357167407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='13', pageStart='5273', pageEnd='5704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752057052207, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768456769392, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218559268744253991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1149773869357167407, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=5369, endPage=5376, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149773875015278598, articleId=1149773874520351742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Multimodal Characteristics of the Impact of Robotic Assistance on Mental Workload of Orthopedic Surgeons during Laminectomy, columnId=1156262732384031076, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The laminectomy robot is an auxiliary surgical robot developed for laminectomy in recent years. In order to explore the differences in reducing orthopedic surgeons' mental workload between laminectomy robot techniques and traditional laminectomy methods, a multimodal evaluation incorporating an electrocardiogram, eye tracking, and the NASA-TLX scale was utilized to assess the mental workload of orthopedic surgeons undergoing both surgical procedures. Through simulated surgical trials, 12 orthopedic surgeons performed laminectomies employing both the robot-assisted and the conventional techniques, collecting multimodal data for both variance and correlation analyses. The findings indicate significant differences in subjective mental workload between the laminectomy robot and traditional techniques (P<0.05). However, in terms of electrocardiogram indicators such as average heart rate, the low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF), and the standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), no significant differences are noted. Significant differences are observed in eye movement indicators, including pupil diameter (P<0.05), fixation rate (P<0.05), and saccade rate (P<0.01). Further correlation analysis underscored a notably significant relationship between pupil diameter and levels of subjective mental workload in both surgery techniques. In conclusion, compared to traditional laminectomy methods, the use of laminectomy robots can alleviate the mental workload on orthopedic surgeons, with both pupil diameter and subjective mental workload levels providing effective reflections of the orthopedic surgeons’mental workload.

, correspAuthors=Yu ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=ALIMUJIANG·Nulake, Hua QIN, Yu ZHAO, Jia-hao LI, Ning-bo MAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149773879922614302, articleId=1149773874520351742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=手术机器人辅助对骨科医生脑力负荷影响的多模态特征, columnId=1156262732526637414, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·医药、卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

脊柱椎板机器人是近年来为椎板切除术研发的辅助性手术机器人。为探究脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式对骨科医生脑力负荷多维特征方面的差异,基于多模态(心电仪、眼动仪和NASA-TLX量表)测量两种手术方式下骨科医生的脑力负荷。通过模拟手术实验,让12名骨科医生分别采用两种手术方式做椎板切除术,采集骨科医生的多模态数据以进行方差分析和相关性分析。方差分析结果表明,脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式在主观脑力负荷方面有显著差异(P<0.05);在心电指标方面,平均心率、低频/高频比值(LF/HF)和正常RR间期的标准差(standard deviation of NN intervals, SDNN)之间无显著差异;在眼动指标方面,瞳孔直径(P<0.05)、注视频率(P<0.05)和扫视频率(P<0.01)有显著差异。进一步的相关性分析结果表明两种手术方式下均有瞳孔直径与主观脑力负荷水平之间的相关性尤为显著。脊柱椎板机器人方式与传统椎板切除手术方式相比能够减轻骨科医生的脑力负荷,而且瞳孔直径与主观脑力负荷水平能更有效地反映骨科医生脑力负荷。

, correspAuthors=赵宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 赵宇(1970—),男,满族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:脊柱外科。E-mail:
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阿力木江·努拉克(1998—),男,维吾尔族,新疆喀什人,硕士研究生。研究方向:医疗人因学。E-mail:

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阿力木江·努拉克(1998—),男,维吾尔族,新疆喀什人,硕士研究生。研究方向:医疗人因学。E-mail:

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阿力木江·努拉克(1998—),男,维吾尔族,新疆喀什人,硕士研究生。研究方向:医疗人因学。E-mail:

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, 16(15): 2716., articleTitle=A systematic review of physiological measures of mental workload, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1175113993015407512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, awardId=2022YFB4700700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4700700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1175113993078322073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, awardId=2022-PUMCH-C-035, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高水平医院临床科研专项(2022-PUMCH-C-035), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1175113989483803486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175113989496386399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, companyId=1175113989483803486, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical-electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175113989508969312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, companyId=1175113989483803486, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京建筑大学机电与车辆工程学院, 北京 102616)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175113989651575649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175113989659964258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, companyId=1175113989651575649, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100730, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175113989664158563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, companyId=1175113989651575649, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院骨科, 北京 100730)]), AuthorCompany(id=1175113989840319332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175113989857096549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, companyId=1175113989840319332, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Beijing Zoezen Robot Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 102629, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1175113989911622502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, companyId=1175113989840319332, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 北京铸正机器人有限公司, 北京 102629)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1175113992038134666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Experiment scenario, figureFileSmall=OdALQaX1Q9RZ7jNM+sGTfA==, figureFileBig=LaAahn7VVTUOINzDVVYnUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175113992088466315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验场景, figureFileSmall=OdALQaX1Q9RZ7jNM+sGTfA==, figureFileBig=LaAahn7VVTUOINzDVVYnUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175113992134603660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Experimental procedure, figureFileSmall=+R0l9xYDR179baaqTu/4+g==, figureFileBig=bLDTcxZ38jxY9ResP7GDBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175113992189129613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=CN, label=图2, caption=实验流程, figureFileSmall=+R0l9xYDR179baaqTu/4+g==, figureFileBig=bLDTcxZ38jxY9ResP7GDBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1175113992239461262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of mental workload indicators of orthopedic surgeons under different surgical techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源 测量维度 特征指标 不同手术方式的统计量
脊柱椎板机器人手术 传统椎板切除手术
NASA-TLX量表 主观脑力负荷 心智要求 47.22±13.91 58.33±15.08
体力要求 41.67±11.24 56.94±13.22
时限要求 69.44±21.12 33.33±20.10
自我表现 81.94±11.14 78.75±9.51
努力程度 52.78±13.91 59.72±15.01
受挫感 29.17±24.75 31.94±18.06
NASA-TLX 45.69±8.79 53.61±8.60
心电指标 心理压力 平均心率/(次·min-1) 80.19±9.51 81.02±8.94
SDNN/ms 54.41±11.63 52.01±8.48
LF/HF 1.78±0.84 1.91±0.96
眼动指标 注意力压力 瞳孔直径/mm 4.02±0.38 4.53±0.49
注视频率/(次·s-1) 2.09±1.24 0.98±0.55
扫视频率(次·s-1) 0.64±0.15 0.35±0.21
扫视幅度/(°) 7.10±0.65 7.51±1.69
), ArticleFig(id=1175113992306570127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

骨科医生在不同手术方式下脑力负荷各项指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源 测量维度 特征指标 不同手术方式的统计量
脊柱椎板机器人手术 传统椎板切除手术
NASA-TLX量表 主观脑力负荷 心智要求 47.22±13.91 58.33±15.08
体力要求 41.67±11.24 56.94±13.22
时限要求 69.44±21.12 33.33±20.10
自我表现 81.94±11.14 78.75±9.51
努力程度 52.78±13.91 59.72±15.01
受挫感 29.17±24.75 31.94±18.06
NASA-TLX 45.69±8.79 53.61±8.60
心电指标 心理压力 平均心率/(次·min-1) 80.19±9.51 81.02±8.94
SDNN/ms 54.41±11.63 52.01±8.48
LF/HF 1.78±0.84 1.91±0.96
眼动指标 注意力压力 瞳孔直径/mm 4.02±0.38 4.53±0.49
注视频率/(次·s-1) 2.09±1.24 0.98±0.55
扫视频率(次·s-1) 0.64±0.15 0.35±0.21
扫视幅度/(°) 7.10±0.65 7.51±1.69
), ArticleFig(id=1175113992365290384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of variance results of the NASA-TLX scale for orthopedic surgeons under different surgical techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源 测量维度 特征指标 方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P
NASA-TLX量表 主观脑力负荷 心智要求 组间 740.741 1 740.741 3.520 0.074
体力要求 组间 1 400.463 1 1 400.463 9.308 0.006**
时限要求 组间 7 824.074 1 7 824.074 18.406 0.000**
自我表现 组间 61.227 1 61.227 0.571 0.458
努力程度 组间 289.352 1 289.352 1.382 0.252
受挫感 组间 46.296 1 46.296 0.099 0.756
NASA-TLX 组间 376.042 1 376.042 4.967 0.036*
), ArticleFig(id=1175113992495313809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

骨科医生在不同手术方式下NASA-TLX量表方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源 测量维度 特征指标 方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P
NASA-TLX量表 主观脑力负荷 心智要求 组间 740.741 1 740.741 3.520 0.074
体力要求 组间 1 400.463 1 1 400.463 9.308 0.006**
时限要求 组间 7 824.074 1 7 824.074 18.406 0.000**
自我表现 组间 61.227 1 61.227 0.571 0.458
努力程度 组间 289.352 1 289.352 1.382 0.252
受挫感 组间 46.296 1 46.296 0.099 0.756
NASA-TLX 组间 376.042 1 376.042 4.967 0.036*
), ArticleFig(id=1175113992566616978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA results of physiological indicators of orthopedic surgeons under different surgical techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源 测量维度 特征指标 方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P
心电指标 心理压力 平均心率 组间 4.070 1 4.070 0.048 0.829
SDNN 组间 34.653 1 34.653 0.334 0.569
LF/HF 组间 0.108 1 0.108 0.132 0.719
眼动指标 注意力压力 瞳孔直径 组间 1.186 1 1.186 6.127 0.025*
注视频率 组间 5.544 1 5.544 6.032 0.026*
扫视频率 组间 0.384 1 0.384 11.497 0.004*
扫视幅度 组间 0.769 1 0.769 0.470 0.503
), ArticleFig(id=1175113992621142931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

骨科医生在不同手术方式下各项生理指标方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源 测量维度 特征指标 方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 F P
心电指标 心理压力 平均心率 组间 4.070 1 4.070 0.048 0.829
SDNN 组间 34.653 1 34.653 0.334 0.569
LF/HF 组间 0.108 1 0.108 0.132 0.719
眼动指标 注意力压力 瞳孔直径 组间 1.186 1 1.186 6.127 0.025*
注视频率 组间 5.544 1 5.544 6.032 0.026*
扫视频率 组间 0.384 1 0.384 11.497 0.004*
扫视幅度 组间 0.769 1 0.769 0.470 0.503
), ArticleFig(id=1175113992700834708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlation between multi-modal indicators under traditional surgical techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 NASA-TLX 瞳孔直径 注视频率 扫视频率 扫视幅度 平均心率 SDNN LF/HF
NASA-TLX 1
瞳孔直径 0.541* 1
注视频率 0.091 0.222 1
扫视频率 -0.103 0.267 0.842** 1
扫视幅度 0.049 -0.034 -0.820** -0.406 1
平均心率 0.380 0.699* -0.208 -0.186 0.220 1
SDNN -0.316 -0.452 0.181 0.272 0.015 0.253 1
LF/HF 0.113 0.179 -0.175 -0.150 0.099 0.155 0.196 1
), ArticleFig(id=1175113992763749269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

传统椎板切除手术方式下多模态指标之间的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 NASA-TLX 瞳孔直径 注视频率 扫视频率 扫视幅度 平均心率 SDNN LF/HF
NASA-TLX 1
瞳孔直径 0.541* 1
注视频率 0.091 0.222 1
扫视频率 -0.103 0.267 0.842** 1
扫视幅度 0.049 -0.034 -0.820** -0.406 1
平均心率 0.380 0.699* -0.208 -0.186 0.220 1
SDNN -0.316 -0.452 0.181 0.272 0.015 0.253 1
LF/HF 0.113 0.179 -0.175 -0.150 0.099 0.155 0.196 1
), ArticleFig(id=1175113992830858134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1149773874520351742, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Correlation between multi-modal indicators under laminectomy robot techniques

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 NASA-TLX 瞳孔直径 注视频率 扫视频率 扫视幅度 平均心率 SDNN LF/HF
NASA-TLX 1
瞳孔直径 0.553* 1
注视频率 -0.037 0.231 1
扫视频率 -0.114 -0.307 -0.206 1
扫视幅度 0.646* 0.617* 0.510 -0.250 1
平均心率 0.455 0.443 -0.230 0.120 0.548* 1
SDNN -0.254 -0.261 -0.498 0.086 -0.113 0.017 1
LF/HF -0.137 0.298 -0.178 0.452 -0.285 0.387 0.346 1
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脊柱椎板机器人手术方式下多模态指标之间的相关性

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指标 NASA-TLX 瞳孔直径 注视频率 扫视频率 扫视幅度 平均心率 SDNN LF/HF
NASA-TLX 1
瞳孔直径 0.553* 1
注视频率 -0.037 0.231 1
扫视频率 -0.114 -0.307 -0.206 1
扫视幅度 0.646* 0.617* 0.510 -0.250 1
平均心率 0.455 0.443 -0.230 0.120 0.548* 1
SDNN -0.254 -0.261 -0.498 0.086 -0.113 0.017 1
LF/HF -0.137 0.298 -0.178 0.452 -0.285 0.387 0.346 1
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手术机器人辅助对骨科医生脑力负荷影响的多模态特征
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阿力木江·努拉克 1 , 秦华 1 , 赵宇 2, * , 李嘉浩 2 , 毛宁波 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·医药、卫生 2025,25(13): 5369-5376
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·医药、卫生 2025, 25(13): 5369-5376
手术机器人辅助对骨科医生脑力负荷影响的多模态特征
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阿力木江·努拉克1 , 秦华1, 赵宇2, * , 李嘉浩2, 毛宁波3
作者信息
  • 1 北京建筑大学机电与车辆工程学院, 北京 102616
  • 2 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院骨科, 北京 100730
  • 3 北京铸正机器人有限公司, 北京 102629
  • 阿力木江·努拉克(1998—),男,维吾尔族,新疆喀什人,硕士研究生。研究方向:医疗人因学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 赵宇(1970—),男,满族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:脊柱外科。E-mail:
Multimodal Characteristics of the Impact of Robotic Assistance on Mental Workload of Orthopedic Surgeons during Laminectomy
ALIMUJIANG·Nulake1 , Hua QIN1, Yu ZHAO2, * , Jia-hao LI2, Ning-bo MAO3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical-electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China
  • 2 Department of Orthopaedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing 100730, China
  • 3 Beijing Zoezen Robot Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2025-05-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404956
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脊柱椎板机器人是近年来为椎板切除术研发的辅助性手术机器人。为探究脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式对骨科医生脑力负荷多维特征方面的差异,基于多模态(心电仪、眼动仪和NASA-TLX量表)测量两种手术方式下骨科医生的脑力负荷。通过模拟手术实验,让12名骨科医生分别采用两种手术方式做椎板切除术,采集骨科医生的多模态数据以进行方差分析和相关性分析。方差分析结果表明,脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式在主观脑力负荷方面有显著差异(P<0.05);在心电指标方面,平均心率、低频/高频比值(LF/HF)和正常RR间期的标准差(standard deviation of NN intervals, SDNN)之间无显著差异;在眼动指标方面,瞳孔直径(P<0.05)、注视频率(P<0.05)和扫视频率(P<0.01)有显著差异。进一步的相关性分析结果表明两种手术方式下均有瞳孔直径与主观脑力负荷水平之间的相关性尤为显著。脊柱椎板机器人方式与传统椎板切除手术方式相比能够减轻骨科医生的脑力负荷,而且瞳孔直径与主观脑力负荷水平能更有效地反映骨科医生脑力负荷。

脑力负荷  /  多模态测评  /  骨科医生  /  脊柱椎板机器人  /  椎板切除术

The laminectomy robot is an auxiliary surgical robot developed for laminectomy in recent years. In order to explore the differences in reducing orthopedic surgeons' mental workload between laminectomy robot techniques and traditional laminectomy methods, a multimodal evaluation incorporating an electrocardiogram, eye tracking, and the NASA-TLX scale was utilized to assess the mental workload of orthopedic surgeons undergoing both surgical procedures. Through simulated surgical trials, 12 orthopedic surgeons performed laminectomies employing both the robot-assisted and the conventional techniques, collecting multimodal data for both variance and correlation analyses. The findings indicate significant differences in subjective mental workload between the laminectomy robot and traditional techniques (P<0.05). However, in terms of electrocardiogram indicators such as average heart rate, the low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF), and the standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), no significant differences are noted. Significant differences are observed in eye movement indicators, including pupil diameter (P<0.05), fixation rate (P<0.05), and saccade rate (P<0.01). Further correlation analysis underscored a notably significant relationship between pupil diameter and levels of subjective mental workload in both surgery techniques. In conclusion, compared to traditional laminectomy methods, the use of laminectomy robots can alleviate the mental workload on orthopedic surgeons, with both pupil diameter and subjective mental workload levels providing effective reflections of the orthopedic surgeons’mental workload.

mental workload  /  multimodal evaluation  /  orthopedic surgeon  /  laminectomy robot  /  laminectomy
阿力木江·努拉克, 秦华, 赵宇, 李嘉浩, 毛宁波. 手术机器人辅助对骨科医生脑力负荷影响的多模态特征. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5369 -5376 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404956
ALIMUJIANG·Nulake, Hua QIN, Yu ZHAO, Jia-hao LI, Ning-bo MAO. Multimodal Characteristics of the Impact of Robotic Assistance on Mental Workload of Orthopedic Surgeons during Laminectomy[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (13) : 5369 -5376 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404956
椎板切除术是骨科手术中通常涉及的一种医疗技术。传统椎板切除术在操作上比较复杂且手术风险高,因此对骨科医生技术要求较高[1-3]。脊柱椎板机器人是近年来为椎板切除术研发的辅助性手术机器人,在骨科手术中辅助骨科医生进行精准的椎板切除操作。虽然脊柱椎板机器人具有高精准度及性能,但是在辅助骨科医生进行手术操作过程中是否能减轻外科医生的脑力负荷还未进行实验验证。众多研究表明,高脑力负荷会降低操作者的决策质量和操作精度,从而增加操作风险[4-5]。因此,对比研究脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式对骨科医生脑力负荷的差异对降低术中人因风险、提高安全性至关重要。
脑力负荷是心理学、人因工效学研究领域的重要问题之一,由于脑力负荷的多维特性,目前学术界尚无明确的定义[6]。已有研究表明,脑力负荷与人的感知和认知活动有关, 主要集中在信息获取和信息加工阶段[7],通常来说较高的任务需求会导致较高的脑力负荷[8]。回顾国内外脑力负荷相关文献,早期关于脑力负荷的研究主要是基于主观测评方法,其中美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)任务负荷指数(task load index, TLX)量表和主观性工作负荷评价技术(subjective workload assessment technique,SWAT)量表因其容易被被试者理解和填写、能够直接反映被试者的主观脑力负荷水平,不需要昂贵的设备和技术支持等特点,在脑力负荷测评领域被最广泛地使用[9]。然而,主观测评方法容易受到被试者的情绪、态度等与实验本身无关因素的影响,因此对其结果的客观性有所质疑。近年来,随着人因测评技术的不断成熟,脑力负荷测评方法更加多样化,主要包括主观测评、生理测评、任务绩效测评以及这些测评方法组合的综合测评方法[10]。单模态数据无法客观全面地解释脑力负荷变化规律与特征,因此基于多模态的综合测评方法,正逐渐受到重视。李瑞等[11]基于脑电和心电信号分析脑力负荷,并得出多生理信号信息融合分析脑力负荷准确率更高。张奇良等[12]通过脑电指标和眼动指标等预测核电调试作业人员的脑力负荷,发现眼动指标预测准确率比脑电指标预测准确率高。Yan等[13]通过主观量表和眼动数据评估和预测操作员在操作船用发动机界面任务中的脑力负荷与眼动指标之间的关系,证实在使用界面控制时,眼部反应对任务工作量水平的脑力负荷很敏感。
综上所述,脑力负荷的评估方法较多,已有学者对核电调试作业人员、驾驶员等群体进行了脑力负荷研究,探索适用于不同人群的有效评估指标。然而,随着中国对辅助手术机器人需求的持续增长,针对手术机器人对骨科医生脑力负荷影响的量化研究较少。因此,现基于以往的脑力负荷研究方法,运用心电仪、眼动仪和NASA-TLX量表,综合分析现有脊柱椎板机器人手术与传统椎板切除手术对骨科医生脑力负荷的多维特征差异,并旨在探索更为有效的外科医生脑力负荷评估指标,为脊柱椎板机器人的人因工程学评估提供有益的支持。
传统椎板切除手术中外科医生脑力负荷通常较大,脊柱椎板机器人在椎板切除术中的应用可能会改变外科医生的脑力负荷。为此,基于心电仪、眼动仪和NASA-TLX量表等收集的多模态数据,研究骨科医生使用脊柱椎板机器人和用传统椎板切除手术方式做椎板切除术的脑力负荷差异,以及脑力负荷各指标之间的相关性。
实验通过中国医学科学院北京协和医院伦理审查委员会的审查批准。实验一共有12名北京协和医院的脊柱外科男性医生参与,年龄在33~45岁(平均37.5岁),临床经验7~20年(平均11.7年)。为确保实验数据的有效性,参试者均无心脏病史、视力或矫正视力正常、实验前24小时内无饮酒、实验当天没有身体不适。此外,手术实验开始之前骨科医生被告知采集的个人数据仅用于学术研究,不会对外公开。
采用体外模型实验,以组间对照设计探讨脊柱椎板机器人手术方式与传统椎板切除手术方式对骨科医生脑力负荷的影响。实验方式分为两种,一种为脊柱椎板机器人手术方式,该手术方式下使用的是最近研发的脊柱椎板机器人,如图1(a)所示,术中脊柱椎板机器人辅助骨科医生进行手术任务;另一种为传统椎板切除手术方式,该手术方式与目前医院采用的椎板切除手术方式相同,即骨科医生亲自使用超声骨刀进行椎板切除手术,如图1(b)所示。在手术对象的选择上,根据专家的意见,选择生理结构更接近于人类的羊的腰椎进行体外实验,以确保实验的安全性和适用性。
心电数据通过无线心电传感器采集,包括平均心率、正常RR间期的标准差(standard deviation of NN intervals, SDNN)以及低频/高频比值(low frequency/high frequency, LF/HF)。其中,平均心率的增加表明应激反应上升,骨科医生可能经历较高程度的心理压力;SDNN和LF/HF是心率变异性分析常用的时域分析和频域分析指标之一,SDNN降低通常表明人的心理负荷增大,LF/HF反映了交感神经与迷走神经的平衡性[14-15]。因此,这些心电指标在脑力负荷测量中主要用于评估心理压力。
眼动数据通过可穿戴式眼动仪采集,包括瞳孔直径、注视频率、扫视频率和扫视幅度。其中,瞳孔直径通常与脑力负荷和精神紧张程度有关,平均瞳孔直径随脑力负荷水平、紧张程度的增加而扩大[16];注视频率的增加通常表明人在专注地注视手术任务所需的特定区域,高注视频率反映了高水平的视觉注意力投入;扫视频率跟视觉搜索模式有关,
扫视频率增加通常表明人在进行快速搜索和处理信息;扫视幅度的变化反映紧张和警惕程度,扫视幅度越大,说明人越紧张,警惕性越高[17]。因此,这些眼动指标在脑力负荷测量中主要用于评估注意力压力。
通过NASA-TLX量表收集骨科医生术中主观脑力负荷数据。NASA-TLX量表是脑力负荷评估中最常用的主观脑力负荷评估量表[18],它包含心智要求、体力要求、时限要求、自我表现、努力程度、受挫感等6个维度。对收集的NASA-TLX量表数据信效度检验,结果显示信度良好(巴特利特球形度检验的显著性小于0.05),效度良好(克隆巴赫系数为0.773),量表数据具有较高的参考价值。主观脑力负荷水平由NASA-TLX综合得分反映。NASA-TLX综合得分是根据每项实验结束时骨科医生填写的NASA-TLX量表6个维度的评分与各个维度权重乘积之和的均值[19]。计算公式为
NASA-TLX = 1 15 i = 1 6TiWi
式(1)中:Ti为每个维度的评分;Wi为6个维度成对比较后的权重,相对重要的维度权重为1,不重要的权重为0。
实验在具备脊柱椎板机器人、超声骨刀、手术台、手术刀和手术钳等椎板切除手术设备的实验室进行,实验流程如图2所示。手术方式分为两种,一种为脊柱椎板机器人手术方式,另一种为传统椎板切除手术方式。由于脊柱椎板机器人及其他实验设备数量受限,因此两种手术方式不能同时进行。在实验中,每次只有一名骨科医生参与,骨科医生完成一种手术方式(脊柱椎板机器人手术方式或传统椎板切除手术方式)的实验后,再进行另一种手术方式的实验。
脊柱椎板机器人手术实验前,骨科医生阅读实验说明书和知情同意书,然后接受基础培训以熟悉脊柱椎板机器人手术流程及操作方法。基础培训结束后,骨科医生佩戴心电传感器和眼动仪,并对它们进行校准。设备校准完成后,脊柱椎板机器人实验开始,手术过程中骨科医生要遵循严格的操作流程,术中避免损伤脊髓、碳化切削表面,确保椎板切除术的规范性和安全性(若骨科医生术中操作不规范、损伤脊髓或切削表面碳化严重将会降低给予的报酬)。脊柱椎板机器人手术结束后立刻停止采集心电和眼动数据,骨科医生填写NASA-TLX量表。在传统椎板切除手术实验,骨科医生除了实验前不需要接受基础培训和实验中亲自使用超声骨刀进行椎板切除手术外,其他实验流程和要求与脊柱椎板机器人手术方式相同。
骨科医生在脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式下NASA-TLX量表、心电指标以及眼动指标数据(平均分±标准差)统计如表1所示。NASA-TLX量表的统计结果显示,骨科医生在脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式下均有自我表现评分[(81.94±11.14)、(78.75±9.51)]最高,而受挫感评分[(29.17±24.75)、(31.94±18.06)]最低;在时限要求方面,脊柱椎板机器人手术(69.44±21.12)与传统椎板切除手术(33.33±20.10)相差最大;在体力要求方面,传统椎板切除手术的评分(56.94±13.22)高于脊柱椎板机器人手术(41.67±11.24);在心智要求方面,传统椎板切除手术的评分(58.33±15.08)高于脊柱椎板机器人手术(47.22±13.91);在努力程度方面,传统椎板切除手术的评分(59.72±15.01)高于脊柱椎板机器人手术(52.78±13.91);NASA-TLX综合得分方面,传统椎板切除手术的评分(53.61±8.60)高于脊柱椎板机器人手术(45.69±8.79)。
心电指标的统计结果显示,骨科医生在脊柱椎板机器人手术与传统椎板切除手术的平均心率[(80.19±9.51) 次 /min与(81.02±8.94) 次 /min]、SDNN[(54.41±11.63) ms与(52.01±8.48) ms],以及LF/HF[(1.78±0.84)与(1.91±0.96)]等心电指标数据平均值较为相近。
眼动指标的统计结果显示,骨科医生在脊柱椎板机器人手术与传统椎板切除手术的瞳孔直径[(4.02±0.38) mm与(4.53±0.49) mm)]、扫视幅度[(7.10°±0.65°)与(7.51°±1.69°)]、注视频率[(2.09±1.24) 次/s与(0.98±0.55) 次/s]和扫视频率[(0.64±0.15) 次/s与(0.35±0.21) 次/s]的均值相差较大。
综上,骨科医生在脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式下脑力负荷各项指标的平均分存在一定的差异,它们之间有无显著差异需要进一步分析。
骨科医生在不同手术方式下NASA-TLX量表的方差分析结果如表2所示。方差分析结果显示,脊柱椎板机器人手术方式与传统椎板切除手术方式相比骨科医生体力要求(P<0.01)和时限要求(P<0.001)存在显著差异,心智要求、自我表现、努力程度和受挫感等无显著差异。脊柱椎板机器人手术方式与传统椎板切除手术方式的NASA-TLX综合得分(P<0.05)存在显著差异,表明两种手术方式主观脑力负荷水平差异明显。
骨科医生在不同手术方式下生理指标方差分析结果如表3所示。结果显示,在心电指标方面脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式下骨科医生的平均心率、SDNN和LF/HF均无显著差异;在眼动指标方面,瞳孔直径(P<0.05)、注视频率(P<0.05)和扫视频率(P<0.01)存在显著差异,扫视幅度显著差异不明显。
传统椎板切除手术方式下多模态指标之间的相关性分析结果如表4所示。结果显示,NASA-TLX综合得分与瞳孔直径(r=0.541, P<0.05) 存在显著正相关性。此外,瞳孔直径与平均心率 (r=0.699, P<0.05)存在显著正相关性,注视频率与扫视频率(r=0.842, P<0.01) 存在显著正相关性,注视频率与扫视幅度(r=-0.820, P<0.01)存在显著负相关性。
脊柱椎板机器人手术方式下多模态指标之间的相关性分析结果如表5所示。结果显示,NASA-TLX综合得分分别与瞳孔直径(r=0.553,P<0.05)、扫视幅度 (r=0.646, P<0.05) 之间存在显著正相关性。此外,扫视幅度分别与瞳孔直径 (r=0.617, P<0.05)、平均心率 (r=0.548, P<0.05)之间存在显著正相关性。
综上,传统椎板切除手术方式与脊柱椎板机器人手术方式下,骨科医生NASA-TLX综合得分与心电指标和眼动指标之间的存在不同程度的相关性,尤其NASA-TLX综合得分在这两种手术方式下均与瞳孔直径显著正相关。
通过骨科医生使用脊柱椎板机器人和用传统椎板切除手术方式做的椎板切除术实验,基于心电仪、眼动仪和NASA-TLX量表的多模态数据,从主观和客观层面系统地比较了两种手术方式下骨科医生的脑力负荷差异,并分析了多模态指标之间的相关性。
在骨科医生脑力负荷差异方面,基于NASA-TLX量表的主观脑力负荷分析结果表明,骨科医生在脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式的NASA-TLX综合得分有明显差异,脊柱椎板机器人能显著减轻骨科医生的脑力负荷。需要指出的是,NASA-TLX量表各个维度的显著性差异不尽相同。具体而言,在心智要求方面,脊柱椎板机器人手术与传统椎板切除手术的评分虽然无显著差异(P=0.076),但评分均值相差较大,这可能是由于脊柱椎板机器人相对较新,骨科医生对其评价受到熟练度或适应性方面的影响;在体力要求方面,脊柱椎板机器人手术的评分显著低于传统椎板切除手术,这与前人的研究相符[20],验证了脊柱椎板机器人手术方式与传统椎板切除手术方式相比显著降低了骨科医生的体力负荷;在时限要求方面,脊柱椎板机器人手术方式的得分显著高于传统椎板切除手术方式,这与Tae等[21]的研究结果相符,这可能是机器人手术中需要在初始设备设置和手术规划上投入额外的时间,导致脊柱椎板机器人手术的时限压力增大;此外,自我表现、努力程度、受挫感等维度的显著差异不明显,表明在这些维度上两种手术方式并没有对骨科医生引起明显的差别。心电数据的分析结果表明,在脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式下,骨科医生的平均心率、低频/高频比值和SDNN之间没有显著差异。这与前人研究相符[22],验证了即使在不同难度的任务中操作人员的心电指标无显著差异;这可能表明,心电指标对专业人员脑力负荷的区分不敏感。眼动数据的分析结果表明,在脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式下,骨科医生瞳孔直径、注视频率和扫视频率均存在显著差异。这进一步支持了眼部反应对脑力负荷非常敏感的观点[13],而且随着脑力负荷的增加瞳孔直径也会增加[23-24]
在多模态指标之间的相关性方面,脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式下均有NASA-TLX综合得分与瞳孔直径之间存在显著正相关性。这与前人的研究相符[25],进一步验证了瞳孔直径和NASA-TLX的相关性,能有效地反映脑力负荷。脊柱椎板机器人手术方式下骨科医生主观脑力负荷与扫视幅度有显著正相关性,高脑力负荷状态可能伴随着更大的平均扫视幅度[26]。此外,脊柱椎板机器人手术方式和传统椎板切除手术方式下主观脑力负荷与平均心率之间存在弱相关性,这可能说明骨科医生心率的增加一定程度上与脑力负荷的增加相关。
综上,在脊柱椎板机器人手术方式与传统椎板切除手术方式下,骨科医生的NASA-TLX综合得分和瞳孔直径均存在显著差异,同时两种手术方式下NASA-TLX综合得分与瞳孔直径之间存在显著正相关性。这表明,相较于传统椎板切除手术方式,脊柱椎板机器人手术能够减轻骨科医生的脑力负荷。另外需要指出的是,基于心电仪、眼动仪和NASA-TLX量表的多模态数据,在骨科医生脑力负荷评估方面存在差异。其中,眼动数据和NASA-TLX量表更为显著地区分了骨科医生在脊柱椎板机器人手术和传统椎板切除手术方式下的脑力负荷。这一发现进一步验证了Tao等[27]的观点,即多模态指标的敏感性和有效性会随情境(如任务、人员和环境)变化,单一生理指标维度存在可靠性不足以及难以全面反映特定情境下的脑力负荷特点等局限。同时,研究结果验证了将客观生理测评方法与主观脑力负荷评估相结合的有效性。尽管某些指标之间的相关性不明显,但一致的趋势表明了基于多模态的骨科医生脑力负荷评估方法的可行性,进一步强调了综合多种数据以全面评估骨科医生在手术中脑力负荷的重要性。
通过骨科医生使用脊柱椎板机器人和用传统椎板切除手术方式做的椎板切除术实验,基于心电仪、眼动仪和NASA-TLX量表的多模态数据,从主观和客观层面系统地比较了骨科医生在两种手术方式的脑力负荷差异,同时分析了多模态指标之间的相关性。结果表明,脊柱椎板机器人手术方式与传统椎板切除手术方式相比能够减轻骨科医生的脑力负荷。此外,瞳孔直径与主观脑力负荷水平能更有效地反映骨科医生脑力负荷。
研究亦存在一些局限性。首先,考虑到手术的安全性,实验均为模拟实验任务,实验中使用离体动物脊柱来模拟患者脊柱,导致骨科医生在心理上无法完全等同于真实手术环境,这可能是骨科医生心电数据没有显著差异的原因之一。其次,由于实验资源受限导致收集的样本量有限,小样本量可能使统计结果的适用性受到影响。在未来的骨科医生脑力负荷研究中可以选取更多的样本,并将所采用的脑力负荷研究方法运用到其他手术任务。这不仅可以扩展本研究的发现,而且有助于识别不同手术类型和条件下骨科医生脑力负荷的重要影响因素。通过这些研究,未来的技术开发可以更加注重于缓解骨科医生的脑力负荷,优化手术流程,从而提高手术安全性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4700700)
  • 中央高水平医院临床科研专项(2022-PUMCH-C-035)
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2025年第25卷第13期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404956
  • 接收时间:2024-07-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-05-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-21
  • 修回日期:2025-02-07
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4700700)
中央高水平医院临床科研专项(2022-PUMCH-C-035)
作者信息
    1 北京建筑大学机电与车辆工程学院, 北京 102616
    2 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院骨科, 北京 100730
    3 北京铸正机器人有限公司, 北京 102629

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* 赵宇(1970—),男,满族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:脊柱外科。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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